CE 3220 Lecture 1-2 page format.pdf
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Transcript of CE 3220 Lecture 1-2 page format.pdf
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Lecture 1-2
Building Materials
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Objectives
Objectives include:
An appreciation for the impact of
selecting different materials and
different construction methods.
An understanding of the impact
materials and methods may have onoverall cost of the structure, as well
as its appearance and life expectancy.
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Building Materials
Concrete
Masonry
Wood
Reinforcing steel
Structural steel
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Concrete
History
Romans
Pozzolana
Modern (1824) Portland cement
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What is Concrete?
Cement (Portland)
Lime
Aggregate
Rock
Sand
Gravel
Water
Additives
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Uses of Concrete
Sidewalks
Foundations Building frames
Building walls
Highway pavements
Dams
Retaining walls Traffic barriers
Bridge decks
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Concrete
Water Ratio
The amount of water used inthe mix should not beexcessive because excess water
eventually evaporates, leavingsmall voids in the spaces itonce occupied
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Characteristics of Concrete
Concrete is characterized by:
good compressive strength but is relatively weak in
tension or shear
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Concrete Strength
Compressive strength of 20 to
50N/mm2 is common
Generally any concrete over 60
N/mm2 as high strength concrete
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Concrete Reinforcing - Rebar
For structures that require flexural
strength for resistance to bending
moments, reinforcing steelrebaris embedded in
the concrete.
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Concrete Reinforcing - Rebar
In some cases tensioned cables are
placed in the concrete to make pre-
stressed or post-tensioned concrete
The tension to resist the bending
moment comes from the reinforcingsteel or the stressed cables
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Concrete Formwork
Plastic
Lifted orPumped
Vibrated
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Reinforcing steel
The purpose of reinforcing steel, or
rebar, is to give the concrete flexural
strength. Without reinforcement, concrete
cracks very easily when placed
under tension or moment.
Reinforcing bars are placed in the
areas of greatest tension.
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Reinforcing steel
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Structural steel
During the 1800s,most iron products
were either wroughtiron or cast iron.
Steel is iron, plus a small amount ofcarbon, dissolved in its structure.
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Steel
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Steel Connections
Rivets
Welds
Bolts
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Wood
Wood is the oldest common building
material. It has a warm pleasant
appearance. It is used for framing,
floors, walls, paneling and even
ceilings. People enjoy the
appearance of high quality wood.
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Wood Beams
Wood beam used in
commercial construction.
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Wood Wood used in
residentalconstruction.
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Wood
Plywood
made up of
three or more
thin veneers of
wood
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Masonry
Sun baked clay bricks (6000-8000years).
The process of kiln or oven dryingbricks was developed around 2500years ago.
The art of masonry construction istherefore not a new constructionmethod.
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MasonryExamples
Eskimos developed the igloo - icemasonry
Some of the worlds greatestconstruction projects are masonryprojects:
Pyramids of Egypt, the Romanaqueducts, the Parthenon, theGreat Wall of China, and the Inca
cities of South America
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Masonry
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Masonry
Masonry buildingblocks are
Quarried stone
Brick
TileConcrete masonry
units (CMU)
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Masonry
Mortar
Used to provide the bondbetween the blocks
To ensure even contact in
spite of irregularities
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Mortar
Mortar is a mixture of:
CementLime
Sand
Water
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Masonry