book setup 2070 nijamati - Public Service Commission
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Transcript of book setup 2070 nijamati - Public Service Commission
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gfy'k|;fb rf}w/L ;lrj ;b:o
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xl/bQ kf08]o ;x;lrj ;b:o
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;'lznf kf}8]n -9sfn_ zfvf clws[t ;b:o ;lrjo; klqsdf k|sflzt x'g] n]vx?df AoSt ul/Psf larf/x? n]vssf lghLePsf x'gfn] tL n]vx?n] n]vs sfo{/t ;+:yfsf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ 5}g .
n]v /rgfsf] nflu cg'/f]wo; cfof]uaf6 cw{jflif{s ?kdf k|sflzt x'g] ælghfdtL ;]jf klqsfÆ df n]v /rgf k|sflzt u/fpg rfxg] n]vs dxfg'efjx?nfO{ tnsf] 7]ufgfdf n]v÷/rgf k7fpg xflb{s cfXjfg ul/G5 . ;/sf/L ;]jf ;DaGwL ljljw kIf, cfly{s ultljlw / of]hgfa4 ljsf;;Fu ;Da4df}lns, vf]hk"0f{, ljrf/–k|wfg tyf cg';Gwfgd"ns ljifo ;dflji6 ePsf n]v /rgfx? k|sfzgsf] lgldQ a9L u|fXo x'g]5g\ .k|sfzgfy{ k7fOg] n]v /rgfsf] z'?df æ;f/f+zÆ / cGTodf æ;Gbe{;"rLÆ ;+nUg ePsf] x'g'kg]{5 .o; klqsfdf k|sfzgsf] nflu k7fOPsf n]v /rgfx? cGoq k|sflzt ug'{k/]df k|sfzssf] k"j{–:jLs[lt lng'kg]{5 . klqsfdf k|sfzgfy{ k|fKt n]v /rgfx? :jLsf/ ug]{ jf gug]{ clwsf/;Dkfbs d08ndf /xg] 5 .
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EmaliM [email protected], Website: www.psc.gov.np
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lghfdtL ;]jf klqsfCIVIL SERVICE JOURNAL
nf]s ;]jf cfof]uPUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION
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ljut s]xL jif{ otf d'n'ssf] ;du| Wofg /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgfdf s]Gb|Lt /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . /fHosf]/fhgLlts, ef}uf]lns, ;fdflhs, ;fF:s[lts, k|zf;lgs / cfly{s ljifox? /fHo k'gM;+/rgfsfk|d'v ljifo aGb} cfPsf 5g . h'g;'s} ;+/rgf, tx / :j?ksf] /fHo k|0ffnL eP klg To;df k|f0feg{] sfd k|zf;g ;+oGqn] g} ug{ ;Sb5 . k|zf;g ;+oGqsf] ;+rfng ug]{ sd{rf/LtGq ;jn, ;Ifd,lgikIf / k|ltj4 x'g' g;s] ;/sf/sf] 5lj pHofnf] x'g} ;Sb}g . ;Ifd sd{rf/LtGqsf] cfwf/ of]Uo/ pko'Qm sd{rf/Lx?sf] rog xf] eg] of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf] ;+/If0f ub}{ pko'Qm sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQmsf]nflu l;kmfl/z ug]{ ;Dj}wflgs lgsfosf] ?kdf /x]sf] nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] ;'b[9Ls/0f plQs} dxTjsf] ljifo xf] . t/ /fHosf] ;du| k|zf;g k'gM;+/rgfsf] ljifon] ;d]t jx;df kof{Kt :yfggkfO/x]sf] ;Gbe{df k|zf;g ;+oGqsf] Ps k|d'v ;fem]bf/ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k'gM;+/rgf ;DjGwL ljifo k|fyldstfdf gkg'{nfO{ c:jefljs dfGg ;lsb}g . To;f] ePklg k|zf;g k'gM;+/rgfcfof]usf] k|ltj]bgsf] nflu nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] cfk\mgf] efjL ;+/rgfsf] jx'ljsNko'St ;'emfj k7fO;s]sf] b]lvG5 . k|ltj]bg ;fj{hlgs x'Fbf tL ljsNkx? dfly pko'Qm 9+un] jx; xf]nf eGg]ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 .
nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] efjL ;+/rgf Psn, jx'n, cGt/lge{/ jf :jtGq h'g;'s} :j?ksf] eP klg xfn;Ddsf] cEof;jf6 k|ltkflbt / ljsl;t l;4fGtx? h:t}M lglZrt kbk"lt{ sfo{tflnsf,jx'r/0fo'St k|Zgkq lgdf{0f k|0ffnL, bf]xf]/f] ;f+s]lts/0f, lgikIf sfo{;Dkfbg, uf]Ko sfddf Psf]xf]/f] ;+nUgtf, of]Uotf k|0ffnLs]f cjnDjg, ;dfg cj;/, v'nf k|lt:kwf{ / k/LIf0fdf ljifo lj1sf];+nUgtf cflbdf yk k|Zg pAhfO/xg' kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvb}g lsgls cfof]un] xfn;Dd cfh{gu/]sf] hgljZjf; / nf]slk|otfsf cfwf/ log} l;4fGtx? x'g\ . kl/>dL, nugzLn / b[9 OR5f–zlQmo'St pDd]bjf/x?n] dfq cfof]usf k/LIffx?df ;kmntf kfO/xg] ;"q ;d]t cfof]usf] oxL ;}4flGts w/ftn xf] . To;f] ePklg cfof]usf] sfo{;DkfbgnfO{ k|ljlwd}qL jgfpg], cfof]unfO{of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf] jlnof] ;+/Ifs agfpg], sfo{;Dkfbgdf kf/blz{tf / uf]klgotfsf] ;Gt'ngldnfpg], lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;f/e"t ?kdf ;dfj]zL jgfpg], cfof]usf] lgikIftfnfO{ sDtLdf oyfjt\ /flv/xg] / cfof]uaf6 k|bfg ul/g]] k/fdz{x?nfO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] h:tf r'gf}tLx?sf];fdgf ug{ cfof]un] /fhgLlts / k|zf;lgs If]q tyf gful/s ;dfh / k|j'4 ju{sf] lg/Gt/;xof]usf] ckl/xfo{tf dx;'; u/]sf] 5 .
cGtdf, klqsfsf] o; c+ssf] nflu cfˆgf cd"No ljrf/ ;lxtsf n]vx? pknAw u/fOlbg' x'g] ljåfg n]vsx? / ljut jif{x?b]lvg} klqsfnfO{ vf]hL–vf]hL k9\b} cfpg' ePsf cfb/0fLokf7sju{k|lt cfef/ k|s6 ub}{ eljiodf klg lg/Gt/ ;fy kfOg} /xg] ck]Iff ub{5f} .
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1= glthfd'vL k|zf;g M cjwf/0ff / g]kfndf o;sf] cEof; uf]kLgfy d}gfnL !
2= k|Tofof]lht Joj:yfkgsf] cjwf/0ff / g]kfndf o;sf] cEof; Zofds'df/ e§/fO{ !^
3= ;'zf;g / g]kfndf o;sf] cj:yf uDeL/axfb'/ xf8f #@
4= e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f M l;4fGt / Jojxf/ ufoqLk|;fb /]UdL %@
5= /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|M lxhf], cfh / ef]ln z]/jxfb'/ 9'ª\ufgf ^%
6= lghfdtL ;]jf tkm{ ljleGg hfthfltsf] cfsif{0faf/] Ps cWoog vu]Gb|k|;fb ;'j]bL (!
7= lghfdtL ;]jf k|j]zdf cf/If0f cEof;n] b]vfPsf] ;+s]t /ljnfn kGy !)@
8= lghfdtL ;]jfdf 6«]8 o'lgog / o;sf] k|efj lzj/fd Gof}kfg] !!%
9= sfg"gsf] sfof{Gjog tyf o;sf] k|efjsfl/tf lai0f'k|;fb uf}td !@%
10= g]kfndf ul/jLsf] ljBdfg cj:yf Pj+ ul/jL lgjf/0fsf pkfox? s'df/ e§/fO{ !##
11= pTk|]/0ff / g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf o;sf] cj:yf 6Lsf/fd 9sfn !%)
12= n}l·s ;dfgtf tyf dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f M k|lta4tf / k|of;x? ls/0f hf]zL !^#
13 ljsf;df hg;xeflutf / g]kfndf o;sf] k|of]u wf]ns/fh 9sfn !*#
14= g]kfndf gof“ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] cfjZostf Pj+ r'gf}tLx? dx]z kf08] !(&
c+u|]hL v08
15= Work Culture and Nepalese Civil Service Yuba Raj Pandey @)*
16= Managing Work E!ciency: Tools and Techniques Hari Datt Pandey @!&
17=Administrative Reforms and BureaucraticCommitment an Analytical Discussion
Bharat Gautam, PhD @#)
17= A Study of Relationships between HCD and FDI Chet Nath Dahal @$)
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* >L d}gfnL /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] ;lrjfnodf ;x ;lrj x'g'x'G5 .
glthfd'vL k|zf;g Mcjwf/0ff / g]kfndf o;sf] cEof;
ljifo k|j]zs'g} klg ;ª\u7gsf] k|d'v rl/q g} p2]Zod'vL x'g' xf] . ;j} k|sf/sf ;ª\u7gx?sf] lqmofsnfkx?:yflkt nIo k|fKt ug{df s]Gb|Lt /xg] ub{5g\ . ;fj{hlgs ;ª\u7gx? ;fj{hlgs ;|f]t ;fwgsf]Jojl:yt cEof; dfkm{t /fHoOR5fsf] sfof{Gjog ub{5g\ . ;fwg ;|f]t / ;do ;Lldt /xg] /lgwf{l/t ;dodf ljlgof]lht ;|f]t ;fwgsf] cEof; dfkm{t ;ª\u7gsf] nIo k|fKt ug]{ bfloTj o:tf lgsfosf] /xg] ub{5 . lg/f]lkt e"ldsf /fd|/L lgjf{x ug]{ lgsfo÷JolQm g} ;kmn dflgG5g\ .lg/f]lkt e"ldsf k"/f ePdf dfq ;ª\u7gsf] cf}lrTo k'li6 x'G5 . t/ ;Q/L k|ltzt ;j{;fwf/0fx? -hf] ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf ;]jfu|fxL x'g\_ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g k|efjsf/L gePsf] cg'e"ltdf 5g\, ;/sf/L lgsfosf] lqmofsnfkaf6 ;Gt'i6 gePsf] u'gf;f] ul//x]sf 5g\ . ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf ;+nUg kbflwsf/Lx? cfk\mgf] sfdsf] cf}lrTo k'li6 ug{;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ . ;/sf/L k|zf;g ;]jf d"No clea[l4 ug{ / cfk\mgf] sfdsf] cf}lrTo k'li6 ug{;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ . ;+:yfut txdf /x]sf] Ifdtfsf] k"0f{ pkof]u ug{ klg ;lsPsf] 5}g . To;}n];fj{hlgs lgsfosf] sfo{;Dkfbg z}nL kl/jt{g ug{ / glthfk|lt pQ/bfoL x'g ;/sf/dfly rf}tkmL{bjfj kl//x]sf] 5 . ;fgftgL sfo{z}nLaf6 k|zf;gnfO{ hfu?s / d"No s]Gb|Lt agfpg ;j{q dfue}/x]sf] 5 tf ls ;]jfu|fxLn] cg'e"t ug{;Sg] u/L :ki6tM kl/0ffd lbg ;lsof]; .
uf]kLgfy d}gfnL*
ljifo k|j]z
s'g} klg ;ª\u7gsf] k|d'v rl/q g} p2]Zod'vL x'g' xf] . ;j} k|sf/sf ;ª\u7gx?sf] lqmofsnfkx?
:yflkt nIo k|fKt ug{df s]Gb|Lt /xg] ub{5g\ . ;fj{hlgs ;ª\u7gx? ;fj{hlgs ;|f]t ;fwgsf]
Jojl:yt cEof; dfkm{t /fHoOR5fsf] sfof{Gjog ub{5g\ . ;fwg ;|f]t / ;do ;Lldt /xg] /
lgwf{l/t ;dodf ljlgof]lht ;|f]t ;fwgsf] cEof; dfkm{t ;ª\u7gsf] nIo k|fKt ug]{ bfloTj o:tf
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lgsfosf] /xg] ub{5 . lg/f]lkt e"ldsf /fd|/L lgjf{x ug]{ lgsfo÷JolQm g} ;kmn dflgG5g\ . lg/f]lkt
e"ldsf k"/f ePdf dfq ;ª\u7gsf] cf}lrTo k'li6 x'G5 .
t/ ;Q/L k|ltzt ;j{;fwf/0fx? -hf] ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf ;]jfu|fxL x'g\_ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g
k|efjsf/L gePsf] cg'e"ltdf 5g\, ;/sf/L lgsfosf] lqmofsnfkaf6 ;Gt'i6 gePsf] u'gf;f] ul//x]sf
5g\ . ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf ;+nUg kbflwsf/Lx? cfk\mgf] sfdsf] cf}lrTo k'li6 ug{ ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ .
;/sf/L k|zf;g ;]jf d"No clea[l4 ug{ / cfk\mgf] sfdsf] cf}lrTo k'li6 ug{ ;ls/x]sf] 5}g .
;+:yfut txdf /x]sf] Ifdtfsf] k"0f{ pkof]u ug{ klg ;lsPsf] 5}g . To;}n] ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf]
sfo{;Dkfbg z}nL kl/jt{g ug{ / glthfk|lt pQ/bfoL x'g ;/sf/dfly rf}tkmL{ bjfj kl//x]sf] 5 .
;fgftgL sfo{z}nLaf6 k|zf;gnfO{ hfu?s / d"No s]Gb|Lt agfpg ;j{q dfu e}/x]sf] 5 tf ls
;]jfu|fxLn] cg'e"t ug{;Sg] u/L :ki6tM kl/0ffd lbg ;lsof];\ .
s] xf] glthfd'vL k|zf;g <
glthfd'ns k|zf;g k|zf;lgs Joj:yfkgsf x/]s r/0fnfO{ glthfd'ns agfpg] k|lqmof xf] .
k|zf;gsf ;Dk"0f{ lqmofsnfkx? lglZrt p2]Zo k|fKtLdf cu|;/ u/fO{ k|zf;g ;~rfng ug]{
kl/kf6L g} glthfd'ns k|zf;g xf] . ;ª\u7g nIo k|flKtsf nflu g} :yflkt xG5 t/ o;sf x/]s
lqmofsnfkx?n] :yflkt nIonfO{ k|i6tM ;+jf]wg u/]sf] x'g'kb{5, clgdfq ;xh ?kdf nIo k|fKt
ug{ ;lsG5 . sd{rf/LtGqLo z}nLsf] jf]njfnf ePdf Joj:yfkgn] nIo k|flKt -glthf pTkfbg_ ug{
;Sb}g . To;}n] k|zf;lgs ;ª\u7gsf ljleGg lgsfo / kbflwsf/Lsf] sfo{ lgwf{l/t ?kdf ;~rfng
ubf{ o;af6 s] k|fKt ug{ vf]lhPsf] xf], Tof] kl/0ffd -glthf_ nfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ ul/G5 eg] Tof]
glthfd'ns k|zf;g x'G5 . ;ª\u7gn] ;Lldt ;fwg ;|f]tsf] cTo'Qd pkof]u dfkm{t df}lb|s d"No
;fy{stf -Value for money_ k'li6 ug'{ kb{5 . clgdfq ;ª\u7g / o;sf lqmofsnfksf] cf}lrTo
k'li6 x'G5 eGg] dfGotf glthfd"ns k|zf;gsf] /xG5 . csf]{ cy{df of] pknAwL s]Gb|Lt k|zf;g
-Performance oriented Administration_ xf] .
glthfd"ns k|zf;g -Joj:yfkg_ nfO{ sfo{;Dkfbgd'vL Joj:yfkg klg eGg] ul/G5 . Joj:yfkgljb
Andre de Waal sf cg';f/ of] nIo k|flKtsf] /0fgLlts / l;nl;n]jf/ k|lqmof xf] hxfF lqmofsnfkx?
lglZrt nIo z[ª\vnfdf cfj4 x'G5g\ -the process where steering of the organization take place through the systematic definition of mission, strategies and objectives of the organization, making these measurable through critical success factors and key performance indicators, in order to be able to take corrective actions to keep the organization on track : Wall :2007_ .
glthfd"ns k|zf;g k/Dk/fut ?kdf /fd|f] dflgPsf] …hfGg] k|zf;gÚ-knowing administration_ af6
clxn]sf] dfucg'?k …ug]{ k|zf;gÚ-Doing administration_ df k'Ug] af6f] xf] . To;}n] of] k/Dk/fut
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf gjLg cled'vLs/0f xf] .
