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Transcript of Centre Interuniversitaire de Référence sur l’Analyse, l’Interprétation et la Gestion du cycle...
Centre Interuniversitaire de Référence sur
l’Analyse, l’Interprétation et la Gestion du cycle
de vie des produits, procédés et services
How to make Social Life Cycle Analysis work!How to make Social Life Cycle Analysis work!
Life Cycle Perspective for Social Impacts: Needs and challenges Thursday 15th of June 2006Polydôme, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
Contribution of: Catherine Benoît, Jean-Pierre Revéret, Andrée-Lise Méthot, Julie Hébert and CIRAIG
Institut des Sciences de l’Environnement, UQÀM
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Overview of presentationOverview of presentationWhere to build?Context Design a building Create from scratch or draw from past experiencesLook for the foundationDoes environmental LCA assumptions and framework fit Social LCA like a glove?Assess needsWhat to include, which questions to address and why, consideration of values and means, where and how to get the materialThe hammer caseSharing
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Where to build? Sustainable developmentWhere to build? Sustainable development
Social
Environment
EconomyHence, because we could not imagine a
development without the ecological support of all human life " the preservation of our
environment” must stand as a condition of sustainable development. In other respects,
insofar as development aim to answer to population needs, the social dimension constitute an objective of sustainable
development. Economy, the industry and trade represent, means to put to
development service” (translation of Gendron, 2004).
(Jacobs et Saddler, 1990)
An issue: the social scope in the environment definition
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The inclusion of social aspects The inclusion of social aspects How and why?How and why?
• Development era (Marshall Plan 1949) and the creation of the Bretton Woods institutions, IMF and World Bank (1944).
• Principal paradigm : the economic growth will entail social development.
• Only economic aspects were assessed.• • Growing critics among world population concerning environmental and human aspects.
• The Growth theory is challenged. (Limits To Growth, 1972) • Which gave birth, among other things, to the Brundtland report, which itself contributed greatly to « sustainable development »
popularisation.
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Ethics, social justice and politicsEthics, social justice and politics
An Indian mother bathes her baby in the Xingu River. Many dam activists are concerned that the indigenous people who inhabit the area that will be flooded by the Belo Monte dam's reservoir are not being properly consulted.
(Photo: Reuters)
Tucurui dam Brazil
James Bay dam Quebec
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Corporate Social Responsibilities as background Corporate Social Responsibilities as background
Howard Bowen, Father of the concept of Business Social Responsibility (1950).
Stockholder vs Stakeholder (1980)
Social contract theory
Corporate citizenship
Corporate accountability)
Corporate governance
Corporate sustainability
Motivations: Risks and opportunities, end of impunity, wired society
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Design a BuildingDesign a Building
Adapté de UNEP SETAC 2003
Procedural tools
Management system type ISO (26000)Audits certification and standards (SA 8000, AA1000)Strategic environmental assessmentSocial impact assessmentFair trade labelRisk assessment
Monitoring tools
Global Reporting InitiativeMonitoring
Communication tools
Fair trade labelSustainable development report
Certification
Analytical tools
Life cycle analysisCorporate Social Responsibility
Accountability)
Shared points
International conventions(ILO, CBD…)
National laws
International laws
Value Chain analysis
Value chain analysis
Value Chain analysis
Risk assessment
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Fertile ground: Corporate social responsibilitiesFertile ground: Corporate social responsibilities
PrinciplesSullivan, Caux Round table, VoluntaryPrinciples for security and Human Rights, Global Compact, Equator Principles, Amnesty International Human Rights Principles for Companies
Responsibility and monitoring
frameworkGlobal Reporting Initiative, AA 1000
Financial indexDow Jones Sustainability Index, Vigeo ASPI, FTS4Good, Goldmann Sachs
GuidelinesOECD guidelines for multinational enterprise, Sustainability Integrated Guidelines for Management (SIGMA)
Standards and NormsSA 8000, ISO 26000, ECOSOC draft
norms on the responsibilities of transnational corporations
and other business enterprises with regard to human rights
ConventionsUN, ILO, UNESCO, Interamerican
convention on corruption
Initiatives, Codes of conduct, Audits
agencies…
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Look for the foundationsLook for the foundations
4) Interpretation (ISO- 14043)
1) Goal and scope definition(ISO-14041)
2) Inventory analysis (LCI)(ISO- 14041)
3) Impact assessment (LCIA)(ISO-14042)
Applications
Framework (ISO-14040)
Iterative technique : as informations are collected, several aspects of the field of study might have to be modified in order to cover the study objectives. The objective itself might have to be revised in reason of limitation or unforeseen constraint, or because of additional informations.
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Theoretical foundationsTheoretical foundations
• Social Life cycle analysis would follow the same theoretical basis as environmental LCA at the difference that its object would not be elementary flow but relations.
• From the start it takes space and time attributes in account.
