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Table of Contents

Formulation of an Integrated River Basin Management and Development Master Plan for Apayao-Abulug River Basin

Table of Contents i


EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents ...................................................................................................................... ….i List of Tables ............................................................................................................................... ii List of Figures .............................................................................................................................. iii List of Abreviations....................................................................................................................... iv 1. RATIONALE .......................................................................................................................... 1 2. PROJECT OBJECTIVE/S ..................................................................................................... 2 3. THE STUDY AREA ............................................................................................................... 2 4. STATE AND CONDITION OF THE RIVER BASIN ............................................................. 2

4.1 Socio-Economic Conditions .......................................................................................... 2 4.1.1 Population and Annual Population Growth Rate ........................................... 3 4.1.2 Projected Population ...................................................................................... 5 4.1.3 Population Density ......................................................................................... 6 4.1.4 Poverty Incidence and Poverty Threshold .................................................... 8 4.1.5 Annual per Capita Food Threshold ............................................................. 11 4.1.6 Small Area Poverty Incidence .................................................................... 13 4.1.7 Gross Regional Domestic Product .............................................................. 14

4.2 Physical Condition: Climate, Water, and Land Resources ........................................ 14 4.2.1 Climate Type ................................................................................................ 14 4.2.2 Rainfall Pattern and Extremes ..................................................................... 15 4.2.3 Seasonal Temperature Patterns and Trends .............................................. 18 4.2.4 Other Climatic Variables .............................................................................. 19 4.2.5 Stream flow .................................................................................................. 21 4.2.6 Flood Frequency .......................................................................................... 21 4.2.7 Land Cover ................................................................................................... 23 4.2.8 Hydrogeology ............................................................................................... 24 4.2.9 Water Balance ............................................................................................. 28 4.2.10 Registered Water Users in the River Basin ................................................. 32 4.2.11 Water Rights by Purpose issued in Kalinga Apayao Provinces, 1975-2011 .................................................................................................... 32 4.2.12 The Status of Water Resource Utilization in AARB .................................... 33 4.2.13 The Apayao-Abulug River Irrigation System ............................................... 35 4.2.14 Small Scale Irrigation Projects (SSIP) ......................................................... 36


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4.2.15 The Present Status of Small Water Impounding and Diversion Dam Projects ....................................................................................................... 36 4.2.16 Status of Hydropower Development ............................................................ 38 4.2.17 Status of Water Utilization for Domestic Purposes ..................................... 39

4.3 Environmental and Watershed Management ............................................................. 40 4.3.1 Status on Population, Settlements and Indigenous People ........................ 40 4.3.2 Status of Land Use Management ................................................................ 41 4.3.3 Description of Denuded Forests and Critical Watersheds .......................... 45 4.3.4 Status of Water Quality ................................................................................ 46 4.3.5 Mineral Resources ....................................................................................... 48 4.3.6 Status Certificates of Ancestral Domain Title (CADT) ................................ 50 4.3.7 Status of Communal Forest Area in the River Basin .................................. 51 4.3.8 Status of Community-Based Forest Management Projects ........................ 52 4.3.9 Indigenous Knowledge and Practice of Environmental Conservation ........ 55 4.3.10 Status of Integrated Forest Management Agreement (IFMA)..................... 55 4.3.11 Emancipation Patent (EP) / Certificate of Land Ownership Award (CLOA) ......................................................................................................... 57 4.3.12 Location and Size of Tenured Areas in the Basin ....................................... 57 4.3.13 Status of National Greening Program (NGP) Implementation .................... 58 4.3.14 Status of Biodiversity and Wildlife ............................................................... 60 4.3.15 Apayao Lowland Forest Key Biodiversity Area ........................................... 63 4.3.16 Non-Volant Mammals: Rats ......................................................................... 65 4.3.17 Volant Mammals: Bats ................................................................................. 66 4.3.18 Amphibians .................................................................................................. 67 4.3.19 Reptiles ........................................................................................................ 68 4.3.20 Flora ............................................................................................................. 70 4.3.21 Existing Efforts in Addressing Climate Change........................................... 70

4.4 Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction ........................................ 71 4.4.1 Typhoons ..................................................................................................... 71 4.4.2 Population Exposure to Typhoon ................................................................ 73 4.4.3 Crops Exposure to Typhoons ...................................................................... 74 4.4.4 Floods and Rainfall-induced Landslides...................................................... 75 4.4.5 Population Exposure to Flooding................................................................. 76 4.4.6 Agricultural Areas Exposure to Flooding ..................................................... 77 4.4.7 Population Exposure to Rainfall-induced Landslide .................................... 78 4.4.8 Agricultural Areas Exposure to Rain-induced Landslide ............................. 79

4.5 Coastal Resources Management ............................................................................... 80 4.5.1 Basin Coastal Environment Profile .............................................................. 80 4.5.2 Fishery and Aquatic Resources ................................................................... 81 4.5.3 Coastal Resources....................................................................................... 81 4.5.4 Ballesteros Coastal Environment Profile ..................................................... 82 4.5.5 Pamplona Coastal Environment Profile....................................................... 84 4.5.6 Sanchez-Mira Coastal Environment Profile ................................................ 85


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4.6 Institutional Development Needs of the AARB........................................................... 87

4.6.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 87 4.6.2 Managing River Basins ................................................................................ 88 4.6.3 Experience of Other Countries .................................................................... 92 4.6.4 Philippine Experience .................................................................................. 93 4.6.5 Lessons from the Experiences .................................................................... 94 4.6.6 Policy Direction of the Philippine Government ............................................ 96 4.6.7 Challenges in Managing AARB ................................................................... 96

4.7 Status Of Cross Cutting Concerns ............................................................................. 98 4.7.1 Research Development and Extension ....................................................... 98 4.7.2 River Basin Management Information System ............................................ 98 4.7.3 Capacity Development ................................................................................. 98 4.7.4 Communication, Education and Public Awareness .................................... 98 4.7.5 Gender and Development............................................................................ 98

5. INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT (IWRM) - BASED

DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT STRATEGY TO ADDRESS PROBLEMS IN THE BASIN ..................................................................................................................... 99 5.1 The Core Problems and Issues in Apayao-Abulug River Basin ................................ 99

5.1.1 Poverty Incidence ........................................................................................ 99 5.1.2 Low Productivity ......................................................................................... 100 5.1.3 Inadequate Infrastructure Support Facilities and Utilities ......................... 100 5.1.4 Incompatible Land Uses ............................................................................ 100 5.1.5 Utilization of Resources ............................................................................. 100 5.1.6 Unbalanced Local Economy ...................................................................... 101 5.1.7 Thematic Issues and Problems ................................................................. 101 5.1.7 Problem Tree Analysis in the River basin ................................................. 101

5.2 IWRM-Based Development and Management Strategy .......................................... 101 5.2.1 The Strategy on Basin Development ......................................................... 102 5.2.2 The Strategy on Basin Management ......................................................... 103

5.3 Formulation of Policies, Goals and Strategies for Thematic Areas ......................... 103

5.3.1 Water Resources Management and Development ................................... 103 5.3.2 Watershed Protection/Rehabilitation Management ................................... 104 5.3.3 Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction Management . 105 5.3.4 Coastal, Marine, and Aquatic Resources Management ........................... 106

6. PROPOSED PLANS, PROGRAMS AND PROJECTS .................................................... 107

6.1 Proposed Water Resources Programs/Projects ...................................................... 107 6.1.1 Structural Intervention ................................................................................ 107 6.1.2 Non-Structural Intervention ........................................................................ 108 6.1.3 Fund Sourcing ............................................................................................ 108


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6.1.4 Intervention Measures ............................................................................... 109 6.1.5 Indicative Project Cost ............................................................................... 111 6.1.6 Financing and Implementation Scheme .................................................... 112 6.1.7 Implementation Scheme and Institutional Responsibilities ....................... 113 6.1.8 Support Activities and Institutional Roles .................................................. 116 6.1.9 Support Activities and Institutional Roles .................................................. 116 6.1.10 Proposed Watershed and Environment Programs/Projects ..................... 118 6.1.11 Indicative Cost ........................................................................................... 118

6.2 Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction ...................................... 119 6.2.1 Proposed CCA-DRRM Projects ................................................................. 119 6.2.2 Indicative Project Costs and Fund Sourcing ............................................. 120

6.3 Coastal and Aquatic Resources Management Programs and Projects with budget ....................................................................................................................... 120

6.3.1 Ongoing Programs ..................................................................................... 120 6.3.2 Proposed Programs ................................................................................... 121

6.4 Proposed AARB Management System .................................................................... 122 6.4.1 Organization Structure for the AARB Management .................................. 122 6.3.2 Proposed Programs ................................................................................... 121

6.5 River Basin Management Information System for Apayao-Abulug River Basin ...... 129 6.5.1 The Need for River Basin Management Information System ................... 129 6.5.2 Key Considerations in RBMIS for the AARB ............................................. 129 6.5.3 Basin Information Systems for Good Governance .................................... 130 6.5.4 Establishing a Strategy and Action Plan for the Information System ....... 130 6.5.5 Adopting Rules that Allow Data to be Shared ........................................... 131 6.5.6 Inventory and Characterization of Data ..................................................... 131 6.5.7 Developing Infrastructure to Manage Information ..................................... 132 6.5.8 Developing Human Expertise for Apayao - Abulug RBMIS ...................... 132 6.5.9 Processing and Information Management ................................................ 132 6.5.10 Budgetary Requirement ............................................................................. 132

6.6 Development of Communication Education and Public Awareness Plan ............... 133 6.6.1 Communication Strategies......................................................................... 133 6.6.2 Public Awareness Campaigns ................................................................... 134 6.6.3 Communication Tools ................................................................................ 134 6.6.4 Communication, Education, and Public Awareness (CEPA) Plan ............ 135 6.6.5 Budgetary Requirement ............................................................................. 135

6.7 Research and Development Plan for River Basin .................................................... 137 6.7.1 Utilization of Existing Models, Data, and Facilities .................................... 137 6.7.2 Thematic Areas in Integrated River Basin Management R&D.................. 137 6.7.3 Development of Technologies, Tools and Support Services .................... 138 6.7.4 Budgetary Requirement ............................................................................. 138


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6.8 Gender Action Plan of AARB .................................................................................... 139

7. SUMMARY OF BUDGETARY REQUIREMENTS ............................................................ 141


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LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1-1 Number of Municipalities and Barangays of Apayao and Cagayan .................. 3 Table 4.1-2 Population and Annual Growth Rates by Provinces of the AARB based on 1990, 2000, and 2010 Censuses ....................................................... 4 Table 4.1-3 Population and Population Growth Rate in the AARB ....................................... 5 Table 4.1-4 Projected population for CAR and Region II (2015 to 2040) ............................. 6 Table 4.1-5 Estimated Land Area and Population Density per Hectare ............................... 8 Table 4.1-6 Annual Per Capita Poverty Threshold, Poverty Incidence and Magnitude of Poor Families, in the River Basin ................................................................... 9 Table 4.1-7 Annual Per Capita Poverty Threshold, Urban and Rural Classifications 2006, 2009 And 2012 ......................................................................................... 9 Table 4.1-8 Magnitude of Poor Families and Population .................................................... 12 Table 4.1-9 Annual per Capita Food Threshold, 2006, 2009 and 2012 ............................. 12 Table 4.1-10 Municipal-Level Small Area Poverty Estimates ............................................... 14 Table 4.2-1 Water Balance of AARB ................................................................................... 30 Table 4.2-2 Mean Monthly Water Balance (1980-2012) ..................................................... 31 Table 4.2-3 Estimated Groundwater Recharge per Sub Basin (mm) ................................. 31 Table 4.2-4 Water Rights for the Provinces Kalinga and Apayao ...................................... 33 Table 4.2-5 Distribution of Water Rights by Source in Kalinga and Apayao (As of December 31, 2011) .............................................................................. 33 Table 4.2-6 Distribution and Classification of Water User .................................................. 34 Table 4.2-7 Inventory of SSIP’s in AARB ............................................................................ 37 Table 4.2-8 Inventory of Domestic Water Users in AARB registered with LWUA .............. 39 Table 4.3-1 Forest Cover in Cagayan ................................................................................. 43 Table 4.3-2 Land Cover, Apayao ......................................................................................... 44 Table 4.3-3 Alienable and Disposable Lands, Apayao ....................................................... 45 Table 4.3-4 Water Usage and Classification ....................................................................... 47 Table 4.3-5 Waterbodies Classified (Classified as per DAO No. 34) ................................. 47 Table 4.3-6 Communal Forest in Cagayan ......................................................................... 52 Table 4.3-7 CBFMA Areas Issued by DENR (as of 2010) .................................................. 53 Table 4.3-8 CBFMAs Issued in Cagayan (as of 2012) ....................................................... 54 Table 4.3-9 IFMA issued in Apayao by DENR as of 2010 .................................................. 56 Table 4.3-10 Summary of EP/CLOAs distributed by DAR 2 as of July 2014 ....................... 57 Table 4.3-11 Bird Species Found in Agora Wildlife Sanctuary at Lydia, Pudtol, Apayao .... 61 Table 4.3-12 Location, Elevation and Characteristic Vegetation of the Survey Sites In Four Municipalities of Apayao Key Biodeiversity Area ................................ 65 Table 4.3-13 Non-Volant Mammals Caught in the Municipalities of ALF KBA ..................... 65 Table 4.3-14 Volant Mammals in ALF KBA ........................................................................... 66 Table 4.3-15 Species of Amphibians in ALF KBA ................................................................. 67 Table 4.3-16 Species of Reptiles in ALF KBA ....................................................................... 69 Table 4.3-16 Species of Reptiles in ALF KBA ....................................................................... 69 Table 4.5-1 Estimate Area of Mangrove in Abulug, Cagayan............................................. 81



Table 4.5-2 Total Percentage of Seagrass Species in Abulug, Cagayan .......................... 81 Table 4.5-3 Total Percentage of Seagrass Species in Abulug, Cagayan .......................... 82 Table 4.5-4 Fishing Annual Catch of Pamplona, Cagayan ................................................. 84 Table 4.5-5 Coastal Resources in Sanchez Mira, Cagayan ............................................... 86 Table 4.6-1 Salient Information among Various IRBM Experiences .................................. 89 Table 6.1-1 List of Projects and Prioritizations .................................................................. 109 Table 6.1-2 Cost Summary for Water Resources Development Projects ........................ 110 Table 6.1-3 Cost Sharing scheme for SWIPs and SFRs .................................................. 112 Table 6.1-4 Ecotourism in Apayao .................................................................................... 117 Table 6.1-5 Estimated Budget ........................................................................................... 119 Table 6.2-1 Cost Summary for CCA-DRRM Projects ....................................................... 120 Table 6.3-1 Programs and Policies for Cagayan Valley Coastal and Aquatic Resources ...................................................................................................... 121 Table 6.3-2 Estimated Project Cost ................................................................................... 122 Table 6.4-1 Expected Cost for AARBO Activities.............................................................. 129 Table 6.5-1 Budget Breakdown ......................................................................................... 133 Table 6.6-1 Budget Breakdown ......................................................................................... 137 Table 6.7-1 Budget Breakdown ......................................................................................... 138 Table 7-1 Budget Summary of the Integrated Master Plan ........................................... 141


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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 4.1-1 Sixteen Most Sparsely Populated Provinces in the Country ............................. 7 Figure 4.1-2 Poverty Incidence Map in the River Basin ....................................................... 10 Figure 4.1-3 Population Distribution and Density (2010) ..................................................... 11 Figure 4.2-1 Month Rainfall Distribution in the Philippines .................................................. 16 Figure 4.2-2 Rainfall Isohytes and Climatic Type ................................................................. 17 Figure 4.2-3 Seasonal Rainfall Pattern from 1961 to 2013 .................................................. 18 Figure 4.2-4 Frequency Rainfall Extremes during 1961-1990 and 1991-2013 ................... 18 Figure 4.2-5 Season Fluctuation of Maximum and Minimum Air Temperature ................... 19 Figure 4.2-6 Location of Automated Weather Stations and Water Level Monitoring Stations of the DOST-ASTI .............................................................................. 20 Figure 4.2-7 Flow Duration Curve ......................................................................................... 21 Figure 4.2-8 Flood Peak Frequency Curve .......................................................................... 22 Figure 4.2-9 Stream flow Hydrograph .................................................................................. 22 Figure 4.2-10 Land Cover Map of the AARB .......................................................................... 23 Figure 4.2-11 Geologic Map of the AARB .............................................................................. 25 Figure 4.2-12 Active Fault System within the Vicinity of the River Basin .............................. 26 Figure 4.2-13 Ground Potential Map of the AARB ................................................................. 27 Figure 4.2-14 Sub Watershed of AARB used in SWAT Model .............................................. 29 Figure 4.2-15 Water Balance .................................................................................................. 30 Figure 4.2-16 Registered Water Users in AARB .................................................................... 35 Figure 4.2-17 Identified Locations of Water Impounding Projects for Hydro and Irrigation Development ..................................................................................... 38 Figure 4.3-1 Land Use of AARB ........................................................................................... 42 Figure 4.3-2 Tenements Areas in and adjacent the AARB .................................................. 49 Figure 4.3-3 Approved Certificate of Ancestral Domain Title (CADT) in AARB as of 2011 ......................................................................................................... 51 Figure 4.3-4 Tenured Areas in Apayao - Abulg River Basin ................................................ 58 Figure 4.3-5 National Greening Program Sites in AARB as of 2013 ................................... 60 Figure 4.3-6 Key Biodiversity Areas in Apayao-Abulug River Basin .................................... 64 Figure 4.4-1 Typhoon frequency and tracks in Apayao-Abulug River Basin ....................... 72 Figure 4.4-2 Population Exposure to Typhoons in Apayao-Abulug River Basin ................. 73 Figure 4.4-3 Crops Exposure to Typhoons in Apayao-Abulug River Basin. ........................ 74 Figure 4.4-4 Flood- and Landslide-Prones Areas of Apayao-Abulug River Basin. ............. 75 Figure 4.4-5 Population Exposure to Flooding in Apayao-Abulug River Basin. .................. 76 Figure 4.4-6 Agricultural areas exposure to flooding in Apayao-Abulug River Basin. ......... 77 Figure 4.4-7 Population Exposure to Rainfall-induced Landslide. ....................................... 78 Figure 4.4-8 Agricultural areas exposure to rainfall-induced landslide ................................ 79 Figure 4.5-1 Barangays of Abulug, Cagayan ....................................................................... 80 Figure 4.5-2 Location Map of Ballesteros, Cagayan ............................................................ 83 Figure 4.5-3 Location Map of Pamplona, Cagayan .............................................................. 84 Figure 4.5-4 Location Map of Sanchez Mira, Cagayan ........................................................ 85



Figure 5.1-1 Problem Tree Analysis in the River Basin ..................................................... 101 Figure 6.4-1 Envisioned Organization Structure of a National River Basin Authority ....... 123 Figure 6.4-2 Proposed Structure for AARBO ..................................................................... 125


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ACRONYMS / ABBREVIATIONS AAIS Apayao-Abulug Irrigation System AARB Apayao-Abulug River Basin AARBO Apayao-Abulug River Basin Organization ADSDPPs Ancestral Domain Sustainable Development and Protection Plans ALF Apayao Lowland Forest ANCRiSDeMC Apayao-Northwest Cagayan Rivers Sustainable Development Management Council APGR Annual Population Growth Rate ARBs Agrarian Reform Beneficiaries ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations ASC Apayao State College AVLDA Allah Valley Landscape Development Alliance AWS Automated Weather Stations BFAR Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources BSWM Bureau of Soils and Water Management CADC Certificate of Ancestral Domain Claims CADT Certificates of Ancestral Domain Title CAR Cordillera Administration Region CBFMA Community-Based Forest Management Agreement CBFM Community-based forest management CCA Climate Change Adaptation CDMP Comprehensive Development and Management Plan CEPA Communication, Education, and Public Awareness CEXCI Cordillera Exploration Company, Inc CFSR Climate Forecast System Reanalysis CHARMP II Cordillera Highland Agricultural Resources Management Program II CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora CLOA Certificate of Land Ownership Award CLUP Comprehensive Land Use Plan CPH Census of Population and Housing CRIP Chico River Irrigation Project CSO Civil Society Organization CSU Cagayan State University DA Department of Agriculture DAR Department of Agrarian Reform DCWMC Davao City Watershed Management Council DEM Digital Elevation Model DENR Department of Environment and Natural Resources DD Diversion Dam DILG Department of Interior and Local Government's DOE Department of Energy DRRM Disaster Risk Reduction Management DSS Decision-Support Systems



DSWD Department of Social Welfare and Development DOST Department of Science and Technology DPWH Department of Public Works and Highways EAAIS East Apayao - Abulug Irrigation System EMB Environmental Management Bureau EP Exploration Permit EPSA Exploration Production Sharing Agreement ESWM Ecological Solid Waste Management FLUP Forest Land Use Plan FSLF Friends of Seven Lakes Foundation FVI Flood Vulnerability Index F/S Feasibility Studies FFWS Flood Forecasting and Warning System GAA General Appropriations Act GIS Geographic Information System HRUs Hydrologic Response Units ICCs Indigenous Cultural Communities ICRM Integrated Coastal Resources Management IEC Information, Educational, and Communication IFMA Integrated Forest Management Agreement IFM Industrial Forest Management IKP Indigenous Knowledge And Practice ILBM Integrated Lake Basin Management IPG Representative from Indigenous Peoples’ Group IPs Indigenous Peoples IPRA Indigenous Peoples Rights Act ITP Industrial Tree Plantation KBA Key Biodiversity Area LARAPs Land Acquisition And Resettlement Action Plans LC Least concern LGU Local Government Unit LLDA Laguna Lake Development Authority LWUA Local Water Utilities Administration MGB Mines and Geosciences Bureau MLGU Municipal Local Government Units MOC Memorandum of Cooperation MOE Maintenance & Operating Expenses MTPDP Medium Term Development Plan NAMRIA National Mapping and Resource Information Authority NARIMAG Nagan River Management System NCEP National Centers for Environmental Prediction NCIP National Commission on Indigenous Peoples NE Not evaluated NEDA National Economic and Development Authority NGO Non-Governmental Organization NGP National Greening Program


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NIA National Irrigation Administration NILIM National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management NPC National Power Corporation NSCB National Statistical Coordinating Board NSO National Statistics Office NT Near threatened NWRB National Water Resources Board ODA Official Development Assistance OCD Office of Civil Defense OP Office of the President PAGASA Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical & Astronomical Services Administration PCEEM People Collaborating for Environmental and Economic Management PEF Philippine Eagle Foundation PES Payment for Environmental Services PGR Population Growth Rate PIA Philippine Information Agency PJTI Jasa Tirta I Public Corporation PLGU Provincial Local Government Units PMO Project Management Office Pos Peoples Organizations PPI Philippine Peasant Institute PS Peronnel Services R&D Research and Development RA Republic Act RBCO River Basin Control Office RBG Regional Botanical Garden RDC Regional Development Council SCLWMC Seven Crater Lakes Watershed Management SIFMA Socialized Industrial Forest Management Agreement SFR Small Farm Reservoir SSIP Small Scale Irrigation Projects SWIP Small Water Impounding UP University of the Philippines UNDP United Nations Development Programme VU Vulnerable WB World Bank WLMS Water Level Monitoring Stations ha hectares km kilometer km2 square kilometer sq. km square kilometer m3/s cubic meter per second MW megawatts MWh megawatts per hour MT metric ton

Executive Summary


Executive Summary 1

1. RATIONALE The Philippines is richly endowed with natural resources. One of these resources is water that drains its watersheds and river basins. Considering the importance of river basins in the continuous realization of benefits from the water and other resources within these natural systems, the government through EO 510 created in 2006 the River Basin Control Office (RBCO) and in 2009 through EO 816, further strengthened it as the lead government agency for the integrated rehabilitation and development of the country’s river basins. The River Basin Control Office identified eighteen (18) major river basins located all over the country which have become one of the lifeblood and drivers of Philippine economy in many parts of the country. One of these river basins is the Apayao-Abulug River Basin in northern part of Luzon Island. In view of watershed size, the Apayao-Abulug River ranks 6th among the Philippine’s largest river systems with drainage area spanning 3,776 km2 and stretching to a length of 175 kilometers. The Abulug River traces its water origin from the mountains of Apayao in the Cordillera Administration Region (CAR). Considered twin of another river, the Apayao River, it meets the latter in the municipality of Kabugao, and then takes a northeasterly course towards the sea. More than 80% of its total drainage area occupies the Apayao Province (municipalities of Calanasan, Kabugao, Luna, Flora, Sta Marcela and Pudtol) in CAR, while the rest covers the province of Cagayan (particularly the municipalities of Abulug, Sanchez Mira, Pamplona, Allacapan and Ballesteros) in Region II. Recognizing the enormous water-bearing capacity of the Abulug and Apayao rivers along with other river basins in the Cordillera, dubbed as the watershed cradle of Northern Luzon, the Marcos government has decreed a land area of 195,659 ha as the Apayao-Abulug River Basin (AARB) Forest Reserve to protect its potential for hydropower and irrigation purposes. The Apayao-Abulug River Basin is also classified by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) as one of the 140 Critical Watersheds in the country in consideration of its vital role in supporting irrigation water for agriculture and its dire need for rehabilitation. Despite the recognition of Apayao-Abulug River Basin’s importance, a study conducted in 2006 by Richard F. Connor for the Japan Water Forum in cooperation with the National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management, Japan (NILIM), Connor assessed the Basin as one of the three river basins most vulnerable to disaster in the Philippines in terms of Flood Vulnerability Index (FVI), along with Abra and Davao River Basins. In the Study, vulnerability was measured as influenced by four principal factors: Climate Component, Hydrogeological Component, Countermeasure Component and Socio-economic component. The basin’s high vulnerability to disaster was evaluated to be primarily due to the influence of climatic factors (high frequency of heavy rainfall) which is even made more critical by its low countermeasure component rating (inadequate investment for and/or poor state of structural and non-structural countermeasures). Charged with the job of protecting and rehabilitating critical watershed areas, on March 5, 2006, the River Basin Control Office (RBCO) at the national level was created through Executive Order No. 510. The RBCO is the coordinating body mandated to perform the following:


Executive Summary 2

1. Rationalize the various existing River Basin Projects; 2. Develop a National Master Plan for Flood Control by Integrating the various

existing River Basin Projects and developing additional plan components as needed;

3. Rationalize and prioritize reforestation in watersheds; 4. Develop a Master Plan on Integrated River Basin Management and

Development; 5. Act as water body that shall coordinate all government projects within the

River Basins; and, 6. Implement water-related projects such as river rehabilitation, lake

management, and other water resources management and development. 2. PROJECT OBJECTIVE/S The objective of the project is to formulate an Integrated River Basin Management and Development Plan for the River Basin, which shall address concerns on the following:

1. Water Resources Management; 2. Watershed Management; 3. Flood Control/Mitigation and Disaster Risk Reduction and Hazard

Management; 4. River and River Delta Management; 5. Coastal and Freshwater Resources Management; 6. Biodiversity Conservation; 7. Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation; 8. Mineral Resources Management; 9. Sustainable Management through Community Participation; 10. Economic Development; and 11. Institutional Linkages and Organizational Structure for River Basin

Management.

3. THE STUDY AREA The study area covered by AARB is bounded in the east by the Cagayan and Linao river basins, in the south and west by the central cordillera and in the north by the Pamplona River Basin. Most of the basin area is within Kalinga-Apayao province. Its northernmost parts are delta area is within Cagayan province. The principal drainage way of the basin is the Abulug River which has its headwaters at Mount Magna of the Central Cordillera. The river runs along semi-circular path in southeasterly direction and curves in northeasterly directions towards the Babuyan Channel. From its headwaters down to Kabugao municipality, the river is known as the Apayao River. A major tributary of the Abulog River is Tauit River which has its headwaters located in Mount Bagucan near the Kabugao-Conner boundary. The Tauit joins the Abulug near Cabinatan in Pudtol municipality.


Executive Summary 3

4. STATE AND CONDITION OF THE RIVER BASIN 4.1 Socio-Economic Conditions Cagayan lies in the northeastern part of mainland Luzon. It has, including the Babuyan Group of Islands, has an aggregate land area of approximately 9,007.7 square kilometer (sq. km). It is the second largest province of Cagayan Valley Region and constitutes 3% of the total land area of the Philippines. It has a total of 28 municipalities and 820 barangays. It is a first class municipality Table 4.1-1. The Province of Apayao is one of the six provinces of the Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR). It is located at the northwestern part of Luzon. It is bounded on the East and North by the Province of on the West by the Province of Ilocos Norte and Abra, on the South by the Province of Kalinga. It is composed of 133 barangays and a third class province. Table 4.1-1 Number of Municipalities and Barangays of Apayao and Cagayan

INDICATOR CAGAYAN APAYAO

Total number of municipalities 28 7 Number of Barangays 820 133 Income Class First class Third class Population (2010) 1,124,773 112,636

4.1.1 Population and Annual Population Growth Rate Based on the 2010 Census of Population and Housing (CPH) of the National Statistics Office, the province of Apayao posted a total population of 112,636 persons as of May 1, 2010, larger by 15,507 persons compared to its total population of 97,129 persons counted in the 2000 Census. The increase in the population count from 2000 to 2010 translated to an average annual population growth rate (PGR) is 1.49 percent. This is lower than the 2.66 percent annual PGR of the province between the census years 1990 and 2000. If the average annual PGR recorded at 1.49 percent during the period 2000 to 2010 continues, the population of Apayao would double in 47 years (doubling time formula = 70 ÷ growth rate). Apayao however, has the smallest population among the provinces of CAR. Fifty years ago, the population of Apayao was only 29,601 persons. This population size is more than one fourth of the population of the province in the 2010 CPH. In the 2000 census, the population of Cagayan was 993,580 which increased to 1,124,773 in 2010 making a annual population growth rate of1.25 between 2000 and 2010. With this growth rate, the 2010 population is expected to double after 56 years. Between 1990 and 2000, the population grew at an annual population growth rate (APGR) of 1.82.Compared to the other provinces of Region 02, Cagayan ranks second in population size (35%) next to Isabela which has the largest population with a percentage share of 46%. Cagayan’s share of the national population is at 1.37% Table 4.1-2


Executive Summary 4

The population in Apayao-Abulug River Basin (AARB) is around 27.72 percent of the total population of the two provinces Table 4.1-3. Among the seven municipalities comprising the province of Apayao, Conner was the most populous with a population size of 24,811 making up 22.0 percent of the total provincial population. The municipality of Luna was second with 16.0 percent share, followed by the municipalities of Flora with 14.9 percent. Kabugao, the provincial capital comprised 14.4 percent, Pudtol with 11.8 percent, Santa Marcela with 10.7 percent, and Calanasan (Bayag) with 10.3 percent of the population. The least populated municipality in 2000 was Santa Marcela with 10.1 percent share of the total provincial population. All of the municipalities of Cagayan covered by the AARB shares less than 5 percent of the total population of the province. There are 28 municipalities of Cagayan and only 8 municipalities are covered by the AARB. The total percent share of these 8 municipalities to the provincial population was 20.86 percent. The City of Tuguegarao, the provincial capital, was the most populous with a population size making up 12.3 percent of the total provincial population. The municipality of Baggao was second with 7.0 percent share.