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glthfd"ns k|zf;gn] k|zf;gdf /x]sf] sd{rf/LtGqLo sfo{;+:s[ltnfO{ Joj:yfkg ;+:s[ltdf abNg]
ub{5 . x/]s k|zf;g glthf -jf p2]Zo_ nfO{ ;+jf]wg ug{ g} lqmofzLn x'g] ePtf klg sfo{;+:s[ltn]
;fy glbP;Dd glthf k|fKt ug{ ;lsb}g . jf:tjdf k|zf;g leqsf] Joj:yfkg cled'vLs/0fn]
g} k|zf;gnfO{ glthfk/s agfpg ;Qm5 . To;}n] k|zf;g hfg]/ xf]Og, u/]/ g} glthfd'vL x'G5
-not knowing, but doing_ eGg] cjwf/0ffn] dxTj kfPsf] xf] . lgs of]ª\usf cg';f/ glthfpGd'v
Joj:yfkgn] ;ª\u7gsf] uGtJosf] kl/efiff / lqmofsnfksf] lglb{i6tf dfkm{t :yflkt nIo k|flKtnfO{
;xof]u k'¥ofpFb5 -Result oriented management helps define your direction to achieve your goal and the route you take_ . of] Pp6f k|lqmofsf ?kdf /xG5 h;n] ;ª\u7gsf lqmofsnfknfO{ lgof]lht
vfsfdf ultzLn agfpg] ub{5 . /fi6«;ª\3Lo ;d"xn] ;ª\u7gsf ;j} e"ldsf lgjf{xstf{nfO{ :yflkt
nIo k|flKtsf nflu /0fgLlts k|lqmofdf k|ToIf jf k/f]If ;+nUg u/fpg] / pknAwL k|flKtdf ;xof]u
k'¥ofpg] jftfj/0f agfpg] Joj:yfkg /0fgLltsf ?kdf lnPsf] kfOG5 -Result based management is a management strategy by which all actors on the grounds, contributing directly or indirectlyto achieving a set of development results, ensure their process, product and services contributeto the achievement of desire results (output, outcome and goal) .
glthfd'vL k|zf;g -Joj:yfkg_ sf] cjwf/0ff k|zf;gnfO{ pQ/bfoL / hgd'vL agfpg] cleofgsf
?kdf cfPsf] xf] . k|zf;gn] cfkm\gf ;]jfu|fxLsf cfjZostfnfO{ cg'e"t txdf ;+jf]wg gu/]sf] /
p;nfO{ ;'lDkPsf] ;|f]t ;fwg / zlQmk|lt ;+j]bgzLn gePsf]n] p;n] s] ug{'kg]{ lyof] / ;f] s;/L
k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] ljifodf Jojl:yt k|of; ug{ glthfd'vL k|zf;g cfjZos dflgPsf] xf] .
k|zf;gnfO{ ;'lDkPsf] ;|f]t ;fwg / zlQm glthfsf nflu xf] / To;k|lt hjfkmb]xL x'g' -Result accountability_ k|zf;gsf] klxnf] bfloTj xf] . To;}n] glthfd'vL Joj:yfkg eGg' :yflkt p2]Zosf
;fk]Iodf ;ª\u7gsf lqmofsnfk lgwf{l/t Pj+ lgb]{lzt ug]{ k|lqmof xf] -Result based management rests on clearly defined accountability for results and requires monitoring and self assessment of progress towards results, including reporting on performance :UNDG: 2010_ .
k|zf;gnfO{ p2]Zod'vL / ljsf;k/s agfpg] k|of;;fy glthfd'vL k|zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff ljsf;
ePsf] xf] . ;g\ !(%) sf] bzsaf6 p2]Zod'vL Joj:yfkg -Management by objectives_ sf] k|fl1s
cjwf/0ff cfof] . o;n] Joj:yfkgsf] sfd g} p2]Zo cg'?ksf] pknAwL xfl;n ug'{ xf] eGg] dfGotf
:yflkt u¥of], h;nfO{ ;fj{hlgs If]q ;'wf/sf] tTsfnLg /0fgLltsf] ?kdf :jLsfl/of] . To;}u/L
;f7Lsf] bzsdf z'? ePsf] gofF ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g -ljsf; k|zf;g_ sf] cjwf/0ffn] ljsf;
k|zf;gsf] kl/efiff -nIod'vL÷sfo{d'vL k|zf;g_ u/L ljsf;sf] k|zf;g ug{ k|zf;gsf] Ifdtf
ljsf; ul/g' kb{5 eGg] csf]{ /0fgLlt cl3 ;fl/of] . ljsf; ;fem]bf/ / /fi6«;+3Lo Ph]G;Lx?n]
t];|f] ljZjsf] ljsf;sf nflu ljsf; Joj:yfkg ;'wf/ ug{ gLlt, Joj:yfkg / sfo{k|lqmof ;'wf/
ug{] sfo{;"rL cl3 ;f/] . To;kl5 cfPsf cGo cjwf/0ffx? / gofF ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgjfb,
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zf;sLo ;'wf/, k|lt:kwf{Tds k|zf;g, ;/sf/sf] k'gjf]{w / gofF ;fj{hlgs ;]jfn] k|zf;gnfO{
pknAwLd'vL, hjfkmb]xL, u|fxsd'vL / d"Nos]Gb|Lt agfpg ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb} cfPsf 5g\ . oL
cleofgx? cjwf/0ffdf s'g} g s'g} ?kdf glthfd'vL k|zf;gsf cleofg x'g\ . h;n] k|zf;lgs
sfo{nfO{ sfo{;Dkfbg tkm{ k|ToIf ?kdf clek|]l/t agfpg] / gLlt÷of]hgf, sfo{qmd / lqmofsnfk
;fwg / kl/0ffdaLr :ki6 ;DaGw sfod u/fpg of]ubfg k'¥ofpFb} cfPsf 5g\ .
k|zf;g lsg glthfd'vL ePg <
lghL If]qsf] k|zf;gdf h:tf] ;fj{hlgs If]qsf] k|zf;g ;lhn} b]Vg ;lsg] xF'b}g . o;sf] cfEofGtl/s
rl/q / sfo{ ljz]iftfsf sf/0f of] ;lhn} glthfpGd'v aGg ;Qm}g . ;fj{hlgs If]q Joj:yfkg
cfkm}df hl6n sfo{ xf] . o;leq p2]Zodf /xg] ax'ntf / ciki6tf, hjfkmb]lxtfsf] 3'dfp/f]kg /
sfo{;Dkfbg ;DaGw Pj+ pknAwL d"Nofª\sgsf] hl6ntfsf sf/0f lghLIf]qsf] h;/L ;lhn} glthf
pTkfbg ug{ ;lsb}g . t/ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gk|lt cfd;j{;fwf/0fsf] ck]Iff eg] c;Lldt x'g] ub{5 .
;fdfGotM ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g glthfd'vL gb]lvg'df o;leq l5k]/ /x]sf oL ljz]iftfx? k|d'v ?kdf
lhDd]jf/ b]lvG5g\ M
� k|zf;gsf] sfo{z}nL sd{rf/LtGqLo -Bureaucratic_ 5 . Role Distribution, Authority Concentration / Formalism sf] rl/qn] k|zf;gsf] sfo{z}nL sfo{;Dkfbgd'vL÷glthfd'vL
ge} sd{rf/LtGqLo x'g uof] .
� k/Dk/fut k|zf;gn] pknAwL -Performance_ df eGbf OdfGbfl/tf -Probity_df Wofg
lbof] . k|zf;lgs kbflwsf/Ln] lg/f]lkt e"ldsf lgjf{x ubf{ jf ;|f]t ;fwg k|of]u ubf{
OdfGbfl/tf gb]lvPdf sfjf{xL x'G5 t/ glthf k|fKt gx'Fbf sfjf{xL x'Fb}g . o; k/Dk/fn] ubf{
k|zf;gdf Performance eGbf Probity df Wofg lbg] k|j[QL b]vf k¥of] .
� k|zf;gsf] csf]{ rl/q cfkm\g} ;]jfdf /dfpg] -Self-serving_ x'g' klg xf] . o;n] Putting the people last u/fof] . h;sf] nflu kbflwsf/Lx? sfo{ u5{g, pgLx?k|lt ;dk{0fefj
/fVgdf eGbf cfk\m\g} p2]Zo / rfvk|lt lqmofzLn x'g], ;'ljwfdf /dfpg] t/ sfddf nhfpg]
-Action shy, Comfort loving_ sf] k|j[lQ df b]lvP .
� ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] cfwf/e"t rl/q g} ;fdflhs Gofo ljt/0f -Equity distribution_ ug]{
xf], sfo{s'zntf -Efficiency_ b]vfpg]eGbf klg . To;}n] k|zf;gsf] sfo{s'zntf ;xh /
k|i6 b]lvb}g .
� sltko cj:yfdf k|zf;gsf] ;kmntf cg'e"ltdf /xG5, kl/df0fdf xf]Og . cg'e"lt
kl/df0fdf vf]lhg] / ;lhn} dfkg ug{ ;lsg] ljifo klg xf]Og . k|zf;gsf ;]jfu|fxL
ljleGg :t/sf x'g] ePsfn] o;nfO{ dfkgsf] ;femf dfkb08 :yfkgf ug{ klg ;lsb}g .
5
� k|zf;sLo k|0ffnLleq Jofj;flos bIftf / k]zfut g}ltstfsf s'/fx? ;lhn} leq\ofpg
klg ;lsb}g . lsgsL ;dfg cj;/, ;sf/fTds lje]b, cf/If0f h:tf cjwf/0ffsf] k|of]u
/ dfgj ;fwg ljsf; Pj+ cfr/0f ;'wf/sf sfo{df k'¥ofpg kg]{ sfg"gL k|lqmof pknAwL
Joj:yfkgdf csf]{ cj/f]w b]lvG5 .
� k|zf;gsf] k/Dk/fut rl/q 3'dfp/f] / ciki6 hjfkmb]lxtf ;DaGw -Blurred Accountability Relation_ df /xg' klg xf] . h;sf sf/0f k|zf;lgs kbflwsf/L ;|f]t ;fwg / zlQmk|lt
l;wf hjfkmb]xL x'gdf afwf k'U5 . lghLIf]qdf of] :ki6 / /]vLo -Linear_ x'G5 .
t/ olt x'Fbf x'Fb}klg ;j{;fwf/0f a9\bf] dfu ;fdYo{ / cfGtl/s Pj+ jfXo kl/j]zsf r'gf}tLsf sf/0f
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdfly k|lt:kwf{Tdstf ljsf; / glthf Joj:yfkgdf lg/Gt/ rfk kb}{ cfPsf]
5 . kl/0ffdtM ;j} d'n'ssf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g cj /0fgLlts ;f]rsf ;fy glthfd"ns Joj:yfkg
cjnDjgdf nfluk/]sf 5g\ .
glthfd'vL k|zf;gsf dfu ;h{s kIfx?
;fj{hlgs If]qnfO{ hgd'vL tyf nfutk|efjL agfO{ kl/jlt{t cfjZostfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ g}
glthfd'vL Joj:yfkgsf] cjwf/0ff cEof;df cfPsf] xf] . ;fj{hlgs ;|f]t ;fwg / ;j{;fwf/0fsf]
k|fyldstfaLr k|ToIf cfj4 u/fpg' ;fj{hlgs If]q ;'wf/sf] k|d'v /0fgLlt xf] . glthfd'vL k|zf;g
oxL /0fgLltsf] Pp6f efusf ?kdf cfPsf] xf] . ;fj{hlgs If]qnfO{ glthfd'vL agfpg oL sf/s
kIfn] dfu tyf bjfj l;h{gf u/]sf] xf] eGg ;lsG5 M
» hgr]tgf
» cGt/fli6«o sfo{;"rL
» ;j{;fwf/0f / gLlt lgdf{tfsf] k|zf;gk|ltsf] c;Gt'li6
» k|fl1s vf]h tyf cg';Gwfg
» ljZjJofkLs/0f
» sfo{;+:s[lt kl/jt{g
» ;fª\u7lgs k'gjf]{w
» ;|f]t ;fwgsf] Go"gtf
6
» k|ToIf pQ/bfloTj
» ljsf; ;fem]bf/sf gLlt zt{x?
» k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0f .
glthfd'vL k|zf;gsf dfGotfx?
k/Dk/fut k|zf;g / glthfd'vL k|zf;g aLrsf] leGgtf g} Ps csf{n] /fVg] dfGotfaLrsf] leGgtf
xf] . glthfd'vL k|zf;g k|zf;lgs ;+/rgf, sfo{;+:s[lt / Jojxf/nfO{ sfo{;Dkfbgd'vL agfpg
lglb{i6 x'G5 . of] k/Dk/fut dfGotf / ;f]raf6 dfly p7]/ sfo{d'vL÷nIod'vL x'G5 . of] gf}nf]
ljifoa:t' geP/ k|zf;gnfO{ ;]jfd'vL÷sfo{d'vL agfpg] 9fFrf dfq xf] . ;ª\u7gsf] nIo x'G5 t/
Tof] nIo / k|zf;gsf sfdaLr af:tljs cfj4tf ePg eg] k|zf;g cfnf]lrt x'g] dfq xf]Og,
;fj{hlgs ;+:yfx?sf] cf}lrTo dfly g} k|Zg p7\g] ub{5 . To;}n] glthfd'vL k|zf;gn] s]xL dfGotf
:yfkgf u/L k|zf;lgs sfo{Jojxf/nfO{ :yflkt nIo;Fu lglb{i6 ug]{ ub{5 .
§ k|zf;lgs sfo{nfO{ /0fgLlts vfsf -Strategic orientation_ df x]l/g' kb{5 . ;ª\u7gn] s]
ug'{kg]{ xf], To;sf] sfo{ljj/0f, ;do;Ldf ;|f]tsf] :ki6tfsf;fy sfo{kl/efiff ul/g' kb{5 .
§ k|zf;lgs lqmofsnfksf] glthf ;"rs -Performance indicators_ lgwf{/0f ul/g' kb{5 tf
ls ul/g'kg]{ sfo{, ug{ vf]lhPsf] sfo{ / ul/Psf] sfo{aLr :ki6 t'ngf ug{ ;lsof];\ . ;fy}
ul/g'kg]{ sfo{ / ul/Psf] sfo{aLr ljifofGt/ ePdf To;nfO{ ;'wfg{ ;lsof];\ .
§ k|zf;lgs sfo{ glthfnfO{ dfkg ul/Psf] x'g'kb{5 . glthfdf dfkg ul/Pg eg] ;kmntf
/ c;kmntf 5'6\ofpg ;lsb}g . -if you don't measure results, you can't tell success from failure_.
§ ;kmntfnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g' kb{5 . ;kmntfnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/Pg eg] ljkmntfn] dfGotf
kfPsf] x'g;S5 . -if you can't reward success, you are probably reward failure_ .
§ ;kmntfaf6 l;Sg] afgL j;fNg' k5{, cGoyf k|0ffnL ;'wfg{ ;lsb}g . -if you can't see success, you can't learn from it_ .
§ sdhf]/L ;'wf/ k|lqmof yfngL x'g'kb{5 . sdhf]/L lrGg ;lsPg eg] ;'wf/ ug{ ;lsb}g .
-If you can't recognize failure, you can't correct it_
7
§ pknAwLsf] k|bz{gaf6 ;dy{g lng'kb{5 . ;kmntfsf] hfgsf/L ePdf dfq ;]jfu|fxL /
;j{;fwf/0f k|zf;gsf] sfddf ;dy{g ug{ ;S5g\ -If you can demonstrate results, you can win public support_ .