• Because of those two major aspects, the team of Bernard Mazjin concluded that it was not possible to account for social aspects through a LCA. They proposed instead to use value chain analysis in parallel to the construction of the process tree.
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Elementary flow
= Environmental intervention
Exchange between an elementary process and the ecosphere
Do not have an economical value but represent a social or environmental cost
Input drawn from the ecosphere petroleum, tree, mineral, sun shine, territory
Output rejected from the ecosphere
Air emissions, water, In the ground, solid waste, radiation
Elementary flow (input) drawn from the ecosphere
Elementary flow (output) rejected in the ecosphereElementary
Process
Life cycle analysis principlesLife cycle analysis principlesElementary ProcessTechnosphere element representing an economical activityAll types of activities : from extraction to elimination.
Each process is defined by a function (sometimes many)
Economical flowsMaterial or energy flow which have an economical value
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Social life cycle analysis: Relations systemSocial life cycle analysis: Relations system
• Representation of the different relations linking the different value chain stakeholders, even if the relations are not illustrated in the process tree.
• Those relations are linked to space and time. Elementary
Process
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Basis: Value Chain analysis and the Stakeholders Basis: Value Chain analysis and the Stakeholders approachapproach
• Value chain analysis is very effective in tracing product flows,showing the value adding stages, identifying key actors and the relationships with other actors in the chain. It is actor oriented.
• Often, however, these actors operate within certain rules that are set by others. Trade rules and standards are obvious examples. Value chain analysis needs to be complemented with information on these rules. Providing information on the trade rules that apply in distant countries is widely seen as an important function of government.
Getting to know the blockages and opportunities that arise throughout the chain.
• Source: Hubert Schmitz, Institute of Development Studies
University of Sussex, England
1 WHO ARE STAKEHOLDERS? A stakeholder is any person, group or institution that
has an interest in a development activity, project or programme. This definition includes both intended
beneficiaries and intermediaries, winners and losers, and those involved or excluded from decision-making
processes. -Primary stakeholders
-Secondary stakeholders -Key stakeholders
Stakeholder analysis aims to: • identify and define the characteristics of key
stakeholders; • assess the manner in which they might affect or be
affected by the programme/project outcome; • understand the relations between stakeholders,
including an assessment of the real or potential conflicts of interest and expectation between
stakeholders; • assess the capacity of different stakeholders to
participate.
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Assess the needs: Goal and scope definition of the studyAssess the needs: Goal and scope definition of the study
• Use of the tool : goals and objectives can be similar
The use of the tool is not limited to the diminution of impacts but also aim to improve a given situation X, « Know better the issues faced by a company » (example : use of rare timber in a product, performance improvement.
• Value Chain analysis: relations system linked to the product system, identification of geographical zone where the activities are situated.
• Improvement or comparison study.
• Setting Boundary.
Does Social LCA should be in measure to
assess the utility of a product?Keep function definition similar to
environmental LCA but define and describe utility. Product oriented analysis instead of a
function base analysis.
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Quality of Life
Diversity
Human health
Security
Quality appreciation
Quality of Life
Diversity
Human health
Security
Quality appreciation
Inventory Impacts
Relation Individual-company orEmployee
Relation Company/ Community or Community
Users of the product or service Or Consumers
Users of the product or service Or Consumers
Relation Company-Society or Society
Labour practice
Employees participationHealth and securityWork location …
Partners social expectations…
Local resources and public infrastructureBiodiversity
Change in the compositionRespect of local political
structureCultural heritage…
Job geographical repartitionCorruption…
Consumers influence
Indicators theme
Hu
man
wel
l-b
ein
gH
um
an w
ell-
bei
ng
Stakeholders RelationsStakeholders Relations
Relation Company-Company
Relation Company-Company
Impacts or incidences Categories
Stakeholders
Mid-Point End-Point
Relation Individual-company orEmployee
Relation Company-Community or Community
Users of the product or service Or Consumers
Users of the product or service Or Consumers
Relation Company-Society or Society
Relation Company-Company
Relation Company-Company
Human rights
Labour conditions
Material minimum
Governance and transparency
Social relations
Cultural aspects
Built capital
Quality appreciation
Health and safety
Socio-environmental performance
Conflicts
Human rights
Labour conditions
Material minimum
Governance and transparency
Social relations
Cultural aspects
Built capital
Quality appreciation
Health and safety
Socio-environmental performance
Conflicts
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The hammer caseThe hammer case
Wood Handle
Tree growing
Tree cutting
Transport
Sawmill
Transport
Transformation in handle
Steel head
Extraction
Refinery
Transport
Moulding
Transport
Production
Distribution Use End of lifeRecycling
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ConclusionConclusion
• Recipe based on existing ingredients.
• In line with actual standards, processes and guidelines.
• Respect the LCA framework.
• Relevant.
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Thank you for your participation
Catherine BenoîtUniversity of Quebec At MontrealBusiness [email protected]
Sharing Thoughts