Table 4.1-2 Population and Annual Growth Rates by Provinces

of the AARB based on 1990, 2000, and 2010 Censuses

Region/Province Total Population Annual Population Growth Rate

1990 2000 2010 1990-2000 2000-2010 1990-2010 Cordillera Administrative Region 1,146,191 1,365,412 1,616,867 1.76 1.7 1.73

Abra 184,743 209,491 234,733 1.26 1.14 1.2 Apayao 74,720 97,129 112,636 2.66 1.49 2.07 Benguet 302,715 330,129 403,944 0.87 2.04 1.45 Baguio City 183,142 252,386 318,676 3.26 2.36 2.81 Ifugao 147,281 161,623 191,078 0.93 1.69 1.31 Kalinga 137,055 174,023 201,613 2.41 1.48 1.95 Mountain Province 116,535 140,631 154,187 1.9 0.92 1.41 Region II 2,340,545 2,813,159 3,229,163 1.85 1.39 1.62 Batanes 15,026 16,467 16,604 0.92 0.08 0.5 Cagayan 829,867 993,580 1,124,773 1.82 1.25 1.53 Isabela 1,080,341 1,287,575 1,489,645 1.77 1.47 1.62 Nueva Vizcaya 301,179 366,962 421,355 1.99 1.39 1.69 Quirino 114,132 148,575 176,786 2.67 1.75 2.21


Executive Summary 5

Table 4.1-3

Population and Population Growth Rate in the AARB

MUNICIPALITY Population % Share of Total

Provincial Population 1990 2000 2010 2000 2010

APAYAO 74,607 97,129 112,636 Calanasan (Bayag) 10,699 12,806 11,568 13.18

10.27

Conner 16,220 20,429 24,811 21.03

22.03 Flora 12,295 14,860 16,743 15.30

14.86 Kabugao (Capital) 9,600 13,985 16,170 14.40 14.36 Luna 10,550 14,154 18,029 14.57 16.01 Pudtol 7,621 11,039 13,305 11.37 11.81 Santa Marcela 7,622 9,856 12,010 10.15 10.66 CAGAYAN 829,851 993,580 1,124,773

Abulug 24,562 26,683 30,675 2.69

2.73 Allacapan 21,916 26,960 31,662 2.71 2.81 Ballesteros 24,849 27,534 32,215 2.77 2.86 Claveria 24,145 29,277 30,482 2.95 2.71 Lasam 27,376 34,082 36,994 3.43 3.29 Pamplona 16,775 20,142 23,236 2.03 2.07 Sanchez Mira 17,873 21,475 23,257 2.16 2.07 Santo Nino (Faire) 18,608 22,752 26,126 2.29 2.32 Sub-total/Average 176,104 208,905 234,647

% Share in Cagayan Pop 21.22 21.03 20.86 TOTAL FOR RIVER BASIN 250,711 306,034 347,283 % Share of RB in Pop 27.72 28.06 28.07

4.1.2 Projected Population Based from the 2000 population census, the population projections from the NSCB are presented in Table 4.1-4. The population change is the result of three demographic processes namely: fertility, mortality and migration. The methodology involves projecting the levels and trends of these three components. Apayao, from its 112,636 persons as of May 1, 2010, it will reach to 204,400 in year 2040. Cagayan on the other hand will reach a population of 1,473,200 in 2025 and 1,701,100 in 2040. The population in 2040 is more than double the population in1990.


Executive Summary 6

Table 4.1-4 Projected population for CAR and Region II (2015 to 2040)

Region/ Province YEAR

CAR 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Abra 262,200 280,800 297,500 313,300 327,800 340,900 Apayao 137,600 151,900 166,200 180,000 192,700 204,400 Benguet 806,500 880,000 948,900 1,010,900 1,067,300 1,117,300 Ifugao 224,400 248,300 272,300 295,600 318,500 340,500 Kalinga 244,700 271,000 296,900 322,200 347,000 371,200 Mt. Province 193,200 212,700 232,100 250,200 267,700 284,900 REGION II 3,651,200 3,922,600 4,174,000 4,399,500 4,595,300 4,758,800 Batanes 22,400 24,200 26,100 28,200 30,200 31,600

Cagayan 1,283,200 1,380,700 1,473,200 1,558,100 1,633,600 1,701,100

Isabela 1,664,300 1,781,000 1,886,100 1,977,500 2,054,300 2,114,100

Nueva Vizcaya 490,400 532,200 572,400 609,500 642,700 671,900

Quirino 190,900 204,500 216,200

226,200 234,500 240,100 Total for AARB 407,585 442,399 476,161 507,824 536,409 562,311

Source: NSO The projected population in the Apayao-Abulug River Basin shows that there will be 562,311 in year 2040 which is around 61 percent more of the population in 2010. The projected population of the areas covered by AARB in Cagayan was estimated using the average share of the municipalities covered from the total population of Cagayan as shown above which is 21.04 percent. 4.1.3 Population Density According to the NSO census, all provinces in CAR, except for Benguet, were among the 16 provinces with the least population density or those with population density of less than 100 persons per square kilometer. Apayao remained the most sparsely populated province in 2010, with a population density of 26 persons per square kilometer Figure 4.1-1.


Executive Summary 7

Figure 4.1-1 Sixteen Most Sparsely Populated Provinces in the Country

The population density in Cagayan is 1.21/hectare or 121 persons per square kilometers in 2010from around 107 persons per square kilometer in 2000. This is higher than the regional population density, which is 114 per square kilometer but still lower than the national population density which is 308 persons per square kilometer in 2010. Among the municipalities covered by the AARB in Cagayan, the highest population density in 2010 was Ballesteros with 268 persons per square kilometer. Only Allacapan, Sanchez Mira and Sto. Nino has lower population density than the provincial population density. Compared with the other provinces in the region however, Cagayan is second to Isabela which is the densest at 121 persons per square kilometers. Qurino is the least dense province of Region 02 at 49 persons per square kilometer. All of the municipalities covered show an increasing population density trend. Apayao’s population density of 26 is significantly lower than the regional average of 82 persons per square kilometer in 2010 and the national average 308 persons per square kilometer. In 2000, Apayao has a population density of 22 persons per square kilometer, higher by 4 persons per square kilometer for the 10-year period. Sta. Marcela has the highest population density among the municipalities with around 60 persons per sq.km with its land area of 196.32 sq.km. Second is Flora with a population density of 50 persons per square kilometer. On the other hand, Calanasan which has the biggest land area has population density of 6 persons per square kilometer followed by Kabugao, Conner, Luna and Pudtol with population densities of 16, 25, 26 and 31 persons per square kilometer respectively Table 4.1-5.


Executive Summary 8

Table 4.1-5 Estimated Land Area and Population Density per Hectare

MUNIPALITY Estimated Land Area

Population Density/hectare 1990 2000 2010

CAGAYAN 929,575 0.89 1.07 1.21 Abulug 16,260 1.51 1.64 1.89 Allacapan 30,680 0.71 0.88 1.03 Ballesteros 12,000 2.07 2.29 2.68 Claveria 19,480 1.24 1.50 1.56 Lasam 21,370 1.28 1.59 1.73 Pamplona 17,330 0.97 1.16 1.34 Sanchez Mira 19,880 0.90 1.08 1.17 Santo Nino (Faire) 51,290 0.36 0.44 0.51

Sub-total/Average 188,290 0.94 1.11 1.25 % Share in Cagayan Area 20.26

APAYAO 441,335 0.17 0.22 0.26 Calanasan (Bayag) 125,615 0.09 0.10 0.09 Conner 69,430 0.23 0.29 0.36 Flora 32,440 0.38 0.46 0.52 Kabugao 93,512 0.10 0.15 0.17 Luna 60,604 0.17 0.23 0.30 Pudtol 40,102 0.19 0.28 0.33 Santa Marcela 19,632 0.39 0.50 0.61

River Basin Average 629,625 0.40 0.84 0.95 4.1.4 Poverty Incidence and Poverty Threshold The poverty estimates should be one of the criterions of priority target clienteles of any development interventions that will be implemented in the river basin areas. Table 10 shows the poverty threshold and poverty incidence by province in the two regions where the AARB is located. Poverty threshold is the minimum income/expenditure required for a family/individual to meet the basic food and non-food requirements. The poverty threshold in Apayao is18,623 pesos in 2012, an increase of 1,700 from the 16,923 poverty threshold in 2009 or an increase of 10.05 percent. It is the 4th highest among the six provinces of CAR. Apayao has the highest poverty incidence with 54.7 percent among families living in Apayao poverty incidence is the proportion of families/individuals with per capita income/expenditure less than the per capita poverty threshold to the total number of families/individuals. This means that more than one-half (54.7 percent) of the families live below the poverty threshold in 2012, higher than in 2009 which was 39.9 percent. In Cagayan, the poverty threshold in 2012 was 18,741 pesos, higher by 875 pesos than in 2009. It is the second lowest among the five provinces. However, the poverty incidence among families was 15.2 percent, lower than Region 02 poverty incidence which was 17 percent Table 4.1-6.


Executive Summary 9

Table 4.1-6 Annual Per Capita Poverty Threshold, Poverty Incidence and Magnitude

of Poor Families, in the River Basin

Region/ Province

Annual Per Capita Poverty Threshold (in Pesos)

Poverty Incidence among Families (%)

Estimates (%)

1991a/ 2006 2009 2012 1991a/ 2006 2009 2012

PHILIPPINES 5,949 13,357 16,871 18,935 29.7 21.0 20.5 19.7

CAR 6,706 14,107 17,243 19,483 36.7 21.1 19.2 17.5 Abrab/

14,680 17,852 19,775

39.4 38.9 27.2

Apayaoc/

13,915 16,923 18,623

42.1 39.9 54.7 Benguetb/

13,341 16,217 19,140

4.0 4.2 2.8

Ifugao

14,233 17,321 20,253

20.9 23.9 36.0 Kalingab/

13,079 15,939 17,342

40.6 24.1 20.9

Mt. Provinceb/

14,910 18,118 21,138

38.5 39.3 27.9

Region II 6,525 13,944 17,330 19,125 37.3 21.7 20.2 17.0 Batanesc/

17,508 21,776 24,693

14.3 16.7 18.2

Cagayan

14,355 17,866 18,741

25.1 22.5 15.2 Isabela

13,702 17,057 19,400

23.8 22.6 19.0

Nueva Vizcayab/

13,402 16,725 18,709

11.0 10.0 15.1 Quirinob/

13,183 16,396 19,014

9.7 11.1 15.5

Notes: a/ Provincial estimates were not generated due to limitations of the sampling design of the 1991 Family Income and Expenditure Survey. b/ Coefficient of variation of 2012 poverty incidence among families is greater than20%. c/ Province with sample size less than 100. The 2012 per capita poverty threshold in urban areas of Apayao was 19,593 higher than in rural areas with 18,623. The same trend is also observed in 2006 and 2007. In Cagayan, urban areas have also higher annual per capita threshold than rural areas. In 2012, the per capita threshold in the urban areas was 19,424 while in the rural areas it was 18,726 pesos Table 4.1-7.

Table 4.1-7

Annual Per Capita Poverty Threshold, Urban and Rural Classifications 2006, 2009 And 2012

Region/Province


Urban Rural 2006 2009 2012 2006 2009 2012

CAR

Abra 15,399 18,728 20,806 14,669 17,840 19,775 Apayaoa/ 14,645 17,811 19,593 13,915 16,923 18,623


Executive Summary 10

Region/Province


Urban Rural 2006 2009 2012 2006 2009 2012

Benguet 13,669 16,624 19,902 13,173 16,020 18,970 Ifugao 14,692 17,867 21,029 14,233 17,310 20,253

Kalinga 13,675 16,631 17,991 13,045 15,865 17,173 Mt. Province 15,540 18,899 22,271 14,833 18,040 21,138

Region II

Batanesa/ 18,365 22,842 25,777 17,508 21,776 24,693 Cagayan 14,894 18,524 19,424 14,355 17,854 18,726 Isabela 14,345 17,841 20,243 13,693 17,031 19,226

Nueva Vizcaya 13,791 17,152 19,649 13,402 16,668 18,674 Quirino 13,755 17,108 19,937 13,183 16,396 19,014

Poverty incidence and population maps of 2010 are presented in Figure 4.1-2 and Figure 4.1-3.

Figure 4.1-2 Poverty Incidence Map in the River Basin



Figure 4.1-3 Population Distribution and Density (2010)

The above maps poverty incidence and population overlay is translated into the magnitude of poor families and population Table 4.1-8. There are 13,462 families in Apayao who are considered poor in 2012. This is around 21 percent of the total families in CAR. Abra and Ifugao provinces have higher magnitude of poor families than Apayao despite the highest percent of poverty incidence. The magnitude of population who are poor in 2012 was 68,970 persons. In Cagayan, the magnitude of poor families in 2012 was 40,237 families, lower than in 2006 and 2009 which was 56,765 and 55,061 families, respectively. The magnitude of poor families continued to decline from its 2006 number of poor families. Likewise, despite the increasing population in the province of Cagayan, the magnitude of poor population also continued to decline from the 314,233 poor populations in 2006 to 219,078 persons in 2012. This indicates that Cagayan was able to decrease the number of people belonging to poor. 4.1.5 Annual per Capita Food Threshold The annual per capita food threshold is shown in Table 4.1-9. The annual per capita food threshold is the minimum income/expenditure required for a family/individual to meet the basic food needs, which satisfies the nutritional requirements for economically necessary and socially desirable physical activities. It is taken as the cost per capita of the one-day food menu x 30.4 days/month x 12 months



The annual per capita food threshold in the urban areas of Apayao was 13,682 in 2012 while in rural areas; the annual per capita food threshold was 13,005. The annual per capita food threshold in the urban areas was around 70 percent of the urban per capita poverty threshold while in the rural areas, the annual per capita food threshold was also around 70 percent of the annual per capita poverty threshold. The annual per capita food threshold in 2012 in urban areas was P13, 564 while in the rural areas, P13, 076. On the average, the annual per capita food threshold is around 70 percent of the annual per capita poverty threshold.

Table 4.1-8

Magnitude of Poor Families and Population

Region/ Province

Magnitude of Poor Families Magnitude of Poor Population

1991a/ 2006 2009 2012 1991a/ 2006 2009 2012

CAR 83,557 66,607 66,111 65,516 527,373 392,117 390,066 373,740 Abrab/ 18,054 18,852 13,914 105,370 107,945 84,347 Apayaoc/ 8,944 9,132 13,462 50,259 51,298 68,970 Benguetb/ 5,773 6,937 5,121 40,123 43,778 27,789 Ifugao 7,575 9,263 14,950 47,642 56,194 79,680 Kalingab/ 14,340 9,124 8,482 85,794 56,660 53,768 Mt. Provinceb/ 11,920 12,803 9,586 62,931 74,191 59,186 Region II 182,360 142,518 143,847 130,965 1,028,542 814,425 790,985 716,754 Batanesc/ 564 699 810 3,575 3,092 4,380 Cagayan 56,765 55,061 40,237 314,233 295,591 219,078 Isabela 72,134 74,412 68,106 413,905 407,960 365,024 Nueva Vizcayab/ 9,576 9,365

57,577 55,077 86,968

Quirinob/ 3,479 4,310 6,514 25,135 29,265 41,303

Table 4.1-9

Annual Per Capita Food Threshold, 2006, 2009 and 2012

Region/Province

Annual Per Capita Food Threshold (in Pesos)

Urban Rural 2006 2009 2012 2006 2009 2012

CAR

Abra 10,753 13,078 14,529 10,244 12,458 13,809 Apayaoa/ 10,227 12,438 13,682 9,717 11,817 13,005 Benguet 9,545 11,609 13,898 9,198 11,187 13,246 Ifugao 10,259 12,477 14,684 9,939 12,088 14,143 Kalinga 9,549 11,614 12,563 9,109 11,078 11,992 Mt. Province 10,851 13,197 15,552 10,358 12,597 14,761 Region II



Region/Province

Annual Per Capita Food Threshold (in Pesos)

Urban Rural 2006 2009 2012 2006 2009 2012

Batanesa/ 12,825 15,950 18,000 12,226 15,206 17,243 Cagayan 10,400 12,935 13,564 10,024 12,467 13,076 Isabela 10,017 12,459 14,136 9,562 11,893 13,426 Nueva Vizcaya 9,630 11,977 13,721 9,358 11,640 13,040 Quirino 9,605 11,947 13,922 9,205 11,449 13,278

4.1.6 Small Area Poverty Incidence A poverty mapping project was undertaken by the National Statistical Coordinating Board for lower area estimation of poverty which allows the estimation at lower level of disaggregation for the 1,622 municipalities of the country estimates is shown in Table 4.1-10. These lower areas estimation of poverty is useful in designing specific interventions. In fact, these poverty estimates were used by the DSWD for their Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps), identification of target sites of the Cordillera Highland Agricultural Resources Management Program II (CHARMP II) and many other development programs of the country. These small estimates are also used for policy formulation and planning of many agencies including the Philippine Medium Term Development Plan and used for poverty monitoring of the country. The highest poverty incidence in the river basin municipalities is Conner, Apayao with 40.40 percent which has also the highest population in Apayao with 8,377. This means that 40.40 percent of the residents are poor and is higher than the average of the country. On the average, the municipality and city level poverty incidence estimates was 37.5 percent Thus, on the average, around four out of every ten residents of a municipality or city are said to be poor. All other municipalities covered by the river basis have lower poverty incidence than the average poverty incidence of the 1,622 municipalities. Out of the 15 municipalities covered by the river basin, severe or almost one-half has poverty incidence of less than 25 percent. The poverty gap measures the total income shortfall (expressed in proportion to the poverty line) of individuals with income below the poverty line divided by the total number of individuals. This could actually provide information as to how much, on the average, is needed by each individual for them to become non-poor. Again, the municipality of Conner, Apayao has the highest poverty gap with 12.05 percent. This means that on the average, the per capita income of Filipino families living in Conner is 12.05 percent short of the poverty threshold. Kabugao ranks second with a poverty gap of 10.79 percent. The other municipalities have a poverty gap of less than 10 percent. Severity of poverty is a poverty measure that estimates the inequality among poor. This measure is sensitive to the distribution of living standards among the poor. A high value indicates that the distribution is worse or that poverty is severe. Again, Conner has the highest severity of poverty index with 4.96. In summary, using the three measures of poverty, Conner is consistently the highest poverty incidence, poverty gap and severity of poverty. This should be considered in development interventions



Table 4.1-10 Municipal-Level Small Area Poverty Estimates

Province/Municipality Poverty Incidence Rank Magnitude of

Poor Population Poverty

Gap Severity of

Poverty

APAYAO Calanasan 22.90 1228 2,093 5.97 2.25 Conner 40.44 700 8,377 12.05 4.96 Flora 23.90 1205 3,570 6.09 2.25 Kabugao 36.27 852 4,855 10.79 4.43 Luna 19.42 1320 3,111 4.92 1.83 Pudtol 30.67 1031 3,702 9.09 3.78 Santa Marcela 22.60 1241 2,469 5.47 1.96 CAGAYAN Abulug 23.90 1208 6,910 5.77 1.99 Allacapan 26.58 1083 7,455 6.40 2.18 Ballesteros 25.75 1166 7,705 6.27 2.17 Claveria 16.84 1390 4,994 3.63 1.14 Lasam 27.50 1123 9,431 6.69 2.30 Pamplona 30.61 1033 6,332 7.76 2.76 Sanchez Mira 18.08 1349 4,053 3.98 1.27

4.1.7 Gross Regional Domestic Product The economy of CAR decelerated to 2.1 percent in 2011 from 6.3 percent the previous year. The slowing down of the economy was due to the decelerated growth of the Industry sector. The Industry sector accounted for the bulk of the region’s economy with a share of 53.0 percent in 2011, slightly lower than its 53.1 percent share in 2010. The Service sector’s share was 36.4 percent, an increase from its year-ago share of 36.2 percent. Meanwhile, AHFF accounted for the lowest share at 10.6 percent – lower than its 10.8 percent share the previous year (NSCB). The economy of Cagayan Valley registered a 5.4 percent growth in 2011, a turnaround from its 1.1 percent decline in 2010. This was largely attributed to the accelerated growth of AHFF. Services recorded the largest share to the region’s economy at 49.3 percent, slightly lower than its 50.1 percent share the previous year. AHFF contributed 39.8 percent while the Industry shared 10.9 percent. 4.2. Physical Condition: Climate, Water, and Land Resources 4.2.1 Climate Type

The Philippines may be classified into four (4) climatological regions based on two climatic classifications namely, Coronas and Hernandez Classifications. Based on the Coronas classification, the western part of the basin falls under Type I climate. This is characterized by two pronounce season, i.e., dry from November to April and wet the rest of the year. The northern part falls under Type II climate. This is characterized as no dry season with a very pronounced rainfall from November to January. The central and



eastern part falls under Type III, where the seasons are not very pronounced, being relatively dry from November to April and wet the rest of the year. The heaviest rain occurs during December to February while the month of May is the warmest.

Hernandez classification further defined the basins’ climate as wet (Type A) in the northeastern and humid (Type B) for the rest. Type A climate is described as an almost year round rainy weather where there are only at most 1½ dry months. In the humid Type B climate is evenly distributed throughout the entire year and having at most three dry months.

A map of the basin showing the areas classified under the climatic types are shown in Figure 4.2-1. It also shows the monthly rainfall distribution within and the immediate vicinity of the AARB as compared to the whole Philippine archipelago.

4.2.2 Rainfall Pattern and Extremes

The AARB has at present no available synoptic station located within its confine. The nearest synoptic station is located in Aparri, Cagayan. In the absence of meteorologic data for the AARB, the available data from Aparri, Laoag, and Tuguegarao synoptic stations were used as an estimate of the basin climatic pattern and trends.

The basin annual rainfall varies from less than 3500 mm in the northern portion to more than 3800 mm in the mountainous areas. The monthly air temperature ranges from 19°C in January to 35°C in May and the annual mean is 27°C at Aparri, Cagayan. The rainfallisohytes interpolated from 0.50 rainfall grid from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) is shown in Figure 4.2-2. The seasonal rainfall pattern and rainfall amount fluctuate from year to year with occurrences of extreme events. Observed rainfall anomalies are attributed to the occurrences of El Niño and La Niña episodes. Despite of this pattern, mean rainfall amount between 1961-1990 and 1991-2013 showed no significant differences in Figure 4.2-3. The frequency of extreme rainfall events however was observed to have increased by about 17% or more from 1961-1990 to 1991-2013 (Figure 4.2-4) in Laoag and Tuguegarao but not in Aparri. This could be attributed to global climate change that triggers for more intense rainfall. Observed increase in the frequency of extreme events may have some environmental implications. Extremes events could trigger more landslide and soil erosion especially in areas that are poorly covered with vegetation.



Figure 4.2-1 Month Rainfall Distribution in the Philippines



Figure 4.2-2 Rainfall Isohytes and Climatic Type



Figure 4.2-3 Seasonal Rainfall Pattern (1961 to 2013)

Figure 4.2-4 Frequency Rainfall Extremes during

1961-1990 and 1991-2013

4.2.3 Seasonal Temperature Patterns and Trends

The seasonal mean maximum and minimum temperature observed within the vicinity of the river basin was analyzed (Figure 4.2-5). In general, the maximum temperature showed increasing trend at a rate of 0.017 to 0.037°C per year. Similarly, the minimum temperature showed an increasing trend at a rate of 0.011 to 0.026°C per year.



Figure 4.2-5 Season Fluctuation of Maximum and Minimum Air Temperature

4.2.4 Other Climatic Variables Actual evaporation and related climatic data are lacking in the basin. The nearest evaporation and synoptic stations are located in Tuguegarao and Aparri, respectively. Meanwhile, Isabela State University has installed an Automatic Weather Station in Pudtol, Apayao in August 2013, which is measuring sub hourly rainfall, temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed. Likewise, DOST-ASTI through the NOAH project installed several Automated Weather Stations (AWS) and Water Level Monitoring Stations (WLMS) in different parts of the country. The AWS and WLMS installed in the Apayao-Abulug River Basin are shown in Figure 4.2-6. Using the available weather data from these stations, the estimated annual evaporation ranges from 1935 to 2388 mm with an average of 2119 mm. High relative humidity is observed in the basin ranging between 70% and 90%.



Figure 4.2-6 Location of Automated Weather Stations and Water Level Monitoring Stations

of the DOST-ASTI



4.2.5 Stream flow

There are two stream flow gauging stations in the basin but at present only one is operational in the basin. This is located in Lucban, Abulug, Cagayan and has daily stream flow records from 2002 to 2012. The other gauging station is located in Atoc, Pudtol, Apayao with streamflow records from 1960 to 1970 but with missing data. The data were subjected to a flow duration analysis to determine the percentage of time if a certain discharge is available (Figure 4.2-7). Dependable flow (based on 80% probability) of the river is about 65 m3/s or 5.62 MCM per day. This value is below the estimated 80% dependable (7.55 MCM/day) flow of the river in 1970 by United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). In the present study, the estimated annual discharge of Apayao-Abulug River is about 7128 MCM. The decrease of dependable from 1970 to 2010 could be attributed to the changes in the biophysical condition of the basin as well as changes in weather parameters.

Figure 4.2-7 Flow Duration Curve

4.2.6 Flood Frequency

The annual peak discharges at the Abulug River at Lucban, Abulug, Cagayan were subjected to frequency analysis assuming a Log-Pearson Type III Distribution.The Results of the flood frequency analysis are shown in Figure 4.2-8. The computed frequency curve together with the 5 percent and 95 percent confidence limit curves are drawn in the same figure. The relatively narrow range of probable values in the estimated peaks manifests a good distribution of the observed flood flows (10 years). The estimated maximum flood at 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 year-return period is 2154 m3/s, 2554 m3/s, 3118 m3/s, 3580 m3/s and 4081 m3/s, respectively.



Figure 4.2-8 Flood Peak Frequency Curve

The discharge measurements show that the monthly discharge varies considerably between dry and wet season (Figure 4.2-9). The lowest discharge of the river is estimated to be 3.40 m3/s, whereas the maximum peak floods measured are in the order of 3180 m3/s.

Figure 4.2-9 Stream flow Hydrograph



4.2.7 Land Cover The vast forests of the Cordillera, dubbed as the watershed cradle of Northern Luzon, cater six of Northern Luzon’s major river systems. Because of this, the national government has classified approximately 85 percent of the Cordillera as forestland, and about 30 percent of which is officially designated as forest reserve. As indicated in Figure 4.2-10, aside from forestlands, the land cover also consists of different land classifications such as woodland areas of shrubs, fallow and wooden grassland, natural barren land, marshland, and including developed areas, pasture and cultivated areas, among others.

Figure 4.2-10

Land Cover Map of the AARB



4.2.8 Hydrogeology The AARB has a complex lithology and structure. The basin is generally composed of both sedimentary and igneous volcanic formation (Figure 4.2-11). Sedimentary formation are usually found in low elevation area while igneous volcanic formation and diorite intrusion in the upstream draws the area diastrophism like faulting and other geologic processes that uplifted the whole basin. Based on the report of investigation of the Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB) there are two lithologic units that can be found in the Kabugao and Calanasan area. These are diorite complex, limestone, and meta-volcanics. The oldest rocks in the province are the Cretaceous Paleogene, which is composed of undifferentiated volcanic flows with locally intercalated sedimentary rocks. Bordering those rocks are folded Neogene sedimentary rocks. Synorogenic batholithic of diorite elongated along north-south trends dominate the core of the province of Apayao. These plutons discordantly include Middle Miocene and older rock sequences and are responsible for some copper, gold and iron metallization. In terms of geologic structures, numerous faults and folds characterize the geomorphologic evolution of the area. The Bangui Fault System, one of the major spays of the Philippine Fault Zone, extends into the River basin. On the westernmost part of the basin is the West Ilocos fault System while on the eastern side of the AARB is the Dummon River Fault System. These structures are among the major branches or splays of the Philippine fault zones. Several active faults in the Northern Philippines are shown in Figure 4.2-12. In terms of its groundwater potential development, National Water Resources Board(NWRB) reported that the basin can be divided into three categories namely, (1) the shallow and deep well area (alluvial), (2) deep well area (diluvium and tertiary), and (3) difficult area (Figure 4.2-13). The shallow and deep well area is formed by the alluvial plain, which distributed in the midstream and downstream areas of Abulug River. This alluvial plain is suitable for groundwater development and forms groundwater basin with several aquifers and aquicludes. The aquifers consist of sand and gravel layers and also impervious layers of clay and/or silt, wherein the area generally have enough magnitude, scale and permeability to produce large quantity of groundwater. Similarly defined, the deep well area corresponds to diluvium and/or tertiary or terrestrial sediments, which consist mainly of Neogene age. They have low groundwater potentials as compared with that of shallow and deep well area wherein this type of area is best suited to the development of deep well hand pump requiring minimal pumping rates. In the same manner, the difficult area corresponds to the area where groundwater development is difficult. The geology in this area is mainly formed of intrusive rocks, metamorphosed rocks and volcanic rocks. The difficult areas for groundwater development can be found in the Cordillera Central Mountain Range in the eastern part of the region. The Cordillera Central Mountain Range is made up of metamorphosed volcanic rocks of the geologic age. Based on the study conducted by National Water Resources Committee (1980), now the NWRB, the total groundwater storage of the basin is estimated at 17085 MCM. The inflow to the groundwater reservoir system is roughly estimated to be about 1197 MCM/year. Furthermore, the study indicated that if 50-year groundwater mining is allowed, a total of 1539 MCM per year is available in the area. The total recommended groundwater exploitation at safe yield level is about 1197 MCM/year.



Figure 4.2-11 Geologic Map of the AARB



Figure 4.2-12 Active Fault System within the Vicinity of the River Basin



Figure 4.2-13 Ground Potential Map of the AARB



4.2.9 Water Balance Water balance of the AARB was modeled using the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). SWAT is a watershed model widely used to predict water quantity and quality under varying land use and water use regimes. From a digital elevation model (DEM), the watershed was divided into 10 sub-basins that are assigned a stream channel (Figure 4.2-14). Each sub-basin of the watershed was further subdivided into hydrologic response units (HRUs), which are defined as the coincidence of soil type and land use. The HRU is the smallest unit in the SWAT model and is use to simulate all processes such as rainfall, runoff, infiltration plant dynamics (including uptake of water and nutrients, biomass, etc.), erosion, nutrient recycling, leaching of pesticides and nutrients, and many others. In this particular work, the hydrologic process in the AARB was simulated to understand the hydrologic water balance of the basin. The stream flow data in Abulug gauging station from 2002 to 2010 was use to calibrate the model.