§ k|zf;gsf ;Dk"0f{ k|of; glthf s]Gb|Lt -Output focused_ x'g'kb{5 .
oL dfGotfsf cfwf/df klg xfdL s] eGg ;S5f}+ eg] glthfd'vL k|zf;g k|zf;lgs ;+oGqsf]
cled'vLs/0fnfO{ sfo{;Dkfbgd'vL k|lqmofdf n}hfg] cleofg / lg/Gt/ cu|;/tf xf] . ;f7Lsf]
bzs cl3 k|zf;g lgoGq0fd'vL -Command Based_ lyof], ;f7Laf6 o;dfly nIo cled'vLs/0f
-Goal Orientation_df nluof] . ;Q/Lsf] cGtdf lghLIf]qsf] sfo{z}nL -Businesslike_ nfO{ hf]8
lbOof] . h;n] k|lt:kwf{TdstfnfO{ lgs} dxTj lbg yfn]sf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf oL k|j[lQut
kl/jt{gn] sfo{;Dkfbg Joj:yfkgnfO{ /0fgLlts k|lqmofdf lnPsf] :ki6 b]Vg ;lsG5 . kljq
;/sf/ -Probity Management_ eGbf b]lvg] / cg'e"t ug{ ;lsg] ;/sf/ -Visible government_sf] dfu glthfd'ns k|zf;gn] ug]{ x'gfn] o;sf ;Dk"0f{ lqmofsnfk leq s] slt, sxFf s;/L
eGg] k|Zgsf] pQ/ vf]Hg s]Gb|Lt x'G5 . pNn]lvt dfGotfx? klg k|Zff;gnfO{ s;/L sfo{d'vL eGg]
;Gbe{df s]Gb|Lt 5g\ .
glthfd'vL k|zf;gsf k"j{zt{x? (Pre condition of Result oriented administration)
lglZrt cfwf/zLnf :yfkgf gu/L glthfd'vL k|zf;gsf] sNkgf;Dd ug{ ;lsb}g . of] Pp6f
36gfd"ns sfo{ -Event based_ ge} lg/Gt/tfsf] z[ª\vnf -Continuous process_ xf] h;df lgDg
k"j{zt{ -cfwf/lznf_ x? /xg' kb{5, cGoyf k|zf;g glthfd"ns x'g ;Qm}g M
� :ki6 nIo lgwf{/0f -Clear Goal_
� cfwf/ tYofª\s -Baseline Data_
� ;]jf÷sfo{ dfkb08 lgwf{/0f -Service Standard_
� kl/0ffdd'vL ;f]r / sfo{;+:s[lt -Output Orientation_
� ;/f]sf/L ;d"xsf] ;xefuLtf ;'lglZrt ug]{ k|0ffnL -stakeholders Participation_
� t'ngf / ahf/ k/LIf0f -Market testing_
� nIof]Gd'vL ah]6 -Programme Budgeting_
� lqmofsnfkut nfut lgwf{/0f -Activity Based Costing_
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� Joj:yfkg :jtGqtf -Management Autonomy_
� k|ToIf pQ/bfloTj -Direct Accountability_
� sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rgf k|0ffnL -Performance Based Information System_
� glthf / k|lt:kwf{TdstfnfO{ k|f]T;fxg -reward for result_
glthfd'vL k|zf;gsf l;nl;n]jf/ sfo{
glthfd'vL k|zf;g o:tf] Joj:yfkg kl/kf6L xf] hxfF ljleGg lqmofsnfkx? lgwf{l/t l;nl;nfdf
/xG5g\ h;n] ;Dkfbg ug{ vf]lhPsf] sfdsf nflu e/kbf]{ cfwf/ v8f ub{5 . of] k|fl1s sfo{
xf]Og, Jofj;flos lqmofsnfk xf] h;n] ;ª\u7g÷sfo{qmdsf] nIob]lv lqmofsnfk / o;sf nflu
cfjZos ;fwg;|f]taLr tfls{s ;DaGw :yfkgf ub{5 . ;fdfGotM lqmofsnfkut z[ª\vnfleq lgDg
sfo{x? ;d]l6g' kb{5 M
� /0fgLlts nIfsf] :yfkgf -Strategic vision setting_ M s'g} ;ª\u7g jf sfo{qmdsf] vf;
k|sf/sf] p2]Zo x'G5 . To;nfO{ ljz]ifLs[t ul/g' kb{5 . c:ki6 p2]Zo jf p2]Zo ljgfsf
sfo{;Dkfbg glthfd'vL x'b}g . ;Dej ePdf p2]Zo ;doj4 x'g' kb{5 .
� lqmofsnfk lgwf{/0f -Activities setting_ M ;ª\u7g jf sfo{qmdsf] p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu tL
p2]ZonfO{ k|ToIf ;Djf]wg x'g]u/L lqmofsnfk lgwf{/0f ul/g' kb{5 .
� u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f÷;"rs lgwf{/0f -Output indicators_ M lqmofsnfkaf6 s] k|fKt ug{
vf]lhPsf] ;f] :ki6 kfg{ glthf -jf sfo{;Dkfbg_ ;"rs lgwf{/0f ul/g' kb{5 tf ls
;Dkflbt sfdnfO{ ;xL ?kdf dfkg ug{ ;lsof];\ . oL ;"rsx? ljleGg k|sf/sf x'g
;Qm5g\ / ;j} lgsfonfO{ ;dfg ?kdf nfu" gx'g klg ;Sb5g\ h:tf] ls M
P glthf–c;/ ;"rs -Output-outcome indicators_
P sfo{s'zntf–k|efjsfl/tf ;"rs -Efficiency –Effectiveness Indicators_
P ;dGofo ;"rs -Equity Indicators_
P sfo{qmd lbuf]kgf ;"rs -Sustainability Indicators_
P pkef]Qmf ;Gt'li6 ;"rs -Client satisfaction survey_
P :sf]/ sf8{ -Balanced score card-business like entity_
9
� ah]6 lgwf{/0f -Budget allocation to output deliver_ M nIo, lqmofsnfk / ck]lIft glthf
lgwf{/0f ul/;s]kl5 To;nfO{ k|ToIf ;dy{g ug]{ ah]6 lgwf{/0f ul/G5 h;n] vf; ;do;Ldf
leq lqmofsnfkx? ;Dkfbg ug{ ;3fp k'uf];\ .
� lhDd]jf/L / pQ/bfloTj lgwf{/0f -Setting responsibility_ M sf] JolQm s'g lqmofsnfkk|lt
lhDd]jf/ 5 ;f]sf] lgwf{/0f geP;Dd glthf k|fKt ug{ ;ljFmb}g . To;}n] ;ª\u7gleq
lhDd]jf/Lsf] :ki6 kl/efiff ul/g' cfjZos 5 . lhDd]jf/Lsf] kl/efiff ul/;s]kl5
sfo{;Dkfbg :jfoQtf csf]{ k"j{ zt{ xf] . o;n] sfdk|lt JolQmsf] :jfefljs :jfldTj klg
:yfkgf ub{5 .
� glthf÷pknAwL d"Nofª\sg k|0ffnL -Performance evaluation and reporting system_ M
sfo{;Dkfbg glthf k|fKt ug{ ;lsof] ;lsPg, ;lsPsf] eP s'g :t/df / slt eof]
eGg] dfkg ;doj4 ?kdf ul/g' kb{5 . jf:tljs ?kdf k|zf;g glthfd'vL eof] ePg
eg]/ x]l/g] r/0f oxL xf] . k/Dk/fut k|zf;sLo ;ª\u7gleqsf] ;d:of s] klg xf] eg]
sfo{;Dkfbgsf] cg'udg, d"Nofª\sg ul/b}g, ul/P klg Tof] lgs} ;Lldt / cf}krfl/s x'g]
ub{5 .
� glthfdf cfwfl/t k|f]T;fxg k|0ffnL -Reward on the basis of result_ M ;Dkflbt sfdaf6
pNn]Vo glthf k|fKt ePdf ;f] k|lqmofdf ;+nUg JolQmnfO{ k|f]T;fxg dfkm{t k|0ffnLsf]
lbuf]kgf ;'lglZrt ul/G5 . o; r/0fnfO{ yk k|lt:kwf{ ljsf;sf] r/0fsf ?kdf lng]
ul/G5 .
� lg/Gt/ ;'wf/ k|0ffnL Ifdtf ljsf; -Continuous reform & capacity development_M k|zf;gn] sfd ug]{ kl/j]z ultzLn 5 / k|zf;gsf ;]jfu|fxLx?sf] rfxgf / rfv klg
lg/Gt/ ?kdf ultzLn 5g\ . cfhsf] k|zf;gn] ef]ln ToxL ?kdf ;kmntf xfl;n u5{
eGg ;lsFb}g . k|zf;gsf] g}lts lhDd]jf/L s] klg xf] eg] cfheGbf ef]ln p emg} ;Ifd
x'g' kb{5 . o;y{ lg/Gt/ ;'wf/sf nflu Ifdtf ljsf;, k|0ffnL ;zQmLs/0f / cu|;/tf
ljsf; ul/g' kb{5 .
� glthfd"ns ;+:s[lt lgdf{0f -Designing performance culture_ M -sfo{k|f]T;fxg k|0ffnL,
;dembf/L ljsf;, k|j[lQ lgdf{0f_ M ;+/rgfut kl/jt{gn] dfq k|zf;g sfo{;Dkfbgd'vL
x'b}g . o;sf nflu sfo{;+:s[lt, Jojxf/ / cfgLjfgL kl/jt{g ug'{ kb{5 . t/ of] sfo{ lgs}
hl6n / nuftf/sf] k|lqmofdf /xG5 .
10
Culture change for Result Oriented Administration � Project Driven � Process orientation � Low Level specialized expertise � Low knowledge based capacity � Risk aversion � Inverted, sceptical of partnership � Cumbersome decision making � Bureaucratic culture � Weak management accountability
� Policy Driven � Result Orientation � Clear competency profile � Innovative and information technology
networked capacity � Risk taking � Outward looking, Partnership oriented � Real time decision making � Merit rewarding and initiative driven
culture � Responsive management
glthfd'vL k|zf;gsf pks/0fx?
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ glthfd'vL agfpg ljleGGf cjwf/0ff tyf pks/0fsf] k|of]u xF'b} cfPsf] 5 .
;f7Lsf] bzsdf cl3 ;fl/Psf] gofF ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g -ljsf; k|zf;g_, p2]Zod'vL Joj:yfkg
-Management by objective_, gofF ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgsf] cjwf/0ffn] k|zf;gnfO{ hgd'vL /
sfo{;Dkfbgd'vL agfpg] clek|fo /fv]sf] lyof] . gJj]sf] bzssf] ;'zf;g / ;/sf/sf] k'gjf]{wsf]
cjwf/0ffn] ;]jfu|fxLsf cfjZostfnfO{ k|ToIf ;+jf]wg ug]{ clek|fo /fVg k'Uof] . of]hgfj4 ljsf;sf
k|of;x?n] ;|f]t ;fwgnfO{ Jojl:yt k|of]u dfkm{t df}lb|s d"No ;fy{stf -Value for money_ sf]
cf}lrTo k"/f ug]{ dfGotfnfO{ ljleGg pks/0fx? dfkm{t cjnDjg ug{ k'Uof] . clxn] glthfd'vL
k|zf;gnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ oL pks/0f tyf k|ljlwx? pkof]udf NofOg] ul/G5 M
� /0fgLlts of]hgf Joj:yfkg -Strategic plan/Management_
� sfo{qmdd"ns ah]6 k|0ffnL -Progamme Budgeting_
� If]qut Jofj;flos of]hgf -Sectoral Business Plan_
� Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnL -Performance Management System_
� sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog of]hgf -Action plan_
� sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rsx? -Output Indicators_
� sfo{qmd cg'udg, k'g/fjnf]sg tyf d"Nofª\sg k|0ffnL -Feedback, follow up and evaluation system_
11
glthfd'vL k|zf;gsf s]xL 9fFrfx?
UNDP Model
� Setting Strategic Goals � Aligning Results � Aligning Funding � Aligning Human Resources � Monitoring for Results � Adjustment and Learning
Thai Practice
� The effective use of strategy and planning � Performance management systems: formulating key performance
indicators � Inter-institutional integration and coordination � Catalytic and action-harmonizing mechanisms � The performance management and coordination � Capacity building and learning processes � Role of the people: voice and governance � Linking individual motivation to the overall RBM system � Sustainability of RBM and recognition of early successes
g]kfndf glthfd'vL k|zf;gsf nflu ePsf Joj:yf
g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ glthfd"ns agfpg ljleGg k|of;x? x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . ljutsf
k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]usf k|ltj]bgx?n] lbPsf ;'emfjx? k|zf;lgs sfo{ljlwsf] ;/nLs/0f, sd{rf/L
dgf]jn / Ifdtf ljsf; / ;]jf k|jfxsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf ;Gbe{df s]Gb|Lt ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;sf]
cy{ s'g} g s'g} ?kdf k|zf;gnfO{ glthfd'vL agfpg tL ;'emfjx? s]Gb|Lt lyP eGg ;lsG5 .
sd{rf/L Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu tfnLd gLlt tyf tfnLd s]Gb|x?sf] Joj:yfkg / k|zf;lgs
Jofj;flostfsf nflu cl3 ;fl/Psf ;]jf ljefhg, j[lQ ljsf;, txut k|0ffnL, kb juL{s/0f
of]hgf, ljz]if1 kbsf] Joj:yfn] klg lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ glthf cled'vLs/0f ug{ k|ToIf÷k/f]If
12
of]ubfg k'¥ofpFb} cfPsf] 5 . xfn k|rngdf /x]sf] lghfdtL ;]jf P]g tyf lgodfjnLn] u/]sf oL
Joj:yfx? klg glthfd'vL k|zf;gsf cleGg cª\usf ?kdf /x]sf 5g\ .
� sfo{ ljj/0f -bkmf %_ M k|To]s kbn] ug'{kg]{ sfd, st{Jo, pQ/bfloTj, clwsf/, of]Uotf
cflbsf] ls6fgL .
� kb:yfkg ubf{ sfo{ljj/0f / ;f]sf] d"Nofª\sgsf] ;"rsfª\s ;d]t lgwf{/0f ug]{ Joj:yf .
� sd{rf/Lsf] ;?jf lghsf] tfnLd, of]Uotf / cg'ejsf cfwf/df ug]{ Joj:yf -!%=!_ .
� Tff]lsPsf] kbdf sfo{ljj/0fsf] clwgdf /xL sfo{;Dkfbg ;Demf}tf ug{;Sg] Joj:yf -!%=#_ .
� pQ/flwsf/L of]hgf nfu" u/L skill transfer ug]{ cjwf/0ff cjnDjg -!%=$_ . ;fy} /fd|f]
sfo{ Ifdtf k|bz{g ug]{ Nofst ePsf sd{rf/Lsf] g]t[Tj ljsf; / d"Nof+sgsf] Joj:yf .
� sfo{Ifdtfdf tfnLdnfO{ lglZrt ef/ lbg] Joj:yf lbOPsf] -@$_ .
� sfo{;Dkfbg sf]ifsf] Joj:yf -@* s_ .
� ljleGg k|zf;sLo lgsfodf ePsf sfdx?sf] Joj:yfkg k/LIf0fsf] Joj:yf -&@ s_
h;af6 k|zf;gnfO{ glthfd'vL agfpg cfGtl/s ?kdf cu|;/tf ldNg;S5 .
� pTs[i6 sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lsf nflu u|]8j[l4 tyf k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yf .
� sfo{;Dkfbg glthf k|lt k|ToIf pQ/bfoL agfpg 5flgPsf sfof{nodf sfo{;Dkfbg
;"rssf] ;Lldt k|of]u, h;nfO{ sfo{;Dkfbg k|f]T;fxgsf ;Gbe{df pkof]u ul/Psf] 5 .
� lzsfot Joj:yfkgsf nflu Nodal Person sf] Joj:yf . ;fj{hlgs lgsfoaf6 k|jflxt
;]jfdf ;]jfu|fxLsf] u'gf;f] Joj:yfkgsf nflu gf]8n clws[t nufot ljleGg ljifo If]qdf
k|ToIf ;Dks{sf nflu ;Dks{ JolQm -Focal point_ sf] Joj:yf .
� ;]jf k|bfos lgsfoaf6 k|bfg ul/g] ;]jfdf ;fj{hlgs k[i7kf]if0f -Public Feedback_ sf]
Joj:yf . ;]jf k|jfxdf ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ -;]jf k|jfx lgb]{lzsf_ .
� dftxtsf lgsfoaf6 ;~rfng x'g] lqmofsnfksf] glthf ;xhLs/0fsf nflu Joj:yfkg
lgoGq0f / ;'kl/j]If0f k|0ffnL .
� jflif{s ljsf; sfo{qmd tof/ kfbf{ k|d'v lqmofsnfk, To;af6 k|fKt x'g] k|d'v k|ltkmnx?
/ To;sf nflu vr{ ul/g] ;|f]t ;fwgsf] ljj/0fnfO{ pNn]v ul/G5 . ;fy} jfli{fs ljsf;
sfo{qmd / If]qut sfo{qmdaLr cfj4tf sfod ug{ /0fgLlts of]hgf -Business Plan_, ljsf; k|ltkmnsf nflu Joj:yfkg -Managing for Development Result: MfDR_sf]
dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft ul/Fb} nluPsf] 5 . aflif{s ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] nIo cg'?k lqmofsnfk
;~rfng eP gePsf] lg/Gt/ cg'udgsf nflu glthfd'ns cg'udg d"Nofª\sgsf] gLlt
;+oGq ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 .
