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Enabling Open Scholarship Enjeux de lOpen Access : le green OA, coûts et bénéfices Alma Swan...
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Transcript of Enabling Open Scholarship Enjeux de lOpen Access : le green OA, coûts et bénéfices Alma Swan...
Enabling Open Scholarship
Enjeux de l’Open Access : le green OA, coûts et bénéfices
Alma SwanDirector of Advocacy, SPARC Europe
Convenor, Enabling Open ScholarshipDirector, Key Perspectives Ltd
Director, Infrastructure Services for Open Access
Couperin Open Access Conference: Généraliser l’accès ouvert aux résultats de la rechercheParis, 24/25 January 2013
Enabling Open Scholarship
Les coûts et bénéficesBenefits:
• Faster, more efficient, more effective research
• Outreach to professional and practitioner communities
• Outreach to the education community
• Outreach to the business community
• A better Knowledge Society• €€€ ?
Costs:• Publisher adaptation• Author adaptation• €€€ ?
Enabling Open Scholarship
Three Open Access scenarios
Self-archiving in repositories (‘Green’ Open Access)• (1) In parallel with subscription journals• (2) Instead of subscription journals, via
repositories with overlay services (3) Open Access journals (‘Gold’ Open Access publishing)
Enabling Open Scholarship
Another dimension
Worldwide versus unilateral OAWorldwide = when all institutions (or nations) convert to OAUnilateral = when only the test institution (or nation) converts to OA and the rest of the world continues with the current situation
Enabling Open Scholarship
National models
Enabling Open Scholarship
National pictures (worldwide OA)Annual € savings from moving to:
UK Netherlands Denmark US federal agencies
OA journals (‘Gold’ OA)
480 million 133 million 70 million
Value of benefit amounts to
some 4x to 25x the cost
Benefit/cost ratio 1.4
OA repositories with subscriptions (‘Green’ OA)
125 million 50 million 30 million
Benefit/cost ratio 4.2
OA repositories with overlay services
Circa 480 million
Circa 133 million
Circa 70 million
(Houghton et al, 2009, 2010)
Enabling Open Scholarship
Benefit-cost ratios (UK) (worldwide OA)
(CEPA, 2011)
Enabling Open Scholarship
Institutional models
Enabling Open Scholarship
Three Open Access scenarios
Self-archiving in repositories (‘Green’ Open Access)• (1) In parallel with subscription journals• (2) Instead of subscription journals, via
repositories with overlay services (3) Open Access journals (‘Gold’ Open Access publishing)
Enabling Open Scholarship
UK: Case studiesUniversity Research income per annum
University A 2 million GBP
University B 10 million GBP
University C 75 million GBP
University D 200 million GBP
Enabling Open Scholarship
Savings from Green OA (with subscriptions)
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
University AUniversity BUniversity CUniversity D
GBP
per
ann
um
Enabling Open Scholarship
‘University UK’: Annual savings from OA
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
700,000
800,000
900,000
OA journalsOA via repositoriesRepositories with overlay publishing services
GBP
per
ann
um
Enabling Open Scholarship
Savings from OA via OA journals
-6,000,000
-5,000,000
-4,000,000
-3,000,000
-2,000,000
-1,000,000
0
1,000,000
2,000,000
University AUniversity BUniversity CUniversity D
GB
P pe
r an
num
Enabling Open Scholarship
More realistic assumptionsBefore: • Universities would pay for all articles published by authors in their
institution• Used average APC value of 1500 GBP
New: set of new assumptions:• The corresponding author is responsible for article processing payments• Where work is funded by external funders, the funder will pay article
processing charges• So, a university only pays for unfunded articles where the main author is
in that institution• Used ‘real’ average APC of 571 GBP* ...• Or ‘real’ disciplinary values*
*(Solomon & Bjork, 2011)
Enabling Open Scholarship
Savings from worldwide Gold OA
0
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
3,000,000
3,500,000
University AUniversity BUniversity CUniversity D
GBP
per a
nnum
N.B. Modelled disciplinary mix with discipline-specific average APCs
Enabling Open Scholarship
Savings from Gold OA (different APCs)APC = ‘real’
disciplinary values APC = 1500 GBP
0
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
3,000,000
3,500,000
University AUniversity BUniversity CColumn1University A(1500)University B (1500)University C (1500)University D (1500)
GBP
per
ann
um
Enabling Open Scholarship
Unilateral Gold OA incurs costs
-1,800,000
-1,600,000
-1,400,000
-1,200,000
-1,000,000
-800,000
-600,000
-400,000
-200,000
0
University AUniversity BUniversity CUniversity D
GBP
per
ann
um
Enabling Open Scholarship
Savings from worldwide Green OA
University A University B University C University D0
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
3,000,000
3,500,000
4,000,000
Green OA through reposi-tories plus subscription journals
Green OA through reposi-tories with overlaid pub-lishing services using aver-age APC of 480 GBP per ar-ticle
Green OA through reposi-tories with overlaid pub-lishing services using APC costs of the disciplinary mix
GBP
per
ann
um
Enabling Open Scholarship
Unilateral Green OA incurs costs
-900,000
-800,000
-700,000
-600,000
-500,000
-400,000
-300,000
-200,000
-100,000
0Green OA through repos-itories plus subscription journals
Green OA through repos-itories with overlaid pub-lishing services using av-erage APC of 480 GBP per article
Green OA through repos-itories with overlaid pub-lishing services using APC costs of the disciplinary mix
University A University B University C University D
GBP
per
ann
um
Enabling Open Scholarship
SummaryRoute through transition Cost or benefit?
Gold OA - worldwide
Gold OA - unilateral
Benefit (savings)
Cost
Green OA - worldwide
Green OA - unilateral
Benefit (savings)
Cost
Enabling Open Scholarship
National models
Enabling Open Scholarship
-90,530
-470,340
401,990
1,784,890
-1,000,000
-500,000
0
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
Wordwide Gold OA Worldwide Green OA Unilateral Gold OA Unilateral Green OA
GB
P p
er a
nn
um
Net cost savings for the institution
Net costs facing the institution
Worldwide Adoption of Open Access
Unilateral Adoption of Open Access
Enabling Open Scholarship
Modelling OA at institutional levelCheaper, whatever model (Green or Gold) for all nations studiedTransitioning: through Green OA is the cheapest route:• Amount of Green OA grows to 90-100% of all articles• Authors’ final versions are acceptable as a substitute • Libraries consider it safe to cancel subscriptions• Publishers convert to Gold OA (service provision rather than
product sales)• Cash available in institutions (savings from subscriptions) to
pay for Gold publishing services
Enabling Open Scholarship
Thank you for listening
www.sparceurope.org www.openscholarship.org
www.keyperspectives.co.uk