Figure 4.2-14 Sub Watershed of AARB used in SWAT Model

Results of the calibrated model indicated that the annual mean runoff of AARB is about 1724 mm (Table 4.2-1). This represents a runoff coefficient (ratio of run-off to rainfall) is about 0.52. The total ground water recharge in the basin is estimated to about 370 mm per year. Of this, it is estimated that 48 mm per year is recharge to deep aquifers. This accounts about 1.46 percent of the annual rainfall in the basin. Total water yield is estimated to be about 2207 mm per year or 66.70 % of the annual rainfall. Figure 4.2-15 shows the graphical representation of the computed water balance of the river basin.



Table 4.2-1 Water Balance of AARB

PARAMETERS AMOUNT (mm) PERCENT OF RAINFALL

Rainfall 3595.5

Surface Runoff 1972.59 54.86 Baseflow 527.17 14.66 Shallow Groundwater recharge 339.74 9.45 Deep Aquifer recharge 50.96 1.42 Total aquifer recharge 390.70 10.87 Total water yield 2499.76 69.52 Evapotranspiration 855.40 23.79

Figure 4.2-15 Water Balance



The mean monthly water balance simulated from 1980 to 2012 is shown in Table 4.2-2. The simulated values showed that large proportion of the rainfall is loss as surface runoff (54.32%) and only a minimal proportion is recharge to the groundwater aquifer (4.01%). Low groundwater recharge is actually governed by the geologic property of the watershed. On the other hand, stream flow (water yield) of the Apayao-Abulug River is adequate all year round making with its peak from June to October. This indicates the potential of surface water passing through the numerous tributaries of the River to be tapped for irrigation system and for hydropower. The estimated groundwater recharge is shown in Table 4.2-3.

Table 4.2-2 Mean Monthly Water Balance (1980-2012)

Month Rainfall (mm)

Potential Evapotranspiration

(mm)

Runoff (mm)

Groundwater Recharge

(mm)

Water Yield (mm)

Jan 116.20 72.90 48.52 9.96 79.24 Feb 98.97 84.52 39.90 4.81 61.54 Mar 102.45 124.78 38.93 2.13 53.52 Apr 129.32 140.26 48.46 1.05 63.75 May 311.39 138.37 149.89 2.53 184.08 Jun 426.03 141.42 224.88 4.61 281.61 Jul 518.10 138.28 296.49 12.53 376.70 Aug 484.62 131.51 274.69 20.37 364.06 Sep 500.61 115.85 303.88 26.37 397.29 Oct 406.15 101.69 247.79 24.16 323.55 Nov 287.33 75.72 162.46 18.54 222.58 Dec 223.13 61.17 121.79 17.45 175.94 TOTAL 3,604.29 1,326.48 1,957.69 144.50 2,583.85

Percent of Rainfall 36.80 54.32 4.01 71.69

Table 4.2-3 Estimated Groundwater Recharge per Sub Basin (mm)

Month Sub

basin 1

Sub basin

2

Sub Basin

3

Sub Basin

4

Sub Basin

5

Sub Basin

6

Sub Basin

7

Sub Basin

8

Sub Basin

9

Sub Basin

10 Jan 4.50 20.78 2.57 4.59 36.72 7.27 7.72 5.59 4.11 5.77 Feb 2.59 11.38 1.64 2.57 20.83 1.61 4.60 1.02 0.74 1.11 Mar 0.95 5.01 0.78 1.10 8.91 0.65 2.40 0.54 0.37 0.57 Apr 0.06 1.97 0.12 0.42 3.85 0.20 1.64 0.88 0.53 0.79 May 0.06 3.18 0.10 0.68 6.21 1.64 2.77 3.88 2.76 4.01 Jun 0.04 3.30 0.04 0.77 7.36 4.65 3.69 9.66 6.95 9.64 Jul 0.09 7.94 0.08 2.03 19.82 14.78 8.70 26.72 19.23 25.89 Aug 0.09 11.30 0.13 3.14 29.17 24.32 11.78 43.56 33.12 47.05 Sep 0.30 16.53 0.31 4.21 38.24 33.45 13.74 55.24 42.22 59.43 Oct 1.02 25.01 0.79 6.18 55.29 26.17 14.99 40.26 29.72 42.19 Nov 2.50 29.41 1.59 6.99 61.51 16.15 13.42 19.21 14.51 20.09



Month Sub

basin 1

Sub basin

2

Sub Basin

3

Sub Basin

4

Sub Basin

5

Sub Basin

6

Sub Basin

7

Sub Basin

8

Sub Basin

9

Sub Basin

10 Dec 4.90 33.46 2.98 7.56 63.64 14.30 12.83 12.50 9.47 12.88 TOTAL 17.08 169.28 11.13 40.22 351.57 145.18 98.29 219.08 163.73 229.41 4.2.10 Registered Water Users in the River Basin The National Water Resources Board (NWRB) is the government agency mandated to regulate all water use in the country. As such, it monitors the various permit grantees/users of surface and ground water resources. Under the policies of the NWRB, Filipino citizen, Associations and duly registered cooperatives and corporations organized under the law of the Philippines with at least 60% Filipino capitalization, government entities and instrumentalities, including government-owned and controlled corporations are qualified to file a water permit application at all NWRB offices and deputized agents (the Department of Public Works, NIA, National Power Corporation and Water Districts) in the province where the point of diversion is situated in the case of appropriation of water or where the project is located for the following purposes:

• Power • Fisheries • Industrial • Livestock • Recreational • Commercial • Domestic • Irrigation

4.2.11 Water Rights by Purpose issued in Kalinga Apayao Provinces, 1975-2011 The Apayao and Kalinga provinces are basically mountainous areas with creeks and rivers providing the much needed water supply for agricultural and industrial development not only for the province but for the country as well. Its abundant water supply is primarily used for power generation. Eighty one percent (81%) of all water rights granted by the NWRB from 1975 to 2011 were intended for power generation. This rate of utilization for power (and also for irrigation) should have been higher had there been no objections raised (primarily on issues of ancestral public domain) to the proposed implementation of the Chico River Irrigation Project (CRIP) in the 1970’s which aimed to build a mammoth dam and reservoir across the Chico river(Table 4.2-4). On the other hand, only eighteen percent (18%) of the total water rights granted for the same span of time was for irrigation. Utilization for domestic and for industrial uses is still very minimal.



Table 4.2-4 Water Rights for the Provinces Kalinga and Apayao

No. Purpose No. of Permits Granted

Granted Rights in lps %

1 Irrigation 66 72,257 18.44 2 Power 9 319,185 81.45 3 Domestic/ Industrial 2 458 0.12

Total 77 391,900 100.00

While the share of granted water rights for power is high, location of power plants are situated in the Kalinga province which is outside of the river basin. There were 77 water rights permits granted in the area 72 of which (94%) were for surface water utilization. Discharge granted from surface water utilization is mostly intended for power generation (82%). In totality of the 391,900 lps granted, 81% is for power generation and 19% for irrigation (Table 4.2-5).

Table 4.2-5 Distribution of Water Rights by Source in Kalinga and Apayao

(As of December 31, 2011)

4.2.12 The Status of Water Resource Utilization in AARB The grantees uses consist of irrigation, municipal, commercial, hydropower (non- consumptive), etc. Meanwhile, the irrigation sector is the largest water users and number of water structures. In total, there are 45 registered water users in the basin with only 17 in Apayao and 29 in Cagayan. All water users in Apayao and Cagayan are for irrigation purposes. Table 4.2-6 and Figure 4.2-16 shows the distribution of water users by municipalities.

Type Source Permits Issued

Discharge in lps

% for power/

domestic % for

irrigation

Surface water Creeks 39 3637 81

19 River 33 388,239

Sub-total 72 391,876 81 19 Groundwater Deep wells 4 24 - - Spring 1 - - - Sub-total 5 24 - - Total 77 391,900 81% 19%



Table 4.2-6 Distribution and Classification of Water User

Municipalities Uses No. of users

Calanasan, Apayao Irrigation 2 Conner, Apayao Irrigation 10 Flora, Apayao Irrigation 4 Sta. Marcela, Cagayan Irrigation 1 Allacapan, Cagayan Irrigation 7 Abulug, Cagayan Irrigation 2 Pamplona, Cagayan Irrigation 8 Sanchez Mira, Cagayan Irrigation 11

Total 45



Figure 4.2-16 Registered Water Users in AARB

4.2.13 The Apayao-Abulug River Irrigation System

The Apayao-Abulug Irrigation System (AAIS) is one of the NIS now being improved under PIDP. It covers the towns of Flora, Pudtol, Luna, and Sta. Marcela in Apayao and the towns of Abulug, Allacapan, Ballesteros, Pamplona, and a portion of Aparri in Cagayan. AAIS draws water from Abulug River and Gattu Creek by gravity. The type of diversion at Abulug River is an ogee shape overflow dam with 2 sluice ways, 6 bays in the eastern side of the river, and 4 bays in the western side. The type of diversion at Gattu Creek is also an ogee dam which serves the area of Pamplona.

The present system of irrigation is continuous flow method of irrigation. NIA’s responsibility is to divert irrigation water from the river and convey it to the main canal and laterals. On the other hand, the IAs takes responsibility in the distribution from the turnout to their respective farm lots.

Under the PIDP, restoration activities is being undertaken in the service area of WARIS to bridge the gap between the service area and the irrigated area while a total of 2,150 ha new area shall be generated in Region 2 mostly in the province of Cagayan (2,105 ha).PIDP is complemented by NIA’s GAA-funded projects. A total of 7,739 has expected to be generated by CY 2017 in CAR, 1,731 ha of which is in Apayao and 40 ha in the



service area of WARIS. On the other hand, 5,499 ha of new areas shall be put into irrigation also by CY 2017 in Region 2 out of this 765 ha is in Cagayan.

4.2.14 Small Scale Irrigation Projects (SSIP)

In the Philippines, the Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWM) of the Department of Agriculture serves as the governments’ lead agency in the development and implementation of small-scale irrigation program in the country aimed at increasing agricultural productivity in the upland and rain-fed areas. At present, there are two (2) major programs being introduced to communities, farmer’s groups and Local government units for adoption and commercialization as follows: 4.2.15 The Present Status of Small Water Impounding and Diversion Dam Projects. In general, the SWIP’s and DD’s are performing poorly and way below of what it expected due to the following perceived problems:

• Insufficient amount of water and unfair distribution are the two most important problems to address;

• Poor involvement of water users’ group members in various meetings and planning workshops.

• Non-collection of irrigation service fee resulting to lack of funds for repair and maintenance;

• Lack of awareness and scientific knowledge on water management by the farmers particularly on water distribution and irrigation scheduling.

• There is lack of internalization of members on the need to internally generate funds to support activities and other projects.

• There is inadequate preparation of the farmers to manage and use their organizations as a way to improve their lives.

• Watershed management is not given priority attention • Low water productivity because of traditional rice monoculture

Table 4.2-7 shows that as of 2013, there are eleven (11) small irrigation systems in the river basin; five (5) in Cagayan and six (6) in Apayao. Out of these, nine (9) are SWIP and two (2) DDs. Total irrigated service is 390 ha benefiting 298 farmers. However, more than half are reportedly not operational due to damage of embankment, irrigation canal, and spillway.



Table 4.2-7 Inventory of SSIP’s in AARB

Name of Project Location

Reported Present Physical Status of Project

Service Areas (ha)

Farmer beneficiaries

Service Areas (ha)

Farmer beneficiaries

1. Baro a Lubong SWIP

Flora Apayao

53 13 80 50

Partially Operational, rehabilitation of the embankment

2. Zumige SWIP Luna Apayao

50 55 100 75

Operational, rehabilitation of spillway and irrigation canal

3. Maclit Diversion Dam

San Mariano, Pudtol

25 28 25 50 Not Operational, washed out

4. Bacut SWIP Sta. Marcela Apayao

50 50 120 50

Operational, improvement of canal needed

5. Luyon Diversion Dam

Luyon, Luna Apayao

30 35 30 35

Not operational, necessary for new construction

6. Puteg Diversion Dam

Dona Loreta, Pudtol Apayao

60 33 35 38

Not operational, rehabilitation of walls and installation of canals

7. Battuguit SWIP Sanchez, Mira, Cagayan

100 100 Operational

8. San Andres SWIP Rehab

Sanchez, Mira, Cagayan

80 70 Operational

9.Marabbun SWIP

Sanchez, Mira, Cagayan

80 60 Operational

10.Bessang SWIP

Allacapan, Cagayan 85 60 Operational

11.Iringan SWIP Allacapan, Cagayan 50 45 Operational

TOTAL 390 298



4.2.16 Status of Hydropower Development Apayao River potential for hydropower generation has been estimated by the National Power Corporation (NPC) to produce at least 700 MW. However, no feasibility studies have been reported at present. Proposed sites are earmarked for development in the Provincial Development Plan of the Apayao Province. Figure 4.2-17 shows some identified water impounding projects for irrigation and hydropower system.

Figure 4.2-17 Identified Locations of Water Impounding Projects for

Hydro and Irrigation Development



Hydropower investment costs for new installations vary considerably between industrialized and developing countries. In developing countries and emerging economies, the construction of hydropower plants usually involve substantial civil work (dams, deviation of rivers, etc.), the cost of which largely depends on labor costs, which is substantially lower than in industrialized countries. The total investment costs largely depend on site features and availability of grid connections. Generating costs usually range from $20/MWh to $60/MWh. The investment costs in developing countries result significantly lower than the cost in industrialized countries because of different social and labor conditions which is about 2,000 US dollars on average with internal rate of return of at least 10%. The power component of the masterplan project will also help in meeting the demand in the Luzon power grid where an additional capacity of 8,100 megawatts (MW), composed of 6,000 MW base-load plant and 2,100 MW peaking plants, need to be installed to meet the demand and the required reserve margin of the grid for the planning period 2012-2030. The grid, which, at present, barely meets the demand, does not have the capacity to produce the required reserve margin. The General Appropriations Act (GAA) of 2014 has allocated the amount of Four Hundred Million Pesos for the conduct of feasibility studies (F/S) for multi-purpose dam irrigation and power to be administered by the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA). 4.2.17 Status of Water Utilization for Domestic Purposes On water for domestic and sanitation purposes, Apayao ranked first among CAR’s provinces in terms of households with access to sanitary toilets. Sta. Marcela recorded a 100 percent access to sanitary toilets. On the other hand, Flora has the least number of households with access to sanitary toilet with 67.56 percent. On the other hand, only 69.88 percent of the population has access to safe water. Only 2.91 percent of the total population has a level III accessibility while Level I and II has 44.87% and 22.10%, respectively. Across municipalities, Conner registered the highest percentage of households with access to safe water at 97.77 percent followed by Luna at 94.97 percent and Calanasan at 91.64 percent. The rest of the municipalities have lower than 50 percent accessibility to safe water. Table 4.2-8 shows the list of domestic and industrial water users in the basin. As of 2013, only five small water districts are listed in LWUA inventory, four are from Cagayan and only in the capital of Apayao at Luna. It reveals that huge investment is still needed in providing a level III water system to the rest of communities and municipalities in the basin.

Table 4.2-8 Inventory of Domestic Water Users in AARB registered with LWUA

Water District Category CCC No.

Abulog, Cagayan Small 625

Allacapan , Cagayan Small 428

Pamplona, Cagayan Small 765 Sanchez Mira, Cagayan Small 534

Luna, Apayao Small 800 Source: LWUA, 2013

http://122.54.214.222/waterrates/WDInfo.asp?CCC=625&mon=12






4.3 Environmental and Watershed Management 4.3.1 Status on Population, Settlements and Indigenous People 1Based on the 2010 Census of Population and Housing (CPH), the province of Apayao posted a total population of 112,636 persons as of May 1, 2010, larger by 15,507 persons compared to its total population of 97,129 persons counted in the 2000 CPH. The increase in the population count from 2000 to 2010 translated to an average annual population growth rate (PGR) of 1.49 percent. This is lower than the 2.66 percent annual PGR of the province between the census years 1990 and 2000. If the average annual PGR recorded at 1.49 percent during the period 2000 to 2010 continues, the population of Apayao would double in 47 years. Fifty years ago, the population of Apayao was only 29,601 persons. This population size is more than one fourth of the population of the province in the 2010 CPH.

There are two indigenous groups in the area: Isnag2 and Kalinga3. More than half of the population of Apayao is made up of cultural monitories. Of the 10 cultural ethnic tribes, 70 percent or 41,439 belong to the Isnag group. Among the municipalities, Conner has the most number of ethnic groups on record. The Isneg language is spoken by around 300,000 people. They also speak Ilocano. Approximately nine percent of the population is Christians. As of 2006, the entire New Testament, along with the books of Genesis and Exodus, had been translated into Isnag. The rest of the Isnags are mainly animists. The Isnag settlements are mostly along the river, but they do farming up the hills at certain times of year. Their villages are small and houses, close together, for security and companionship. The traditional house sits on four large wooden posts and has colorful adornments. 4There are two important rituals that bind the Isnag. Say-am is a feast celebrated by an affluent Isnag family, usually accompanied by wining, eating, and dancing. In contrast, pildap is celebrated by the poorer members of the tribe when a family transfers to another place or when someone seeks healing. They speak the Isneg language. Isnag is composed also of the major sub-groups known as the Ymandaya and Imallod. Their places of abode are found in the different municipalities in Apayao as follows: Ymandaya (Isnag) - Calanasan (Bayag), Imallod (Isnag) - Kabugao, Conner, Pudtol, and some part of Luna (Macatel). The Isnag are distinguished from the other Cordilleran’s by the fine construction of their houses, resembling that of the lowland Filipinos, and they are particularly conspicuous about cleanliness. Their houses are set on four large and strong straight posts of incorruptible wood resistant to humidity, driven into the earth; instead of being made of bamboo cut in long narrow strips joined by rattan, as the lowland Filipinos do. Their houses are airy and bigger, and they do everything to decorate it the best way they can. They barter for products from their mountains, such as beeswax, cacao, and tobacco. As of November 2013, there are about 55,000 Isnags living in Apayao Province. They

1

Philippine Statistics Authority, National Statistics Office, 2010 2 The Isnag (also known as the Isneg and Apayao) are the earliest residents of Apayao Province (Cordillera Administrative Region) and one

of the remaining tribes in Luzon, the Isnag are a small ethnoliguistic group inhabiting the wide mountains of the area. Isnag refers to the people and the Tribe. Isneg refers to the dialect of the Isnag. (Wikepedia) 3 The Kalinga Lubuagan inhabit the Kalinga and Apayao provinces; their language widespread and used in almost all the municipalities of

Kalinga, and has five dialects. 4 Wikepedia on Isneg people.



are concentrated mainly in the municipalities of Calanasan, Kabugao, Conner, Luna, and Pudtol. Isnags are also found not only in the Province of Apayao but also in the Eastern part of the Province of Ilocos Norte specifically the municipalities of Adams, Carasi, Dumalneg, and Solsona and in the Northwestern part of the Province of Cagayan specifically the municipalities of Sta. Praxedes, Claveria, and Sanchez Mira. The Kalinga people are highlanders and the most extensive rice farmers of the Cordillera peoples, having been blessed with some of the most suitable land for both wet and dry rice farming. Like the Ifugao, the Kalinga are prolific terrace builders. The Kalinga are also skilled craftsmen, well-versed in basketry, loom weaving, metalsmithing, and pottery, the last centered in the lower Chico River Valley. Upper Apayao is composed of the upland municipalities of Calanasan, Conner, and Kabugao. Lower Apayao is composed of the lowland municipalities of Luna, Pudtol, Flora and Sta. Marcela. The Municipality of Kabugao remains to be the Capital town, while, the Municipality of Luna is the newly designated provincial government center. Although, Apayao has the lowest population among CAR provinces, it also yields the largest land area which in effect denotes the lowest population density in CAR. 4.3.2 Status of Land Use Management 5The list of the top 10 provinces in the country with forest cover includes: Palawan, Isabela, Agusan del Sur, Cagayan, Apayao, Aurora, Surigao del Sur, Bukidnon, Quezon, and Eastern Samar. In addition, other provinces with the most forest cover include Samar, Lanao del Sur, Davao Oriental, Nueva Vizcaya, Quirino, Kalinga, Nueva Ecija, and Occidental Mindoro. These mentioned provinces have a total area of about 100,000 hectares In the basin, Cagayan area has almost 60 percent forest area that needs to be rehabilitated and preserved as compared to Apayao forestland covers. Apayao has bigger forest cover than Cagayan and in fact the biggest with 379,534.45 hectares due to its forest conservation method called the “Lapat” system. As a result, Apayao remains as the province with the largest forested areas in the region. More than half of Apayao's land area is still covered with forest with an estimated 379,534.45 hectares. Brushland and grassland combined make up almost 32 percent of the land. Agriculture makes up only 7.42 percent of the land and built up areas take up only 1.48 percent of the land. (See Figure 4.3-1 and Table 4.3-1 to 4.3-3).

5 Environmental Science for Social Change, Philippine Forest Cover 2002



Figure 4.3-1 Land Use of AARB



Table 4.3-1

Forest Cover in Cagayan

CENROS Closed forest (ha)

Open Forest

(ha)

Mangrove (ha)

Grassland/ Brushland

(ha)

Established Plantation

Forest Zone A & D

TUGUEGARAO CITY 82,231 17,084 40 5,907

SOLANA 4,365 63,729 3,241 66,435 ALCALA 40,900 24,533.77 93 13,392.8 2,196.43 2,803.57 APARRI 28,128 163,573 2,365 2,339

SANCHEZ MIRA 13,339 74,474.36 1,311 1,758.20 1,733.16

PENRO CAGAYAN 168,963 343,394.13 3,809 13,392.8 15,441.63 70,971.73

The “Lapat” system is the practice of prohibiting the entry and use of any resources in either dipterocarp or pine forest, a span of river, or a certain block of land declared by the Lapat holder. This method allows the resources to recover. When the Lapat holder declares ‘Lapat’ on a certain place, no extraction is allowed within the number of years determined for its resting period. Apayao is the first province to formulate the DENR’s comprehensive Forest Land Use Plan (FLUP) specifically in Calanasan.


Executive Summary Chapter 4-44

Table 4.3-2 Land Cover, Apayao

Municipality Closed Forest

(ha)

Inland Water (ha)

Open Forest

broadleaved (ha)

Other land,

built up area (ha)

Other Land,

cultivated, annual crop (ha)

Other land,

natural, barren

(ha)

Other land,

grassland (ha)

Other wooded

land, fallow (ha)

Other wooded

land, shrubs

(ha)

Other wooded

land, wooded

grassland (ha)

Grand total (ha)

Calanasan 8,213.547 1,049.343 30,703.001 186.719 7,617.088 199.808 22,568.724 1,314.754 71,852.984 Conner 7,120.618 12.833 7.119 5.114 73.538 8.576 908.745 8,136.543 Flora 10,249.232 113.469 710.806 438.402 3,659.638 260.639 743.668 10,454.155 3,164.477 29,794.486 Cabugao 34,102.983 1,150.216 9,029.708 140.082 11,009.14 258.406 27,732.153 1,108.809 84,531.497 Luna 198.215 195.434 7,007.117 396.544 4,099.857 175.797 18.919 2,723.892 1,213.6 27,048.775 Pudtol 7,719.729 779.225 16,793.398 278.865 4,003.521 720.487 18.403 17.643 7,832.816 1,742.042 39,906.129 Sta. Marcela 87.097 309.116 3,898.899 115.56 191.06 1,532.144 132.712 6,266.588

Grand Total 67,604.324 3,387.617 64,251.149 1,754.84 34,361.681 1,530.88 1,180.434 17.643 73,752.629 8,676.469 256,517.67 Source: NAMRIA 2010



Table 4.3-3 Alienable and Disposable Lands, Apayao

Municipality Area in hectares

Calanasan 1,033.16 Flora 9,808.90 Cabugao 3,913.14 Luna 7,712.37 Pudtol 7,058.27 Sta.Marcela 5,915.96 Grand Total 35,441.80

Source: NAMRIA 2010 4.3.3 Description of Denuded Forests and Critical Watersheds Most of the forests that support these river systems have been declared as reservations. The classification of forests as watershed reservations has largely been associated with hydropower and irrigation dam projects.Long before any dam project was undertaken in the Cordillera, the Central Cordillera Forest Reservation was already created. The American colonial government in the Philippines decreed its creation in 1929, setting aside 74,631 ha of land for the purpose. All of the forest reservations in the Cordillera region are now in a critical state. This was confirmed also by the residents of the Apayao watershed during the last stakeholder’s consultation and forum held at Luna, Apayao last March 18, 2014. Natural resources present in the area are copper, manganese, gold, phosphate, agricultural and pasture lands, and forests. It has mineral reserves of gold, copper, manganese, nickel, and non-metallic minerals of soft clay, limestone, sulphur, and shale. The interest for the copper, gold, and silver in the Apayao is dominated by Cordillera Exploration Company, Inc. (CEXCI) with an exploration permit for over 4,996 ha in Conner, Apayao. However their official website (nickelasia.com) indicated, that their Manmanok property located within the Municipality of Conner in Apayao, which is the most advanced of the properties in terms of exploration work, covers an area of 7,802 ha, which is 2,806 ha more of their original permit of 4,996 ha. CEXCI’s rights to the property are governed by an Exploration Permit (EP-004-2006-CAR), first granted in October 16, 2006 and subsequently renewed on March 4, 2009. Although only a portion of Conner, Apayao is covered in the mineral resources within the river basin, and CEXCI is almost outside of the river basin, still the mining activity affects the ground water. In the water and forestry sectors, overexploitation of resources has led to environmental degradation and resource scarcity, hampering efforts to reduce rural poverty. Pollution of river basins, over-extraction of groundwater, and inappropriate land-use practices result in decreasing water quality.



The province is characterized by two distinct topographies: Upper Apayao is mountainous with towering peaks, plateaus, and intermittent patches of valleys. Lower Apayao, on the other hand, is generally flat with rolling hills and plateaus. The elevation of the province ranges from 70 m to 1,644 meters above sea level (masl). Mount Sulo, the highest registered mountain peak of Apayao has an elevation of 1,503 m. Low elevations areas are mostly found in Lower Apayao. Low lying areas are notable to municipalities of Luna and Sta. Marcela which experience periodic flooding during rainy season. As already mentioned, the province of Apayao is dubbed as the “Last Forest Frontier in the North,” due to its forest resource covering almost 50 percent of its total land area. Threatened with the increasing number of upland dwellers, the Apayao State College, Local Government Unit of Luna, and the DENR came together for a common goal of establishing the Regional Botanical Garden, as model for forest protection. The Regional Botanical Garden (RBG) is situated at Marag Valley, once the haven of the New People’s Army during the 80’s, and now habituated by various indigenous people such as Isnags, Ibanags, Igorots, and others. The RBG has a total land area of 1,025 ha. Impact of the project includes biodiversity conservation, a climate change mitigation measure to reduce risk of drought and other natural disaster, and increase awareness of communities on forest conservation. In a recent stakeholder’s forum held last March 18, 2014, spearheaded by the DENR and the Provincial Government of Apayao, the group identified the Apayao -Abulug watershed as denuded forest and needs immediate rehabilitation. Apayao has also been identified by the DA as one of the drought-prone provinces/areas experiencing seasonal aridity together with Ifugao, Kalinga, Abra, Benguet, and Mt. Province. 4.3.4 Status of Water Quality Based on the compilation of water body monitoring report of DENR-PENRO Apayao, the water of Apayao River is clean as evidenced by clear and colorless water. However, this condition is usually observed during the month of December to May or during the dry season. The visual description of the river changes during the rainy season, typhoon, and thunderstorm. As reported, the color of the water condition is reddish brown that indicates to be affected by the occurrence of soil erosion. Based on the result of the laboratory analysis, the classification of the river is Class C. (Class C is defined as waters protected for uses such as secondary recreation, fishing, wildlife, fish consumption, aquatic life including propagation, survival, and maintenance of biological integrity, and agriculture).6 Out of the 18 tributaries of Apayao-Abulug River only Nagan River at Pudtol, Apayao was classified as AA (defined as requiring only minimal disinfection). In the late 90’s, Nagan River was adjudged as the Cleanest Inland Body in the Cordilleras and the First Runner Up in the National Level during the late 90’s Search for the Cleanest Inland body of Water The water usage and classification of fresh surface water of DENR and the water quality standard are presented in Table 4.3-4.

6 ncdenr.org NC water classifications by NC river basins



Table 4.3-4 Water Usage and Classification

Classification Beneficial Use*

Class AA

Public Water Supply Class I. This class is intended primarily for waters having watersheds which are uninhabited and otherwise protected which require only approved disinfection in order to meet the National Standards for Drinking Water (NSDW) of the Philippines.

Class A Public Water Supply Class II. For sources of water supply that will require complete treatment (coagulation, sedimentation, filtration and disinfection) in order to meet the NSDW.

Class B Recreational Water Class I. For primary contact recreation such as bathing, swimming, skin diving, etc. (particularly those designated for tourism purposes).

Class C

1.) Fishery Water for the propagation and growth of fish and other aquatic resources; 2.) Recreational Water Class II (Boatings, etc.) 3.) Industrial Water Supply Class I (For manufacturing processes after treatment)

Class D

1.) For agriculture, irrigation, livestock watering, etc. 2.) Industrial Water Supply Class II (e.g. cooling, etc.) 3.) Other inland waters, by their quality, belong to this classification

Source: DAO 34 – Ambient Water Quality The major rivers of Apayao including some their tributaries had been classified by DENR through these guidelines. There are 14 rivers in Apayao that were already given their respective classification based on their beneficial use. Upper Nagan River is the only river in the province with AA classification, Lower Nagan and Akutan River with Class A, 11 classified as Class B and only the Apayao-Abulug River was classified as Class C. The details of the respective rivers are shown on the Table 4.3-5.