13
@)^) df tTsfnLg dlGqkl/ifbaf6 pTs[i6 sfof{no 5gf}6sf nflu cjnDjg ul/Psf] cfwf/
s_ ;fdfGo sfo{;Dkfbg M %) c+sef/
� sfof{no Joj:yfkg !% c+s
� ljQLo Joj:yfkg @) c+s
� gjk|jt{g / cu|;/tf !% c+s
v_ ljlzi7Ls[t sfo{;Dkfbg M %) c+s ef/
� ah]6 sfo{qmd th{'df / :jLs[lt # c+s
� :jLs[t sfo{of]hgf cg';f/ sfo{;Dkfbg $ c+s
� nIo cg';f/ ef}lts k|ult u/]sf] ^ c+s
� kl/of]hgfdf hg;xefuLtf $ c+s
� cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg # c+s
� hg;Dks{ / Jojxf/ $ c+s
� ;+:yfut clen]v # c+s
� ;/f]sf/jfnf;Fu cGt/;DaGw $ c+s
� sfof{Gjog k|lqmofdf kf/blz{tf ^ c+s
� kl/of]hgfdf gjLg cu|;/tf # c+s
� u'gf;f] ;'g'jfO{ $ c+s
sfof{nosf] sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg ubf{ tf]lsPsf] c+sef/sf] clt pQd eP !)) k|ltzt, pQd jfkt &% k|ltzt, ;Gtf]ifhgs eP %) k|ltzt / Go"g eP @% k|ltztc+s lbg] ul/GYof] . o;nfO{ kl/dfh{g u/L JolQmut txdf lj:tf/ ul/g] ;+efjgf lyof] .t/ clxn] o;nfO{ pkof]udf NofOPsf] 5}g .
g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;]jf k|efjsfl/tf j[l4sf nflu ljleGg ;dodf ;]jf k|jfx lgb]{lzsf hf/L ul/ ;f]sf
cfwf/df sfof{nosf] d"Nofª\sg ug]{ kl/kf6L a;fn]sf] lyof] -h'g clxn] Tolt k|rngdf 5}g_ .
To:t} s]xL jif{ cl3b]lv g]kfn ;/sf/sf s]xL sfof{nox?df jflif{s sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rs nfu" u/L
To;}sf cfwf/df k|f]T;fxg ;'ljwfx? k|bfg ul/Fb} cfPsf] 5 . xfn} g]kfn ;/sf/sf ;lrjx?sf]
a}7sn] dGqfno÷;lrjfnox?n] jif{el/df ;Dkfbg ug{'kg]{ k|d'v sfdx?nfO{ kl/efiff u/L To;nfO{
lglZrt ef/sf] cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg ug]{ sfo{k|lqmof cl3 a9fPsf] 5 . h;sf cfwf/df d'Vo
14
;lrjaf6 ;lrj / ;lrjaf6 dxfzfvf k|d'v / dxflgb]{zs;Dd sfo{;Dkfbg ;Demf}tf ug]{ cfwf/
lbG5 . of] g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf glthfd'vL k|zf;gsf ;Gbe{df ul/Psf] pNn]Vo k|of; xf] .
g]kfndf glthfd'vL k|zf;gsf nflu ;'emfjx?
g]kfnsf] k|zf;gnfO{ glthfd'vL agfpg ljutdf w]/} k|of;x? ePtf klg tL k|of;x? TolQs}
x/fPsf 5g\ . sfo{ljj/0f, lgu/fgL, lgoGq0f / sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rs h:tf kIfx?nfO{ dfq Wofg
lbP/ k|zf;gsf] sfo{;Dkfbg :t/ a9fpg ;lsb}g . of] dfgjLo / Jojxf/hGo kIf;Fu klg plQs}
;/sf]sf/ /fVg] ljifo xf] . To;}n] glthfd'vL k|zf;gsf nflu ;+/rgfut kIf / Jojxf/ut
kIf b'j} pko'Qm x'g'k5{ . ;+/rgfut kIf -Architectural side_ h:tf] ls lhDd]jf/Lsf] kl/efiff,
sfo{ljj/0f, ;bfrf/, Joj:yfkg ;+/rgf cflbn] sfo{jftfj/0fsf] cfwf/ agfpFb5 eg] Jojxf/ut
kIf -Behavioral side_ h:tf] ls Joj:yfkg z}nL, hjfkmb]lxtf, sfo{cled'vLs/0f, cfGtl/s
;~rf/, ljZjf;, j'emfO{, ;d"xefjgf cflbn] To;nfO{ Jojxf/df ckgfpg] sfo{ ub{5 . To;}n]
pknAwL -glthf_ eg]sf] ;fª\u7lgs / dfgjLo lqmofsnfksf] ;+o'Qm kl/0ffd -pkh_ xf] . g]kfnsf]
k|zf;g ;'wf/sf nflu xfn;Dd x'Fb} cfPsf k|of;x? ;+/rgf s]Gb|Lt x'Fb} cfPsfn] af:tljs ?kdf
k|zf;g glthfd'vL x'g ;s]g . o;y{ ePsf sfg"gL tyf ;+/rgfut k|of;sf cnfjf oL kIfdf
Wofg glbO{ k|zf;g glthfd'vL x'g ;Qm}g .
� ;8\u7gx?nfO{ sfo{dn"s 9fFrfdf Nofpg Joj:yfkg tyf ;8\u7g ;j]{If0f / value engineering ug]{ . kl/eflift lhDd]jf/L lgjf{xsf nflu sfo{ :jofQtfsf] ;'lglZrttf lbg]
/ k|ToIf pQ/bfloTj lgjf{x u/fpg] .
� sd{rf/Ldf sfo{;Dkfbgd'vL cled'vLs/0f cfjZos 5 . ;+:yfsf] cfGtl/s kl/kf6L,
;xeflutf, ljZjf;, cj;/sf] ;dGoflos ljt/0f cflb ljifodf z'? d} cled'vLs/0f /
;+:yfTds kl/kf6Ldf ;fdflhsLs/0f u/L nuftf/ tfnLd tyf ljsf;sf pks/0fx?sf]
k|of]u ug]{ .
� xfnsf] sd{rf/L sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sgdf k|lqmof, nIo / pknAwL dfq ePsf]df k|efj
;d]t pNn]v ug]{ .
� sd{rf/Lsf] cfwf/e"t tna kb;Fu ;dfg /fvL ;'ljwfnfO{ pknAwL;Fu cfj4 ug]{ .
� aflif{s tnj :t/ a[l4 -u|]8_ klg sfo{;Dkfbg;Fu cfj4 ug]{ .
� cfof]hgfsf] k|ult ;dLIffnfO{ nfut kIfdf s]Gb|Lt x'g] at{dfg kl/kf6L ;'wf/ u/L k|efj
;d]t pNn]v x'g] k|0ffnL j;fNg] .
� sfo{qmd ah]6 / Joj:yfkg ah]6 nrstf cjwf/0ff cjnDjg ug]{ .
� sd{rf/L ;]jf ;'/IffnfO{ sfo{;Dkfbgd'vL agfpg] .
� sfo{;Dkfbg k|f]T;fxg k|0ffnL cjnDjg ug]{ .
15
� ;]jf j8fkq -Service Charter_ sf] pkof]u ug]{ .
� ljsf; cfof]hgfx?df ;fdflhs k/LIf0f-Social Audit /Award of excellence_ sf] kl/kf6L
j;fNg] .
� ;ª\u7gleqsf cj;/ ljt/0f ;dGoflos / kf/bzL{ ?kdf ug]{ . tfls o;n] pknAwL
;DaGw, :jR5 d"Nofª\sg h:tf kIfnfO{ k|ToIf ;Djf]wg ug{ ;sf];\ .
� sd{rf/L sfo{;+:s[lt ;'wf/sf nflu Joj:yfksLo cf}hf/sf] k|of]u ug]{ . ;xefuLtfd"ns
Joj:yfkg, lgoldt :6fkm a}7s / Senior Managment Team sf] pkof]u ug]{ .
lgisif{
oyfl:yltk|lt hlxn] klg hgtf c;Gt'li6 hgfpg] ub{5g\ . ;+u7g jf k|0ffnLn] lxhf]eGbf cfh /
cfheGbf ef]ln /fd|f] pknAwL lbg;Sg' k5{ . o;sf nflu krf;sf] bzsb]lv lg/Gt/ ?kdf k|zf;g
;'wf/sf ljleGg 9fFrfx? k|of]udf cfPsf 5g\ . ;'wf/sf z'?jftL lbgdf k|zf;gsf] ;+/rgfut
kIfdf Wofg lbOof]] t/ gLlt, sfg"g / ;ª\u7g h:tf kIfdf ;'wf/ u/]/ dfq k|zf;gsf] sfo{
-Delivery_ ;'wf/ ug{ ;ljFmb}g . dflg; ;+j]bgzLn k|f0fL ePsfn] ;fª\u7lgs Jojxf/, cfGtl/s
ljZjf;, ;~rf/ k|lqmof / ;dGoflos Jojxf/ h:tf kIfx?af6 dfq k|zf;gsf] sfdk|ltsf] nufj
a9fpg ;lsG5 . glthfd"ns k|zf;gsf] /0fgLlt ;+/rgf / Jojxf/ b'j} kIfnfO{ k|efj kfg]{ u/L
;+of]lht ?kaf6 cjnDjg ul/g' kb{5 . lsgsL cfGtl/s ;dy{g ljgf s'g}klg k|of;x? ;kmn
x'Fb}gg\ .
;Gbe{ ;fdfu|L
! pd]zk|;fb d}gfnL -@)%*_, glthfd"ns k|zf;g, l;4fGt / Jojxf/sf] s;Ldf, sfdfb
c+s *, sf7df8f}+ .
@ uf]kLgfy d}gfnL -@)^&_ /fHo ;~rfngsf cfwf/x? -bf];|f] ;+:s/0f_, ;f]kfg dfl;s,
sf7df8f}+ .
# uf]kLgfy d}gfnL -@)^(_, k|zf;g / ;'zf;g, ;f]kfg dfl;s, sf7df8f}+ .
$ Andre de Waal (2007), Strategic Performance Management, a managerial andbehavioural approach, Palgrave Macmillan, New York
% Result Based Management Handbook (2011), United Nation Development Group
^ Cedric Saldanha (2002), Promoting result Based Management in the Public Sectors of Developping Countries, Asian Development Bank/The World Bank, Washington DC
& lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$(, sfg"g lstfj Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, sf7df8f}+ .
16
k|Tofof]lht Joj:yfkgsf] cjwf/0ff / g]kfndf o;sf] cEof;
Zofds'df/ e§/fO{*
;f/f+zzlQm k[ysLs/0fsf] l;4fGtn] klg /fHosf k|d'v c+usf] sfo{ ljefhg ub}{ sfg"g lgdf{0fsf] lhDd]jf/L ljwflosfsf] sfo{If]q leq /fv]sf] kfOG5 . ljwflosL clwsf/sf] k|of]u hgtfaf6clVtof/ k|fKt k|ltlglwx?åf/f ul/g'kb{5 elgG5 . h;sf] pQ/bfloTj hgtfk|lt g} /x]sf]x'G5 . t/ Jojxf/df sfo{kflnsf / o; cGtu{tsf lgsfon] ljwflosL / Goflos sfo{;d]t ul//x]sf] kfOG5 . k|Tofof]lht Joj:yfkgsf] clwsf/ / cw{ Goflos lgsfosf] k|aGwo;sf b]lvg] pbfx/0fx? x'g\ . kl5Nnf] ;dodf cfP/ k|Tofof]lht ljwfogsf] clws lj:tf/ePsf] 5 . o;nfO{ cTofjZos v/faL (necessary evil) eGg] k'/fgf] dfGotfdf kl/jt{geO{ of] ;dosf] cfjZostf (requirement of the day) ePsf] 5 . aL;f}+ ztflAbkl5 tk|Tofof]lht ljwfogsf] lj:tf/ olt b|"tQ/ ?kdf eof] ls ljZjsf s'g} klg sfg"g k|0ffnL o;af6 c5'tf] /x]gg\ . g]kfndf ;+j}wflgs ljsf;qmd ;“u} sfg"gsf ljleGg ?kx?sf]cEof;nfO{ Jojl:yt tj/n] k|of]u ug{ yflnPsf] kfOG5 . sltko cj:yfdf ;+ljwfg cfkm}n]klg cwLg:y ljwfog tof/ ug]{ clVtof/L k|bfg u/]sf] klg kfOG5 . oBlk w]/}h;f]cwLg:y ljwfogx? Joj:yflksf jf ;+;b\ lgld{t P]gn] lbPsf] clVtof/Lsf cfwf/df ag]sf] kfOG5 . k|Tofof]lht Joj:yfkgsf] clwsf/nfO{ Goflos lgoGq0f, ;+;bLo lgoGq0f / cGopkfox?åf/f lgoGq0fsf] k|aGw ul/Psf] x'G5 . g]kfndf Goflos lgoGq0fsf] cEof; a9Lk|efjsf/L ePsf] cj:yf b]lvG5 . ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] tLg bh{geGbf a9L cwLg:y ljwfogsfk|fjwfgx? Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] qmddf cdfGo / ab/ ul/;s]sf] tYof+saf6 ;d]t GofloslgoGq0fsf] cEof; k|efjsf/L ePsf] eGg ;lsG5 .
* ;x ;lrj, g]kfn Gofo ;]jf
kl/ro
ljwfog jf Joj:yfkg sfg"gsf] k|fylds ;|f]t xf] . ljwfog cGtu{t ;Dk"0f{ sfg"g kl/jf/ (Family of law) nfO{ /fVg] ul/G5 . /fHosf c+ux?sf] juL{s/0f / sfo{ljefhgaf6 sfg"g lgdf{0f ug]{
lhDd]jf/L Joj:yflksfsf] xf] . Joj:yflksfn] Joj:yfkg ljlwsf] cjnDag u/L P]g lgdf{0f ub{5 .
t/ ;a} k|fjwfgx? P]gdf pNn]v ug{ ;Dej x'Fb}g . To;}n] Joj:yflksfn] ;f/e"t ljifox? ;d]6]/
17
P]g lgdf{0f ub{5 / ;f] P]gsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu lgod, ljlgod, agfpg] clwsf/
;DalGwt sfo{sf/L lgsfonfO{ k|bfg ub{5 . To;/L P]gåf/f ljwflosfn] k|bfg u/]sf] clVtof/Lsf
cwLgdf /xL tf]lsPsf] c+u jf lgsfon] lgdf{0f ug]{ sfg"gnfO{ k|Tofof]lht Joj:yfkg (Delegated Legislation) elgG5 .1
k/Dk/fut ?kdf x]bf{ sfo{sf/L c+usf] sfd ljwflosf lgld{t sfg"gsf] sfof{Gjog ug'{ xf] . zlQm
k[ysLs/0fsf] l;4fGtn] klg /fHosf k|d'v c+usf] sfo{ ljefhg ub}{ sfg"g lgdf{0fsf] lhDd]jf/L
ljwflosfsf] sfo{If]q leq /fv]sf] kfOG5 . ljwflosL clwsf/sf] k|of]u hgtfaf6 clVtof/ k|fKt
k|ltlglwx?åf/f ul/g'kb{5 elgG5 . h;sf] pQ/bfloTj hgtf;Fu g} /x]sf] x'G5 .2 t/ Jojxf/df
sfo{kflnsf / o;cGtu{tsf lgsfon] ljwflosL / Goflos sfo{;d]t ul//x]sf] kfOG5 . k|Tofof]lht
Joj:yfkgsf] clwsf/ / cw{ Goflos lgsfosf] k|aGw o;sf b]lvg] pbfx/0fx? x'g\ . oyfy{df
sfo{sf/L lgsfon] sfo{kflnsLo sfo{ ;Fu;Fu} ljwflosL / Goflos sfo{ ;d]t ul//x]sf] x'G5 .
sfo{kflnsLo c+unfO{ To;/L ljwflosL / Goflos sfo{ ug]{ lhDd]jf/L eg] d'n'ssf] ;+ljwfg tyf
ljwflosf lgld{t sfg"gn] g} k|bfg u/]sf] x'G5 . ;+ljwfg / sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] ;Ldfleq /xL pQm
clwsf/sf] k|of]u ul/G5 .
k|l;4 sfg"gljb\ ;fnd08n] ljwfognfO{ ;jf]{Rr ljwfog / cwLg:y ljwfog u/L b'O{ lsl;dn]
juL{s/0f u/]sf 5g\ . ;jf]{Rr ljwfog /fHosf] ;jf]{Rr Joj:yflksf tyf ;Dk|e"af6 lgM;[t x'g]
ljwfog xf] . ;jf]{Rr Joj:yflksfn] cfˆgf] ljwflosL zlQm dWo] s]xL zlQm cGo lgsfo jf
;+:yfnfO{ k|Tofof]hg ug{ ;S5, To;/L k|Tofof]hg ul/Psf] zlQmsf] cwLgdf /xL To:tf lgsfo jf
;+:yfn] hf/L u/]sf sfg"gnfO{ cwLg:y ljwfog elgG5 .3
k|fylds ljwfog / k|Tofof]lht ljwfogsf] aLrsf] leGgtf
lgdf{0fsf] clVtof/L, lgdf{0f k|lqmof, ;d]l6g] ljifoj:t', ;|f]t / zlQm ;d]tsf ljleGg cfwf/df
cwLg:y ljwfog k|fylds jf df}lns ljwfogeGbf km/s /x]sf] x'G5 . o;sf] kl/efiffn] g} of]
kIfnfO{ :ki6?kdf phfu/ u/]sf] kfOG5 .4 oL b'O{sf] leGgtfnfO{ o;k|sf/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M
1 When the function of legislation is entrusted to organs other than the legislature by the legistature itself, the legislation madeby such organs is called delegated legislation.
