Bound roots Ludique : relatif au jeu –Volcanique : relatif aux volcans et à leurs activités...
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Transcript of Bound roots Ludique : relatif au jeu –Volcanique : relatif aux volcans et à leurs activités...
Bound roots
• Ludique : “relatif au jeu”– Volcanique : “relatif aux volcans et à leurs
activités”– Atomique : “qui a rapport aux atomes”– Catastrophique : “qui a les caractères d’une
catastrophe”– Sphérique : “en forme de sphère”
• *Lud(e) vs. volcan, atome, catastrophe, sphère
Bound roots : -lud-
• Ludique• Ludisme : “activité ludique”• Ludoéducatif : “qui vise à éduquer par
l’intermédiaire d’un jeu”• Ludothèque : “centre de prêt de jouets et
de jeux”• Interlude : “petit intermède dans un
programme dramatique, cinématographique, etc.”
Bound roots
• Sous-chef
• Sous-homme
• Sous-fifre
Bound roots
• Sous-chef – “Celui qui vient immédiatement après le chef
dans certaines hiérarchies”
• Sous-homme– “Homme inférieur, privé de sa dignité
d’homme”
Bound roots
• Sous-fifre– “Subalterne, tout petit employé”
• Fifre– “1. Petite flûte traversière en bois au song
aigu. 2. Joueur de fifre”
• Origine de sous-fifre : “fifre pop. “homme maladroit”
Huckles and Ceives
• Blueberry• Blackberry• Gooseberry• Strawberry• Elderberry• Cranberry• Huckleberry
• Lukewarm
• Myrtille• Mûre• Groseille à maquereau• Fraise• Baie de sureau• Airelle• Myrtille
• Tiède
Bound roots
• cran-
• huckle-
• (straw-)
• (elder-)
• (goose-)
• luke-
Bound roots
• -phon-• phonetic• phonetics• phonetician• phonic• phonology• phonologist• Phonological
• telephone• phone• telephonic• phoneme• phonemic• allophone• euphonious• symphony
Bound roots
• receive• conceive• perceive• deceive• *ceive
• reception• conception• perception• deception• *ception
Bound roots
• remit• permit• commit• *mit
• remission• permission• commission• mission
Bound roots
• recevoir• concevoir• percevoir
• *cevoir
• Je reçois, réception• Je conçois, conception• Je perçois, perception
• *cois, ception
Bound roots
• The meaning of the lexeme is related to the meaning of (at least) one of the morphemes it contains.– Associated with a clear meaning but does not
appear in isolation: -lud-, -phon-, …– Not associated with a clear meaning
combines with morphemes that have a clear meaning: cran-, huckle-, luke-, …
– Associated with a clear meaning but that meaning is irrelevant: straw-, elder-, -fifre
Bound roots
• The meaning of the lexeme is not clearly related to any of its parts
• But : – the root has regular formal properties: -ceive,
-mit, …– it combines with identifiable affixes
Morphemes and the arbitrariness of the linguistic sign
• Blackberry
Morphemes and the arbitrariness of the linguistic sign
• Blueberry
Morphemes and the arbitrariness of the linguistic sign
• Elderberry
Naming and lexemes
• People need to name things, ideas, properties, actions, etc.
• Morphological principles of language allow one to build lexemes for naming things
Naming and lexemes
• Morphologically constructed meaning– blackberry = “a type of
berry that is black”
• Lexeme meaning– blackberry = “a certain
type of berry called mûre in French”
Lexeme meaning and phrase meaning
• A ‘blackberry (compound)
• A black ‘berry (phrase)
Naming and lexemes
• Porte-N: morphologically constructed meaning: “person or thing that carries N”– Porte-drapeau : “Celui qui porte le drapeau
d’un régiment”– Porte-glaive : “Celui qui porte un glaive”– Porte-cigares : “Etui à cigares”– Portemanteau : “Patère, ensemble de patères
pour suspendre des manteaux ; vx. Officier qui portait le manteau d’un grand personnage”
Morphemes and the arbitrariness of the linguistic sign
• fifre– “1. Petite flûte traversière en bois au song
aigu. 2. Joueur de fifre. 3. pop. et arch. “homme maladroit.”
• sous-fifre = sous + fifre3
• fifre3 disappears• sous-fifre remains• Conclusion: the arbitrary link between
meaning and form is at lexeme level.
Morphemes and the arbitrariness of the linguistic sign
• uncouth: “If you describe a person as uncouth, you mean that they are bad-mannered, and that their behaviour is unpleasant and unacceptable”
• *couth
• ungainly: “awkward, clumsy”
• *gainly
Compounds
• Stem + stem– Blackberry [blackAdj + berryN] N
– Gooseberry [gooseN + berryN] N
– Dishwasher [dishN + [washV + erV→N]N ]N
– Porte-manteau [porteV + manteauN]N
– Porte-cigarette
[porteV + [cigareN + etteN→N]N ]N
Hyperonyms and hyponyms
Animal
Mammal Bird Reptile
Primate Rodent
MouseGorillaMan
Endocentric compounds
• A blackberry is a kind of berry– The compound is a hyperonym of one of the
stems
That stem is the semantic head– The category of the compound (N) is the
same as the category of that stem
That stem is the syntactic head– The head is one of the stems:
The compound: is endocentric
More endocentric compounds
• greenhouseN = greenAdj + houseN
– (kind of house)
• catfishN = catN + fishN
– (kind of fish)
• pushcartN = pushV + cartN– (kind of cart)
• lemon yellowAdj = lemonN + yellowAdj
– (kind of yellow) [also NN, name of the colour]