Table 4.3-5 Waterbodies Classified (Classified as per DAO No. 34)

Provincial/

Municipality Water body Drainage Area (ha) Use Class Year

APAYAO Apayao 1. Apayao-Abulug River 297,805 a,b,c C 1983 2. Akutan River - a,b A 2001 3. Malunog River - a,b,c,d B -



Provincial/ Municipality Water body Drainage

Area (ha) Use Class Year

4. Tumog River - a,b,c,d B - Luna 5. Ziwanan River - a,b,c,d B 2000 6. Zumigue River 51,777 a,b B 2000 Conner 7. Baren River 65,566 a,b,c,d B 2000 8. Cabicungan River 7,820 a,b,c,d B 2000 9. Nabuangan River - a,b B 2000 Kabugao 10. Laco River - a,b,c,d B 2002 11. Malabanig River - a,b,c,d B 2002 12. Binuan River 76.118 a,b,c,d B 2002 13. Karagawan River - a,b,c,d B 2002 Pudtol 14. Nagan River (Upper) 33,890 a,b,c,d AA 1999 Nagan River (Lower) a,b,c,d A 1999

Legend: a- irrigation b- fist habitat c- domestic use hd-contact recreation Source: Brown Report, 2012 Based on the compilation of water body monitoring report of DENR-PENRO Apayao, the water of Apayao River is clean as evidenced by clear and colorless water. However, this condition is usually observed during the month of December to May or during the dry season. The visual description of the river changes during the rainy season, typhoon, and thunderstorm. As reported, the color of the water condition is reddish brown that indicates to be affected by the occurrence of soil erosion. Based on the result of the laboratory analysis, the classification of the river is Class C. (Class C is defined as waters protected for uses such as secondary recreation, fishing, wildlife, fish consumption, aquatic life including propagation, survival, and maintenance of biological integrity, and agriculture).7 Out of the 18 tributaries of Apayao-Abulug River only Nagan River at Pudtol, Apayao was classified as AA (defined as requiring only minimal disinfection). In the late 90’s, Nagan River was adjudged as the Cleanest Inland Body in the Cordilleras and the First Runner Up in the National Level during the late 90’s Search for the Cleanest Inland body of Water. 4.3.5 Mineral Resources The provinces, located within AARB, has rich endowment in mineral resources is evident in the presence of metallic and non-metallic mineral resources like primary copper and manganese in Calanasan. Raw materials for cement manufacturing are found in Luna while gold ores, resources estimated to be 35 MT, are found in Cabugao. In fact, the whole province of Apayao claimed to be covering about 90 percent of the total gold reserves of the entire Cordillera Region. Massive limestone deposit is also explored in Butao, Calanasan. An estimated 55 million metric tons of potential non-metallic resources such as limestone, sandstone, gravel, siliceous sands and guano deemed to be plenty in the area. Four mining companies were given Exploration Production Sharing Agreement (EPSA) by the MGB for offshore areas exploration for magnetite and other associated mineral deposits which will all expire in June 2035. The companies are Peniel Resources Mining Corporation, Bo Go Resources Mining Corporation, T and T Resources and Mining Corporation, and J and M Resources and Mining Corporation.

7 ncdenr.org NC water classifications by NC river basins



The first three companies are registered under the same name, Mr. Victor Lee as president while J and M Resources are registered under Hur Hyung as president. Exploration involves high financial investments but giving the big portion of the area to one or two perople is a matter that should be studied thoroughly. Offshore areas granted permit to be explored includes the following: Sanchez Mira, Pamplona, Abulug, Ballesteros, Aparri, Buguey, and Gonzaga in Cagayan Province covering a cumulative area of 52,664 ha. On the one hand, the government is aggressively promoting large-scale mining and, on the other hand, a grass-roots movement led by the church and civil society is calling for a moratorium on large-scale mining. The government views mining as the engine for national development and poverty-alleviation, while the anti-mining movement protests the negative social and environmental impact of mining, especially industrial mining operations. A key issue is balancing the various legitimate concerns. Figure 4.3-2 is the summary map of tenement areas in AARB and adjacent areas where gold, copper and silver permits has a total covered area of 72,576 hectares, while magnetite permits covered a total of 53,664 hectares.

Figure 4.3-2 Tenements Areas in and adjacent the AARB



4.3.6 Status Certificates of Ancestral Domain Title (CADT) Certificate of Ancestral Domain Title (CADT) refers to a title formally recognizing the rights of possession and ownership of the Indigenous Cultural Communities/Indigenous Peoples ( ICCs/IPs) over their ancestral domains identified and delineated in accordance with Republic Act No. 8371 of 1997. Ancestral domains formally recognized by the Philippine government make up 18.4 percent or nearly one-fifth of the entire land area of the CAR. 8From 2002 to 2010, a total of 20 CADT for indigenous peoples (IPs) were awarded by the National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (NCIP) covering a cumulative area of 336,660.06 ha. Beneficiaries are IPs from the following ethnolinguistic groups: Ayangan, Bago, Ibaloi, Isneg, I’wak, Kankanaey, Kalanguya, Tuwali, Tingguian, and others. As per Republic Act No. 8371 or the Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (IPRA) of 1997, ancestral domains refer to “all areas generally belonging to IPs composed of lands, inland waters, coastal areas, and natural resources held under a claim of collective or individual ownership, continuously occupied or possessed by IPs by themselves or their ancestors since time immemorial...". On the other hand, ICCs/IPs occupying a duly certified ancestral domain shall have the following responsibilities:

a. Maintain Ecological Balance- preserve, restore, and maintain a balanced ecology in the ancestral domain by protecting the flora and fauna, watershed areas, and other reserves;

b. Restore Denuded Areas- actively initiate, undertake and participate in the reforestation of denuded areas and other development programs and projects subject to just and reasonable remuneration; and

c. Observe Laws- observe and comply with the provisions of this Act and the rules and regulations for its effective implementation.

Out of the total of 20 CADTs awarded in CAR, 13 titles were awarded in Benguet; two titles were awarded in Ifugao; while one CADT was awarded each to Abra, Apayao, Kalinga, Mt. Province, and the City of Baguio. As of October 2010, Apayao is third largest CADT area at 11,268.03 ha or 3.3 percent while Benguet has the largest CADT area at 257,550.50 ha or 76.5 percent of all ancestral domains in the region. Ifugao is second at 47,187.53 ha or 14 percent. Happy Hollow in Baguio City is the smallest ancestral domain in the region at 146.42 ha or only 0.04 percent of total area awarded.Other CAR provinces each comprised less than three percent of the total. No CADTs were awarded in CAR for the years 2003 and 2007. Benguet has the distinction of having been awarded with the very first CADT in the Philippines when CADT No. CAR-BAK-0702-001 covering a total of 29,444.34 ha was awarded on February 2002 to the Bago and Kankanaey of Bakun, Benguet. Figure 4.3-3 shows the area of an approved CADT located in AARB. As reflected in the NCIP annual accomplishment report, Ancestral Domain Sustainable Development and Protection Plans (ADSDPPs) were formulated; funded by NCIP from its regular fund. One of these is the Eva Garden, Calanasan, Apayao populated by about 852 Isnags covering an area of 11,268.0255 ha under CADT CAR-CAL-1005-031.

8 NSCB CAR Factsheet, October 2010 ISSN 0119-4038



There are about 271,811 hectares applications in various stages of completion as well as funding stage. For an updated list of ancestral domain applications in the province of Apayao province, please see Table of Ancestral Domain Applications below as of July 22, 2014 as prepared by PENRO Apayao. Certificate of Ancestral Domain Claims (CADC) was also awarded to Agtas covering an area of 6,809 hectares in Pamplona, Cagayan.

Figure 4.3-3

Approved Certificate of Ancestral Domain Title (CADT) in AARB as of 2011

4.3.7 Status of Communal Forest Area in the River Basin To provide good quality lumber supply within each municipality as well as sustain the lumber needs/requirement of the municipality concerned, each Communal Forest will be managed, developed and protected by the community residents hence making sure that their resources is in a sustainable manner. Communal Forests are forestlands not exceeding 5000 hectares set aside by the government for local use and subject to an approved sustainable operations plan.



Community Watersheds are forestlands set aside for communities to use as a source of water supply in accordance with a sustainable development plan (GOP, 2003). Community forest rights are often awarded by the government to address equity issues (e.g., marginalization of indigenous peoples and preservation of socio-cultural/ethnic values and indigenous knowledge), but also convey the rights to use the forest for other purposes, including production, conservation, development, food production and environmental services for a fee. Forest Land Use Plan which is in harmony with the Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP) of every municipality will identify and segregate per barangay or cluster of barangays. However, at times even prior to the making of FLUP, the community has already collectively identified communal forest. Initiatives such as these will continue to be encouraged.

The Communal forest for the municipality of Calanasan is around 4,963.42 hectares. For Sanchez Mira, a total of 370 hectares located in Barangays Callungan and Bacsay comprised the Communal Forest area. Barangays Nagga, Anonang and Nanabuan in the municipality of Ballesteros covering about 343.2 hectares were identified as Communal Forest area. Communal Forest in Barangay Banguian in Abulug Municipality covers a total of 220 hectares. In Pamplona, 244 hectares of Communal Forest was identified in Barangay Bayu (Table 4.3-6)

Table 4.3-6 Communal Forest in Cagayan

Location Area (Ha) Date of Proclamation

Banguian, Abulug, Cagayan 441.40 January 27, 1934 Anonang, Abulug, Cagayan 224 May 06, 1937 Nanabuan, Ballesteros, Cagayan 60 August 24, 1931 Pagga, Ballesteros, Cagayan 59 August 24, 1931 Cadcadir, Claveria, Cagayan 56 August 18, 1950 Tabbugan, Claveria, Cagayan 60 - Kilkiling, Claveria, Cagayan 132 - Santiago, Claveria, Cagayan 274 January 18, 1940 Cadongdongan, Sta. Praxedes, Cagayan 27.4 May 21, 1931 Bagu, Pamplona, Cagayan 440 March 24, 1941 Callungan, Sanchez Mira, Cagayan 180 February 04, 1935 Bacsay, Sanchez Mira, Cagayan 190 September 16, 1937

4.3.8 Status of Community-Based Forest Management Projects Community-based forest management (CBFM) constitutes a powerful paradigm that evolved out of the failure of state forest governance to ensure the sustainability of forest resources and the equitable distribution of access to and benefits from them. Acknowledging the role of commercial timber extraction, corruption and ineffectual governance in creating the twin problems of forest degradation and upland poverty (Porter and Ganapin, 1988; Repetto, 1988; Kummer, 1992), CBFM advocates stress the urgent need to empower and involve communities in forest management (Poffenberger 1990; PWG 1999).



Espousing a participatory element paradigm, they maintain that forest protection and sustainable use can be more effectively achieved when local communities plan and plan implement themselves instead of having the state, which has shown dismal performance thus far, continue to do so on its own. The scheme stresses the importance of involving communities in sustaining the forest through projects such as timber harvesting, agro-forestry and livestock raising. CBFM therefore advocates an increasingly “bottom up” – as opposed to the historically “top down” and centralized – approach to sustainable forest governance involving a variety of stakeholders. This participatory and community-based sustainable management stance translates to advocacy for community participation in local forest governance. It is believed that “responsiveness, effectiveness and efficiency are optimally obtained when decisions, programs and projects are done by those who should know them best – the people themselves” (PBSP, 1994). As of 2010, there are 13,157.82 hectares CBFMA areas that were issued by the DENR, broken down as follows (Table 4.3-7).

Table 4.3-7 CBFMA Areas Issued by DENR (as of 2010)

Municipality Community-Based Forest Management Agreement

Calanasan 2618.52

Conner 328.49

Cabugao 6854.58

Luna 2879.69

Pudtol 476.55

Grand Total 13,157.82

For the river basin covered area in Cagayan, there are two (2) CBFMAs issued in Sanchez Mira and Malilitao covering a total area of 12,495 hectares, as of December 2012. The details are presented in Table 4.3-8



Table 4.3-8 CBFMAs Issued in Cagayan (as of 2012)

Project Name Location Name of PO Total Area (hectares) CBFMA No. Date Issued/

Expiry Number of members

Number of beneficiaries Remarks

Sanchez Mira

Kittag, Langagan, Santiago & Bangan, Sanchez Mira

Sanchez Mira Forest Developer Association, Inc.

8,765.00 020219954 April 7, 1998/ April 7, 2023

94 600 CARP - Funded CY 2009

Malilitao Malilitao. Sto. Tomas, Sto. Niño, Luzon & Tabbugan, Claveria

Southern Claveria Forest Resources Developers Association, Inc

3,730.00 020215002 December 9, 1997/ December 9, 2022

160 1,200

TOTAL AREA 12,495 Source: DENR R2 CBFMA Projects in R2 as of Dec 2012



4.3.9 Indigenous Knowledge and Practice of Environmental Conservation The Lapat "system is an indigenous natural resource management system of the Isnags assisted and recognized by the LGUs of Conner, Kabugao, Pudtol and Calanasan, Apayao as a way of conserving natural resources. The “Lapat” system is the practice of prohibiting the entry and use of any resources in either dipterocarp or pine forest, a span of river, or a certain block of land declared by the Lapat holder. The Lapat system allows the forest to recover. When the Lapat holder declares ‘Lapat’ on a certain place, no extraction is allowed within the number of years determined for its resting period. Being the youngest province of Cordillera, Apayao is endowed with rich cultural and natural resources known to be the "last frontier of forest cover" and one of the provinces covering the watershed cradle of the North. Such a potential feature is attributed to the indigenous peoples (IP) culture-bound initiatives in conserving their natural resources. The practice of lapat by the Isnags has in it the unique features of providing a wealth of knowledge in environmental management. Today, lapat is still practiced by the elders to declare a body of water, plantations, forests and residential lots as sacred in honor of a dead member of the family. These areas are preserved by the bereaved family within a year or two by imposing penalties to intruders, thus making the area untouched within the prescribed period. Lifting of the lapat is commenced through they say-am or a grand festivity with many rituals usually held within 3-5 days to a maximum of one week celebrated by all members. By application and through consistent practice by the Isnags, lapat has contributed significantly in preserving and conserving the natural resources in the province. As a result, Apayao remains as the province with the largest forested areas in the region. 4.3.10 Status of Integrated Forest Management Agreement (IFMA) IFMA was made it possible to grant a qualified grantee a 25-year (renewable) stewardship over forestlands and forest resources to develop, manage, and protect. It is a production sharing contract between the DENR and the grantee. An Integrated Forest Management Agreement (IFMA) is a program of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources as follows: "Industrial Forest Plantation refers to any tract of forestland planted to tree crops primarily to supply the raw material requirements of existing or proposed wood processing and energy generating plants, and related industries."It has its early beginning in 1975 as Industrial Tree Plantation (ITP) with the promulgation of PD 705 otherwise known as the “Revised Forestry Reform Code”. The implementing guidelines for which were provided in Ministry Administrative Order No. 04, series of 1980. The areas available then were the open, denuded and inadequacy stocked residual natural forest areas within the concession. "It was renamed as Industrial Forest Management (IFM) since its coverage has been expanded to allow the planting of non-timber products like bamboo, rattan and rubber. Likewise, the activity under the program was expanded to include not just the industrial plantation development and related activities but also the management and protection of the natural forest (Embodied under DAO No. 42, series of 1992 and DAO No. 4, series of 1997. "[In 1999], under DAO 99-53 which superseded and repealed DAO Nos. 91-42, 94-60, and 97-04, Industrial Forest Management Agreement was again renamed as Integrated Forest Management Agreement (IFMA).



"An IFMA is a production sharing contract entered into by and between the DENR and a qualified applicant wherein the DENR grants to the latter the exclusive right to develop, manage, protect and utilize a specified area of forestland and forest resources therein for a period of 25 years and may be renewed for another 25-year period, consistent with the principle of sustainable development and in accordance with an approved Comprehensive Development and Management Plan (CDMP), and under which both parties share in its produce. 13658 hectares and 3656 hectares of IFMA are existing that were issued to Star Veneer Manufacturing Corp. in Luna and Pudtol, Apayao respectively that will expire in 2027 and 2031. 7797 hectares and 18365 hectares were also issued to Furniture Group Inc. (both with same office address as Star Veneer Manufacturing Corp.) in Calanasan and Conner, Apayao expiring in 2032 and 2034 respectively. DENR providing an IFMA to only one company and/or person covering 43,186 hectares scattered in Luna, Pudtol, Calanasan and Conner might be too much to monitor. In one of the consultations with the stakeholders, they emphatically told us that the legal instruments together with the exploration permits have been used even in the area not covered by the permit. Considering that these legal instruments will expire twenty years from now, measures must be implemented to be able to regulate this activity. No IFMA was awarded to any group or any grantee in Cagayan. Please see list of IFMA issued in Apayao as of 2010 by the DENR in Table 4.3-9

Table 4.3-9 IFMA issued in Apayao by DENR as of 2010

IFMA holder Address Area (hectares) Municipality Date

issued Expiry date

STAR VENEER MFTG. CORP. (formerly NAGAN AGRO-FOREST DEV. CORP

273 Wellington Bldg., Plaza Ruiz, Binondo Mla. Or Tuwid, Luna, Apayao

13,658 Luna 03-Jul-02 02-Jul-27

STAR VENEER MANUFACTURING CORP.


3656 Pudtol 6-Oct-06 31-Dec-31

FURNITURE GROUP, INC.


7,797 Calanasan 21-Jun-07 21-Jun-32

FURNITURE GROUP, INC.


18,365 Conner 18-Sep-09 31-Dec-34

Lately though, Socialized Industrial Forest Management Agreement (SIFMA) are being issued which is an agreement entered into by and between a natural or juridical person and the DENR wherein the latter grants to the former the right to develop, utilize and manage a small tract of forestland consistent with the principle of sustainable development. (DENR Administrative Order No. 96-24). This can be given to individual, family units, cooperatives or associations.



4.3.11 Emancipation Patent (EP) / Certificate of Land Ownership Award (CLOA) Landownership of the beneficiary of CARP shall be evidenced by a Certificate of.Land Ownership Award (CLOA). The certificate shall contain the restrictions provided in R.A. 6657, and shall be recorded in the Register of Deeds concerned and annotated on the certificate of title. (Republic Act No. 6657, Sec. 24) For the province of Cagayan, there are about 4,890 EPs/CLOAs issued by the Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) covering five municipalities of the river basin namely, (Abulug, Allacapan, Ballesteros, Pamplona and Sanchez Mira ) with a total of 5,972.68 hectares benefitting 4306 Agrarian Reform Beneficiaries (ARBs). No data for Apayao province (Table 4.3-10).

Table 4.3-10 Summary of EP/CLOAs distributed by DAR 2 as of July 2014

Municipality No. of EP/CLOAs Area (Hectares) No. of ARBs

Abulug 1,825 2,293.7200 1,681 Allacapan 1,559 1,929.5704 1,411 Ballesteros 750 868.3434 635 Claveria 14 7.5723 15 Pamplona 611 657.5790 428 Sanchez Mira 145 223.4815 151 Sta. Praxedes 10 10.3295 10

TOTAL 4,914 5,990.5961 4,331 Source: DAR R2 Support to Agararian Reform Beneficiaries will be further enhanced and will be tied up with the National Greening Program as well. 4.3.12 Location and Size of Tenured Areas in the Basin Figure 2.3-4 shows a GIS map of the location and size of tenured areas in the basin.



Figure 4.3-4

Tenured Areas in Apayao - Abulg River Basin 4.3.13 Status of National Greening Program (NGP) Implementation The 9National Greening Program (NGP) is a massive forest rehabilitation program of the government established by virtue of Executive Order No. 26 issued on February 24, 2011 by President Benigno S. Aquino III. It seeks to grow 1.5 billion trees in 1.5 million hectares nationwide within a period of six years, from 2011 to 2016. These lands include forestlands, mangrove and protected areas, ancestral domains, civil and military reservations, and urban areas. Aside from being a reforestation initiative, the NGP is also seen as a climate change mitigation strategy as it seeks to enhance the country’s forest stock to absorb carbon dioxide, which is largely blamed for global warming. It is also designed to reduce poverty, providing alternative livelihood activities for marginalized upland and lowland households relating to seedling production and care and maintenance of newly-planted trees. Specifically, NGP are anchored on three-fold objectives:

9 Official site of the National Greening Program of the DENR



1. Human Security a. increased household incomes. b. enhanced environmental stewardship c. improved general well-being of communities

2. Economic Security

a. increased economic activity b. increased interest in technology and business development c. increased production of crops and forest-based materials

3. Ecological Security

a. increased environmental stability b. sustained provision of ecosystem goods and services. As a convergence initiative among the DA, DAR and DENR, half of the targeted trees to be planted under the program would constitute forest tree species intended for timber production and protection as well. The other 50 percent would comprise of agro forestry species. Areas eligible for rehabilitation under the program include all lands of the public domain. Specifically, these include forestlands, mangrove and protected areas, ancestral domains, civil and military reservation, urban greening areas, inactive and abandoned mine sites, and other suitable lands. For Apayao province, NGP areas cover the municipalities of Conner and Kabugao. As of 2012, 687 ha (61 percent) were planted in Apayao. For the seedlings planted, out of the 4,832,431 seedlings planted in the whole CAR, 612,310 seedlings were planted in Apayao. Figure 4.3-5 shows the NGP sites in AARB.



Figure 4.3-5 National Greening Program Sites in AARB as of 2013

For Cagayan province, NGP areas cover five (5) municipalities: Sanchez Mira, Pamplona, Ballesteros, Allacapan and Abulug. The NGP accomplishments within the covered municipalities has a total of 951 hectares, 4.3.14 Status of Biodiversity and Wildlife DENR recently recognized the Cordillera Mountains in northern Philippines, particularly areas within Apayao, as the new site of the endangered Philippine Eagle, together with Iligan City in Lanao Del Norte and central part of the province of Leyte. This is after sightings of the Philippine Eagle in Apayao and Leyte provinces were by the Philippine Eagle Foundation (PEF) and University of the Philippines (UP), respectively. These sightings offered "new beacons of hope" for the Philippine Eagle. A team from DENR is now conducting studies and research in Apayao to determine if the endangered eagles have nesting sites so that it would be protected and preserved. The University of Alaska Museum and the National Museum of the Philippines are presently undertaking a study in the area.



The complete list of the bird species collected and sighted by the study team from the forest of the Agora Wildlife Sanctuary is presented in Table 4.3-11. It should be noted that initial study shows that this may be the best area for bird biodiversity in all Central and Northern Luzon due to minimal disturbances of the habitats. The environmental condition of the area is very promising as a protected area given the sensitivity of the environment and the high degree of biodiversity present at the site including many threatened and Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) listed species. CITES helps to ensure that international trade does not threaten species with extinction and protects about 5,000 species of animals and 30,000 species of plants.

Table 4.3-11 Bird Species Found in Agora Wildlife Sanctuary at Lydia, Pudtol, Apayao

English Name Scientific Name Isnag Name

1. Philippine Falconet Microhierax erythrogenys Malabuk-kaw 2. Red Junglefowl Gallus gallus philippensis Kasi 3. Slaty-legged Crake Rallina eurizonoides Angnga’ 4. White-breasted waterhen Amauromis phoenicurus Mangubog 5. White-eared Brown-Dove Phapitreron leucotis Alimoan 6. Amethyst Brown-Dove Phapitreron amethystina Alimoan 7. Cream-bellied Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus merrilli Punay 8. Common Emerald-Dove Chalcophaps indica Burading 9. Luzon Bleeding-Heart Gallicolumba luzonica Ladahan 10. Guaiabero Bolbopsittacus lunulatus Huringab 11. Drongo Cuckoo Sumiculus lugubris Sibulbog 12. Scale-feathered Malkoha Phaenicophaeus cumingi Sikat 13. Red-crested Malkoha Phaenicophaeus superciliosus Silsil 14. Rufous Coucal Centropus unirufus Sibag 15. Philippine Scops-Owl Otus megalotis Karoh 16. Philippine Hawk-Owl Ninox philippensis Buwagkaw 17. Philippine Frogmouth Batrachostomus septimus Salipak 18. Philippine Trogon Harpactes ardens Tabalala 19. Philippine Dwarf-Kingfisher Ceyx melanurus Bihing 20. Spotted Wood-Kingfisher Actenoides lindsayi Siyon 21. Rufous Hornbill Buceros hydrocorax Kallaw 22. Sooty Woodpecker Mulleripicus funebris Kaulttaha’ 23. Greater Flameback Chrysocoloptes lucidus Kaulttaha’ 24. Red-bellied Pitta Pitta erythrogaster Kabaw 25. Hooded Pitta Pitta sordida Panalaktaan 26. Bar-bellied Cuckoo-Shrike Coracina striata Bibig 27. Yellow-wattled Bulbul Pycnonotous urostictus Takkit 28. Philippine Bulbul Hypsipetes philippinus Takkit 29. Balicassiao Dicrurus balicassius Sibulbog 30. Philippine Oriole Oriolus steerii Tamot 31. Philippine Fairy-Bluebird Irena cyanogaster --



English Name Scientific Name Isnag Name

32. Slender-billed Crow Corvus enca Siguggog 33. Golden-crowned Babbler Stachyris dennistouni Pirpiruka’ 34. White-browed Shama Copsychus luzoniensis Kidkidaro 35. Scaly Ground-Thrush Zoothera dauma Pahakpak 36. Brown-headed Thrush Turdus chrysolaus Tamot 37. Arctic Warbler Phylloscopus borealis -- 38. Lemon-throated Leaf-Warbler Phylloscopus cebuensis -- 39. Mountain Leaf-Warbler Phylloscopus trivirgatus -- 40. Philippine Tailorbird Orthotomus casteneiceps Bulbulsahit 41. Ashy-breasted Flycatcher Muscicapa randi Taret 42. Snowy-browed Flycatcher Ficedula hyperythra Taret 43. Blue-breasted Flycatcher Cyomis herioti Taret 44. Blue-headed Fantail Rhipidura cyaniceps Labag 45. Black-naped Monarch Hypothymis azurea 46. Yellow-bellied Whistler Pachycephala philippinensis 47. Brown Shrike Lanius cristatus Taret 48. Long-tailed Shrike Lanius schach 49. Plain-throated Sunbird Anthreptes malacensis Bulbulsahit 50. Flaming Sunbird Aethopyga flagrans Bulbulsahit 51. Olive-backed Flowerpecker Prinochilus olivaceus Ballit 52. Brahminy Kite Haliastur Indus -- 53. Crested-Serpent Eagle Spilornis cheela -- 54. Philippine Eagle Pithecophaga jefferyi* -- 55. Pink-necked Green-Pigeon Treron vernans -- 56. Racquet-tail species Prionotururs spp -- 57. Philippine Eagle-Owl Bubo philippensis -- 58. Glossy Swiftlet Collocalia esculenta -- 59. Pygmy Swiflet Collocalia troglodytes -- 60. White-throated Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis -- 61. Tarictic Hornbill Penelopides Panini -- 62. Philippine Pygmy Woodpecker Dendrocopos maculates -- 63. White-bellied Woodpecker Dryocopus javensis -- 64. Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava -- 65. White-breasted Wood-Swallow Artamus leucorynchus -- 66. Coleto Sarcops calvus --

Source: Assessing influenza reservoirs and the avian viral transport system among Philippine birds, University of Alaska Museum *Probable sighting -- Not specified Apayao was considered as key biodiversity areas and are the subject of a number of studies one of which is a research study of the dipterocarp forest in the lowlands which covered the municipalities Pudtol, Luna, Kabugao and Calanasan.



They have been identifies by scientists as composing key biodiversity area because of the abundance of dipterocarp forests, which when defined means“large tracts of forests which still hold significant A memorandum of agreement was signed between the concerned municipalities, the National Commission on Indigenous Peoples, and the DENR-CAR. The data to be gathered will be an input to help the municipalities, government agencies and non-government organizations in developing programs and projects that will help in the conservation of dipterocarp forests. Topics covered include the global state of biodiversity, the importance and threats to biodiversity, the initial listing of significant flora and fauna found in the four municipalities, and the rationale of the study. This key biodiversity area of dipterocarp forest can be compared that with the lowland Dipterocarp forests carpet of Borneo forming a green expanse composed of a high number of plant species. As many biodiversity and therefore worthy of conserving.” as 240 different tree species can grow within 1 hectare. 4.3.15 Apayao Lowland Forest Key Biodiversity Area As seen in Figure 4.3-6 the Apayao Lowland Forest (ALF) Key Biodiversity Area (KBA) covers an area of 156,732.6 ha in AARB. It is located in the northern extreme of CAR and in the center of Apayao. Geographically, it borders Cagayan to the north, Ilocos Norte to the northwest and west, Abulog River to the east and Zinundangan River in Kabugao to the south. The four municipalities that surround the ALF are Luna, Pudtol, Cabugao/Conner and Calanasan.



Figure 4.3-6

Key Biodiversity Areas in Apayao-Abulug River Basin

The study areas of the assessment are strategically located on the above-mentioned municipalities within the ALF KBA. Details of the said sampling sites are shown in Table 4.3-12.