2 Legislative power must be exercised exclusively by the legislators who are directly responsible to the electorate.
3 o'j/fh ;+u|f}nf, sfg"g zf:q tyf sfg"gsf l;4fGt, k}/jL k|sfzg, sf7df8f}+, @)^# k[= $(–%)4 An Act of Parliament creates the framework of a particular law and tends only to contain an outline of the purpose of the Act.
By Parliament giving authority for legislation to be delegated it enables other persons or bodies to provide more detail to an Act of Parliament. Parliament thereby, through primary legislation (i.e. an Act of Parliament), permit others to make law and rules through delegated legislation. The legislation created by delegated legislation must be made in accordance with the purposes laid down in the Act. http://legalservicesindia.com/article/article/doctrine-of-permissible-limits-under-delegated-legislation-497-1.html
18
!= k|fylds ljwfogåf/f P]g lgdf{0f ul/G5 . ;+ljwfg tyf P]gn] lbPsf] clVtof/Lsf cfwf/df
agfOg] lgod, ljlgod, lgb]{lzsf / hf/L ul/g] ;"rgfx? k|Tofof]lht ljwfogcGtu{t aGb5g\ .
@= k|fylds ljwfog Joj:yflksfåf/f lgdf{0f ul/G5 . k|Tofof]lht Joj:yfkg sfo{sf/L lgsfo
nufot ljleGg k|zf;sLo c+u / lgsfox?n] lgdf{0f ub{5g\ .
#= k|fylds ljwfogsf] cfwf/ / ;|f]t sfg"g lgdf{0f ug]{ ljwflosL clwsf/ xf] . k|Tofof]lht
ljwfogsf] cfwf/ k|fylds ljwfog xf] .
$= ;+ljwfg;Fu gaflemg] u/L k|fylds ljwfogsf] th'{df ug{ ;lsG5 .5 k|Tofof]lht clVtof/Lsf]
;Ldfdf /xL k|Tofof]lht ljwfogsf] th'{df ug'{ kb{5 .
%= ;+ljwfg tyf ;+j}wflgs sfg"gåf/f lgwf{l/t Joj:yfkg ljlwsf] kfngf u/L P]g cyf{t\ k|fylds
ljwfog th'{df ul/G5 t/ k|zf;sLo lg0f{osf] k|lqmofaf6 k|Tofof]lht ljwfog tof/ ul/G5 .
^= ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] cfwf/df dfq k|fylds ljwfognfO{ Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] bfo/fdf
Nofpg ;lsG5 . ;+ljwfgsf cltl/Qm hGdbft[ P]g (Parant Act) ;Fu aflemPsf] eGg] cfwf/df
k|Tofof]lht Joj:yfkgnfO{ r'gf}tL lbg ;lsG5 . To;}n] elgG5– every subordinate legislation must yield to the plenary legislation.6
k|Tofof]lht ljwfogsf] lj:tf/sf sf/0fx?
kl5Nnf] ;dodf cfP/ k|Tofof]lht ljwfogsf] clws lj:tf/ ePsf] 5 . o;nfO{ cTofjZos v/faL
(necessary evil) eGg] k'/fgf] dfGotfdf kl/jt{g eO{ of] ;dosf] cfjZostf (requirement of the day) ePsf] 5 . aL;f}+ ztflAbkl5 t k|Tofof]lht ljwfogsf] lj:tf/ olt b|"tQ/ ?kdf eof]
ls ljZjsf s'g} klg sfg"g k|0ffnL o;af6 c5'tf] /x]gg\ . o;/L k|Tofof]lht ljwfogsf] lj:tf/
x'g'sf s]xL dxTjk"0f{ / lhDd]jf/ sf/0fx? 5g\ . /fHosf] k/Dk/fut e"ldsfdf kl/jt{g eO{
nf]ssNof0fsf/L cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; ePkl5 sfg"gL kl/kf6Ldf klg o;sf] k|efj k¥of] . /fHosf]
e"ldsf a9\of] . kmntM k|Tofof]lht ljwfog zf;g Joj:yf ;~rfng / Joj:yfkgsf] ckl/xfo{
cfjZostfdf ?kfGt/0f eof] .
/fHosf lqmofsnfkx? olt w]/} lj:tf/ eP ls tL ljifonfO{ Joj:yflksf lgld{t sfg"gn] lgodg
ug{sf nflu Joj:yflksf;Fu ;do g} gk'Ug] cj:yf /x\of] . kmntM Joj:yflksfn] ;f/jfg / gLltut
ljifox? k|fylds ljwfogdf pNn]v u/L afFsL sfo{ k|Tofof]lht ljwfogåf/f ul/g] egL clwsf/
5 @ ;+;bLo ;jf]{Rrtf ePsf] cj:yfdf t P]g lgdf{0f ug]{ clwsf/ ;LdfxLg ?kdf ;+;b\df lglxt /x]sf] x'G5 / ;+;b\ lgld{t sfg"gsf] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg ;d]t ug{ ;ls+b}g .
6 Indian Express Newspapers V. Union of India (1985) I SCC 641 AIR 1986 SC 515
19
lbg yfn] . Joj:yflksfsf] sfo{af]em 36fpg / ;do art ug{sf nflu o;f] ug'{ clgjfo{ g} eof] .
Joj:yflksfn] lgdf{0f u/]sf] ;fdfGo gLlt / vfsfsf] cwLgdf /xL To;nfO{ hLjGt / lqmofzLn
agfpg] lhDdf sfo{sf/LnfO{ k|bfg ul/g] k|rng lj:tf/ eof] . o;} k|;+udf Sir Cecil Carr sf
zAbx? oxfF pNn]v ug{' ;fGble{s b]lvG5– pgn] k|Tofof]lht ljwfogsf] sfo{If]qsf af/]df l6Kk0fL
ub}{ pNn]v u/]sf 5g\M delegated legislation is a "growing child" called upon to relieve the parentof the minor matters, while the parent manage the main business.7
csf]{ klg s] ts{ lbg] ul/Psf] 5 eg]– ljwflosfn] :jOR5f jf /x/n] jf rfxgfn] sfg"g agfpg]
clVtof/L k|Tofof]lht u/]sf] xf]Og . cfd hgtfn] ck]Iff u/]adf]lhdsf] u'0f:t/Lo ljwfog lbg
c;kmn ePsf] sf/0fn] dfq Joj:yflksfn] of] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cfTd;ft u/]sf] xf] . Pp6f k|ltj]bgdf
elgPsf] 5– The truth is that if Parliament were not willing to delegate law making power, Parliament would be unable to pass the kind and quality of legislation which modern public opinion requires.8
ljifoj:t'sf] hl6ntf cyjf k|fljlwstf (Technicality) k|Tofof]lht ljwfogsf] lj:tf/sf] csf]{
sf/0f xf] . lgtfGt k|fljlws ljifoj:t' ;dfj]z ePsf ljifodf P]g agfpg ljwfosx?nfO{ lgSs}
ufx|f] x'g] dfq xf]Og c;Dej k|foM klg x'G5 . sltko ljifoj:t'df lgtfGt k|fljlw1sf] ;+nUgtf
cfjZos kb{5 . ;fdfGo /fhgLlts JolQmTjaf6 k|fljlws ljifoj:t' ;dfj]z ePsf P]g lgdf{0f ug{
g;Sg] cj:yf cfpFb5 . Joj:yflksf ;b:ox? c;n /fhgLlt1 x'g ;S5g\ t/ ltgLx? lgtfGt
k|fljlws ljifoj:t' hf] k|fljlws 1fg ;Lk / bIftf ePsf lj1x?af6 ;~rfng ul/G5g\ To:tf]
ljifo kf/ nufpg ;Ifd gx'g ;S5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf ljifoj:t'sf] gLltut Joj:yf / a[xt vfsf
dfq P]gåf/f sf]/]/ afFsL sfo{ ;DalGwt ljifosf hfgsf/ lj1x?af6 x'g] u/L k|Tofof]lht ljwfogsf
cjwf/0ffnfO{ cfTd;ft ug'{kg]{ afWotf cfOkb{5 .
s'g} klg ljifodf ;d:of cfpg ;Sg] ;DefjgfnfO{ dWogh/ /fvL To:tf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{sf
nflu sfo{sf/LnfO{ clwsf/ k|bfg ug{ / nrstfk"0f{ sfg"gsf] lgdf{0f ug{sf nflu klg k|Tofof]lht
ljwfogsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cfTd;ft ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . lgZro g} ljwflosL k|lqmof lgSs} g} hl6n
/ ;do nfUg] vfnsf] x'G5 . s'g} s'g} o:tf ;d:of x'G5g\ ls tTsfn÷ l56f] To:tf ;d:ofx?
sfo{sf/Ln] ;Daf]wg ug{ g;s]df To;n] zf;g Joj:yf ;~rfngsf s'g} kIfdf cj/f]w Nofpg
;Sg] cj:yf /xG5 . slxn]sfxLF ck]Iff g} gu/]sf] ;d:of cfO kg{ ;S5 ;a} ;d:ofx? k"jf{g'dfg
ug{ g;lsPsf] klg x'g ;S5 . To;}n] tTsfn cfOkg]{ ;d:ofx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;Sg] u/L
sfo{sf/LnfO{ clVtof/L lbgsf nflu klg k|Tofof]lht ljwfogsf] cjwf/0ff Jojxfl/s dflgPsf] xf] .
7 Sir cecil Carr, Delegated Legislation (1921) P.2 cited by C.K. Takwani, P. 678 Report of Committee on Ministers Powers (1932) P.23
20
xfdL x]g{ ;S5f}+– afwf c8\sfp km'sfpg] clwsf/ k|foM sfo{sf/LnfO{ g} k|Tofof]hg ul/Psf] x'G5 .
h;af6 cgk]lIft ;d:ofx?nfO{ ;xh?kdf ;Daf]wg ug{ ;lsof];\ .
cg'ejaf6 k|fKt 1fg ;Lk / bIftfsf cfwf/df s'g} klg ;d:ofnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{sf nflu klg
k|Tofof]lht ljwfogåf/f sfo{sf/LnfO{ clVtof/L k|bfg ul/G5 . s'g} klg ljifodf To;sf] c;/ /
k|efj x]/L cg'ejsf cfwf/df cfjZos kl/dfh{g, ;+zf]wg / km]/abn ug{sf nflu sfo{sf/LnfO{
clVtof/Lsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . ;f]xL cfjZostfsf] kl/k"lt{sf nflu k|Tofof]lht ljwfogsf]
cjwf/0ffnfO{ Jojxf/df cfTd;ft ul/G5 .
Joj:yflksf ;+;b\sf] clwj]zg cfjlws x'G5 / P]g sfg"gL lgdf{0f tyf ;+zf]wgsf] nflu lgSs}
nfdf] / hl6n k|lqmof cjnDag ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . sltko cj:yfdf t Joj:yflksf lj36g ePsf] jf
kbfjlw ;dfKt eO{ Joj:yflksf ljxLg cj:yf klg /xG5 . To;}u/L ;+s6sfnLg cj:yfdf sfg"g /
Joj:yf sfod /fVgsf nflu sfo{sf/LnfO{ k|z:t clwsf/sf] cfjZostf kg{ ;Sb5 . ;+s6sfnLg
cj:yfdf l56f] 5l/tf] jf tTsfn} s'g} sfg"gL k|aGw u/L ;d:ofnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug'{kg]{ cj:yf /xG5 .
o;sf nflu k|Tofof]lht Joj:yfkg Ps dfq pkfosf] ?kdf /xg] x'Fbf o;sf] cEof; qmdzM a9\b}
/ lj:tfl/t x'Fb} uPsf] xf] . o'4, afx\o cfqmd0f, /fli6«o ;+s6sfn, sfg"g / Joj:yf e+u ePsf]
cj:yf, x8\tfn aGb h:tf cj:yfnfO{ lgoldt ug{sf nflu k|Tofof]lht ljwfogsf] clVtof/L
sfo{sf/L lgsfonfO{ k|bfg ul/G5 .
To;}u/L cfw'lgs k|zf;g Joj:yfsf] hl6ntf / /fHosf] sfd sf/jfxLdf ePsf] lj:tf/sf sf/0f
d'n'ssf] cfly{s ;fdflhs Jojxf/nfO{ lgodg ug{sf nflu /fHosf ljleGg c+unfO{ clVtof/L,
lbgsf nflu klg k|Tofof]lht ljwfog cfjZos k/]sf] xf] . k/Dk/fut tj/n] ;a} sfg"gL k|aGw
ljwflosfaf6} ug]{ xf] eg] d'n'ssf ;a} kIfnfO{ ;xh ?kdf lgodg / lgoGq0f ug{ ;ls+b}g . To:tf]
cj:yfdf lglxt :jfy{ ePsfx?n] kmfObf lng ;Sg] / ;/sf/sf] lgoGq0fsf/L e"ldsf sdhf]/
x'g ;Sg] cj:yfnfO{ b[li6ut u/L k|Tofof]lht ljwfogsf] clVtof/Låf/f /fHosf ljleGg c+u /
lgsfox?nfO{ cf–cfˆgf] sfo{If]q lgodg / lgoGq0f ug]{ clVtof/L k|bfg ug{ yflnPsf] x'Fbf o;sf]
If]q lj:tfl/t ePsf] xf] .
plNnlvt cfwf/ / sf/0faf6 kl5Nnf] ;dodf k|Tofof]lht ljwfogsf] cjwf/0ffsf] a[xt k|of]u ug{
yflnPsf] kfOG5 . jt{dfg cj:yfdf t of] cjwf/0ff cfw'lgs k|zf;lgs o'usf] cleGg c+usf]
?kdf :yflkt eO;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . o;sf] cf}lrTo bzf{pFb} Pp6f d'2fdf ef/tLo cbfntn]
eg]sf] 5– The practice of empowering the executive to make subordinate legislation within the prescribed sphere has evolved out of practical necessity and pragmatic needs of the modern welfare state.9
9 AJay Kumar Banerjee v. Union of India (1984) 3 SCC 127: AIR 1984 SC 1130
21
k|Tofof]lht ljwfogsf :j?kx?
k|Tofof]lht Joj:yfkg o;sf] k|s[ltsf cfwf/df ljleGg ?kdf /x]sf] kfOG5 . d"ntM ljåfgx?n]
b]xfosf juL{s/0fnfO{ :jLsf/ ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
!= zLif{sdf cfwfl/t juL{s/0f M
o:tf] juL{s/0f lgod, ljlgod, ;"rgf, cfb]z, cWofb]z nufotsf k|Tofof]lht ljwfgsf k|s[lt /
ltgn] cfTd;ft ug]{ zLif{ssf cfwf/df ul/G5 .
@= :jljj]sLo clwsf/sf] cfwf/df juL{s/0f M
k|zf;sLo jf sfo{sf/LnfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] :jljj]ssf] cj:yfsf cfwf/df of] juL{s/0f ul/Psf]
xf] . ljz]if u/L P]g nfu" ug{sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ k"j{zt{ k"/f ug]{ lhDd]jf/L sfo{sf/LnfO{ lbPsf]
cj:yf o;df cfslif{t x'G5 . o:tf] ljwfognfO{ ;t{o'Qm (conditional) / e}k/L (contingent) ljwfog klg eGg] ul/G5 .
#= k|Tofof]hgdf cfwfl/t juL{s/0f M
ljwfogn] k|Tofof]hg u/]sf] clVtof/Lsf] k|of]hgsf cfwf/df ul/g] juL{s/0f of] ju{df kb{5 .
sltko ljwfogn] sfg"g s'g ldltb]lv nfu" x'g], s'g s'g If]qdf nfu" x'g], s'g s'g bkmf slxn] b]lv
nfu" x'g], s'g s'g ljifodf nfu" x'g] egL lgwf{/0f ug]{ clwsf/ sfo{sf/LnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] cj:yfnfO{
o;sf] pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 .
$= clVtof/Lsf cfwf/df juL{s/0f M
ljwfogn] sfo{sf/LnfO{ cfkm" dftxtsf jf cGo lgsfo tyf kbflwsf/LnfO{ clVtof/L lbg kfpg]
Joj:yf eP gePsf] cfwf/df klg k|Tofof]lht Joj:yfkgsf] juL{s/0f ug]{ ul/G5 . o:tf] clVtof/L
k|fKt ePdf To;nfO{ Sub-delegation elgG5 . o;sf] pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf cflbjf;L ÷ hghflt
pTyfg k|lti7fg P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !( nfO{ lng ;lsG5 .10
10 bkmf !(=clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg M -!_ kl/ifb\n] of] P]g jf o; P]g cGtu{t ag]sf] lgodx¿ jf ljlgod adf]lhdcfkm"nfO{ k|fKt clwsf/dWo] ;a} jf s]xL clwsf/ kl/ifb\n] tf]s]sf] zt{df ;ldlt jf ;ldltsf] cWoIf jf ;ldltsf] ;b:o–;lrjn] k|of]u ug{ kfpg] u/L k|Tofof]hg ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-@_ ;ldltn] o; P]g jf o; P]g cGtu{t ag]sf lgodx¿ adf]lhd cfkm"nfO{ k|fKt clwsf/dWo] ;a} jf s]xL clwsf/ ;ldltsf s'g} ;b:o jf ;b:o–;lrj jf s'g} clws[t sd{rf/LnfO{ k|Tofof]hg ug{ ;Sg]5 .