Table 4.3-12 Location, Elevation and Characteristic Vegetation of the Survey Sites

In Four Municipalities of Apayao Key Biodeiversity Area

Site Start of Transect

Elevation (masl)

End of Transect

Elevation (masl) Vegetation Type

Lalanggan, Pudtol

N 18 11 11.2 E 121 16 47.9

- N 18 11 7.8 E 121 16 34.3

- Primary forest

Upper Maton, Pudtol

N 18 07 42.2 E 121 18 54.3

92 N 18 07 27.2 E 121 18 44.9

157 Agroforest to primary forest

Malipa, Marag, Luna

N 18 33 44.8 E 121 28 28.6

34 N 18 33 32 E 121 28 11

57 Agroforest to secondary forest

Sitio Daga, Luna

N 18 20 08.8 E 121 18 01

119 N 18 20 11.5 E 121 18 0.2

121 Plantation to secondary forest

Masi, Dagupan, Luna

N 18 20 75.4 E 121 34 86.3

22 N 18 26 75.4 E 121 34 86.3

12 Agroforest to secondary forest

Sta. Filomena, Calanasan*

N 18 51 69.1 E 121 10 12.1

54 N 18 51 51.1 E 121 09 52.5

128 Agroforest to secondary

undisturbed forest Laco, Kabugao

N 18 59 40 E 121 18 33.6

238 N 18 5 64.3 E 121 18 16.3

161 Agroforest to primary forest

Komao, Kabugao

N 18 05 6.2 E 121 09 45.3

213 N 18 5 10.3 E 121 9 40.7

218 Grassland and secondary forest

Source: Biodiversity Assessment and Profiling of the Apayao Lowland Forest (ALF) Key Biodiversity Area (KBA), 2013 Note: No trapping was established because of the practice of “Lapat” in the area 4.3.16 Non-Volant Mammals: Rats Three species of rats are found in the ALF KBA. Two out of the three species are endemic while only one is introduced and considered to be the most destructive species in the country. The most common rat species in the area are the Philippine Forest Rat. The specific details of the rat species are shown in Table 4.3-13

Table 4.3-13 Non-Volant Mammals Caught in the Municipalities of ALF KBA

Family Scientific Name Common Name Distribution

Conservation Status (IUCN)

Ecology and Habitat

(1) Muridae 1. Rattus everetti

Common Forest Rat/Philippine Forest Rat

Endemic LC Primary and disturbed lowland, montane and mossy forest

2. Rattus tanezumi

Oriental House Rat

Introduced LC Abundant in citie, villages and agricultural areas in all elevations but



Family Scientific Name Common Name Distribution

Conservation Status (IUCN)

Ecology and Habitat

uncommon in disturbed lowland; most destructive pest in the country

3. Apomys abrae

Luzon Cordillera Forest Mouse

Endemic DD Very scant information on the habitat and ecology of the species

Source: Biodiversity Assessment and Profiling of the ALF-KBA, 2013 (DENR) Notes: LC – Least concern, DD – Data deficient 4.3.17 Volant Mammals: Bats There are 13 species of bats in the ALF-KBA which belong to four families: Fruit Bats, False Vampire Bats, Horseshoe and Leaf-nosed Bat and Evening Bats. Five of the species are endemic to the area while eight are considered widely distributed in different parts of Asia. The Large Rufous Horseshoe Bat is considered to be under the Near Threatened category of the IUCN. The most abundant bats on the area are the Fruit Bats. The details of the bat species are shown in Table 4.3-14

Table 4.3-14 Volant Mammals in ALF KBA

Family Scientific Name Common Name Distribution Conservation Status (IUCN) Remarks

(1) Pteropodidae (Fruit Bats)

1. Cynopterus brachyotis

Lesser Dog-faced Fruit Bat

Widespread LC

2. Eonycteris spelaea

Dawn Bat Widespread LC

3. Haplonycteris fischeri

Fischer’s/Philippine Pygmy Fruit Bat

Endemic LC

4. Macroglossus minimus (Pteropodidae)

Dagger-toothed Long-nosed Fruit Bat

Widespread LC

5. Ptenochirus jagori (Pteropodidae)

Greater Musky Fruit Bat

Endemic LC Abundant in primary forest, common in secondary forest and occasionally present in agricultural areas near forests



6. Rousettus amplexicaudatus (Pteropodidae)

Common Rousette

Widespread LC

(2) Megadermatidae (False Vampire Bats)

7. Megaderma spasma

Lesser False Vampire Bat

Widespread LC

(3) Rhinolophidae (Horseshoe and Leaf-nosed Bat)

8. Rhinolopus arcuatus

Arcuate Horseshoe Bat

Widespread LC Most common species found all over the Philippines. Inhibit caves, near agricultural lands, primary forest and mossy mountains

9. Rhinolopus rufus

Large Rufous Horseshoe Bat

Endemic NT

10. Rhinolopus virgo

Yellow-faced Horseshoe Bat

Endemic LC

11. Hipposiderus coronatus

Large Mindanao Leaf-nosed Bat

Endemic

(4) Vespertilionidae (Evening Bats)

12. Miniopterus tristis

Great Long-fingered Bat

Widespread LC

13. Pipistrellus tenuis

Least Pipistrelle Widespread LC

Source: Biodiversity Assessment and Profiling of the ALF-KBA, 2013 (DENR) Notes: LC – Least concern, NT – Near threatened

4.3.18 Amphibians A total of 22 species of herps (11 amphibians and 11 reptiles) are present in ALF KBA. There are five families and 11 species of amphibians. Five out of the 11 species are endemic to the area. Three are considered native and only two are introduced species. The endemic species of Luzon Fanged Frog and Diminutive Forest Frog are already near Threatened while Pygmy Forest Frog is vulnerable. Naturally, amphibians thrive on undisturbed or pristine primary forests and clean waters and streams. But there are also some species that may be found in water bodies near agricultural lands and plantations. Meanwhile, introduced species may also be found on disturbed habitats. Details of the amphibians present in the area are shown in Table 4.3-15

Table 4.3-15 Species of Amphibians in ALF KBA

Family Scientific Name

Common Name Habitat Geographic

Category Conservation

Status

DICRO GLOSSIDAE

Limnonectes macrocephalus

Luzon Fanged Frog

primary forest, forest edge, plantations beside flowing rivers

Endemic NT



Family Scientific Name

Common Name Habitat Geographic


Status

Occidozyga laevis

Yellow -bellied Puddle Frog

purely aquatic; shallow streams, mud puddles; clean streams near human habitations

Native

LC

CERATOBA TRACHIDAE

Platymantis dorsalis

Common Forest Frog

forest floor of disturbed and undisturbed forests

Endemic LC

Platymantis mimulus

Diminutive Forest Frog

primary forest, man-made forest adjacent to primary forest

Endemic, rare

NT

Platymantis corrugatus

Rough-backed Forest Frog

primary, secondary and man-made forest adjacent to primary forest

Native LC

Platymantis pygmaeus

Pygmy Forest Frog

forest floor of disturbed and undisturbed forests

Native VU

RHACOPHORIDAE

Polypedates leucomystax

Common Tree Frog

Occurs everywhere; near/within human habitation

Introduced LC

Rachophorus pardalis

Gliding Tree Frog

secondary and primary forest

LC

BUFONIDAE Rhinella marina Cane Toad natural and man- made habitats

Introduced/ Invasive

LC

RANIDAE Hylarana similis Variable-backed Frog

primarily aquatic Endemic NT

Sanguirana igorota

Balbalan Frog cool streams and rivers in montane forest

Endemic VU

Source: Biodiversity Assessment and Profiling of the ALF-KBA, 2013 (DENR), *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (2013) Notes: LC – Least concern, NT – Near threatened, VU - Vulnerable 4.3.19 Reptiles The reptiles are composed of three families with 11 species of which were observed in agricultural lands, forest, grass and scrublands. Eight out of the 11 species are endemic to the area while the rest are commonly found in the countries within Southeast Asia. The reptiles found in ALF KBA are presented in Table 4.3-16



Table 4.3-16 Species of Reptiles in ALF KBA

Family Scientific Name Common Name Habitat Geographic


Status SCINCIDAE Eutropis

multicarinata borealis

Many-keeled Mabuya

forests and agroecosystems

Endemic NE

Eutropis multifasciata

Common Mabouya

lowland and submontain forests, secondary forests and disturbed habitats

Common in SEA

LC

Sphenomorphs jagori

Jagori's Sphenomorphus

dipterocarp, submontane, secondary forests and agricultural areas

Endemic LC

Sphenomorphs cumingi

Cuming's Sphenomorphus

open spaces on forest floor (dipterocarp and secondary); dry stream beds

Endemic LC

Lamprolepis smaragdina philippinica

Emerald Tree Skink

arboreal forests, disturbed areas, on bare tree trunks

Endemic LC

GEKKONIDAE Cyrtodactylus philippinicus

Philippine Bent- Toed Gecko

detritus on forest floor, under rotting logs, bark and a variety of microhabitats

Endemic LC

COLUBRIDAE Boiga cynodon Dog-toothed Cat Snake

highly aboreal, found in a variety range of habitats

Common in SEA

LC

Boiga angulata

Phil. Blunt- headed Tree Snake

lowland and montane tropical moist forest and disturbed habitats

Endemic LC

Dendrelaphis pictus

Common Bronzed Backed

Snake

scrubland,secondary forest,

Common in SEA

LC



Family Scientific Name Common Name Habitat Geographic


Status near-beach, parks and gardens

Zaocys/Ptyas luzonensis

Smooth-Scaled Mountain Rat

Snake

lowland tropical forests and a variety of habitats

Endemic LC

Cyclocorus lineatus lineatus

Northern Triangle- Spotted Snake

rocky ricers and streams and similar rocky freshwater habitats

Endemic LC

Source: Biodiversity Assessment and Profiling of the ALF-KBA, 2013 (DENR), *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (2013) Notes: LC – Least concern, NE – Not evaluated

4.3.20 Flora The forest types found within the ALF KBA are identified as Tropical Evergreen Lowland Rainforest, Tropical Lower Montane Rainforest and the Forest Over Limestone. There are 71 families with 206 species of tress within the area. It is worth to note that six species, Panau, White Lauan, Red Lauan, Mayapis, Bunga and Guijo of which are mostly endemic and indigenous species, are already under the critically endangered category while eight species are vulnerable. 4.3.21 Existing Efforts in Addressing Climate Change The Nagan and Maton River, located at Pudtol, Apayao are the main river tributaries of Apayao River. The Apayao River supports irrigation of thousands hectares of farmland in the municipalities of Pudtol, Luna and, some parts of Abulug. To conserve and protect the river systems and their watershed (the Agora Wildlife Sanctuary), the Isnags headed by Mayor Batara Laoat organized the Nagan River Management System (NARIMAG). NARIMAG utilizes indigenous knowledge and practice (IKP) in protecting Nagan and Maton River including Agora Wildlife Sanctuary. The IKP is interfaced with government laws on water management. The impact of NARIMAG to climate change mitigation includes: reduction of drought incidence, provision of haven to flora and fauna species (aquatic and terrestrial), lessening the threat to loss of biodiversity, reduction of expenditures especially on imports of major food crops (rice and corn), and strengthening social capital to sustain indigenous knowledge on climate change mitigation measures. Conventional farming system in the uplands of Apayao follows monocropping system, usually rice. Decline in the productivity of rice production system has been experienced by upland farmers for the last seven years due to erratic weather patterns and other environmental factors. Addressing this concern, this project of Apayao State University "Promoting Agrobiodiversity: Strategy for Climate Variability Adaptation in the Uplands of Apayao" has been conceptualized.



It focuses on the promotion of agrobiodiversity as a strategy for enhancing adaptive capacity of upland farming communities in the province of Apayao. It utilizes various modalities for promoting diversified farming system models which could withstand the erratic weather condition of the province. Agrobiodiversity system utilizes various crop combination models to newly established plantations and enhances existing agroforestry farms. This was spearheaded by Dr. Ronald O. Ocampo of Apayao State College, Isidro Sur, Luna, and Apayao. AARB falls within Department of Interior and Local Government's (DILG) Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction Management (CCA-DRRM) Project with the Department of Environment and Natural Resources - River Basin Control Office (DENR-RBCO). There are five municipalities that were prioritized in Apayao and three municipalities in Cagayan by the DILG. 4.4 Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction 4.4.1 Typhoons Typhoons are the major hydrometeorological hazards that pose risk of floods, landslides and erosions as well as property and crop damages. Typhoons in Apayao-Abulug River Basin (Figure 4.4-1) occur more frequently during the months of July to October with a usual frequency of 11-15/yr. In terms of average tracks, the nearest typhoon tracks are in the month of July, which usually pass south of the basin.



Figure 4.4-1

Typhoon frequency and Tracks in Apayao-Abulug River Basin



4.4.2 Population Exposure to Typhoon Using visual comparison between the population map (2010) typhoon and the typhoon frequency and tracks map as basis, the municipalities with very high population exposure to more frequent typhoons as well as near typhoon tracks is Conner, followed by Kabugao, then Calanasan (Figure 4.4-2).

Figure 4.4-2

Population Exposure to Typhoons in Apayao-Abulug River Basin



4.4.3 Crops Exposure to Typhoons Also, with the visual comparison between the landcover and the typhoon frequency and tracks maps, the municipalities of Kabugao and Calanasan have both perennial and annual crop which are highly exposed to more frequent and near the tracks of typhoons (Figure 4.4-3).

Figure 4.4-3

Crops Exposure to Typhoons in Apayao-Abulug River Basin.



4.4.4 Floods and Rainfall-induced Landslides Floods are caused by heavy/continuous (monsoon) rains, and typhoons. The lower municipalities of Apayao and the coastal municipalities of Abulug are the most flood-prone. Within Apayao Province, the most flood-prone municipalities are Sta Marcela, Flora and Pudtol. While within the Cagayan Province, the most flood-prone areas are the coastal municipalities of Abulug, Pamplona, Ballesteros and Western Aparri flood-plains before draining off the mouth of Abulug River to the Babuyan Channel. For rainfall-induced landslides, all the upper mountainous and hilly municipalities of Apayao have high susceptibility to rainfall-induced landslides (Calanasan, Kabugao, Pudtol and Luna) (Figure 4.4-4)

Figure 4.4-4 Flood- and Landslide-Prones Areas of Apayao-Abulug River Basin



4.4.5 Population Exposure to Flooding

Visual comparison between the flood hazard and the population maps shows that the municipalities with very high population exposure to flooding are Western Aparri, followed by Ballesteros and Abulug, then Pamplona (Figure 4.4-5).

Figure 4.4-5

Population Exposure to Flooding in Apayao-Abulug River Basin



4.4.6 Agricultural Areas Exposure to Flooding As shown in the visual comparison of the Land cover and flood maps, the municipalities of Sta. Marcela, Pudtol and Flora have the highest land area of both perennial and annual crops exposure to flooding, thus require priority intervention in terms of flood control in these areas (Figure 4.4-6).

Figure 4.4-6

Agricultural areas exposure to flooding in Apayao-Abulug River Basin



4.4.7 Population Exposure to Rainfall-induced Landslide Visual comparison between the landslide hazard and the population maps shows that the municipalities with very high population exposure to landslides are Northwestern Conner, followed by Kabugao and Luna, then Calanasan with lower population (Figure 4.4-7).

Figure 4.4.7

Population Exposure to Rainfall-induced Landslide.



4.4.8 Agricultural Areas Exposure to Rain-induced Landslide The municipalities of Kabugao and Calanasan have the highest land area of both perennial and annual crops exposure to rainfall-induced landslides, thus require priority intervention in terms of slope stabilization and protection structures in these areas (Figure 4.4-8).

. Figure 4.4-8

Agricultural areas exposure to rainfall-induced landslide



4.5 Coastal Resources Management 4.5.1 Basin Coastal Environment Profile The AARB covers the two provinces of Apayao and Cagayan. The mountainous areas belong to Apayao while the coastal areas are all from Cagayan. Sanchez Mira, Pamplona, Abulug and Ballesteros are the coastal municipalities within the river basin. The fishing grounds in the coastal water of Cagayan are Babuyan Channel, Balintang Channel and Pacific Ocean.

Located at the northern part of Cagayan Province, Abulug has a total area of 19,969 ha of which only contributed to 2.22 percent of the total land area of Cagayan. It is bounded by Babuyan Channel on the north, province of Apayao on the south, municipality of Ballesteros on the east and municipality of Pamplona on the east. It is traversed by the Abulug River and its permanent and intermittent tributaries. These water bodies drain the runoff from higher areas towards Babuyan Channel.

As presented in Figure 4.5-1, Abulug comprises 21 barangays of which three are considered to be coastal barangays. These coastal barangays of which has an average of nine kilometer coastline are as follows: Bagu, Centro and Siguiran.

Figure 4.5-1 Barangays of Abulug, Cagayan



4.5.2 Fishery and Aquatic Resources

Based on the actual PCRA survey, approximately 15,000 ha of fishing zone shared by 1,962 fishing households are found within the municipality. Although the average catch per year is not being monitored on a regular basis, it was observed that there is insufficiency of the local fish supply during rainy season that made the residents result to outside sources.

Data also revealed that there are 9,392 m3 of fish cage, 50 ha of fish pen and 88 fishponds (25 ha) of which are mostly located in Vargas Beach Resort. Estimated total annual volume of production according to MAO is around 483 MT. The rivers, creeks and even rice fields were also being utilized as additional grounds of the fisher folks.

4.5.3 Coastal Resources

A. Mangrove - As per the study during the ICRMP, the approximate aggregate area of the mangrove forest located in the three coastal municipalities of Abulug is 1,044.56 hectares. It is considered to be “fair” since less than 41 percent of the mangroves still remain and most were already been cut down, heavily eroded and silted.

The data collected per barangay through the conduct of actual PCRA using the belt transect method is presented in Table 4.5-1. The mangrove species identified on the area are Nypa, bakawan lalake at babae, pagatpat, tabigi, Avicenia, Candelia candel, saging-saging, Barakbak and Ancanthus species.

Table 4.5-1

Estimate Area of Mangrove in Abulug, Cagayan

Barangay Length of coastline (km)

Beach area (ha)

Mangrove (ha)

Seagrass (ha)

1. Bagu 4.3 30.1 - - 2. Centro 5.4 37.8 75 - 3. Siguiran 9.2 64.4 732 0.5 Total 19.9 132.3 807 0.5

Source: ICRMP of Abulug (Actual PCRA survey in 2009)

B. Seagrass Meadows - According to the survey conducted during the study for the ICRMP, the estimated area of five hectares of seagrass can only be found in Barangay Siguiran. It was also observed that during the survey, there are accelerated erosions along the Abulug Ruver. The two species of seagrass are shown in Table 4.5-2

Table 4.5-2

Total Percentage of Seagrass Species in Abulug, Cagayan

Location Halophila Halodule

Siguiran 52.22 39.78 Source: ICRMP of Abulug (Actual PCRA survey in 2009)



C. Estuarine Areas. The estuarine areas as shown in Table 4.5-3 are being

utilized by the municipality but the accumulation of garbage that can cause pollution that will further affect the water quality. The cutting of mangroves due to the rampant conversion of these areas for fishpond development can also bring negative impact on these ecosystems that serve as breeding grounds for fish and other aquatic resources.

Table 4.5-3

Survey Estuarine Area/Shoreline of the Three Coastal Barangays of Abulug, Cagayan

Barangay Existing Uses Remarks/Observation

1. Bagu • Fish landing • Migratory birds sightings 2. Centro • Fishpond development

• Garbage dumping site • Fishing ground • Fish port • Docking area • Mangrove reforestation

area

• Prohobited • Migratory birds sightings

3. Siguiran • Fishpond development • Garbage dumping site • Fishing ground • Docking area • Cutting of mangrove

• They cut mangrove tress and used it as fish shelter in the river.

• Migratory birds sightings

Source: ICRMP of Abulug (Actual PCRA survey in 2009)

D. Fisheries. Fishing is still considered to be the primary source of livelihood in the communities along the coastline of Abulug despite of an evident and continuous decline of fish catch through the years.

4.5.4 Ballesteros Coastal Environment Profile

The Municipality of Ballesteros, which covers a total land area of 12,550 ha, is a roughly rectangular coastal area situated in the northwestern portion of Cagayan Province. It is bounded by the municipality of Abulug on the west, by the municipality of Aparri on the east, by Allacapan and the northern part of Apayao Province on the south, and by the waters of Babuyan Channel on the north. Ballesteros is composed of 19 barangays and has a coastline of about 10.40 km. The coastal barangays are Sta. Cruz, Ammubuan and Palloc in the eastern side of the urban area, and the other two coastal barangays in the west is situated in Cabaritan East and Cabaritan West. The location map of the municipality is shown in Figure 4.5-2



Figure 4.5-2 Location Map of Ballesteros, Cagayan

During the PCRA Survey, it was observed that there are a total of 82 boats in the municipality of which 69 are motorized and the remaining 13 non-motorized. About 400 fisher folks were also identified, wherein 131 are full time fishers while the remaining 269 are part time. The type of fishing gear being used by these fisher folks are as follows: sigay (patapaw), bantak, tabukul, taku, banniit, baguybuy, sagap, tanggar, tarik/bubo, daklis, pana, kitang, hook and line, and sirut.

The historical trend, catch level and composition within the past 10 years revealed that there is a decline of fish catch within the past 10 year period. Fishery resource of the municipality are composed of the following fish and marine species: Bilis, Bulung-ungas, Kadis, Talibuknu, Galunggong, Kabalyas, Balaki, Dadali, Aber, Tanigue, Talakitok Maya-maya, Oso-os, Baraungan, Tagaru, Pagi, Tulingan, Payo, Mangaramang, Baraniti, Mamata, Billlangan, Kugaw, Sidingan, Gakka, Karibuyu, Squid, Pasayan, Kusimay, and Tarukoy.

Fish pond within the municipality are scattered in coastal and uplang barangays. The aquaculture facilities have an average area of 35.15 hectares. According to the MAO, the average production level of tilapia on the said fishponds is about 2MT/ha/year. In addition, there are still lots of coastal barangays that are potentially suited for the development of fishponds because of the swampy nature of some barangays.



4.5.5 Pamplona Coastal Environment Profile

Pamplona, the capital and the regional center of the Province of Cagayan, has a total land area of 17,176 hectares. It is bounded on the north by the Babuyan Channel, on the northwest by the Municipality of Sanchez Mira, on the south by the Province of Apayao and on the east by the Municipality of Abulug. It is composed of 18 barangays of which 10 are coastal municipalities. These coastal barangays are as follows: Allasitan, Bidduang, Cabaggan, Nagattatan, Nagtupacan, San Juan, Tabba and Tupanna. The location map of Pamplona is shown in Figure 4.5-3.

Figure 4.5-3 Location Map of Pamplona, Cagayan

Pamplona is composed of major and minor water bodies that serve as surface drainage for the municipality. Some of these intermittent or permanent rivers and streams are Pamplona River and its two tributaries, the Ziunan River and Zimigui River and other significant waterways and bodies of water.



Fishing is considered to be the second major livelihood of the municipality. The area, annual catch with the different fishing grounds of the municipality is shown in Table 4.5-4 There are also fish culture activities like fish cages, fish pens, and fishponds in the area. Most of the fish cages are situated in Abbangkeraun and Tabba. Meanwhile, the fish pens are operated in Tupanna and Tabba, and commercial fishponds located in Tupanna and Casitan. There are also fishponds and other fish culturing activities in other barangays which are only considered as “backyard/experimental” fishponds since it is used mainly for family consumption.

Table 4.5-4 Fishing Annual Catch of Pamplona, Cagayan

Body of Water Area (ha) Annual Catch (MT)

1. Coastal areas 180 200 2. Pamplona River 160 50.55 3. Inland bodies of water 50 7

Mangrove - According to the PRCA Survey, the current mangrove area of Pamplona covers an approximate aggregate area of 702 hectares composed mostly of inland nipa swamps. The nipa swamps are located in barangay Tupanna, Tabba, Cabaggan, and Nagtupakan and draws inward in strip form up to barangay San Juan following river tributaries. There is also a 10 meter long strip of nipa clamps along Bangan River in barangay Allasitan and Bidduang.

The species of mangroves that were observed to be growing dominantly and in good condition by the survey team are bungalon puti, tui, bagu, malabagu, talisai, bitaog, buta-buta, tabigi. There is also a mixture of vines, runo, grasses coconuts and bamboo observed on the area. Being used as raw materials, the nipa swamps are noted to be well managed and protected by private individuals.

4.5.6 Sanchez-Mira Coastal Environment Profile

Situated in the northwestern part of the province of Cagayan, Sanchez Mira has a total land area of 19,880 ha. It is bounded on the north by the Babuyan Channel, on the south by the municipality of Luna, Apayao; on the east by the municipality of Pamplona and on the west by the municipality of Claveria, Cagayan. The municipality of composed of 18 barangays of which nine are coastal. These coastal barangays are as follows: Bangan, Dammang, Dagueray, Dacal, Magacan, Masisit, Marzan, Namuac and Tokitok. Its total coastline is 16.9 km stretching from Sitio Minanga of Brgy. Namuac to Sitio Baleg of BrgyBangan. The location map of Sanchez Mira is shown in Figure 4.5-4



Figure 4.5-4 Location Map of Sanchez Mira, Cagayan

Coastal potion in Sanchez Mira is considered to be having a rugged/hilly terrain and predominantly sandy. The coastal resources found in the municipality are presented in detail in Table 4.5-5

Table 4.5-5

Coastal Resources in Sanchez Mira, Cagayan

Barangay Length of Coastline (km)

Beach Area (ha)

Mangrove (ha)

1. Banggan 1.5 7.5 2. Dammang 1.8 18.0 5 3. Dagueray 1.8 9.0 2 4. Dacal - - 5. Magacan 2.3 11.5 6. Masisit 4.0 20.0 50 7. Marzan 2.0 10.0 3 8. Namurak 1.5 15.0 10 9. Tokitok 2.0 20.0 Total 16.90 111.0 70

Source: Actual PCRA conducted in each coastal barangay and CLUP 2009



Mangrove area. The mangrove species surveyed in Barangay Masisit are in good condition. The said species of mangroves are several stand of pedada (Sonneratia caseoralis), pagatpat (Sonneratia alba), lapis-lapis and tualis (Osbornia octodonta)

Fisheries. The most popular river in the municipality is the Namuac-Pata River. The existing natural and man-made fishery areas are estimated to be 21 ha. The most common fish species grown and sold in the market of the municipality are tilapia and bangus.

4.6 Institutional Development Needs of the AARB 4.6.1 Introduction The word institution is defined as “a well-established and structured pattern of behavior or of relationships that is accepted as a fundamental part of a culture”10. The structured pattern of behavior evolves into a commonly accepted set of codes and rules that is believed to facilitate the attainment of social goals. Meanwhile, relationships define how the power (authority) to enact and implement the accepted codes and rules are to be exercised by one or several party over the rest of an organization. Organizations, it should be noted, are formal structures with legal mandates, well defined functions, and structured processes that are established to achieve specific goals and can over time become institutionalized.”11 Hence, establishing institutions require foremost a common acceptance of a way of thinking and a way of translating those thoughts into actions in order to achieve the agreed aspirations. The adoption of the principles and the application of an integrated river basin management for the development and management of the Apayao-Abulug River Basin (AARB) is one such challenge. This chapter aims to present an institutional development framework that will respond to the challenge of managing the river basin. The discussion will begin by probing into the existing thoughts and prevailing management practices of basin governance both from other countries and from the Philippines (both at the national and local level).It will, of necessity discuss current Philippine policy on river basin management, identify institutional stakeholders (both at the national and local level), describe the capacity of these stakeholders to implement IRBM, and lastly, explore the options for managing the AARB that is consistent with the principles and approach of IRBM. It should be noted at the onset that the offered framework and organizational structure is by no means written on stone as river basin organization typically evolve over time to adjust to changing dynamics of the river environment, as well as national and local development priorities. Further, a vertical linkage with a national institutional framework is also presented in recognition of the RBCO efforts of completing the formulation of the eighteen major river basins in the country. The national institutional development framework is meant to highlight the link between the basin-level organizations and the nation-wide effort on river governance.

10 Random House Webster’s College Dictionary (Newly Revised and Updated): Other definitions were given and the choice of the cited

definition is based solely on the Author of the Chapter 11 Social Analysis Sourcebook: Incorporating Social Dimensions into Bank-supported Projects. Social Development Department, The World

Bank. Washington, D.C. December 2003



4.6.2 Managing River Basins River basins are complicated systems with multifarious and diverse components that are interdependently linked: an action on one component necessarily impacts other components. It behooves river basin managers to seriously consider the interdependencies of each component and ensure a coordinated and integrated governance approach. The integrated river basin management (and development), or IRBM, is a management principle and approach that has shown a large degree of success. IRBM is defined as a "process of coordinating conservation, management and development of water, land and related resources across sectors within a given river basin, in order to maximise the economic and social benefits derived from water resources in an equitable manner while preserving and, where necessary, restoring freshwater ecosystems."12. It is a planning and management approach that integrates the physical environment with the larger socio-economic and political framework. Within the context of IRBM, coordination involves the direct and active participation of all basin stakeholders working together in synchronicity towards the achievement of shared goals, acting cooperatively according to the principle of subsidiarity and local empowerment, and taking cognizance of the basin’s geo-physical boundaries as the planning and operational area of management and development. At this juncture, it is necessary to state that there is no single operational model for the adoption and implementation of IRBM although there are many documented best practices. In order to draw maximum benefit from these cases, an iterative assessment had been taken. The criteria used in the assessment included the following: organization type; source of power and authority; funding; and, multi-sectoral participation. Table 4.6-1 shows a simplified presentation of key data for each of the cases.

12 Global Water Partnership, 2000

“Successful river basin management requires effective implementation and enforcement, which in turn depends partly on the resources, priorities and political will of those in position of authority, and partly on the understanding and support of local people.”

- IWRM Guidelines



Table 4.6-1 Salient Information among Various IRBM Experiences

Name of

Basin Managing

Organization Type of

Organization Legal Basis Fund Source Status of Operation Private sector Participation

Philippine Experience Laguna Lake Laguna Lake

Development Authority (LLDA)

Government-Owned and Controlled Corporation; attached to the DENR

RA. 4850 (1966) General Appropriations Act-DENR

Functional More as Clientele PD. 813 (1975) EO. 927 (1983) EO. 121 (1993) EO. 149 (1993) EO. 349 (1996)

Bicol River Basin

Bicol River Basin Development Program Office

Ad-Hoc, PMO attached to Office of the President

EO. 412 (1973) General Appropriations Act- Office of the President

Functional (but already abolished for 2011)

Broad-based participation PD. 926 (1976) EO. 374 (1989) EO. 359 (2004) EO. 711 (2008)

Agno River Basin

Agno River Basin Development Commission

Inter-agency body under the Office of the President

EO. 442 (1997) None Not functional Broad-based participation

EO. 140 (1999) Davao River Basin

Davao Watershed Management Council; Barangay WMCs; Watershed Multipartite Monitoring Teams

LGU- created but in partnership with NGO (People Collaborating for Environmental and Economic Management (PCEEM))

Davao City Watershed Management Code (2007)

LGU Functional Broad-based participation institutionalized thru the Multi-sectoral Monitoring Team

LGU EO. 22 (2009)

Seven Crater Lakes of San Pablo City

Seven Crater Lakes Watershed Management Council

Private-Public Organization

Private-Public Functional Friends of Seven Lakes Foundation; Bantay-Tubig

International Experience



Name of Basin

Managing Organization

Type of Organization Legal Basis Fund Source Status of Operation Private sector

Participation Murray-Darling Basin (Australia)

Murray-Darling Basin Authority

National Government

Commonwealth Water Act 2007/8

National Government

Functional Participation institutionalized through the Basin Community Committee; Environmental Water Scientific Advisory Committee created in 2008

Ganges River (India)

Ganges Conservation Committee

Bilateral agreements among sovereign state stakeholders

Government corporation

Sovereign government based on bilateral agreement

Functional Local NGOs, spiritual leaders are key members of the Committee

Brantas River Basin (Indonesia)

Water Resource Management Committee; Jasa Tirta I Public Corporation; and, Provincial Water Resource Services

Local Government Unit; Government-Owned and Controlled Corporation

Creation of the GOCC by the national government; approved Brantas River Basin Development Plan; creation of two bodies by the LGU

Revenues from operation of the GOCC to cover O&M while infrastructure investment borne by national government

Functional Minimal, although 1 PO/NGO rep, 1 business sector rep and 2 expert academician are members of the WRMC

Yangtze River Basin (China)

State Flood Control and Drought Relief Headquarter

Central government with vertical integration with local government units

Government body Government appropriation

Functional China Youth Development Foundation



Name of Basin

Managing Organization

Type of Organization Legal Basis Fund Source Status of Operation Private sector

Participation Mekong River Basin

Mekong River Commission

International Agency established by the sovereign stakeholders

Government corporation through a multilateral treaty among the sovereign states

Government appropriation from each of the sovereign member states; own revenue generation through its services

Functional Academe, government and communities



4.6.3 Experience of Other Countries

• Murray-Darling Bay

The Murray-Darling Basin is the sixth largest basin in the world with an area covering 1.07 million km2 (approximately 14% of Austalia’s land area) and contains the three largest rivers in Australia: the Darling River, the Murray River and the Murrumbidgee River, as well as two major lakes (Menindee and Victoria). The basin covers three States in south-eastern Australia (New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia with significant portion of Queensland). The basin is managed by the Murray-Darling Bay Authority- an off-shoot of the Murray-Darling Basin Agreement that was ratified way back in 1915 by the State and the Commonwealth Governments. The experiences in the basin yields important lessons of a water body with water use conflict. • Ganges River Basin

A composite of Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna basins, the Ganges River Basin covers more than 1.7 million km2 spanning four countries: China (Tibet), Nepal, India (64% of the basin), Bhutan and Bangladesh. More than 630 million people is settled in the basin making the Ganges Basin the most populated in the world. Management of the basin is based on bilateral agreements notably between India and the other sovereign states, i.e. Bangladesh, Bhutan and Nepal based on specific basin water resource uses. A multi-lateral agreement among the sovereign stakeholders is deemed necessary although not yet in place. At the Ganges River, meanwhile, a Committee was organized and mobilized through the active participation of respected local leaders and spiritual leaders. Currently, the national government of India, through its State Forest Department, has assumed authority for implementing IRBM within its domain of the basin. • Brantas River Basin

Located in the eastern side of Java Island of Indonesia, Brantas River is considered as the second largest stretching 320 km and with a catchment area covering 12,000 km2. The river runs through nine regencies and six municipalities. Tasked to managed and maintain the facilities within the river basin is the Jasa Tirta I Public Corporation (PJTI), a state company (government-owned and controlled corporation) established by the central government of the Republic of Indonesia. • Yangtze River Basin

The Yangtze River, stretching 6,300 km, is the largest in China and the third longest in the world. It runs through eleven provinces: Qinghai, Tibet, Sichuan, Yunnan, Chongqing, Hubei, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu and Shanghai. The basin is more than 1.8 million km2 and contains China’s two biggest freshwater lakes: the Dongting Lake and the Poyang Lake. About a third of China’s population, approximately 420 million, finds settlement within the basin. Further, the basin contains the largest hydro-electric power station in the world (Three Gorges Dam).



The State Flood Control and Drought Relief Headquarter, supported by the Ministry of Water Resources, and accountable to the State Council, is the central authority in the management of the river basin with operative governance functionaries vertically cascaded down to the city/county level. • Mekong River Basin

The Mekong River, stretching 4,909 km, is the world’s 10th longest in the world. It is a trans-boundary river system that runs through six countries: China, Myanmar (Burma), Lao PDR, Thailand, Kampuchea (Cambodia) and Viet Nam. The basin has an area of 795,000 km2. The basin is managed by the Mekong River Commission- a body jointly established by the sovereign states of Lao PDR, Thailand, Kampuchea and Viet Nam way back in 1995 with China and Myanmar as dialogue partners.

4.6.4 Philippine Experience

• Laguna Lake Basin

The lake has an aggregate area of 911 km2 and a shoreline stretching 284 km. It is the largest lake in the Philippines and the third largest in Southeast Asia. The watershed area, composed of all cities and municipalities located in Laguna and Rizal, covers 3,820 km2 although the administrative area of the LLDA covers more. The Laguna Lake Development Authority was established in 1966 through acts of Congress. It was the first such agency to be created to manage the use of, and the development of a water body. It was established, and continues to operate, as a quasi-government body. It has evolved through the years and has transferred from one mother agency to another. The LLDA is one of the leading adopter of IWRM and had recently adopted an integrated lake basin management (ILBM) approach. Its mandate has remained the same: to develop and manage the use of the water resource. As a government-owned and controlled corporation, it is expected to generate its own revenues to defray the cost of its operation. The revenue stream comes from its exercise of regulatory function on the use of the lake, notably usage and discharge permits. • Bicol River Basin

The Bicol River, stretching 94 km, is the 8th largest river in the country with a catchment area of 3,770 km2. The river passes through three provinces in the Bicol Province: Camarines Sur, Camarines Norte and Albay. From 1973-87, the basin had been the subject of initiatives for management and development (Bicol River Basin Development Project). Then, from 1989-94, a Bicol River Basin Flood Control and Irrigation Development Program was implemented. A grant from the World Bank (WB) to undertake a master plan was conducted in 2002-03 which led to the creation of a Project Management Office (PMO). The PMO did not survive after the WB support had ceased. The national government, through the National Economic Development Authority (NEDA), had re-activated and has re-packaged the program and in 2007,



the approved program has received national government funding for DPWH and DENR projects.The proposed river basin management council has not seen fruition.

• Agno River Basin The basin covers seventy municipalities in nine provinces (Pangasinan, Nueva Vizcaya, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Tarlac, Zambales, Benguet, Mt. Province and Ifugao) in four regions (I, II, III and CAR) before draining into the Soth China Sea. Within the basin are six major rivers: Tarlac, Pila, Camiling, O’Donnell, Amabayanbang and Ambayuan. The basin is considered the 5th largest in the country with drainage area of 5,809 km2. Agno River is 206 km long. At one point, the Agno River Basin Development Commission, an inter-agency body under the aegis of the Office of the President with the DENR Secretary as Chairperson, the Department of Energy (DOE) Secretary as Co-Chairperson and the governors of the provinces of Pangasinan, Tarlac, and Benguet as Vice-Chairperson, was established to managed the absin. Further, 16 government agencies are members of the Commission in addition the local government units (LGUs) of San Manuel, Pangasinan, Itogon. Benguet, and Moncada, Tarlac. The Commission is now defunct. • Davao River Basin The Davao River Basin covers eight municipalities in four provinces (Bukidnon, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Cotabato). It is considered to be the 3rd largest river in Mindanao; the watershed covers an area of 4,200 km2. The Davao City Watershed Management Council (DCWMC) was created by the local government of Davao City through the enactment of a Watershed Management Code by the local legislative body, and the issuance of an executive edict by the local chief executive to manage the basin. Together with the creation of the DCWMC, the Barangay Watershed Management Council and the Watershed Mulitipartite Monitoring Team were formed as operating entity at the ground level. For sometime until 2011, there was a slack in the activities of the council. • Seven Crater Lakes The Seven Crater Lakes Watershed Management Council (SCLWMC), initiated locally by the Friends of Seven Lakes Foundation (FSLF) - a private sector organization, aims to protect, preserve and manage the water bodies in San Pablo City, Laguna. There is strong stakeholder participation in the affairs of the council. The LLDA is supporting the council and had introduced it to the integrated lake basin management principle and approach.

4.6.5 Lessons from the Experiences

There are three critical elements that figures prominently among well-managed river basins and these are:



• Basin-level decentralized operation

The principle of subsidiarity and local empowerment is key is truly managing a river basin. While it is truly imperative that there should be “champions” at the higher echelon of central governments, it is equally imperative that management of the basin is not done through long-distance remote. The physical presence of the river basin administrators is an effective means to establish rapport among the stakeholders, and sends the message of true concern on the welfare and well-being of the basin and its stakeholders. • Institutionalized stakeholders’ participation

Participation of basin stakeholders must be encouraged to ensure ownership and commitment. The participation of the stakeholders should lead to their empowerment thus their involvement should commence from the planning stage up to the full cycle of evaluation stage. Issue-based consultation results in significant accomplishments; institutionalized stakeholder participation results in exemplary achievements. Hence, mechanisms for stakeholder participation should be institutionalized. True and meaningful participation is a form of entitlement. • Solid legal foundation

All the RBOs in the review were legally established: either by national or local government through executive edicts, or by legislative bodies through proper legislation; either by bilateral agreements or by multilateral treaties among sovereign entities. In whichever case, the stability and performance of the organized RBO is hinged on how much it has been institutionalized: becoming a way of thinking and doing as a deep-seated pattern of behavior by its patrons. • Fund source and fiscal autonomy

An RBOs with specific and sufficient resource to carry out its mandate and function ar enable to perform well. These resources include the 5M’s: men, machine, money, materials and methods. Appropriation of resources should be continuous coming from either mandatory government appropriations or through revenue-generating measures by the RBO. Notwithstanding, RBOs given autonomy in the use of its resources and with appropriate check-and-balance mechanism are made accountable in the performance of its mandate. Allowing them to be responsible for its own performance and revenue generation, and making them accountable for its proper and legitimate use provides opportunities for organizational growth. • Knowledge management

RBOs serve as the central repository of data, information and knowledge about the river basin. The adoption and optimum utilization of appropriate technology has significantly helped RBOs in improving its management capabilities and in ensuring synchronized actions within the basin. Decision support system has greatly assisted river basin managers.



4.6.6 Policy Direction of the Philippine Government The IRBM approach emphasizes the biophysical characteristics of a basin rather than the geo-political and jurisdictional boundaries of the area. The geo-bio-physical characteristic of the basin is the unitary planning parameter and the point of convergence, integration and coordination. The IRBM had been expressed as the primal principle and approach in managing river basins in the Philippines. It is consistent with the adopted integrated water resource management principle and approach. In the Philippine Medium Term Development Plan (MTPDP) of the Arroyo regime, and continuing into the present Administration, the focus had been to adopt and apply an integrated management of the river basins. Even prior to the crafting of the MTPDP, the creation of the River Basin Control Office (RBCO) through Executive Order No. 510 s. 05 March 2006 and then reinforced through Executive Order No. 816 s. 06 July 2009, within the aegis of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) signified an unequivocal stand on the part of the Philippine Government in terms of rationalizing the management and development of its basins. Still, the current condition is that more three dozen agencies are involved in the management and development of water resources in the Philippines. Annex “A” shows a separate review of current policy and management practices for water and water-related concerns. At present, the RBCO had commissioned the formulation of strategic plans for the eighteen major river basins across the country. The current undertaking (the Apayao-Abulug River Basin Master Plannning) is part of the initiative. Further, it has been expressed that a new bill had been drafted towards the institutionalization of an over-sight and coordinating body which would at the higher echelon of the national government. This would function as the primary policy and panning agency for all the river basin organizations within the country. 4.6.7 Challenges in Managing AARB Based on the list of the River Basin Control Office (RBCO), the AARB is ranked 9th among the eighteen major river basin in the country. As stated in the earlier part of this Report, the characteristics of the concerned river basins are: located within two provinces (Apayao and Cagayan) of two regions (Regions CAR and II) and traverses a total of 11 municipalities (six in Apayao and five in Cagayan). Similar to all major river basins of note, the AARB crosses several geo-political and administrative boundaries, is populated with people of divergent cultures, ethnicity and interests, and is administered by several sector-based government agencies. In the public forum and planning workshop conducted last 18 March 2014 at Luna, Apayao, the participants - representing sectors and interest groups from Regions CAR and II, had identified issues, concerns and problems besetting the people and the basin. These could be summarized as follows:

Social Dimension

• Poverty • Lack of livelihood and livelihood opportunities • Political intervention (lack of political will) • Low climate change adaptive capacity and resiliency • Increasing population



• Informal settlers in watershed areas • Inadequate delivery of social protection services (due to road inadequacy) • Incidence of water-borne diseases

Environmental Dimension • Watershed degradation • Deforestation due to Illegal cutting of trees/illegal logging • River degradation (siltation & sedimentation) • Flooding (especially in the downstream areas) • Erosion (of river banks) • Solid waste management • Poaching in water bodies • Kaingin practices especially in the upland • Disaster risks management • Illegal quarrying • Inappropriate land use • Illegal fishing • Proliferation of coastal/river bank resorts • Mangrove harvesting • Declining water quality

Economic Dimension • Poverty • Low job generation • Disaster risks management • Inadequate clean freshwater for fishponds • Inadequate water impounding projects • Illegal quarrying

It can be gleaned from the enumeration above that problems are mutually shared across the three major components for a sustainable development: social, environment and economic. It behoves then that the way to manage these problems require cross-cutting measures that should converge on a common focus, that initiatives in any one particular concern area should be coordinated and synchronized, and efforts must be integrated in recognition of the relationships of each concern to the others. It is noteworthy that these problems are common across all the various river basins in the country, and in other countries although at varying degrees and magnitude. Hence, the challenges faced by the people, the environment and the related economy in the AARB are similarly confronted by other basin stakeholders all over the world. The experiences in these areas, as discussed previously, are therefore relevant as tools for learning the means to manage the AARB.



4.7 Status Of Cross Cutting Concerns 4.7.1 Research Development and Extension Integrated river basin research, development and extension to be lead by Higher Education Institutions in the basin represent a key institutional and intellectual action that can be harnessed to undertake interdisciplinary researches (i.e., basic, applied and case studies). The Cagayan State University (CSU) and Apayao State College (ASC) in collaboration with National and Regional Line Agencies can be mobilized to respond to issues and opportunities through R&D within the basin. 4.7.2 River Basin Management Information System The Apayao-Abulug River Basin Organization (AARBO) need to create a basin information system that will meet its particular needs, both for managing the data they collect and for delivering information to different groups of users in formats they can understand and make use of. Sound governance of water in the basin depends on effective information systems. The MIS platform should be capable of managing all types of information: geographic, alphanumeric, text and multimedia. The main components of the RBMIS are:

• a database and geographic information system (GIS): these are vital tools for managing data and translating them into, for example maps, graphs, indicators;

• tools to manage a catalogue of data sources on line; • decision-support and modeling tools; and • a web portal for sharing and disseminating information

4.7.3 Capacity Development At all levels, capacity development should be undertaken through conduct of trainings, educational tours, development of training manuals and IEC for advocacy and public awareness campaigns. 4.7.4 Communication, Education and Public Awareness Good communication boosts ownership of basin management. Public awareness campaigns and education program encourage support for basin management. Despite the considerable amount of research and studies on water resources management, the effective dissemination and uptake of knowledge requires an effective knowledge exchange strategy. In this regard it is essential to have an awareness, education and communication strategy as part of the integrated river basin management system. It is an accepted fact that existing river basin management in the Philippines on the lack of an effective dissemination and uptake of information 4.7.5 Gender and Development Despite the common notion that gender issues are predominantly perceived as female subordination and male dominance, this rule does not seem to apply in a study by Prill-Brett (2004). In her paper, she focused on gender relations and issues in resource management among the Bontok, one of the several ethnolinguistic groups in the highlands of Northern Philippines. In terms of gender division of labor and resource management, women have a non-subordinate role.



Unfortunately, gender concerns in upland resource management particularly in relation to government development programs and projects often exclude and ignore women as equal partners in development, planning and implementation. A quantitative analysis of the role of women labor in the rice terraces of Kiangan, Ifugao indicate that around 79% of total labor expended throughout the yearly rice cropping season is done by women (Lleva, 1990). This of course does not preclude the labor expended in the cultivation of the swidden farms, which generate cash and food for the household. Similar results were also obtained in the study by McKay (1999) in the province of Ifugao. The role of women in the agro-ecosystems of the AARB, particularly in the rice growing alluvial plains and the rainfed corn growing fields, are most visible in labor activities involving planting, weeding and harvesting. Similar to other parts of the country, women in the Cagayan Valley play a very important role in the rice industry. They are active players and contributors especially in some phases of the rice value chain. There are 5 main segments this chain. These are accessing of inputs to production, the actual rice production, marketing, assembling and trading of paddy yield, milling and distribution through wholesale and retail markets. The results of the Philippine Peasant Institute (PPI) survey further show that women are engaged in almost all areas of rice production. Women participation is particularly high in activities such as planting, weeding, input and fertilizer application, drying and sacking among others. Apart from actively participating in actual rice production, women are primarily responsible for activities such as food preparation, and bringing this to the rice field during mealtime. They are also highly involved in tasks such as the hiring of workers and the storing of seeds for future planting. 5 INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT (IWRM) - BASED

DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT STRATEGY TO ADDRESS PROBLEMS IN THE BASIN

5.1 The Core Problems and Issues in Apayao-Abulug River Basin In the following discussion, general core problems and issues in the basin were listed and described. Selecting low productivity as the core problems, a problem tree is drawn to identify causes and effects. For the thematic areas presented and discussed in the following chapter, each has its own analysis of problems and proposed solutions. 5.1.1 Poverty Incidence The poverty estimates should be one of the criterion of priority target clienteles of any development interventions that will be implemented in the river basin areas. Table 10 shows the poverty threshold and poverty incidence by province in the two regions where the AARB is located. Poverty threshold is the minimum income/expenditure required for a family/individual to meet the basic food and non-food requirements. The poverty threshold in Apayao is18,623 pesos in 2012, an increase of 1,700 from the 16,923 poverty threshold in 2009 or an increase of 10.05 percent. Among the provinces of CAR, Apayao has the highest poverty incidence with 54.7 percent among families living in the whole basin. Poverty incidence is the proportion of families/individuals with per capita income/expenditure less than the per capita poverty threshold to the total number of families/individuals. This means that more than one-half (54.7 percent) of the families live below the poverty threshold in 2012, higher than in 2009 which was 39.9 percent. In Cagayan provinne, the poverty threshold in 2012 was 18,741 pesos, higher by 875



pesos than in 2009. It is the second lowest among the five provinces in region 02. However, the poverty incidence among families was 15.2 percent, lower than Region 02 poverty incidence which was 17 percent (see detailed discussion chapter 2). 5.1.2 Low Productivity

While the river basin is endowed with vast areas of land and abundant water resource, it has yet to improve its productivity particularly for rice and corn. Its current yield of only 3.5 metric ton per hectare in irrigated rice production, is still behind the ideal production of 5 metric ton per hectare by other irrigated system in the country, and way below the 6.0 metric ton yield of our ASEAN neighbors. On the other hand, corn production at 3.45 MT per hectare is lower than the target productivity of 4.02 metric ton per hectare. Contributory factors to this situation are the low adoption of improved farming technologies, high preference for in-bred varieties, poor infrastructure support facilities, and inappropriate land utilization, i.e., disregard to production suitability.

For the fishery sector particularly in the coastal area, production remains low due to the continuous destruction of marine habitats and spawning grounds, and vicious fishing practices, and conversion of mangrove areas into fishponds. 5.1.3 Inadequate Infrastructure Support Facilities and Utilities

The inadequacy of support facilities and infrastructure utilities is apparent in the different sub-sector e.g., farm-to-market road, irrigation facilities, water resource development, port and airport development, energization and communication services and facilities. The basin is short of all-weather access roads to remote barangays and production areas necessary to hasten economic development of the basin. The isolation of rural areas resulted to the slow and inequitable delivery of basic services and the stagnation of rural economy. Coupled with the lack of efficient road systems is the slow-paced electrification of rural areas, lack of water utilities and the low density and poor coverage of telecommunication services. 5.1.4 Incompatible Land Uses

The increasing demands for land primarily driven by competing economic activities pose threat to the physical and sustainable development of the basin. The illegal conversion of prime agriculture lands to other uses has been unrestrained. Cases of wanton and improper land use are attributed primarily to the incomplete and confusing delineation of zones and land classifications as well as the weak implementation of Comprehensive Land Use Plans (CLUPs) and or zoning ordinances, and other statutes relative to land uses. Likewise, the same scenarios i.e, intrusions are observed in the forest areas, hazard prone areas and protected areas.

5.1.5 Utilization of Resources

The basin’s vast natural resources remain untapped and disturbed by exploitation and unregulated extraction activities. For example, irrigation, hydro power, fishing, aquaculture and tourism need to be commercially optimized.



5.1.6 Unbalanced Local Economy

The basin economy is chiefly dominated by the agriculture sector. This sector largely contributed to the basin’s economic outputs and income. In contrast, the service and other sector’s outputs is seemingly far behind. Productions of industries under this sector are only at micro and in small scale level. Also, it is observed that the growth of the manufacturing industry sector is dwindling while the service sector slowly coping over the years. Desirably, manufacturing sector and the service sector should be equally strong with the agriculture sector.

5.1.7 Thematic Issues and Problems

Discussed in the next chapter are analysis of problems and issues on water resources, watershed management, disaster risk management and coastal resources management as a basis in formulating plans and programs. 5.1.8 Problem Tree Analysis in the River basin The figure below Figure 5.1-1 shows that low productivity is the core problem effecting incidence of poverty. Main causes are the following: inadequate basic infrastructure support facilities and utilities, under utilization of resources, unbalanced economy and incompatible land uses. Thematic problems and issues are considered secondary causes.

High Incidence of Poverty

Low Productivity

Inadequate Infrastructure Support Facilities and Utilities

Incompatible Land Uses

Unbalanced Local Economy

Under /Utilization of Resources

EFFECT

CAUSES

CORE PROBLEM

THEMATIC PROBLEMS ISSUES AND CONCERNS ON WATER RESOURCES, WATERSHED, DISASTER RISK, COASTAL AND AQUATIC RESOURCES

Figure 5.1-1 Problem Tree Analysis in the River Basin

5.2 IWRM-Based Development and Management Strategy The IWRM-based Basin Development Strategy for Apayao-Abulug river basin is the articulation of statement of the stakeholders in setting out how they will share, utilize, manage and conserve the water and related resources in the basin. More importantly, this development and management strategy is part of the stakeholders commitment to stronger cooperation amongst them, and in particular a response to government’s call



for the formulation of an integrated river basin development and management masterplan. It will provide initial directions for sustainable basin development and management that are subject to regular review and updating. The development and management strategy also considers and integrates concerns on climate change and disaster risk management in the river basin. It has been generally accepted that climate change and climate variability are expected to have profound effects and impacts on the hydrology of the river basin as well as on the spatial and temporal distribution of water resources. The disproportionate increase in the mean level and in the variability of hydrologic variables such as rainfall and stream flows will lead to more frequent occurrence of extreme hydrologic and climatic events including intense rainfall, strong typhoons, and severe droughts. These can threaten water and food security especially in marginal and vulnerable areas as well as increasing of magnitude of hydro meteorological hazards resulting to slowing of economic development. The development strategy will contribute to a wider adaptive planning process that links regional, provincial and municipal planning for sustainable development and management of the Apayao-Abulug River Basin. It considers projected development scenarios over a fifteen-year period (2014 to 2029) of basin development and management. It will also provide an integrated basin perspective against which current and future national water resources development plans can be assessed to ensure an acceptable balance between economic, environmental and social outcomes. Generally, the strategy in explicit and implicit manner:

• defines the scope of opportunities for water resources development (hydropower, irrigation, water supply, flood and drought management), their associated risks and the actions needed to optimize opportunities and minimize risks;

• defines other water-related opportunities (fisheries, environment and

ecosystems, watershed management); • integrates climate change adaptation and disaster risk management; and • provides a coordinated, participatory and transparent process that promotes

sustainable development.

5.2.1 The Strategy on Basin Development The Strategy defines a process to move from development opportunities to implementation and sustainable development, including the definition of the following Strategic Priorities for Basin Development:

• Irrigated agriculture for food security and poverty alleviation expanded and intensified;

• Technical, environmental and social sustainability of hydropower

development greatly enhanced; • Options for sharing development benefits and risks identified;



• Climate Change Adaptation Strategy prepared and its implementation initiated; and

• Basin planning considerations integrated into national, regional and provincial

planning and regulatory systems. 5.2.2 The Strategy on Basin Management The Strategy defines Strategic Priorities for Basin Management, an essential companion to basin development to ensure sustainability, as follows:

• Basin objectives and management strategies defined for water-related sectors, including fisheries, flood and drought management, wetland management and navigation;

• Regional/Provincial-level basic water resources management processes

strengthened, including water resources monitoring, water use licensing, and data and information management;

• Basin-level water resources and related management processes strengthened,

including the implementation of procedures, state of basin monitoring and reporting, project cycle monitoring, and enhanced stakeholder participation;

• Rigorous basin-wide environmental and social objectives and baseline indicators

defined; and

• Water resources management capacity building program implemented, linked to basin’s overall initiatives and complementary to regional and provincial capacity building activities.

5.3 Formulation of Policies, Goals and Strategies for Thematic Areas Policies and strategies were formulated under thematic classification such watershed, water resources, environmental management, aquatic and marine resources and climate change and disaster risk reduction management. Each strategic theme is supported by goal and strategies leading to several key actions. These key actions are major steps or initiatives required to accomplish the objectives. The specific programs, projects and activities, including other parameters will be defined through the different operational plans to be prepared by different agencies and stakeholder groups at different levels. Furthermore, the discussions for each thematic group were based on the inception report submitted, while the goals, policy statements as well as the strategies presented are based on situational analysis and result of stakeholder forum. 5.3.1 Water Resources Management and Development The strategy shall anchor with IWRM pillars which recognizes that fresh water is a finite and a vulnerable resource essential to sustain life; for development and the environment; has economic value in all its competing uses and is an economic good, and should therefore be developed and managed collectively by all stakeholders with particular focus on the role of women as major participant in safeguarding of water resources.



Goal:

Promote and implement coordinated development and management of water, land and related resources within hydrological boundaries or basin unit, to maximize the resultant economic and social welfare in an equitable manner without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems

Policy Statements:

a) Strengthen the IWRM approaches; b) Rehabilitation and restoration of forest and forest land; c) Enhancement of hydrometeorological instrumentation and measurements; d) Enforcement of EPIRA law on sharing of national wealth tax to upstream

communities; e) Land and Water Use Regulation. f) Provision of available water supply during dry season for domestic, industrial

and agricultural uses; g) Optimization of the development potentials of the Apayao and minor river

systems

Strategies:

a) Promote and facilitate micro-hydropower on municipal level in combination of irrigation and hydropower;

b) Conduct studies for projects in the basin for potential candidates for BOT to be promoted by the provinces;

c) Intensified provision of support services, particularly; promotion of agro-based enterprises; facilitation of access to credit and financing, improvement/development/

d) establishment of agricultural infrastructures and facilities such as irrigation, nurseries, farm to market roads, post-harvest and tramlines;

e) Intensify the promotion and development of location-specific, cost effective, environment-friendly technologies;

f) Construction of water distribution systems; g) Use of organic fertilizers; h) Water saving technology/structures; i) Construction of small water impounding dam; and j) Establish flood control structures to protect agricultural areas. k) Construction of farm bridges and roads

5.3.2 Watershed Protection/Rehabilitation Management Goal:

The overall goal is to restore, protect, manage and develop the AARB watershed to ensure sustainability of fresh water resources for water supply.

Policy Statements:

a) Sub-basin clustering is a key organizational menu that should serve to link communities with their LGUs who share the same watersheds;



b) Payments for Ecosystem Services for upland farmers and fisherfolks can be effected in demonstrable scales that are quantifiable and manageable; and

c) Redeeming forestlands and rehabilitation of watershed in support to national greening program.

Strategies:

a) Provide a venue for consensus and application of common actions within the watershed, generating larger scales of impact, given limited resources;

b) Build, leverage and focus resources; c) In the absence of formal and sweeping policies, the scale of river councils or

more municipalities) can provide a basic unit for drawing mechanisms, that can be applied to water users; and

d) Restoration of natural forests, particularly in steep slopes. 5.3.3 Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction Management The policy and strategy for the AARB is to device appropriate and effective flood control and hazard management scheme. To be able to do so, a variety of engineering, environmental protection and planning measures shall be incorporated/integrated, which shall include flood plain management, flood control maintenance activities, storm water management, shoreline management, protection of frequently flooded growth areas, watershed management, other flood hazard mitigation activities, such as drought, and preparation for flood disasters where mitigation activities cannot prevent flooding Goal:

Build adaptive capacities of communities and local government in the river basin and increase the resilience in the natural ecosystems to climate change and disaster risk reduction and optimize mitigation opportunities towards sustainable development Policy Statements:

a) Adoption of basin-wide Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Policy; b) Use of engineering and non-engineering approaches, techniques and

technologies; c) Establish measurable goals and benchmark Information/data and basis for

planning and implementation of projects; and d) Establishment of Apayao-Abulug River Basin Organization to implement

DRRM. Strategies:

a) Formulation of a basin-wide Disaster Management Plan; b) Implement projects on flood plain management, storm water management,

shoreline/riverbank management and watershed management; c) Provision of criteria relevant to cost, social and environmental impact in

prioritization of project implementation; d) Create river basin information center that would facilitate: i) Information

sharing among stakeholders; ii) Provide the mechanism and resources for the monitoring of projects;

e) Construction of multi-purpose dams and water impounding facilities; f) Construction of structural and vegetative riverbank protection facilities;



g) Strictly enforce environmental and water laws; h) Conduct research and development studies to generate scientific knowledge

and develop appropriate technologies and workable policies in the management of the river system;

i) Rationalize disposal of wastes through the conduct of massive campaign on solid waste management; and strict implementation of environmental and water laws;

j) Conduct advocacy campaign to encourage farmers to adopt sustainable farming practices and regulation on the use of farm chemicals;

k) Strict regulation on the use of the river for sand and gravel extraction; and l) Provide capacity building through degree and non-degree programs to

leaders, managers, development workers, researchers, trainers, etc. who will be responsible in the management of the river basin.

5.3.4 Coastal, Marine, and Aquatic Resources Management The policy and strategy for the Apayao-Abulug River basin shall address critical issues of sustainable management of marine and coastal resources, which may include: i) Development of an institutional framework for integrated coastal resources management, addressing policy weaknesses and legal gaps, clarifying roles of national government agencies concerned and local governments, and addressing their capacity-building needs; ii) Implementation of biodiversity conservation program in priority coastal and marine biodiversity areas; iii) Extension of support for municipal fisher folk, develop sustainable enterprises and livelihoods, and reducing their reliance on fishing; iv) Improvement of water supply, sanitation, and solid waste management; and v) Provision of infrastructure and facilities for mitigating coastal erosion and pollution; among others. Policy Statements:

a) Conservation of river ecosystem and its various resources; b) Adoption of the Integrated Coastal Resources Management (ICRM)strategy in

the municipalities covered by the basin; c) Conservation of habitats and fish species native to the river basin; d) Ensure acceptable water quality in the river basin; e) Reduction of solid wastes dumped into the River Basin and its coastal areas. f) Poverty alleviation and livelihood assistance to fisher folks; and g) Increased productivity and profitability through optimal utilization of coastal

and aquatic resources. Strategies:

a) Research and development on fishery production and processing; b) Adoption/dissemination of appropriate technologies on fishery production

(aquaculture/ mariculture) and processing; c) Intensification of hatcheries and fish stations; d) Intensification of fingerlings production; e) Provision of technical and financial support for aquaculture/ mariculture, and

fish processing; f) Establishment of processing facilities for fish products; g) Establishment of storage facilities and processing; h) Protection of mangroves; i) Development of wetlands and fish sanctuaries; j) Creation of small and medium scale enterprises on fishery;



k) Implementation of the ICRM strategy for coastal municipalities in the river basin; and

l) Implementation of RA 8550 or Fisheries Code; m) Implementation of Ecological Solid Waste Management Act (RA 9003) in the

various cities and municipalities covered; n) Conduct of research studies and establish baseline information for the river

ecosystems and coastal resources; and o) Adopt climate change strategies to protect and enhance the river and coastal

ecosystems. 6. PROPOSED PLANS, PROGRAMS AND PROJECTS 6.1 Proposed Water Resources Programs/Projects 6.1.1 Structural Intervention

1. Protection of Urban and Agricultural Areas and Infrastructure from Erosion

and Inundation. This will involve the stabilization of river banks that are prone to erosion and are near residential areas, agricultural areas and infrastructure facilities.