22
ljleGg b]zdf k|Tofof]lht ljwfogsf] k|of]u
a]nfot
;+;bLo ;jf]{Rrtfsf] cjwf/0ff c+uLsf/ u/]sf] a]nfotdf k/Dk/fut ?kdf k|Tofof]lht ljwfognfO{
v/faL (evil) sf] ?kdf x]l/GYof] . ToxfF w]/}kl5;Dd klg k|zf;sLo sfg"gnfO{ ;fj{hlgs sfg"gsf]
zfvfsf] ?kdf :jLsf/ ul/Psf] klg lyPg . t/ kl5Nnf] ;dodf cfP/ ;+;bn] ;a} sfg"g agfpg]
dfGotfdf kl/jt{g cfof] . cGo b]zdf ePsf] lj:tf/ h:t} a]nfotdf klg k|Tofof]lht ljwfogsf]
cjwf/0ffnfO{ :jLsf/ ul/of] . ;+;b\;Fu /fHo Joj:yf ;~rfngsf ;a} ljifo lgoldt / lgolGqt
ug]{ ;do ePg . ljifoj:t'sf] uDeL/tf hl6ntf / k|fljlwskgsf sf/0f klg ;+;b\n] k|Tofof]lht
ljwfogsf] dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft ug'{ k¥of] . la;f}+ ztfAbLdf cfP/ ;+;b\n] sfg"g agfpg] clwsf/
;/sf/nfO{ k|Tofof]hg ug{ yfNof] . o;sf] lj?4df k|z:t gsf/fTds l6sfl6Kk0fL / cfnf]rgf
eP . of] ljifo ;Daf]wg ug{sf nflu ;g\ !(@( df Pp6f ;ldlt g} u7g ul/of] Donoughmore Committee gfdn] kl/lrt ;f] sld6LnfO{ Committee on Ministers powers gfd lbOof] . pQm
;ldltn] ;g\ !(#@ df k|ltj]bg lb+b} k|Tofof]lht ljwfogsf] kIfdf cfˆgf] dt hfx]/ u¥of] . ;f]
;ldltsf] k|ltj]bgdf elgPsf] lyof] –
The system of delegated legislation is both legitemate by permissible and constitutionally desirable for certain purpose, with certain limits, and under certain safeguards.11
To;kl5 k|Tofof]lht ljwfgsf] b|"tQ/ ljsf; eof] . ljz]if u/L bf];|f] ljZjo'4 kl5sf] cj:yfdf of]
klg cem tLa| eof] .
cd]l/sf
l;4fGttM cd]l/sfdf k|Tofof]lht ljwfogsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ :jLsf/ ul/+b}g . ljz]if u/L o;nfO{
;+ljwfgn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] zlQm k[ysLs/0fsf] bfo/f eGbf aflx/sf] elgG5 . To:t} hgtfnfO{ cfˆgf
k|ltlglwnfO{ k|Tofof]hg u/]sf] sfg"g agfpg] clwsf/ k'gM k|Tofof]hg ug{ ;ls+b}g eGg] dfGotf
klg o;sf] lj?4df /x]sf] 5 . (Delegatus non potest delegare cyf{t\ A delegated power cannotfurther delegate.) t/ oL ;}4flGts cfwf/df k|Tofof]lht ljwfogsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cfTd;ft gug]{
dfGotf Jojxfl/s ePg . ;/sf/sf] sfo{If]qsf] lj:tf/ o;/L eof] ls ;a} sfg"gx? s+u|];n] dfq
agfpg kb{5 eGg] dfGotf Jojxf/df ;+ej g} ePg . k|f/Desf jif{x?df cd]l/sL ;jf]{Rr cbfntn]
/fi6«kltnfO{ k|Tofof]hg ul/Psf] sfg"g lgdf{0f ug]{ ;/xsf] clVtof/LnfO{ cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift
11 Reports of Committer on Ministers power (1932) P. 51
23
u/L k|Tofof]lht ljwfogsf] ljkIfdf cfkm"nfO{ pEofPsf] lyof] .12 t/ kl5Nnf] ;dodf cbfnt klg
oyfy{tfeGbf aflx/ hfg ;s]g / k|Tofof]lht ljwfogsf] dfGotfnfO{ j}wtf k|bfg ug{ nfUof] .13
ef/t
ef/tdf k|Tofof]lht ljwfogsf] cEof; ToxfFsf] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f x'g' eGbf cufl8b]lv g} ePsf]
kfOG5 . R. v. Burah nfO{ of] ljifosf] g]t[TjbfoL d'2fsf] ?kdf lnOG5 . ;g\ !*^( sf] XXII P]gsf] bkmf ( åf/f n]lˆ6g]G6 ue{g/nfO{ lbOPsf] Goflos clwsf/nfO{ snstfsf] pRr cbfntn]
cdfGo ub}{ eg]sf] lyof]– a]nfotL ;+;b\af6 k|Tofof]lht ePsf] clwsf/ k'gM ef/tLo ;+;b\n]
k|Tofof]hg (Sub delegation) ug{ kfpFb}g .14 t/ ;f] cfb]z pk/ k/]sf] clknsf] ;'g'jfO{sf] qmddf
lk|eL sfplG;nn] snstf pRr cbfntsf] lg0f{o pN6fO lbof] . ;f] cfb]zdf elgPsf] lyof] Indian legislature was not an agent or delegate of the Imperial parliament and it had plenary powers of legislation as those of the Imperial parliament itself.15 To;}u/L lht]Gb|gfy u'Ktf / ;/bf/ OGb/
l;+xsf] d'2fdf ePsf JofVof klg o; k|;+udf ;fGble{s /x]sf 5g\ .16
To;}u/L ;+ljwfg hf/L ePkl5sf] ef/tLo k|zf;sLo sfg"gsf] ljsf;df k|Tofof]lht ljwfogsf]
dfGotfn] lgSs} dxTjk"0f{ :yfg k|fKt u/]sf] 5 . Delhi Laws Act, 1912 n] ;/sf/nfO{ lbPsf]
clVtof/Lsf lj?4 k/]sf] d'2fdf ef/tLo ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] k|Tofof]lht ljwfog / o;sf] ;Ldfsf]
af/]df a[xt JofVof u/]sf] 5 . of] d'2fdf elgPsf] 5M Joj:yflksfn] ;a} ljifo ;d]6]/ sfg"g
agfpg ;Sb}g, To;}n] k|Tofof]lht ljwfogsf] cjwf/0ff cfTd;ft ug'{ kb{5 t/ To:tf] k|Tofof]hg
ubf{ cfjZos ;Ldfsf] klg Vofn ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .17
To;}u/L Harishankar Bagla sf] d'2fdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] eg]sf] 5– olb P]gsf] Joj:yflksLo gLlt
lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 eg] To;sf] ;Ldf / kl/lwleq /xL ul/Psf] k|Tofof]lht ljwfogsf] Joj:yfnfO{
;Ldf gf3L ul/Psf] eGg ldNb}g .18 t/ Hamdard Dawakhana sf] d'2fdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] The Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisements) Act, 1954 åf/f ul/Psf] k|Tofof]lht
12 o;sf] pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf Panama Refining co.v. Ryan (1934) 293 us 386, Schechter Poultry Corpn. Us u.s. (1935) 295 us
495: 79 LED 1570 nfO{ lng ;lsG5 . 13 o;sf] pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf National Broadcasting Co.v. U.S. (1943) 319 US 190, Yakus v. U.S. (1944) 321 US414
14 Express V. Burah & Book Singh, ILR 3 Cal 64: I CLR 161 (FB)
15 C.K. Takwany – P.7616 Jitendranath Gupta v. Province of Bihar, AIR 1949 FC 175. 1949 FCR 595, Sardar Inder Singh v. State of Rajasthan, AIR
1957 SC 510: 1957 SCR 605 17 Delhi law Act, 1912 In Rei AIR 1951 SC 332: 1951 SCR 74718 Harishankar Bagla V. State of M.P., AIR 1954 SC 465: (1955) 1 SCR 380
24
ljwfogsf] Joj:yfnfO{ bfo/f gf3L ul/Psf] k|Tofof]hg (excessive delegation) egL cdfGo /
ab/ u/]sf] lyof] .19 To;}u/L k|Tofof]lht ljwfogsf] ljleGg kIfdf ljZn]if0f ug]{ ef/tLo ;jf]{Rr
cbfntn] c? w]/} d'2fx? lsgf/f u/]sf] kfOG5 .20
k|Tofof]lht Joj:yfkgåf/f k|bfg ug{ ;lsg] clwsf/x?
Joj:yflksfn] lgdf{0f ul/lbPsf] a[xt gLltut vfsfleq /xL k|Tofof]lht Joj:yfkgn] b]xfosf
clwsf/x? k|bfg ug{ ;Sb5 M
!= P]g nfu" ug ]{ (Commencement) M k|foM h;f] P]gx? ;DalGwt P]gåf/f g} nfu" x'g] ldlt tf]lsP/
hf/L ePsf x'G5g\ . t/ sltko P]gx? nfu" x'g'k"j{ lglZrt cfwf/ / zt{ k"/f ePsf] x'g' kg]{
cj:yf cfjZos x'G5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf s'g e"efudf s'g ldltb]lv s'g s'g k|fjwfg nfu"
x'g] egL lg0f{o ug]{ lhDdf ljwflosf afx]ssf] lgsfo -OG:6«'d]G6flnl6h_ nfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf]
x'G5 . dfnkf]t P]g, @)#$ sf] bkmf !-#_ n] ;f] P]g g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf
k|sflzt u/L tf]s]sf] lhNnfdf tf]s]sf] ldltb]lv k|f/De x'g]5 egL ul/Psf] Joj:yfnfO{ o;sf]
pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 .
@= lj:t[t cfwf/ tof/ ug]{ (Supplying details) M ljwflosfåf/f lgld{t P]gn] s'g} klg ljifonfO{
;Daf]wg ug{sf nflu cfjZos vfsf lgdf{0f u/L To;nfO{ k"0f{tf k|bfg ug]{ k|aGw ug{ cGo
lgsfonfO{ lhDdf lbOPsf] cj:yf /xG5 . o;sf] pbfx/0fsf nlu lgjf{rg cfof]u P]g, @)^#
sf] bkmf $$,$%,/ $^ nfO{ lng ;lsG5 .21
#= s'g} ljifo ;dfj]z ug]{ (Inclusion) M sltko P]g kfl/t ePkl5 To;n] s]xL ljifo ;d]6\g] t/
19 Hamdarda Dawakhana V. union of India AIR (960 Sc 554: (1960) 2 SCR 67
20 lj:t[t hfgsf/L nflu x]g{ ;lsG5 M Gwalior Rayon Silk wfg. Co Ltd. V. CST (1974)4 SCC 98: AIR 1974 SC 1660, B. Shama Rao V. union Territory of Pandicherry, AIR 1967 SC 1480: (1967) 2 SCR 650, Brij Sunder Kapoor V. Ist ADJ, (1989)1 SCC 561: AIR 1989 SC 572, Hansraj V. Bar Council of Maharashtra (1996) 3 SCC 342: AIR 1996 SC 1708, Kiran Gupta N.State of UP (2002) 7 SCC 719: AIR 2000 SC 3299 ect.
21 bkmf $$= lgod agfpg ;Sg] M o; P]gsf] p2]Zo sfof{Gjog ug{ cfof]un] cfjZos lgodx? agfpg ;Sg]5 .bkmf $%= cfb]z hf/L ug]{ M -!_ cfof]un] ;+ljwfg tyf k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd lgjf{rgsf] ;~rfng, /]vb]v,lgb]{zg / lgoGq0f ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu cfjZos cfb]z hf/L ug{ ;Sg]5 / To:tf] cfb]z g]kfn /fhkqdfk|sfzg ul/g]5 .===-#_ o; bkmf adf]lhd cfof]un] hf/L u/]sf] cfb]z pNn+3g ug]{ /fhg}lts bn, pDd]bjf/ tyf cGo ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfo, ;+:yf, ;Ë7g jf JolQmnfO{ cfof]un] Ps nfv ?k}ofF;Dd hl/afgf ug{ ;Sg]5 .bkmf $^= lgb]{lzsf agfpg ;Sg] M cfof]un] cfˆgf] sfd ;'rf? ?kn] ;~rfng ug]{ u/fpg] k|of]hgsf nflulgb]{lzsfx? agfO{ nfu" u/fpg ;Sg]5 / To:tf] lgb]{lzsfsf] kfngf ug'{ ;DalGwt ;a}sf] st{Jo x'g]5 .
25
cGo ljifo ;dfj]z ug]{ clwsf/ cGo lgsfox?nfO{ lbg] clVtof/L k|bfg ul/G5 . P]gn]
;d]6]sf] s'g} ;"rLdf yk ljj/0f ;"rLs[t ug]{ u/L k|Tofof]lht ljwfogsf] clVtof/L k|bfg
ul/G5 . o;sf] pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf ljz]if cbfnt P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf # / $ nfO{ lng
;lsG5 .22
$= s'g} ljifo afx]s ug]{ (Exclusion) M s'g} P]gn] s'g} ljifonfO{ afx]s ug]{ jf P]g nfu" gx'g] cj:yf
tf]Sg] clVtof/L k|bfg ug{ ;Sb5 . ljz]iftM sfo{sf/LnfO{ ;fj{hlgs lxtsf] ;+/If0fsf vflt/
cfjZos aGbf]a:t ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg o:tf] clVtof/L k|bfg ul/G5 .
%= s'g} ljifo lgnDag ug{ (Suspension) M s'g} ;do jf kl/j]zdf s'g} P]gsf] s'g} k|fjwfg nfu"
gx'g] u/L 3f]if0ff ug]{ clVtof/L sfo{sf/LnfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] x'G5 .
^= cGo /fHodf nfu" ePsf] sfg"g nfu" ug]{ (Application of existing laws) M s'g} /fHodf nfu" ePsf]
s'g} sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ cfjZos ;fgf] dl;gf] kl/jt{g u/L csf]{ /fHodf nfu" ug{ ;Sg] u/L
P]gn] clVtof/L lbPsf] cj:yf /xG5 . ljz]iftM ;+3Lo /fHo Joj:yfdf o:tf] cj:yf cfpg
;Sb5 .
&_ cfjZos kl/jt{g ug]{ (Modifi cation) M s'g} s'g} P]gn] cfjZos ;+zf]wg jf kl/jt{gsf nflu
sfo{sf/LnfO{ clVtof/L lbPsf] x'G5 . :yfgLo cj:yfnfO{ ;+af]wg ug{sf] nflu sfo{sf/LnfO{
o:tf] clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ug]{ nrstf sfod ul/G5 . t/ o:tf] clwsf/ lb+bf o;sf] gLltut
kIf :ki6 ePsf] x'g'kb{5 .
*= ;hfo k|:tfj ug]{ (Prescribing Punishments) M b08fTds Joj:yf ug{sf nflu s'g} P]gn]
22 bkmf #= ljz]if cbfntsf] u7g M -!_ g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L vf; lsl;dsf d'2fsf]sf/afxL / lsgf/f l56f], 5l/tf] tyf k|efjsf/L 9Ën] u/fpg Gofo kl/ifb\sf] k/fdz{df cfjZos ;b:o /x]sf]ljz]if cbfntsf] u7g ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-!s_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd ljz]if cbfnt u7g ubf{ tLgeGbf a9L ;b:o /x]sf] ljz]if cbfnt u7g ul/Psf]dfk|To]s Ohnf;df tLg ;b:o /xg] u/L Ohnf; sfod ul/g]5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd u7g ePsf] ljz]if cbfntsf] cWoIf / ;b:odf g]kfn ;/sf/n] Gofo kl/ifb\sf]k/fdz{df k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf GofofwLzx¿ dWo]af6 tf]Sg]5 .
-#_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd ljz]if cbfntsf] u7g ubf{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] To:tf] ljz]if cbfntsf] k|fb]lzsIf]qflwsf/ / d'sfd ;d]t tf]Sg' kg]{5 .
-$_ g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L ljz]if cbfntsf] d'sfd /x]sf] 7fpF afx]s cGo 7fpFdfklg ;f]xL ;"rgfdf tf]lsPsf] cjlwsf] nflu Ohnfz sfod ug]{ u/L d'sfd tf]Sg ;Sg]5 .
bkmf $= d'2f yk36 ug{ ;Sg] M g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L bkmf # adf]lhd ul7t ljz]ifcbfntnfO{ ;'lDkPsf d'2fx¿df yk36 ug{ ;Sg]5 .