2. Regulation of Floodwater Inflow from Tributaries. Flood waters from the

tributaries contribute to the rising level of the Abulug and Apayao rivers. It is necessary to regulate/ retard water inflow from tributaries to the main river by impounding first the run-offs at the respective upstream flood plains or reservoir.

3. Improvement of existing Irrigation Facilities and construction of new systems

including use of groundwater for Irrigation Development. There is a need to increase irrigation efficiency of existing system through repair, maintenance and institutional development and to construct new irrigation project to all irrigable areas in the next five years.

4. Introduction of water-saving technologies for Crop Production through the use

of drought tolerant crops and water management techniques, i.e. alternate wetting and drying. Innovative approaches includes use of aerobic rice technologies, alternate wetting and drying to reduce present consumption rate of irrigated rice production system

5. Establishment of support facilities such as construction and improvement of

farm to market roads, farm bridges, post-harvest facilities, credit, subsidies to farmers, crop insurance.

6. Agricultural Intensification and Diversification. 7. Introduction of Soil and Water Conservation technologies in agricultural

areas.



6.1.2 Non-Structural Intervention 1. Promotion of basin-wide approach in the planning and implementation of

Watershed Management, Water Resources Development, and Flood Control Works. The basin will continue to advocate and support initiatives for the realization of an integrated and basin-wide approach in planning and project programming for the Apayao River and its watershed area including activities such as:

• Intra and inter-regional collaboration and complementation on watershed

management; • Integrated Water Resources Development that shall treat the Apayao

River and its tributaries both as protection and a production resource; and • Creation of River Basin Organization to oversee the management and

development of the Apayao River Basin 2. Strict implementation of water rights policies and environmental laws. Efforts

will be focused in the observance and implementation of water rights policies and environmental laws to ensure river area protection and environmental integrity in the entire basin. Monitoring of developmental activities to include rehabilitation and protection of degraded areas in the valley shall be institutionalized at the different levels of governance in the region.

3. Strengthening of Disaster Risk Management Capability/System. The different Disaster Coordinating Councils (Regional, Provincial, City/Municipal) shall be strengthened for a more equipped, capable, and responsive teams. The DCCs shall be upgraded in terms of facility, mobility, capability, and preparedness. Flood monitoring, forecasting, and warning systems shall be improved for a more efficient coordination and effective information dissemination.

4. Conduct of pre-feasibility, feasibility and engineering studies in the full

development of hydropower potentials in the basin. This will require serious efforts emanating from the soon-to-be-established river basin organization to prepare technical documents for submission to leading agencies and prospective investors for funding.

5. Improvement of Information, Educational, and Communication (IEC) for

advocacy and public awareness. 6. Conduct of cross cutting Research and Development (R&D) program on

water resources management. An R&D program is needed on a river basin approach in providing state-of-the art science and technology-based solutions for climate change adaptation and disaster risk management focusing on the use of advances in computer technology, particularly geographic information systems (GIS), remote sensing, and decision-support systems (DSS), to improve the basis for decision making in river basin operation and management.

6.1.3 Fund Sourcing Efforts shall be pursued to hasten the implementation of identified programs and projects in the AARB Master Plan. Fund sourcing of identified projects will be done by concerned agencies with the assistance of the Regional Development Council (RDC). Among the



potential fund sources to be tapped shall include Official Development Assistance, National Government, Local Governments and the private sector. 6.1.4 Intervention Measures The following intervention measures will guide the identification and prioritization of projects and activities that will have to be urgently implemented and those that will be included in the short and medium term of the plan.

1. Urgent Measures (2014-2016) • Structural Measures a. Bank protection, river control, and dam rehabilitation in identified critical areas

in sites identified along the premises of two major irrigation system and in the municipalities of Sta Marcela, Calanasan, Conner and Kabugao (see Table 6.1-1).

Table 6.1-1

List of Projects and Prioritization

Location Description Priority

Dacao dam in Flora supplies the East Apayao - Abulug Irrigation System (EAAIS)

River flood protection, dam repair and rehabilitation of canals for expansion

1

Swan dam in Pudtol which supplies West Apayao Irrigation System

River flood protection, dam repair and rehabilitation of canals for expansion

1

Sta. Marcela Flood protection and river control 2 Kabugao Flood protection and river control 2 Conner Flood protection and river control 2 Calanasan Flood protection and river control 2

It is further recommended to include the introduction of following components in the river control project:

• Pilot structures for the use of local materials (bamboo,etc.) for groynes • Introduction of special zones along river banks together with public

education program on the importance of river bank vegetation and maintenance

• Technical assistance and training for design and implementation of pilot structures and for further maintenance of structures

b. Expanding the total irrigated area to cover the remaining 10,000 ha of

potential irrigable area. One hundred percent irrigation development in the basin can be attained in five years by extending the existing irrigation systems to serve their potential irrigable areas by developing new irrigation systems.



c. Identification and Implementation of 200 units of Small Water Impounding Projects (SWIPs) and Small Farm Reservoir (SFR) in AARB. In cooperation with DA Regional office and DA-BSWM, construction and operation of a total of 200 units of SWIPs or SFR can be made feasible in the immediate and medium-term period. The unit cost of SFR is roughly Php 50,000 while the average cost for SWIP is Php 4 million.

d. Hydropower development. Preparation of feasibility study and engineering design of the hydropower sites identified by Provincial Development.

e. Construction of rural bridges bridges and all-weather farm-to-market roads.

These rural infrastructures are primordial to effectively link the 123 communities for access to goods and services and to markets for economic development

• Non-Structural Measures a. Improvement of flood warning and flood forecasting system;

b. Improvement of the capabilities of local disaster councils on disaster

mitigation;

c. Identification and assessment of areas prone to flood, landslides and other geological hazards;

d. Updating/formulation of geo-hazard/flood prone map at the provincial and municipal levels;

e. Mapping and feasibility studies of groundwater utilization for domestic and industrial use;

f. Desilting of waterways within the service area of Irrigation Systems;

g. Agricultural Intensification, Diversification and Extension 4. Short-term measures (5 Years 2017-2021) • Structural Measures

Feasibility and Construction of Small and Mini hydropower Projects. There is a need to conduct feasibility studies on potentiality of hydropower project for AARB to indicate a comparable assessment of the alternative schemes prioritized according to an economic indicator, in most cases, the benefit/cost ratio, and their corresponding generation cost. • Non-Structural Measures a. Operation and maintenance of hydrometeorological stations

b. Formation/Organization/Capacity-building of Peoples Organizations (POs) for

irrigation and water management.



c. Agricultural Intensfication, Diversification, and Extension

5. Long-term measures (2021-2029) • Structural Measures

a. Maintenance works b. Continue construction of SWIP and Multipurpose Dams

c. Operation of Hydrometeorological stations

• Non-Structural Measures a. Establishment and Maintenance of Tree Zones along riverbank buffer areas b. Operation of AARB Authority c. Agricultural Intensification, Diversification and Extension

6.1.5 Indicative Project Cost As shown in Table 6.1-2 the basin’s structural and non-structural measures to mitigate the extent of flooding and its damages to agriculture and infrastructure, as well as to optimize water resources development, spread in a span of 15 years would cost PHP 4.685 billion. Structural measures which include the construction of multi-purpose dams, riverbank protection works, irrigation projects, hydropower development, and other infrastructures would cost a total of PhP6.025 billion. On the other hand, non-structural measures such as hydrometeorological forecasting, feasibility studies, institutional development, research, development and extension, advocacy, public awareness would require a total of PhP660 million.

Table 6.1-2

Cost Summary for Water Resources Development Projects

Measure/Fund Source COST REQUIREMENT (million pesos) 2014 to 2029

Urgent (2014-2016)

Short-term (2017-2021)

Long-term (2018-2029) Total

Structural Flood Protection/River Control

200 100 300 600

Irrigation/drainage 75 100 300 475 Hydro power 1000 1000 300 2300 Domestic/industrial water supply

50 100 200 350

Others (SWIPs, farm bridges and roads, water-river tourism)

2100 200 1000 3300

Sub-total 3425 1500 2100 6025 Non-Structural

Hydrometeorological 10 20 30 60



stations Research and Development 50 100 100 250 Institutional Development 50 100 200 350

Sub-total 110 220 330 660 Total 3535 1720 2430 7685

6.1.6 Financing and Implementation Scheme • Priority Projects for Immediate Funding by the National Government

Critical projects that need immediate support from the National government agencies include small water impounding projects (SWIPs), small farm reservoirs (SFRs), irrigation development, feasibility studies for hydro projects, hydrometeorological stations and research and development, and bank/flood protection works.

• Cost-Sharing Proportion

SWIPs and SFRs will be funded through a cost sharing arrangement among the national government funds, the provincial government, and the municipal government. With this scheme, the national government will provide the seed money for the proposed projects (65% of the total project cost) with project counterpart provided by the provincial and municipal governments (total of 35% of the project cost) in terms of a portion of construction materials, equipment, logistics, manpower, and other items which an LGU can commit as shown in Table 6.1-3

Table 6.1-3

Cost Sharing scheme for SWIPs and SFRs

Source of Project Fund Percent Share to Project Cost/ Nature of Counterpart

A. National Government (DA Funds) 65.00% In the form of cash outlay provided to DA Regional Office CAR for the purchase of construction materials and payment of labor, equipment and other contingencies

B. Municipal Government 20.00% to include one or combination of any of the following: • Provision of construction equipment (dump

truck, earth moving, etc.), including equipment operators and oil/fuel expenses

• Provision of earth fill, gravel and boulders • Portion of labor expenses; • Waiving of quarrying fees/royalties; and/or • Project Supervision



C. Provincial Government 15% to include one or combination of any of the following: • Provision of construction equipment (dump

truck, • earth moving, etc.), including equipment

operators and oil/fuel expenses (especially for municipalities with no capability to provide such items;

• Provision of earth fill, gravel and boulders; • Provision of a portion of labor expenses; • Waiving of quarrying fees/royalties; and/or • Project Supervision in coordination with

the municipality TOTAL 100%

6.1.7 Implementation Scheme and Institutional Responsibilities The basin’s identified SWIP and SFR Projects shall be implemented by the DA Regional Office-CAR in cooperation/coordination with concerned institutions. The specific role/s of each cooperating agency are as follows:

1. Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH): • Integration of the region’s flood mitigation master plan into the national flood

mitigation master plan; and • Provision of technical assistance in the conduct of engineering design and

other project preparation activities through its regional office as requested by the regional office of the Department of Agriculture.

2. Department of Agriculture (DA):

• Preparation/packaging of specific SWIP project proposals to include project

design and specifications, program of work and specific cost-sharing arrangements in coordination with the concerned provincial and municipal governments;

• Submission of packaged SWIP projects to the concerned national government for approval and fund release;

• Coordination with the concerned provincial and municipal governments in the implementation of approved/funded SWIP projects; and

• Overall administration of project implementation in the basin.

3. National Irrigation Administration (NIA) • Provision of technical assistance in the conduct of engineering design and

other project preparation activities through its regional office as requested by the regional office of the Department of Agriculture.



4. Provincial Local Government Units (PLGU)

• Assistance to the Department of Agriculture in the packaging of SWIP

projects in the province, particularly in terms of technical assistance in project preparation, logistics (per diems, service vehicle, office/field supplies) in the conduct of project site validation/ocular visits, and in firming-up the commitments of the province in project funding in pursuance of the agreed cost-sharing scheme;

• Provision of counterpart costs in the funding/implementation of the projects located in the province;

• Assistance to the municipal government in project implementation/supervision;

• Assistance to the municipal government in the resolution of implementation issues that may arise such land acquisition, resettlement, and other related problems; and

• Provision of other forms of assistance as may be agreed with the regional office of the Department of Agriculture and/or the concerned municipality.

5. Municipal Local Government Units (MLGU)

• Assistance to DA in the packaging of SWIP projects in the municipality,

particularly, in terms of technical assistance in project preparation, logistics in the validation of project sites/conduct of ocular visits to project sites and in firming-up the commitments of the municipality in project funding in pursuance of the agreed cost-sharing scheme;

• Provision of counterpart costs in the funding/implementation of the projects located in the municipality;

• Supervision of project implementation; and • Assumption of overall responsibility in ensuring physical and financial

sustainability of implemented SWIP projects in the municipality to include the conduct of activities such as:

a. Organization of farmer beneficiaries; b. Watershed protection and management; c. Physical maintenance of structure; and d. Financial sustainability through the implementation of cost-recovery

measures such as collection of regular irrigation water fees, income generating activities through agro-forestry, tree plantations, among others.

6. Small Farm Reservoirs (SFRs)

For small farm reservoirs, funding of these projects shall be sourced from the national government with an estimated cost of PhP50, 000.00 per unit of SFR. Additional funding requirement needed to complete the project/s will be borne by the provincial and/or municipal government. The project beneficiaries, which will be organized by the municipal government, will take care of sustaining the operation of the project/s in their respective localities. These post project activities shall include tree planting and physical maintenance of the SFR.



7. Urgent Bank Protection Works One hundred percent of the financial requirement for the pre-construction (survey and plan preparation) and construction stage of identified urgent bank protection works shall be sourced from the national government funds. The commitment of LGU beneficiaries shall consist of land and right of way acquisition, and resettlement measures including other entitlements for the directly affected households, including the preparation and conduct of land acquisition and resettlement action plans (LARAPs). The said scheme could also be adapted in other thematic areas of the masterplan.

8. Other programs and projects included in the Urgent (2014-2016), Short

Term (2017-2021), and Long Term (2022-2029) Plan Period

A. Source of Funding The basin’s water resources programs and projects would require a total of more than PhP 7 billion for implementation. Funds for these would come from a mix of possible funding sources, particularly Official Development Assistance (ODA), national government, local governments, and the private sector. B. Projects to be funded through ODA These include the projects classified under capital and technical assistance as follows:

• For Capital Assistance

a. Bank protection and river control works selected by the provincial government and construction of other bank protection works along the Apayao-Abulug River; and

b. Improvement of Flood Forecasting and Warning System (FFWS) and hydrometeorological instrumentation.

• For Technical Assistance Conduct of Feasibility Studies and Engineering designs for hydropower and groundwater utilization. C. National Government Projects proposed for funding by the national government categorized in terms of technical and capital assistance are as follows: • For Technical Assistance

a. Research and Development in development of decision support system for river operation and river basin management and development;

b. Piloting of Soil and Water Conservation technologies in the river basin; and c. Agricultural Intensification and Diversification.



• For Capital Assistance

a. Creation of Apayao-Abulug River Basin Authority; b. Implementation of irrigation projects; c. Implementation of hydropower projects; d. Implementation of agricultural and tourism projects; e. Implementation of bank protection and river control projects; f. Implementation of SWIP and SFR Projects; and g. Implementation of groundwater development projects for domestic and

industrial use. D. Local Governments • Planning and financing for Land Acquisition and Resettlement for bank

protection works; • Support to LARAP of other flood control projects; • Co-financing of SWIPs and SFRs; and • Support the Implementation of tree zones along riverbanks.

6.1.8 Support Activities and Institutional Roles

Preparation and Packaging of Feasibility and Detailed Engineering Proposals. .Flood control mitigation projects, especially those that are structural in nature (multi-purpose dams, embankment dikes. etc), require enormous financial investments and therefore require feasibility studies and/or detailed engineering studies to ascertain their implementation viability. Since a substantial portion of flood mitigation projects is structural in nature, concerned regional government agencies are expected to prepare and package proposals for the conduct of appropriate feasibility and engineering studies, particularly the DPWH (riverbank protection, dikes embankments), NIA (multi-purpose dams, irrigation systems), PAGASA (flood forecasting and warning), and DENR (watershed management projects). Inclusion of identified projects in the budget proposals of regional line agencies. Projects identified in the plan could be funded through the annual budget appropriations of the national government. These include the construction of small water impounding reservoirs (SWIPs), Small Farm Reservoirs (SFRs), watershed protection, and feasibility studies for small scale flood control structures. For such type of projects, concerned government agencies shall ensure that these are included in their respective annual budgetary allocations. 6.1.9 Prospective Eco-Tourism Project Potential in Watersheds Apayao is located deep in the Cordillera Mountains of Northern Luzon. This mountain range forms a natural boundary between the Ilocos Region in the west and the Cagayan Valley in the east. The Apayao River rises from its extensive watershed along its western slope and peaks. The river courses along the heartlands of the province, meanders beside the town of Kabugao following a northward route towards the Pacific Ocean through the coastal town of Abulug, Apayao.



The province is classified into upper and lower. Upper Apayao with three municipalities occupies 67.2 percent of the total land area and has mountainous topography classified by towering peaks, plateaus and intermittent patches of valleys. Lower Apayao on the other hand with four municipalities is 32.8 percent of the total land area is generally flat with rolling mountains and plateaus. Delve deep into underwater splendor being offered by Malabisin Lake and Underground River as well as Waton Subterranean River. Come up the surface to gape at fish and wildlife, which are highly visible in the unpolluted waters of Apayao River. And do stop to admire the myriad of picturesque waterfalls of varying sizes that are found along the river. Commune with nature and marvel at wondrous sights at the Agamata, Agora, and Anag-Sicapo wildlife sanctuaries. Scale the heights of Mount Solo, the highest peak in Apayao. Stumble into untold discoveries at Purit, Anganupan, Nalvo, and countless other caves that make Apayao a whole lot more than simply interesting.

• Points of Interest

The Apayao River traversing six Apayao municipalities can be navigated by motor boats, with wildlife and fishes still visible along its banks. There are also various waterfalls of different sizes along Aparayo River. The Lussok Crystal Cave is located in Luna, Apayao Philippines. It is a perfect example of the beauty of the natural wonders of the country. With its three room cave that holds various stalagmite formations, it’s a must see for anyone visiting Apayao.

Table 6.1-4 presents the potential scenic spots, potential games and recreation sites on Apayao.

Table 6.1-4

Ecotourism in Apayao

Potential Scenic Spots Potential Games and Recreation Sites

Dacao Irrigation Intake - Flora Waton Subterrian River - Pudtol Negritos village Agora Wildlife Sanctuary - Pudtol Jamboree site - Flora Anag-Sicapo Wildlife Sanctuary -

Kabugao Swan Hilltop view - Pudtol (overlooking Apayao River and four municipalities of Apayao)

Apayao River - Calanasan to Luna

Mt. Solo - Pudtol, the highest peak in Apayao

Purit Cave and Danao Lake - Calanasan

Lizardo Brooks - Pudtol Anganupan Cave - Paco Valley Turod View Deck - Luna Gululan Falls - Bacubac, Paco Valley Blue Haven - Calanasan Bayugao Lake - Dibagat, Kabugao Agamata Park - Calanasan Ladda Pond - Musimut, Kabugao Various Water Falls of different sizes along Apayao River

Bacut Dam - Sta. Marcela

Proposed Panay Airport Site - Sta. Marcela Abbot Cave and Lover's Lane - Luna Swan Ogee Dam - Pudtol Lussok caves,Nalvo and six other caves

– Luna



6.1.10 Proposed Watershed and Environment Programs/Projects Formulation of Forest Land Use Plan for each municipality to be integrated in the municipality's CLUP; Organization of Watershed Management Councils including capability building; Participation in the National Greening Program (NGP). The National Greening Program (NGP) created the opportunity to provide Conditional Cash Transfers (CCTs) to poor people participating in reforestation activities. However, the transfers are only linked to educational and health goals. They are not geared towards specific environmental goals; Inclusion of CBFMA areas in the NGP; Protection of the Remaining Forest Stands should be provided with clear mandates; Piloting the Philippine National REDD plus Strategy and Renewable Energy. In 2010, the Philippine government became a member of the REDD-plus Partnership and started collaboration with the United Nations’ initiative (UN-REDD Program). Private investors see opportunities in forest carbon projects which offer potential for forest financing, but also bear risks if basic safeguards are being disregarded. The Philippine Development Plan for 2011-2016 also stresses REDD-plus and biodiversity conservation; Rewarding the Payment for Environmental Services (PES).The Payment for Environmental Services (PES) could work if leaders of LGUs could harness the various stakeholders of the Apayao Abulug River Basin to pay for watershed rehabilitation work as shown in Maasin Watershed; Piloting a similar scheme in the Abulug watershed could provide a way of engaging the primary stakeholders in the rehabilitation of the watershed. Promotion of ecotourism spots of the province via tri media. Support to the protection and management of the Apayao Lowland Dipterocarp Forest as Key Biodiversity Site covering a total of 177,372 hectares in Apayao and Cagayan Provinces. 6.1.11 Indicative Cost Table.6.1-5 presents the proposed intervention measures and estimated budget requirement. The projects include research, piloting, project establishments and institutional development. Total cost for the 15-year period is Php 845 million.



Table 6.1-5

Estimated Budget

Item Immediate (2015-2017)


Long-Term (2023-2030) Total

Rehabilitation, maintenance of the watershed areas thru tree planting and other activities geared towards addressing the issue

50,000,000

50,000,000

100,000,000

200,000,000

Establishment of industrial and agro-forestry crops for reforestation and livelihood (i.e. rubber, cacao, coffee, etc) for 25,000 hectares of grassland areas at 20,000 pesos per hectare per year

For 10,000 hectares: 150,000,000

For 15,000 hectares: 225,000,000

100,000,000

475,000,000

Introduction of Renewable Energy system (i.e. solar, biomass, wind)

20,000,000 20,000,000 20,000,000 60,000,000

Institutional Devt.: IEC for advocacy, strengthening of law enforcement and capacity building specially to the LGU

30,000,000 30,000,000 50,000,000 110,000,000

Total 250,000,000 325,000,000 270,000,000 845,000,000 6.2 Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction 6.2.1 Proposed CCA-DRRM Projects

Structural Projects.

These structural projects are setting-up of green infrastructure, facilities and equipment to directly regulate climate change-related hazards such as typhoons, floods, landslides, erosion, and drought. These include construction of new and rehabilitation of existing/old flood control and slope protection structures, setting up of automatic weather/raingage stations (AWSs/ARGs), and search and rescue and evacuation facilities and small water impounding projects (SWIPs).

Non-Structural Projects These non-structural projects include the establishment of S&T-based technologies, information and decision-support systems to avoid the adverse effects of climate change hazards and risks. These include establishment of early warning systems, IEC on cropping calendars, drought-tolerant crops and forest species, tropical fruits and bamboo for windbreaks, water harvesting technologies, and geohazard mapping to be integrated into the comprehensive land use plans (CLUPs) of the municipalities covered.



6.2.2 Indicative Project Costs and Fund Sourcing

The structural project with an estimated cost of Php 6.216 million was expected to be much higher than the non-structural projects with only Php 410 million (Table 6.2-1).

Table 6.2-1 Cost Summary for CCA-DRRM Projects

Projects/Strategies COST REQUIREMENT (million pesos) 2014 to 2029

Urgent (2014-2016)


Long-term (2018-2029) Total

Structural Flood Control/Weirs 256 100 300 656 Slope/River Protection 1,500 1,500 300 3,300 Evacuation Centers 100 200 300 600 AWSs/ARGs 10 20 30 60 SWIPs 400 200 1,000 1,600 Sub-total 2,266 2,020 1,930 6,216 Non-Structural

Weather Monitoring & Early Warning Systems

10 20 30 60

Research and Dev. (vulnerability assessment, cropping calendar, drought-tolerant crops, agroforestry/windbreaks)

50 100 200 350

Sub-total 60 120 230 410 Total 2,326 2,140 2,160 6,626

Efforts shall be pursued to hasten the implementation of identified CCA-DRRM projects in the AARB Master Plan. Fund sourcing of identified projects will be done by concerned agencies with the assistance of the Regional Development Council. Among the potential fund sources to be tapped shall include Official Development Assistance, National government, local governments, and the private sector. 6.3 Coastal and Aquatic Resources Management Programs and Projects with

budget 6.3.1 Ongoing Programs

The programs, projects and initiatives of Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) for Cagayan were arranged on three categories as presented in Table 6.3-1



Table 6.3-1 Programs and Policies for Cagayan Valley Coastal and Aquatic Resources

Category 1: Modernized and Socially – Equitable Agriculture and

Fisheries Support Services Dispersal

Category 2: Appropriate and Comprehensive

Regulations and Standards Developed, Implemented

and Monitored

Category 3: Plans, Policies and Project Formulation, Coordination, Monitoring and Evaluation

Services

• Fish Seed Production

and Dispersal • Assistance to Capture

Fisheries Technology Demonstration Projects

• Upland Aquaculture • Integrated Farming

Pond Culture • Marine Fish Cage • Organic Farming • Freshwater Cages • Shellfish Culture • Fish Polyculture • Seaweed Farming • Catfish Culture • Shrimp Culture • Aquasilvi Culture • Post harvest

Development • Agribusiness Activities • Information Activities • Trainings and Technical

Assistance • Fisherfolk Regional

Director Program Annual Technology Caravan

• FARMC Program Management Center

• Fisheries Scholarship Program

• Management and Operation of RDE Network

• Anti-Poaching Campaign • Quick Response Team • Coastal Resource

Management • Issuance of Commercial

Fishing Vessel and Gear License

• Fishpond Lease Agreements

• Fish Health Management

• National Stock Assessment Program

• Policy Actions: Ludong

Conservation, Eel Conservation and Anti-poaching

• Foreign and Local Trainings

• Gender and Development

6.3.2 Proposed Programs

The proposed projects for the Apayao-Abulug River Basin Master Plan are presented in detail in Table 6.3-2



Table 6.3-2 Estimated Project Cost

Item Immediate (2014-2016)


Long-Term (2022-2029) Total

Policy and Institutional Strengthening and Development

25,000,000 25,000,000 55,000,000 105,000,000

ICRM and Biodiversity Conservation with Research and Development

50,000,000 50,000,000 100,000,000 200,000,000

Enterprise Development and Income Diversification 20,000,000 100,000,000 150,000,000 270,000,000

Social and Environmental Services 15,000,000 25,000,000 35,000,000 75,000,000

Inland/Coastal Solid waste Mgt. 10,000,000 20,000,000 30,000,000 60,000,000

Research & development 10,000,000 20,000,000 30,000,000 60,000,000

Total 130,000,000 240,000,000 400,000,000 770,000,000

6.4 Proposed AARB Management System

The experiences from other IRBM river basin organizations indicated an iterative institutional formation and growth. Consistent with other planning and decision making activities within the basin, the final institutional framework and structure of the AARBO13 shall be derived from broad-based local consultations. And like in other experiences, the AARBO will evolve through time along the path of maturing organizational capacity and stakeholder demands. A continuing conduct of focus group discussions, formal and informal stakeholder interviews and consultation workshops will contribute towards the evolution. The need to create a new institutional arrangement (that will ensure the desired management and development of the basin) had been unanimously recognized by the basin stakeholders. At this juncture, and without losing sight of the penultimate institutional form, focus should be in organizing the AARBO. 6.4.1 Organization Structure for the AARB Management

A. Vertical Linkage

The AARBO, based on parameters already discussed earlier, shall be organized preferably as a public corporate entity. It will be vertically integrated to the Department of the Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) through the River Basin Control Office14 (RBCO) which shall exercise oversight function over

13 The use of “AARBO” is simply to differentiate a generic-named river basin organization from the one currently being organized and is named “Apayao-Northwest Cagayan Rivers Sustainable Development and Management Council (ANCRiSDeMC). For all intents and purposes, the author remains convinced that the organization name, while relevant, is less in importance than the mandate and function that the RBO should have. 14 Until such time when a national river basin authority shall have been duly created



it. As a government agency, it shall exercise authority necessary to regulate and supervise the management and development of the resources within the basin. As a corporate entity, it shall have authority to generate revenue to perpetuate its own corporate operations and contribute to the national coffers. Below is a draft organizational structure for the national river basin authority showing the vertical linkage between the AARBO (and other similar RBOs) and the DENR. The vertical linkage, as discussed earlier, is consistent with the twin principles of subsidiarity and solidarity. Figure 6.4-1 shows the envisioned organizational structure for a national river basin body with the vertical linkage with individual river basin organizations.

Figure 6.4-1 Envisioned Organization Structure of a National River Basin Authority

B. Horizontal Linkage The AARBO, as a local agency, will become a member of the Regional Development Council (RDC) and actively contribute to regional development. At the RDC, it can better perform its development coordination work and advocate for the sustainable development of the basin.



Further, it shall become a member of the Regional Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council. It shall contribute actively towards the formulation of a basin-wide DRRM & CCA programs, plans and activities. Other regional inter-agency bodies whose functions, programs and services will impact on or will be impacted by programs, projects and services on the river basin or by the AARB are potential partners. This will ensure wider latitude of engagement in regional development planning and decision-making.