26
sfo{sf/LnfO{ clVtof/L lbPsf] cj:yf klg x'G5 . s'g} ljifo s;"/sf] bfo/fdf kg]{ gkg]{
ljifosf] ;"rLs/0f ug{sf nflu klg P]gn] clwsf/ lbPsf] cj:yf /xG5 .23
(= lgod agfpg] (Framing Rules) M P]gn] lgod agfpg], ljlgod agfpg], lgb]{lzsf agfpg]
h:tf clwsf/ k|bfg ug{;S5 . of] Joj:yf k|Tofof]lht Joj:yfkgsf] cfwf/ xf] . s'g} klg
lgod ljlgod lgb]{lzsf tof/ ubf{ k|f/Dedf g} To:tf] sfg"g agfpg kfpg] clVtof/L /x]sf]
b]vfpg' kb{5 .24
!)= afwf c8\sfp km'sfpg] (Removal of Diffi culties) M sltko cj:yfdf afwf c8\sfp km'sfpgsf
nflu lglZrt clVtof/L sfo{sf/LnfO{ k|bfg ul/G5 .25 s'g} klg P]gsf] sfof{Gjogsf] qmddf
ck]Iff g} gu/]sf] sl7gfO{ cfpg ;S5 . o:tf] cj:yf ;w}+ Joj:yflksfn] kl/sNkgf ug{
;Sb}g . To;}n] sl7gfO{ lg?k0f ug{sf nflu sfo{sf/LnfO{ clVtof/L k|bfg ul/G5 . h;nfO{
Henry VIII Clause klg eGg] ul/G5 .
k|Tofof]hg ug{ g;lsg] sfo{x?
k|Tofof]lht ljwfogsf] Pp6f lglZrt ;Ldf x'G5, Tof] ;Ldf eg]sf] P]gn] lglZrt u/]sf] ljifodf
dfq ;Lldt x'g'kg]{, P]gsf] efjgfljk/Lt x'g gx'g] / P]g df}g /x]sf] ;f/e"t ljifodf lgodåf/f
Joj:yf ug{ gx'g] cyf{t\ sfo{ljlwut jf k|lqmofut s'/fdf dfq lgod ;Lldt x'g'kg]{ eGg] g}
xf] .26 k|Tofof]lht Joj:yfkgsf klg s]xL lglZrt ;Ldfx? x'G5g\ . b]xfosf sfo{x? k|Tofof]lht
ljwfogåf/f ug{ kfO{b}g M
!= cfwf/e"t Joj:yflksLo sfo{x? (Essential legislative functions) M Joj:yflksfn] lglZrt
gLltut vfsfsf] cwLgdf /xL ;fdfGotof k|lqmofut s'/fx? dfq k|Tofof]lht ljwfognfO{
23 In some cases the legislature delegates to the executive the power to take punitive action e.g., under section 37 of theelectricity act,1910, the electricity board is empowered to prescribe punishment for breach of the provision of the act subject to the maximum punishment laid down in the act. By section 59(7) of the Damodar Valley Act, 1948, the power to prescribe punishment is delegated to a statutory authority without any maximum limit fixed by the parent act. http://legalservicesindia.com/article/article/doctrine-of-permissible-limits-under-delegated-legislation-497-1.html
24 pbfx/0fsf nflu :yfgLo lgsfo -cfly{s k|zf;g_ lgodfjnL, @)%^ sf] k|:tfjgfdf :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gP]g, @)%% sf] bkmf @^% n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L g]kfn ;/sf/n] b]xfosf lgodx? agfPsf] s'/f pNn]vePsf] b]lvG5 .
25 o;sf] pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf #@ nfO{ lng ;lsG5 .;f] bkmfdf elgPsf] 5 M of]P]g sfof{Gjog ug{ s'g} afwf c8sfp k/]df ;jf]{Rr cbfnt] Gofo kl/ifb;Fu k/fdz{ u/L ;f] afwf c8sfp km'sfpgsf nflu g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L cfjZos cfb]z hf/L ug{ ;Sg]5 .
26 k'ikf Gof}kfg] lj?4 Joj:yflksf ;+;b ;d]t, g]=sf=k= @)^& c+s !) lg=g+= *$&! k[i7 !^@%
27
;'lDkg ;Sb5 . k|Tofof]hgsf] gfddf csf]{ ;dfgfGt/ Joj:yflksf l;h{gf ug{ ;Sb}g . (The legislature cannot create a parallel legislature).
@= sfg"g vf/]h ug]{ (Repeal of law) M k|Tofof]lht ljwfogsf] clVtof/Ln] s'g} klg sfg"g vf/]h
ug{ ;ls+b}g .
#= ;LdfljxLg ;+zf]wg ug]{ (Modification without any limitation) M s'g} sfg"gdf cfjZos
;+zf]wg / kl/jt{g ug]{ clVtof/L Joj:yflksfsf] clVtof/Lsf] ljifo xf] . ;LdfljxLg ?kdf
s'g} P]g kl/jt{g ug]{ clVtof/L k|Tofof]hg ug{ ;ls+b}g .
$= 5'6 lbg] (Exemption) M Joj:yflksfn] s'g} zt{, d"No / gLlt jf lgb]{zgsf] cwLgdf /xL k|bfg
ug]{ clVtof/L afx]s sfo{sf/Ln] sfg"gL Joj:yfdf 5'6 lbg] jf pGd'lQm lbg] clwsf/ k|fKt ug{
;Sb}g .
%= afwf c8\sfp km'sfpg] clwsf/ (Removal of difficulties) M s'g}] klg ljifodf afwf c8\sfp
km'sfpg] gfddf ljwfognfO{ g} k|efj kfg]{ u/L sfo{ ug]{ clVtof/L sfo{sf/LnfO{ k|bfg ug{
;ls+b}g .
^= kZrftbzL{ ?kdf nfu" ug]{ (Retrospective operation) M sfg"g agfpg] exclusive clwsf/
Joj:yflksfsf] xf] . p;n] eljiobzL{ jf kZrftbzL{ h'g;'s} ?kdf P]g lgdf{0f ug{ ;Sb5 t/
k|Tofof]lht clVtof/Lsf cfwf/df s'g} klg P]g lgodn] kZrftbzL{ c;/ kg]{ u/L nfu" ug{
kfO{b}+g .
&= s/ nufpg] (Imposing of tax) M s/ nufpg] clVtof/L k|Tofof]lht Joj:yfkgaf6 k|of]u ug]{
u/L clwsf/ lbg' x'Fb}g .
*= cbfntsf] clwsf/If]q afx]s ug]{ (Ouster of jurisdiction of courts) M s'g} klg cbfntsf]
clwsf/If]q s6f}tL ug]{ jf s'g} klg ljifonfO{ cbfntsf clVtof/L eGbf aflx/ /fVg] u/L
k|Tofof]lht ljwfogåf/f clwsf/ k|bfg ug{ ;ls+b}g .
(= s;"/ tyf ;hfo lgwf{/0f ug]{ (Offences and penalty) M s;"/ kl/eflift ug]{ / b08 lgwf{/0f
ug]{ clwsf/ Joj:yflksfsf] cGt/lglxt sfo{ xf] . of] sfd k|Tofof]hg ug{ ;ls+b}g . t/
ljwflosfn] s'g} l;4fGt jf dfkb08 lgwf{/0f u/]sf] cj:yf 5 eg] ;f] sf] ;Ldf leq /xL o:tf]
sfo{ ug{ ;lsG5 .
28
k|Tofof]lht Joj:yfkg pk/sf] lgoGq0f
k|Tofof]lht Joj:yfkgsf] clwsf/ k|bfg gu/L klg sfg"gL Joj:yf ;~rfng ug{ g;lsg] cj:yf
Psflt/ b]lvG5 eg] csf]{lt/ To:tf] clwsf/sf] b'?kof]u x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgf klg plQs} /xG5 .
o:tf] b'?kof]u lgoGq0fsf nflu ljleGg k|aGwx? ul/Psf] kfOG5 . d'VotM b]xfosf tLg pkfox?
o; ;Gbe{df a9L k|of]udf cfPsf 5g\ M
!_ k|Tofof]lht Joj:yfkg pk/sf] Goflos lgoGq0f
@_ k|Tofof]lht Joj:yfkg pk/sf] ;+;bLo jf ljwflosL lgoGq0f
#_ cGo pkfox?
Goflos lgoGq0fsf pkfox?
Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] clwsf/åf/f k|Tofof]lht Joj:yfkgsf] clwsf/cGtu{t ag]sf sfg"gsf]
a}wtf k/LIf0f ul/G5 .27 csf]{ zAbdf Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgåf/f k|Tofof]lht Joj:yfkg pk/ Goflos
lgoGq0f ul/G5 . cbfntn] o;/L Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg ubf{ Principle of ultra vires cjnDag
ul/G5 . h;cGtu{t Substantive ultra vires / procedural ultra vires sf cfwf/df ul/G5 .
Principle of Ultra vires n] clwsf/If]q gf3]/ u/]sf] jf clwsf/} gePsf] ljifodf ;fj{hlgs
clwsf/Lx?n] u/]sf lg0f{o / sfd sf/jfxLx? ab/ 3f]if0ff ul/G5 . ;+ljwfg ljk/Lt x'g] u/L
Joj:yflksfaf6 P]g lgdf{0f ePsf] jf k|Tofof]lht gu/]sf] ljifodf jf k|bfg u/]sf] eGbf a9L
clVtof/L k|of]u u/L k|Tofof]lht ljwfog tof/ ePdf ;f/jfg ultra vires ePsf] dflgG5 .28 ha
cwLg:y ljwfogn] dft[ P]gn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] k|lqmof / kl/lwsf] kl/kfngf u/]sf] cj:yf x'Fb}g
To:tf] cj:yfnfO{ sfo{ljlwut ultra vires sf] cj:yf elgG5 .29
;fdfGotof b]xfosf] cj:yfdf cwLg:y ljwfognfO{ substantive ultra vires sf] cfwf/df cdfGo
27 It is true that the courts have some control over improperly made delegated legislation, but their power is limited to matterssuch as whether the instrument is within the power delegated, whether there are inconsistencies with other acts, and whether prescribed procedures have been followed. The courts have no control over many of the potentially objectionable features of such legislation. In any case, legal remedies tend to be expensive and long delayed, and it would surely be better to ensure that the legislation is properly made in the first place. http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Senate/Research_and_Education/hamer/chap09
28 Substantive ultra vires means that the delegated legislation goes beyond the scope of the authority conferred on it by the parentstatute or by the constitution. C.K. Takwani – P- 112
29 When a subordinate legislation fails to comply with procedural requirements prescribed by the parent Act or by a general law, it is known as procedural ultra vires. C.K. Takwani,- P. 143
29
3f]if0ff ul/G5 M
� ;+ljwfg;Fu s'g} dft[ P]g g} aflemPsf] cj:yfdf,
� dft[ P]gn] k|d'v ljwflosL sfo{ g} k|Tofof]hg u/]sf] cj:yfdf,
� cwLg:y ljwfog dft[ P]g;Fu aflemPsf] cj:yfdf,
� cwLg:y ljwfog cGo ;fdfGo sfg"g ljk/Lt ePdf,
� cwLg:y ljwfog ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] cj:yfdf,
� cwLg:y ljwfog ljj]s;+ut gePdf,
� b'/f;oo'Qm ePsf] cj:yfdf,
� k|Tofof]lht ljwfogn] k'gM clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg u/]df,
� Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgeGbf aflx/ /fv]sf] cj:yfdf,
� kZrftbzL{ k|efj kg]{ u/L cwLg:y ljwfog agfPsf] cj:yfdf .
To;}u/L cwLg:y ljwfogn] ckgfpg' kg]{ ljlw / k|lqmof tyf k|sfzg / k/fdz{nfO{ k|lqmofut
ultra vires k/LIf0fsf] cfwf/sf] ?kdf lng] ul/G5 .
k|Tofof]lht Joj:yfkg pk/ ljwflosL lgoGq0f
ljwflosfn] lbPsf] clwsf/sf] ;Ldfleq /xL k|Tofof]lht ljwfogsf] lgdf{0f ul/G5 . To:tf] clwsf/sf]
b'?kof]u lgoGq0fsf nflu ljwflosL lgoGq0fsf] ;d]t Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 .30 k|Tofof]lht ljwfogsf]
clVtof/LnfO{ Jojl:yt ?kdf k|of]u u/fpg Goflos lgoGq0f dfq k|efjsf/L x'g g;Sg] cj:yfnfO{
b[li6ut u/L /fhgLlts lgoGq0fsf] ?kdf ljwflosL lgoGq0fsf] k|aGw ul/Psf] xf] . ;fwf/0ftof
ljwflosL lgoGq0fsf b'O{ k|d'v pkfox? /x]sf 5g\ –
30 There are two common ways by which parliament can control delegated legislation. It can require the delegated legislation to belaid before parliament and that it not come into effect until parliament approves it-either by an affirmative resolution or by the lapse of a specific period without the legislation having been disallowed. Alternatively, the delegated legislation may come intoimmediate effect, but may be disallowed by the parliament within a specified time.
http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Senate/Research_and_Education/hamer/chap09
30
!= cwLg:y ljwfog ;+;b\df 6]a'n ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf,31
@= ;+;bLo ;ldltsf] dfWodåf/f lgoGq0f ug]{ Joj:yf .
cGo pkfox?
Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg h:tf] Goflos lgoGq0f / plNnlvt cfwf/sf] ljwflosL lgoGq0fsf cltl/Qm
cGo s]xL pkfox? klg cwLg:y ljwfog pk/ lgoGq0f ug{ cjnDag ul/G5 . h:t} clGtd :jLs[lt
csf]{ lgsfoaf6 k|fKt ug{' kg]{ u/L sltko P]gn] k|Tofof]lht ljwfogsf] clVtof/LnfO{ lgoGq0f
ul//x]sf] xfdLnfO{ hfgsf/L g} 5 . o;sf] pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf sfg"g Joj;foL kl/ifb\ lgodfjnL
agfpg] clVtof/LnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . sfg"g Joj;foL kl/ifb\ P]gn] lgod agfpg] clwsf/ ;f] kl/ifb\
nfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 t/ To:tf] lgod nfu" x'g' k"j{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] cg'dlt÷:jLs[lt k|fKt x'g
cfjZos 5 .32 sltko :jfoQ ;+:yfnfO{ ljlgdo agfpg] clwsf/ P]gn] k|bfg u/]sf] x'G5 t/
To:tf] ljlgod ;/sf/af6 :jLs[t ePkl5 dfq nfu" x'g ;Sg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 .
g]kfndf k|Tofof]lht Joj:yfkgsf] cEof;
g]kfndf ;+j}wflgs ljsf;qmd ;Fu} sfg"gsf ljleGg ?kx?sf] cEof;nfO{ Jojl:yt tj/n] k|of]u
ug{ yflnPsf] kfOG5 . sltko cj:yfdf ;+ljwfg cfkm}n] klg cwLg:y ljwfog tof/ ug]{ clVtof/L
k|bfg u/]sf] klg kfOG5 .33 oBlk w]/}h;f] cwLg:y ljwfogx? Joj:yflksf jf ;+;b\ lgld{t P]gn]
lbPsf] clVtof/Lsf cfwf/df ag]sf] kfOG5 . ;fdfGotof b]xfosf kfFrj6f lgsfox?n] k|Tofof]lht
ljwfogsf] clVtof/L cEof; ug]{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
s_ sfo{kflnsfåf/f M w]/}h;f] k|Tofof]lht ljwfogx? ;+ljwfg jf dft[ P]gn] lbPsf] clVtof/Lsf
cfwf/df sfo{kflnsfåf/f g} agfOG5 .
v_ ljwflosfåf/f M ljwflosf cfkm} ljwflosL clwsf/sf] ;|f]t xf] . oBlk ljwflosfn] klg ;+ljwfg
tyf P]gn] lbPsf] clVtof/Lsf cfwf/df cwLg:y ljwfogsf] th'{df ub{5 . ;+ljwfg ;ef
Joj:yflksf ;+;b_ sfo{ ;~rfng lgodfjnL, @)^% nfO{ o;sf] pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf lng
;lsG5 .
31 ljz]if cbfnt P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf !( n] g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;f] P]g cGtu{t k|sfzg u/]sf] ;"rgf Joj:yflksf;+;bdf 6]jn ug'{ kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] s'/fnfO{ o;sf] pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 .
32 g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL kl/ifb P]g, @)%) sf] lgod @&33 g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f $#-@_ df g]kfn ;/sf/af6 :jLs[t lgodfjnL adf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
sfo{ljefhg / sfo{ ;Dkfbg x'g]5 eGg] Joj:yfnfO{ o;sf] pbfx/0fsf]?kdf lng ;lsG5 .