C. Legal Framework and Mandate Primordial in the organization of the AARBO is ensuring a legal basis for its formation. Penultimately, a legislated action creating the AARBO is the best and ideal arrangement especially considering the preferred organization type. However, legislative action takes time and actions on the river basin are urgent. Hence, while continuously working for the legislated measure, the AARBO will have to satisfy itself with other forms of legal instruments to legitimize its existence. An Executive Order issued from the Office of the President (OP) is a powerful alternative. However, the issuance of such an edict can also take time and maybe politically tarnished. An alternative is an executive edict from the provincial LGUs. While the time to effect the issuance may be shorter, there remains the concern that the action maybe politically motivated. An Administrative Order issued unilaterally by the DENR, or jointly with other line agencies, is a viable option. However, its bind on other entities like the academe, civil society and private groups can be considered quite loose. Further, it creates the impression that the issuing agency will provide for the resources needed to make the AARBO function. This will prove to be a challenging option. As it is, another option, which had been proven to work effectively is through a legal form of a social contract: an inter-agency alliance. The Allah Valley Landscape Development Alliance (AVLDA) is a typical example and it has been replicated several times in Mindanao. It is essentially an inter-LGU alliance participated in by select line agencies. It draws its legitimacy from the Local Government Code as well as from the laws on contract. Actually, the proposed Apayao-Northwest Cagayan Rivers Sustainable Development Management Council (ANCRiSDeMC)15 is a social contract binding the provincial and municipal LGUS, regional line agencies, academe and the private sector into an alliance.Cognizant that there is already a momentum towards this effort, it should be the best viable option to take. Refer to Annex “B” for the review of ANCRiSDeMC Memorandum of Cooperation (MOC). Furthermore, with an organized AARBO, a legislative action creating a national river basin body could simply integrate all the existing RBOs in the country thus facilitating the operational capacity of the national river basin body while further empowering and strengthening the basin-level RBOs. On the other hand, a federated alliance- a confederation of all basin-level RBOs could advocate towards the legislation of a national policy on river basin management and development. In essence, the formation of the AARBO through an inter-agency

15 A separate Paper on the review of the proposed Apayao-Northwest Cagayan Rivers Sustainable Development and Management Council (ANCRiSDeMC) has been prepared. The discussion hence on the proposed institutional arrangement already considered the result of the review.



alliance, in the interregnum, gives it a legal basis, defines it mandate, and contributes towards the establishment of a national river basin administrative and policy instrument. More importantly, it gives the AARBO the opportunity for first-hand experience to build its capacity in basin governance. D. Organization Structure The structure of the AARBO must reflect its governance framework and level of organizational maturity. A three-tiered governance framework is recommended consisting of: a basin-level policy making executive body, a basin-level management body and sub-basin field operating offices. A structured technical group will function as the core think-tank. At the initiation phase (when legislated creation of the AARB remains to be achieved), all human resource and logistical support shall be source through resource sharing and donations. It can also come from revenue generating measures that can be instituted later by the AARBO. In some RBO cases, the RBO is named a council at the initiation phase, gradually maturing into a river basin commission until it finally becomes a river basin authority. There are instances as well that while there is no change in the RBO name, it undergoes substantial growth and expansion in its mandate, authority and functions. Hence, what matters really are the mandate, authority and function that determines the quality of the RBO. Figure 6.4-2 shows the proposed organizational structure for the AARBO.

Figure 6.4-2 Proposed Structure for AARBO

The constitution of the AARBO and its governance function are as follows:

• The Executive Board is the highest policy making executive body of the AARBO. It ensures that there is seamless high-level coordination and integration among the various actors within the basin and within the region (CAR and II).



• The Secretariat is the basin-level management body that oversees the daily

operation of the AARBO. It is composed of contractually hired professionals who will undertake the actual work activities of the AARBO such as, but not limited to, coordinating the programs, plans and activities of the AARBO, the operating sub-RBOs and the technical working group. It will manage research activities, information and knowledge management centers and consolidation of required administrative and technical reports.

• The Technical Working Group is the basin-level think tank for the AARBO. It

will be composed of technical persons mostly from the cooperating regional line agencies who will formulate research agenda, design the basin-wide information and knowledge management center, review development plans and ensure its integration in respective agency development plans.

• The sub-RBOs (Upper Sub-basin RBO, Lower Sub-basin RBO and Coastal

Area Sub-basin RBO) will be the main operating units of the AARBO. They are based on their respective sub-basins and are mostly composed of the municipal officers and representative from business and civil society organizations.

The proposed new structure should be clearly reflected in the contract instrument. As such, a new draft of the contract had been prepared. Annex “C” shows the new contract. If the contracting parties wish to retain the name they have ascribed for the AARBO, they are always at liberty to do so. The most important and relevant matter is the mandate and function of the organization.

E. Organization Composition Within the context of IRBM, collaboration and stakeholder participation is considered a critical and indispensable basin administration mechanism. Hence, the AARBO is heavily set on institutionalizing stakeholder participation and coordination: trans-boundary, cross-sector and integrative basin management is meant to maximize existing institution as much as practicable. Specifically, the AARBO shall coordinate, collaborate and consult with the Regional Development Councils of the two regions (CAR and II), and the Regional Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Councils (CAR and II). In the enumeration below, it is understood that representatives from the two regions are being referred to.

• Provincial Government of Apayao; • Provincial Government of Cagayan; • Municipal Governments of Calanasan, Kabugao, Conner, Pudtol, Flora, Luna,

and Sta. Marcela of Apayao Province; • Municipal Governments of Abulog, Pamplona, Claveria, Sanches Mira,

Ballesteros, Allacapan and Sta. Praxedes of Cagayan Province; • Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) • Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG); • National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA); • Office of Civil Defense (OCD); • Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH); • Department of Agriculture (DA); • Mines and Geo-Sciences Bureau (MGB);



• Environmental Management Bureau (EMB); • National Irrigation Administration (NIA); • Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR); • Department of Science and Technology (DOST); • Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD); • National Commission on Indigenous People (NCIP); • Philippine Information Agency (PIA); • Apayao State College (ASC); • Cagayan State University (CSU); • Representative from Indigenous Peoples’ Group (IPG); • Representative Business Sector; and, • Representative from Civil Society Organization (CSO).

Other offices may be invited by the Board to participate in Board activities either on a permanent, semi-permanent or temporary basis as exigencies so requires.

From among the membership of the AARBO, a 15-member Executive Board shall be elected by the member-cooperators. And from the members of the Executive Board, the Chairperson and two Vice-Chairpersons shall be chosen. Further, heads of the Technical Working Groups shall be elected by the AARBO from among themselves. No individual organization or person shall occupy more than one position in concurrent capacity unless in a holdover or limited acting capacity. The Executive Board shall determine the qualification, pay scale and terms of employment for the hiring of professional contractual personnel who will man the AARBO Secretariat. The head of the Secretariat shall have the rank equivalent to not less than a division chief. The members of the Technical Working Groups shall come from the member-cooperators of the AARB based on agency and individual area of specialization. Other potential members maybe invited after prior approval of the Executive Board. The Technical Working Groups shall focus on each of the development thematic basin concerns, to wit: Watershed Management; Water Resource; Coastal Area Management; Disaster Risk Reduction and Management; and Institutional Development. The members of the Sub-basin RBOs shall come from municipal officers, water district officers, and representatives from the business and civil society sectors. The Executive Board shall appoint an RBO Officer who shall act as the sub-RBO leader-manager.

F. Role and Function of the AARBO

An organization must be able to fulfill a specific societal role for society to sustain it. The AARBO must ensure that it alone can effectively address the fragmentation caused by sectoral approach on managing and regulating river basin resources: water, watershed, forest, land, river and coastal areas. It must also be able to respond adequately to the concerns on flooding and other geo-hazards within the basin and help communities develop resiliency. And more than this, it must be able to fulfill its role of developing the capacities of people and institutions on sustainably using natural resources without adversely impacting its ecosystems services.



Content-wise, the function of AARBO should revolve around the following critical development areas:

• Flood mitigation; • Disaster risk reduction and management of water-related and geo-hazards • Improvement of watershed, forest, river and coastal area management • Ensure sustainability of groundwater/aquifer • Improvement of water quality monitoring and management • Enhance institutional capacity • Establish an effective and people-oriented information system • Establish a center for coordination and management

A revised draft Memorandum of Cooperation (MOC) for the creation of the AARBO is found in Annex “C”. In the document, the specific role and function of the proposed AARBO is enumerated.

G. Funding It is often said that if there is a will, there is a way: the experience of many self-organized RBOs like the AVLDA (and several others in Mindanao) proves that the cliché is not just a cliché but a solid truth. Through the diligent and dedicated contributions of each member of the alliance, substantial resources can be mobilized along with the creativity to generate additional revenues. For the initial stages of the AARBO, it should look only to itself to propel it towards its goals, fulfill its societal role, carry out its mandate and perform its functions. Presently, the number of cooperating agencies is nearly fifty and if each contributes even a modest amount (for instance, from portion of its project monitoring budgetary allocation), there will be substantial resource to commence the activities of the AARBO. This is cost-sharing at the seminal stage. And one of its early activities should perhaps focus on researching possible revenue sources such as preparing for a menu of ecosystems services that can be used as market instruments. And this can be packaged in the form of resource-benefit transfer. Again, it is often said that action speaks louder than words. International funding agencies are continuously scoping for innovative approaches in basin governance and the indigenous “lapat” system is an age-old rights-based model that works. As the AARBO matures and evolves, resources will undoubtedly stream in but it depends on how much dedication, spirit and right action are devoted by the people and communities of the basin. Government has made the initial move, the public constituents must now be mobilized and its creativity released; these are institutional capital resources that remains untapped in many instances.

For the fifteen-year planning horizon, it is expected that an investment cost amounting to nearly Php 145 million is needed: an average investment of nearly Php 10 million per annum that will benefit roughly 315 thousand individuals or a paltry per capita investment of Php 31. Table 6.4-1 shows the investment cost, source of fund, and implementing agency of the river basin activities and projects.



Table 6.4-1 Expected Cost for AARBO Activities

Source of Fund: Implementing Agency:

GAA, Contributions, donations, revenues Apayao-Abulog River Basin Org’n. ITEM Year 1-3 Year 4-8 Year 9-15 Total

Personnel Services (PS) 6,191,472 13,472,816 23,985,931 43,650,219 Maintenance & Operating Expenses (MOE)

12,382,944 26,945,632 47,971,862 87,300,438

Capital Outlay 2,000,000 4,000,000 8,000,000 14,000,000 TOTAL 20,574,416 44,418,448 79,957,793 144,950,657

For the province of Apayao, the entire investment amount translates to a per capita investment of about P140 for each poor. 6.5 River Basin Management Information System for Apayao-Abulug River

Basin 6.5.1 The Need for River Basin Management Information System Easy access to information on the status of water resources and ecosystems and the trends in water use and pollution underpins successful water management. Water resources managers need to be able to get hold of reliable, up-to-date and relevant information when they need it and in a form that they can use. Data and information is often dispersed, heterogeneous and incomplete, and is rarely comparable or suited to objective decision making. Many public, parastatal and even private organisations produce and manage data but lack the means and guidelines to exchange, assemble, standardise, summarise and capitalise on the data they and others have. So, basin water information systems must enhance existing data and information systems. They must benefit all stakeholders and support water resources management. Setting up a basin water information system means working on two fronts: first on institutional and organisational issues, and then on the technical issues associated with building an information system. Ideally, basin water information systems and monitoring programmes should be set up in parallel. The basin information system can then be organised to generate data and indicators on water resources and water use that will allow effective assessment of water management 6.5.2 Key Considerations in RBMIS for the AARB Key points to ensure successful River Basin Management Information System are the following:

• Make sure there is an interactive, accessible, affordable, appropriate and equitable basin information system;

• Collection and organization of a comprehensive set of physical, biological, social and economic data and information on the basin;

• Ensure that data and information relate to the basin management strategy and action plan;

• Ensure stakeholders can access and use the data and information in ways which suit their needs;



• Use geographic information systems and other user-friendly means to present the status of basin resources and monitor changes;

• Set up a basin monitoring programme that co-ordinates information from barangay, municipal and regional, levels, and public, private and non-government organisations.

6.5.3 Basin Information Systems for Good Governance In order to manage water resources at the basin level, it is important for decision makers to have easy access to comprehensive, representative and reliable information, at all relevant levels, on:

• the quality and quantity of both surface and groundwater resources, as well as seasonal and yearly fluctuations;

• biotopes and aquatic environments, and their degrees of sensitivity; • water use (withdrawals), particularly for irrigation, industry and drinking water,

and pollution sources (discharges), whether point or non-point; • the risks of recurrent extreme phenomena, such as floods, droughts and

accidental pollution; and • social and economic indicators, for example costs, prices.

Basin organization need to create a basin information system that will meet its particular needs, both for managing the data they collect and for delivering information to different groups of users in formats they can understand and make use of .in order to develop such information systems it is important to have strong support from decision makers. Sound governance of water depends on effective information systems. It is therefore very important to make decision makers aware that a basin information system is apriority tool for water resources governance. Basin information systems are also important for participatory management of the river basin. They provide stakeholders with easy access to relevant information and away for water users and resource managers to interact. A basin information system allows information on basin management to be shared clearly and transparently, on progress made (or the lack of it) for example. Information needs to be to the task in hand, proven through research and development, tested in the field and pitched to the capacity of institutions, practitioners and stakeholders to understand and use it. Information needs to be, preferably free, so that there is no discrimination between information providers and users because of lack of funds. Information needs to be to all practitioners through the channels they normally use, not dependent on major upgrades of technical infrastructure. And, information processes should be. This means that information systems should respect cultural needs, gender issues and embrace stakeholders distanced from decision making because of their location, or economic or social status. 6.5.4 Establishing a Strategy and Action Plan for the Information System In many cases the need for collaboration leads, in the first instance, to the creation of an inter-institutional network of partners willing to work together on data management. The next stage is the creation of thematic working groups to implement an action plan for the development of the basin information system. The basin information system is a tool for information users. Their needs for information – to solve the priority issues of water resources management in the basin – must therefore guide the development of the system. Based on the information needs assessment and on an analysis of the existing



situation (legislation, actors, dataflow, existing information systems), the organizational and technical aspects of the water information system can be specified. The next step is to develop a multi-year action and financial plan which indicates what will be done, how much it will cost and where the money will come from. 6.5.5 Adopting Rules that Allow Data to be Shared The problems related to availability, accessibility and sharing of water data and information are widespread and occur at all levels (regional, national, local).Solving these problems means that those involved in water resources management need to adopt rules for sharing, accessing and using data and data services. Common measures and rules specifically concern:

1) Sharing Responsibility for producing, gathering, processing and disseminating data and information (who does what and access rules) in order to avoid duplication and create synergies;

2) Sharing Data. Public authorities should have easy access to data and data services related to water resources management. This access can be hindered when it depends on ad hoc negotiations between public authorities each time data is required. Partners should remove practical obstacles to data sharing by setting up, for example, agreements between public authorities.

3) Interoperability of information systems and the organization of network services to facilitate, for example, data identification, consultation and downloading.

6.5.6 Inventory and Characterization of Data The first task in setting up a basin data and information system is usually to take an Inventory of available data at basin level. This inventory should cover various types of data. The time and expense involved in searching for water data, and then establishing how useful it is, are major obstacles. Thus, making an inventory of existing data series and information is essential to:

• identify existing data and information and whether or not it is accessible; • determine the rules for producing and accessing data; and • check that the quality of available data meets users' needs.

Basin information inventories include data and information relevant to basin management, to include:

• biophysical characteristics (soils, topography) • water yield • wetlands • basin hydrology and hydrogeology • land use (anticipated changes in land use, best management, practices) • water quantity and quality data • ecosystems • nutrients • point and non point sources of pollution • resource use, withdrawals and discharges • demography



• population • social and economic indicators

6.5.7 Developing Infrastructure to Manage Information The basin information system must be structured so that it can generate information from data provided by the various data producers. Developing such a system means acquiring or reinforcing the basin water information system platform (servers, software) to manage data effectively. To make collaboration between partners easier this platform should, as far as possible, build on the existing information infrastructure of each partner. The basin information system platform should reinforce their capacities to produce, manage and provide information for water resources management. The platform should be capable of managing all types of information: geographic, alphanumeric, text and multimedia. The main components are usually :a database and geographic information system (GIS): these are vital tools for managing data and translating them into, for example maps, graphs, indicators and performance charts ;tools to manage a catalogue of data sources on line; decision-support and modeling tools; and a web portal for sharing and disseminating information. 6.5.8 Developing Human Expertise for Apayao - Abulug RBMIS A basin information system needs trained people to run it. Training should be based on a needs analysis, should focus on data administration methods and tools, and be very hands-on. A training program will include: 6.5.9 Processing and Information Management If the water information system is to be useful, it must allow all categories of users to retrieve data in a form they can easily understand. As far as possible, the information system should be structured to allow users to retrieve information and accomplish routine tasks easily. For example, users may want to study strategies, master plans for water management and development, action program, budget simulations or the basis for setting water taxes. They may want to issue authorizations, regulate public works, set up warning systems, evaluate the results of policies or inform the general public. 6.5.10 Budgetary Requirement For this component, a total budget of 59 million pesos is proposed for the 15-year period of the master plan. Breakdown is shown in Table 6.5-1



Table 6.5-1 Budget Breakdown

Source of Fund: DENR-RBCO/Other sources Implementing Agency: AARBO

ITEM Year 1 to 3 Year 4 to 8 Year 9 to15 Total

Personnel Services (Salaries and honoraria)

5,000,000 5,000,000 5,000,000 15,000,000

Maintenance and Operating Expenses (Travel, Supplies and Materials, Communication and Other Services including Administrative Cost

8,000,000 8,000,000 8,000,000 24,000,000

Capital Outlay (Equipment)

5,000,000 5,000,000 10,000,000 20,000,000

Total 18,000,000 18,000,000 23,000,000 59,000,000 6.6 Development of Communication Education and Public Awareness Plan

Good communication boosts ownership of basin management. Public awareness campaigns and education program encourage support for basin management. Despite the considerable amount of research and studies on water resources management, the effective dissemination and uptake of knowledge requires an effective knowledge exchange strategy. In this regard it is essential to have an awareness, education and communication strategy as part of the integrated river basin management system. It is an accepted fact that existing river basin management in the Philippines on the lack of an effective dissemination and uptake of information. 6.6.1 Communication Strategies Basin public awareness campaigns and education program keep those who live and work in a basin informed about basin issues and how the basin is being managed. The target audiences are many and varied, and include those who live in the basin, businesses (including water utilities, industries, tourism resorts, fishermen and farmers), researchers, and government departments operating inside and outside the basin. These programs support basin management by communicating clear messages about issues, actions and progress. Often, new basin organizations need to build their capacity to communicate and educate. At first, they may need to bring in communication specialists to make sure messages are clear. Likewise, they may need education specialists to tailor education program to meet the specific needs of their particular basin. Basin organization planning major public awareness and education campaigns may also need to engage specialists. Public awareness and education program cost money. Advertising, organizing events, setting up and operating public information services incur both one-off and ongoing costs. Basin management budgets need to include budget lines for capital, operating and staff costs for communication programs. Strategies and plans for communication should be part of overall basin planning and management.



6.6.2 Public Awareness Campaigns Many basin organizations run public awareness campaigns in newspapers, on television and radio, and through the Internet to create interest in basin management and to change attitudes and behavior of the general public. Printed materials are another tried and tested way of raising awareness, for example newsletters, state of the basin reports and basin scorecards. These can complement public awareness campaigns and, as well as informing the general public, can be particularly useful for targeting particular groups of stakeholders. Strong working relationships with local media can also serve basin organizations well. Basin organizations that contact journalists regularly usually get good coverage and raise their profile significantly. 6.6.3 Communication Tools

• Websites

Open or restricted access websites are common tools for basin managers and stakeholders to share and access information. For those without Internet connections, the same sets of information can be shared on CD-ROMs. Other tools, such as online discussions, encourage regular interaction and feedback among basin stakeholders. Discussion topics can be catalogued and searchable, generating an archive of comments for future reference. Interactive websites can put a vast range of information in a variety of media, such as voice, graphics, movies, photos and data, as well as text, at stakeholders' fingertips. Many basin websites post information about best management practices, the research the practices are based on, and the contact details for people who can discuss the pros and cons of each. Some websites provide user-friendly decision-support and modeling tools. Although the Internet is effective for information sharing it may not be the most suitable tool for information sharing in basins where rural and poor communities do not have access to such technology. Basin organizations thus need to consider different options including newsletters in local languages, radio program and face-to-face meetings.

• Libraries

Depositing basin information in public libraries makes it easily accessible to stakeholders. Often, libraries have special collections that are ideal for keeping reports, strategies and plans related to basin management. Importantly too, librarians are experts in cataloguing and can organize basin management materials systematically. University libraries in both, as repositories of research, collect and preserve a wide range of material, from specialist international publications to anecdotal information. Because of this, university libraries are often valuable partners in basin information exchange programs. From the users' perspective, basin documents lodged in libraries are easy to consult and borrow in hard copy. Often, especially in the case of university libraries, individuals and basin management organizations can also sign up to access materials electronically – a very simple and quick way of getting information. Many basin organizations have developed their own documentation centers which are open to the general public, students and scientists.



• . Community-Based Information Service A community-based information service typically holds collections of information on the basin and provides a range of other services. These centers may operate a phone-in service for water managers, maintain mailing lists for distribution of reports and updates by fax or email develop and maintain websites, run community education programs, and develop and implement conservation partnership agreements. In general, such centers are located in the headquarters of the basin organization They are excellent 'shop fronts' for local stakeholders and, in large basins where there are good Internet connections. .

6.6.4 Communication, Education, and Public Awareness (CEPA) Plan An enhanced program to improve awareness and encourage exchange of information with and among communities in the river basin will be necessary if they are to meaningfully participate in the planning process. The initial CEPA Plan implementation will include advocacy activities, the primary purpose of which is to lobby for the:

a) Inclusion of the protection of Apayao-Abulug River Basin in public school curriculum; and,

b) Adoption of the Apayao-Abulug River basin Management Plan as a legal document, through a provincial ordinance.

• Long-Term Objectives of the CEPA

1) Develop and utilize print, broadcast and web-based communication materials

on management of river basin for farmers, business groups, NGOs and other stakeholders.

2) Plan and conduct seminars and public dialogues on various issues and

concerns confronting management of the river basin. 3) Formulate and advocate policies on river basin protections in collaboration

with local government units. 4) Develop training manuals on integrated river management.

• Innovative Approaches and Methodologies

1) Piloting of good practices on various areas of river basin management and

later on promote for adoption in other parts of the basin; 2) A strategic and integrated communication approach (communication

campaign) will be pursued in the basin. This approach calls for communicating customized messages on river basin management with focused audiences (students, farmers, businesses, etc.) to achieve more impact. Moreover, it will deploy the best mix of communication approaches (e.g., mediated and interpersonal approaches) to share innovations on river basin management to various stakeholders. This could be achieved through participatory approaches, where decisions on messages, approaches and implementation shall be in consultation with the stakeholders.



3) Being a popular communication medium, radio will be utilized as the flagship channel for sharing messages. This will be carried out through academe-based community radio stations to include; Cagayan State University (CSU) with a campus at Sanchez Mira Cagayan and Apayao State College (ASC), and local radio stations based in other municipalities within the basin.

a) Regular panel discussions will be aired where subject matter specialists

will be invited to share knowledge and expertise on river basin management.

b) Communication strategy using radio also include the conduct of structured

learning systems and modules such as the implementation of School-on-the-Air programs dedicated to river basin management underscoring protection and conservation measures. This activity aims to educate, inform and make the various stakeholders act in the effort to protect the River Basin and push for its sustainable development.

c) Print materials like popularized leaflets and flyers in Ilocano will be also be

produced, based on the original material developed.

4) Local government units (provincial, municipal and barangay) will be harnessed in project implementation. More specifically, communication messages and materials will be deployed through local government officials, extensionists and local leaders through inclusion of river basin sustainable management as programs/subject matters to existing extension modalities employed in the LGUs for better reception and impact.

5) The agriculture and environments committees of LGUs will be tapped to

introduce appropriate policies on institutionalizing and enforcing river basin management beginning at the household level.

• CEPA Products

1) A compendium of best practices documented and compiled from the

experiences of River Basin implementers, and stakeholders, which could later on be further processed to serve as a guide or manual for river basin management;

2) Subject matters on river basin management included in public schools

curriculum at all levels. 3) Multi-lingual leaflets and flyers on integrated river basin management and

corresponding practices; 4) Multi-lingual broadcast materials and plugs on river basin management; 5) Seminar modules and policy dialogues on river basin management; 6) An established network of communities capacitated to exchange information

and knowledge within and among themselves in line with river basin sustainable use, and protection

7) E-learning modules;



To this end, partnerships shall be forged with other line agencies, civic groups, business sectors, the academe and the grassroots communities. The CEPA Plan formulation and initial implementation could be contracted out to a local consulting firm, university or NGO. 6.6.5 Budgetary Requirement For this component, a total budget of Php 54 million is proposed for the 15-year period of the masterplan. Estimate is shown in Table 6.6-1.

Table 6.6-1

Budget Breakdown Source of Fund: DENR-RBCO/Other sources Implementing Agency: AARBO

ITEM Year 1to 3 Year 4 to 8 Year 9 to 15 Total


5,000,000 5,000,000 5,000,000 15,000,000

Maintenance and Operating Expenses (Travel, Supplies & Materials, Communication and Other Services including Administrative Cost

8,000,000 8,000,000 8,000,000 24,000,000


5,000,000 5,000,000 5,000,000 15,000,000

Total 18,000,000 18,000,000 18,000,000 54,000,000 6.7 Research and Development Plan for River Basin The R&D components and activities in the AARB are described/explained as follows: 6.7.1 Utilization of Existing Models, Data, and Facilities The research program will utilize research products of existing DOST sponsored projects such as NOAH, WISE, LIDAR MAPPING and other agencies as primary data input in the development of decision support system for the river basins. Furthermore, available computer models such as HEC, SWAT, AQUACROP will be calibrated and validated for simulating hydrometeorological events and development of early warning forecast of hazards including future climate scenarios 6.7.2 Thematic Areas in Integrated River Basin Management R&D River basin management will be categorized in four thematic components:

a) flood control, drought and other hazard; b) water resources management c) watershed management and restoration d) coastal resources management



6.7.3 Development of Technologies, Tools and Support Services

• Introduction of innovative technologies on water management, aquaculture management, watershed and environmental management

• Pilot River Basin Management Information System River basin organizations need to create a basin information system that will meet their own particular needs, both for managing the data they collect and for delivering information to different groups of users in formats they can understand and make use of. Sound governance of water in the basin depends on effective information systems. The MIS platform should be capable of managing all types of information: geographic, alphanumeric, text and multimedia. The main components of the RBMIS are:

a database and geographic information system (GIS): these are vital tools for

managing data and translating them into, for example maps, graphs, indicators;

tools to manage a catalogue of data sources on line; decision-support and modeling tools; and a web portal for sharing and disseminating information

• Capacity Development for LGU, RBO’s and

Conduct of trainings, educational tours, development of training manuals and IEC for advocacy and public awareness campaigns.

• Establishment of University-based Water Resource Center to provide R&D and

Extension services to River Basin organization

6.7.4 Budgetary Requirement For this component, a total budget of 89 million pesos is proposed for the 15-year period of the master plan. Breakdown is shown in Table 6.7-1.

Table 6.7-1 Budgetary Breakdown

Source of Fund: DENR-RBCO/Other sources Implementing Agency: AARBO

ITEM Year 1 to 3 Year 4 to 8 Year 9 to 15 Total


8,000,000 8,000,000 10,000,000 26,000,000

Maintenance and Operating Expenses (Travel, Supplies & Materials, Communication and Other Services including Administrative Cost

5,000,000 8,000,000 20,000,000 33,000,000


5,000,000 5,000,000 20,000,000 30,000,000

Total 18,000,000 21,000,000 50,000,000 89,000,000



6.8 Gender Action Plan of AARB In crafting the Gender Action Plan it is essential that gender equality is primordial in the pursuit of sustainable development and poverty reduction. It is prudent to adapt appropriate provisions in the “ADB Program Focus Areas and Activities for the Philippines (2003)” as guideline which considers the following:

a. Infrastructure Development. Support to rural and urban infrastructure to improve access to remote areas of the Cagayan Valley Region and the Cordillera Autonomous Region, and support to improved water supply, housing, and power;

b. Agriculture and Rural Development. Support to improving of irrigation

facilities through beneficiary participation, rural infrastructure, fisheries and coastal resources management, agrarian reform, and rural microfinance. Support multi-stakeholder participation to improve the planning, conservation, development, and management of freshwater, forest, land, and aquatic resources;

c. Education and Health. Support to high-quality education and public health

services through capacity building, advisory assistance, and financial support. In health, support to primary health, women’s health, and early childhood development; and support to the Health Sector Reform Agenda, particularly local health system development and capacity-building for local government units. In education, support to secondary education in the poorest provinces and strengthening skills development systems nationwide, with particular attention to encouraging organizational development in sector agencies. Support institutional capacity to develop policy, set and monitor standards, and target educational programs for the poor;

d. Environmental Management. Support to environmental management,

specifically on improving the environmental quality of urban centers; support to solid and medical waste management and to coastal resources management;

e. Gender and Development. Support to integrating gender in development

initiatives, particularly in closing the gaps in education, health, and water supply and in accessing credit;

f. Good Governance and Financial Market Development. Support initiatives to

reduce incentives for corruption, improve revenue collections, and improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the operations and delivery of national and local government services. Improve the financial capability of local government services and improve the financial capability of local government. Improve corporate governance in both public and private institutions, and promote the development of the financial sector;

g. Private sector development. Support to private sector partnership in basic

infrastructure including roads, water supply, energy, waste management, and housing; and small and medium enterprises.



It is judicious to include in the major activities and funds allocation of the Integrated Apayao-Abulug River Basin Master Plan the integration of women in all development and infrastructure projects to be undertaken in the Apayao-Abulug River Basin. These activities and fund allocations connotes and investment and it should be project location-specific. This is in accordance with the concluding remark in the “Country Gender Assessment of the Philippines” prepared by the Asian Development Bank in 2004 that investing in women to improve their productive and political capability is important in three ways.

a. First is correcting the capability deficits of women arising from institutional, socioeconomic, and cultural biases.

b. Second is enhancing the opportunities of women to become empowered and

autonomous persons participating fully in the economy and in society. c. Third is empowering women to have a stake in development—of their

households, the community, and society. All these lead to a synergy of capabilities and opportunities for women and men as economic and political agents in achieving social development goals and in enhancing the country’s economic efficiency and sustainability, thereby contributing to gender equality, sustaining growth, and winning the war against poverty. The implementation of the Gender Action Plan will substantially ride-on on the institutional development and management process embodied in the Integrated Apayao-Abulug River Basin Master Plan.



7. SUMMARY OF BUDGETARY REQUIREMENTS Table 7-1 shows the indicative budget broken down into thematic (water resources, watershed, CCA-DRRM and coastal and aquatic) and cross-cutting (creation of RBO, communication, education and public awareness plan, river basin management information system and research and development) areas. The total cost is 14.2731.1 billion pesos.

Table 7-1 Budget Summary of the Integrated Master Plan

Item Budget (in million pesos)

Year 1 to 3 Year 4 to 8 Year 9 to 15 Total

Water Resources 1,535.0 1,720.0 2,430.0 5,685.0

Watershed and Environment 250.0 325.0 270.0 845.0

CCA-DRRM 2,326.0 2,140.0 2,160.0 6,626.0

Coastal and Aquatic 130.0 240.0 400.0 770.0

Creation of RBO 20.6 44.5 80.0 145.1

Cross-Cutting Cost (RBMIS, PAP and R&D) 54.0 57.0 91.0 202.0

Total 4,315.6 4,526.5 5,431.1 14,273.1

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