31
u_ Gofokflnsfåf/f M cbfntsf] ;~rflnt / Joj:yfkg;DaGwL k|lqmofut k|aGw ug{sf nflu
Gofo k|zf;g;DaGwL P]gåf/f GofokflnsfnfO{ klg cwLg:y ljwfog agfpg] clVtof/L k|bfg
ul/Psf] x'G5 . ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lgodfjnL, lhNnf cbfnt
lgodfjnL, dWo:ytf cbfntL sfo{ljlw lgodfjnLnfO{ o;sf] pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 .
3_ ;+j}wflgs lgsfox?åf/f M ;+:yfut :jfoQtf k|bfg ug{ / cfjZos Joj:yfkg ug{sf nflu
ljleGg ;+j}wflgs lgsfox?nfO{ klg cwLg:y ljwfog agfpg] clwsf/ k|bfg ul/Psf]
x'G5 . nf]s ;]jf cfof]u lgodfjnL, clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u lgodfjnLnfO{ o;sf]
pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 .
ª_ :jfoQ lgsfox?åf/f M cwLg:y ljwfog lgdf{0f ug{ kfpg] lgsfox? leq :jfoQ lgsfox?
klg kb{5g\ . ljz]ift M P]gåf/f :yflkt :jfoQ lgsfox? / :yfgLo lgsfox? o;cGtu{t
kb{5g\ . sfg"Gfåf/f :yflkt :jzfl;t / :jfoQ lgsfox?n] lgod ljlgod agfpg] cEof; xfd|f]
;Gbe{df klg e}/x]sf] kfOG5 .
g]kfndf k|Tofof]lht Joj:yfkgsf] clwsf/sf] b'?kof]u lgoGq0f ug{sf nflu Goflos tyf ljwflosL
lgoGq0fsf] k|aGw ul/Psf] kfOG5 . Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] clwsf/åf/f ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] cwLg:y
ljwfogsf ljleGg efux? cdfGo / ab/ u/]sf] k|z:t pbfx/0f /x]sf] kfOG5 . ;+VofTds cfwf/df
x]bf{ ljwflosL k|lqmofaf6 eGbf Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgåf/f k|Tofof]lht Joj:yfkgsf] lgoGq0f
k|efjsf/L ePsf] cj:yf b]lvG5 . o; cltl/Qm sltko cj:yfdf cwLg:y ljwfognfO{ lgoGq0fsf
cGo pkfox?sf] k|of]u u/L lgoGq0f ug]{ k|aGw ul/Psf] klg kfOG5 . k|Tofof]lht Joj:yfkgsf]
cf}lrTo / cfjZostf /x]sf] tYodf s'g} ljjfb ul//xg' kg]{ cj:yf geP klg o;sf] lgdf{0f
k|lqmof / o;n] ;d]6\g] ljifoj:t'sf] af/]df lgdf{0f ug{] lgsfo lgSs} g} ;hu x'g' kg]{ cfjZostf
b]lvPsf] 5 . s'g} klg axfgfdf sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] clwsf/If]q gf3]/ :j]R5frf/L?kdf sfo{ ug]{
clVtof/L sfg"gsf] zf;gsf] dfGotf cg's"n x'g ;Sb}g . xfd|f] ;Gbe{ klg of] ljifonfO{ dgg\ ug'{
kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .
32
;'zf;g / g]kfndf o;sf] cj:yfuDeL/ axfb'/ xf8f*
;f/f+z;'zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff ;g\ !(*) sf] bzssf] pQ/fw{df b]lvPsf] /fHosf] cfw'lgsLs/0f ;DaGwL ljZjJofkL cfu|x;“u ;DalGwt 5 . ;'zf;g zAb ;g\ !(() sf] bzskl5 crfgs k|of]udfNofOPsf] xf] . of] zAb Jofks ?kn] k|of]udf ;g\ !(() kl5 cfPtf klg of] zAbfjnL gof“eg] xf]Og . ;'zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff /fHo ;+rfng Oltxf; hlQs} k'/fgf] dflgPsf] 5 . ;'zf;gsf]cjwf/0ff klZrdL b]z tyf bft[;+:yfx?åf/f t]>f] ljZjsf b]zx?sf] zf;g Joj:yfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] k|of]hgsf nflu ;xfotf ;t{sf] ?kdf cl3 ;fl/Psf] xf] . ljZj a}+sn] ;'zf;gsf] ;DaGwdfcl3 ;f/]sf Joj:yfx?df eljioblz{, v'Nnf / lzIffk|b gLltlgdf{0f, Jofj;flos sd{rf/LtGqsf]ljsf;, kf/bzL{ / hgpQ/bfoL ;/sf/, ;zQm / ;xeflutfdf cfwfl/t gful/s ;dfh / sfg"gsf]zf;g d'Vo x'g\ . ;'zf;gsf nflu /fhgLlts Joj:yf, ;+j}wflgs ;+/rgfn] k"jf{wf/sf] ?kdf sfo{u/]sf x'G5g\ . /fHosf] p2]Zo / gLltx?sf] sfof{Gjogsf] nflu k|zf;lso Ifdtfn] ;'zf;gsf]Joj:yfksLo cfofdnfO{ a'emfp“5 . ;'zf;gsf cfofdx?df /fhgLlts cfofd, Joj:yfksLo cfofd,g}lts cfofd, o; cGtu{t cfpg] ub{5g\ . zf;g jf ;/sf/sf] j}wtf, hjfkmb]lxtf, kf/blz{tf;'zf;gsf cfwf/e"t tTjx? x'g\ . o; n]vdf ;'zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff, cfofd / g]kfndf o;sf]cj:yfaf/] ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .
* ;x–k|fWofks, cy{zf:q eQmk'/ ax'd'vL SofDk;
c;n zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff
;Q/Lsf] bzssf] dWoaf6 ha ljZjdf k|hftGqsf] nx/ k|f/De eof] . To;} a]nfb]lv ;'zf;gsf]
cjwf/0ffn] nf]slk|otf kfpg yfn]sf] xf] . ;"rgf qmflGtn] Psflt/ dfgjsf] ;fdflhs cl:tTjnfO{
lrGtgwf/fsf] s]Gb|ljGb'df Nofof] eg] csf]{lt/ k|ltlglwd"ns k|hftGqsf ;Ldfx? klg k|i6 kfl/lbof] .
jf:tjdf k|ltlglwd"ns elgPsf] kl/kf6Ln] /fHo / ;dfhsf] tNnf] tx t[0fd"n tx (Grassroot level) sf hgtfsf aLrdf k|efjsf/L ;DaGw :yflkt ug{ ;s]g . kl/0ffd:j?k ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sx?df
k|ltlglwd"ns k|hftGq (Representative democracy) sf] 7fpF lj:tf/}–lj:tf/} ;xeflutfd"ns
k|hftGq (Participatory democracy) n] lng yfNof] .
ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«x?df /fhgLlts ;+:yfx? ;+:yfs/0f eOg;s]sf] sf/0faf6 ;/sf/L ;+oGqx?,
sd{rf/LtGq, Joj:yflksf, sfo{kflnsf, cbfnt cflb lgsfox? ;De|fGt JolQms/0f (Highly personalized) / j+zf0f'ut ;j{;Qfjfb (Heridity authorizationism) sf] lzsf/ ePsf 5g\ .
33
zf;sx? lgjf{lrt x'g' cl3 7"nf–7"nf jfrf ub{5g\, k|lta4tf hfx]/ ub{5g\ t/ lht]/ ;/sf/df
uPkl5 cfˆgf] /fhgLlts zlQmnfO JolQmut :jfy{df b'?kof]u u5{g\ . r'gfj lhltG5, ;/sf/ aG5,
k|ltkIf aG5, ah]6 aG5, ;+;b rN5, t/ oL ;a} sfd s'/f lg/Gt/ ?kn] lgoldt rln/xFbf klg
hgtfsf rfxgf / ljsf;sf sfo{;"lrx? plrt 7fpFAff6 ;Daf]wg ul/Fb}gg\ . k|hftGqn] hgtfnfO{
alnof] agfpg'kg]{, zlQmzfnL agfpg'kg]{, ;zlQms/0f ug'{kg]{ t/ Jojxf/df emg\–emg\ sdhf]/
aGb}hfg], lg/Lx aGb} hfg] k|lqmof ;'? eof] . o;} ult/f]w tf]8\g ;'zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff ljsf; eof] .
;'zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cem k|i6 ?kdf a'em\gsf nflu ljleGg ljåfgsf ljrf/nfO{ pNn]v ug'{
/ ljsf; k|of;df ;+nUg cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfx?sf] ljrf/nfO{ pNn]v ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 . Psy/L
ljåfg\x?n] ahf/;+oGqåf/f lj:yflkt ul/Psf] k'/fgf] cjwf/0ffsf ?kdf ljZn]if0f u5{g\ . csf]{y/L
ljåfg\ o;nfO{ ;/sf/L / u}/–;/sf/L Pj+ cGo gful/s ;dfhaLrsf cGt/lqmofnfO{ Joj:yfkg
ug]{ snf;Dd :jLsfb{5g\ . t/ ljsf;zLn d'n'ssf ;d:ofx?;Fu ;/f]sf/ /fVg] sltko ljåfg
;fj{hlgs j:t' / ;]jfsf] lg/Gt/tfsf nflu ;'zf;g h?/L 5 eGg] dfGb5g\ .
;'zf;g c;n ;/sf/;“u ;DalGwt 5 o; cjwf/0ff cg';f/ ;fj{hlgs If]qsf] ;dli6ut sfo{Ifdtftyf k|efjsfl/tf clea[l4 u/L d'n'ssf] cy{Joj:yfnfO{ ;an k'¥ofpg' o;sf] d'n p2]Zo /xG5 .zf;g zAbn] ;fdfGotof rf/ s'/fx?nfO{ af]w u/fp“5 . h:t} M -!_ zf;g ;~rfng ug{ ckgfOg]tf}/tl/sfx? -@_ zf;g ;~rfng ug]{ lgsfo, zf;g ;~rfng ug]{ sfo{x?, zf;g ;~rfng ug]{ Ifdtf -#_ Joj:yfkgsf tl/sfx? lgoldt ug]{ k4lt -$_ /xg;xg, Jojxf/ tyf cfr/0fsf tf}/tl/sf . ;'zf;g eg]sf] k"jf{g'dfg ug{ ;lsg], v'Nnf tyf af}l4s tj/n] gLlt lgdf{0f ug'{,hgtfsf] lxt, sfg"gsf] zf;g tyf kf/blz{ k|lqmofsf] clea[l4sf nflu sfo{/t Joj;flos u'0fn] kl/k"0f{ sd{rf/LtGq tyf ;fj{hlgs rf;f]sf ljifox?df ;xefuL x'g] a9Lof gful/s ;dfhsf] ;du|tf xf] . ;'zf;gsf nflu /fhgLlts Joj:yf, ;+j}wflgs ;+/rgfn] k"jf{wf/sf] ?kdf sfo{u/]sf x'G5g\ . /fHosf] p2]Zo / gLltx?sf] sfof{Gjogsf] nflu k|zf;lso Ifdtfn] ;'zf;gsf]Joj:yfksLo cfofdnfO{ a'emfp“5 . ;'zf;gsf cfofdx?df /fhgLlts cfofd, Joj:yfksLocfofd, g}lts cfofd, o; cGtu{t cfpg] ub{5g\ .
/fHo Joj:yfsf] z'?jft g} sNof0fsf/L Joj:yfsf nflu ePsf] xf] . k|frLg Clifd'gLx¿n] klgcfkm\gf] lrGtgsf] Pp6f kIf s;/L k|hfhgnfO{ ;'vL /fVg ;lsG5 eGg]df s]lGb|t u/fPsf lyP .;'zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ vf;u/L jflNdsLo /fdfo0f, dxfef/tsf] zflGtkj{, z'qmgLlt tyf cGo u|Gyx¿df pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 . /fhgLltzf:qsf k|sf08 ljåfg sf}l6Non] hgtfsf] v'zL g} /fhfsf]v'zL tyf hglxt g} /fhxLt eg]sf 5g\ . c+u|]hL efiffdf ;j{k|yd Good governance sf] k|of]u;g\ !^@* df ePsf] lyof] . of] Term nfO{ The action or manner of governance. elgPsf] 5 .ljs;Lt d'n'sx¿n] bf]>f] ljZjo'4 kl5 zLto'4sf] ;dodf t]>f] ljZjsf ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx¿nfO{ lbOg] j}b]lzs ljsf; ;xfotfsf nflu ;'zf;gsf] gLlt lng yfn]sf] kfOG5 . ;g\ !((* sf] ljZj
34
a}+ssf] clk|msL ;j ;xf/g ;DaGwL Document df ;'zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ klxnf]kN6 k|sfzkfl/Psf] 5, h; cg';f/ ;'zf;gsf lgDg rf/ ;"rsx¿ kQf nufOPsf lyP M
-s_ ;fj{hlgs If]qsf] Joj:yfkg
-v_ hjfkmb]lxtf
-u_ ljsf;sf nflu sfg"gL 9f“rf
-3_ ;"rgf tyf kf/bzL{tf
o;}u/L ;f]xL k|ltj]bgdf Governance sf] af/]df Governance is defined as the manner inwhich power is exercised in the management of a country's economic and social resourcesfor development tyf Good governance sf] af/]df "Good governance is central to creatingand sustaining an environment that fosters strong and equitable development and is essential compliment to sound economic policies" elgPsf] 5 .
o;}u/L OECD b]zx¿n] cfly{s ;xfotf k|fKt ug{sf nflu Governance sf lgDg rf/j6f tTjx¿x'g'kg]{ elgPsf] 5 M
-s_ ;/sf/sf] j}wflgstf
-v_ /fhgLlts tyf ;/sf/L lgsfosf] hjfkmb]lxtf
-u_ ;/sf/sf] gLlt lgdf{0f tyf ;]jf k|bfos ;Ifdtf
-3_ dfgj clwsf/ tyf sfg"gsf] zf;g k|lt cfb/
zf;g eGg] lalQs} sNof0fsf/L zf;g Joj:yf ;Demg' k5{ . zf;gdf x'g' kg]{ u'0fx¿ ePdfTo;af6 /fi6« tyf hgtfn] k|fKt ug]{ ;]jf tyf ;'ljwf / /fi6«f]Gglt x'g] ePsfn] ;'zf;g elg/xgcfjZos lyPg t/ clxn]sf] lj1fg tyf k|ljlwsf] xf]8jfhLn] ubf{ b'Mzf;gsf] k|j[lQ a9\b} uPsf] x'“bf zf;g zAbnfO{ k|rngdf NofOPsf] xf] ls h:tf] b]lvG5 . ;g\ !((^ df ePsf] UN conference on Human settlement n] klg Good governance nfO{ hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . Toxf“ s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/n]dfq} hgtfnfO{ ;]jfx¿ k'¥ofpg g;Sg] ePsfn] ;'zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ o;/L pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . (The core concept of good governance is that in the development process the support and involvement of all agencies like central Government, constitutional bodies, Corporations, Local governments, International Non- governmental organization and finally the allied civic societies is a must)
-;|f]t M zfvf clws[t k|f/lDes k/LIff bk{0f, k'?iff]Qd l3ld/], uf]kfn clwsf/L, sf]dn k|= wdnf,s[i0f k|=bfxfn, c/ljdf a'S; P08 :6];gz{, k|=;+= @)%* efb|_
35
;'zf;g (Good Governane) eg]sf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ c;n agfpg] k|of; dfq xf]Og, oBlkw]/}n] ;'zf;gnfO{ o;} cg'¿k a'em\b5g\ . ;'zf;gsf rf/j6f pkfox¿ 5g\ . /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs,Joj:yfksLo / g}lts ljsf;f]Gd"v /fi6«x?sf] ;jf{lu+0f ljsf; ug]{ ;DaGwdf ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L /lghL If]q tyf gful/s ;dfh ;d]tsf] ;xeflutfsf] dfWodaf6 dfq ;'zf;g sfod ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] s'/fdf hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 .
ljleGg bft[ /fi6« ;+:yfx¿n] ;'zf;g ;DaGwdf cfkm\gf–cfkm\gf wf/0ffx¿ cl3 ;f/]sf 5g\ .ljZj a}+s (World Bank) n] ;'zf;g ;DaGwdf cl3 ;f/]sf wf/0ffx¿df -!_ eljiobzL{, v'Nnf Pj+ lzIffk|b gLlt lgdf{0f -@_ Jofj;flos sd{rf/LtGqsf] ljsf; -#_ kf/bzL{ / hg pQ/bfoL ;/sf/-$_ ;zQm / ;xeflutfdf cfwfl/t gful/s ;dfh -%_ sfg"gsf] zf;g d'Vo x'g\ .
;'zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ k|i6\ofpgsf nflu ljleGg ljåfg\ / ljsf; k|of;df ;+nUg cGt/f{li6«o
;+:yfx?sf] ljrf/nfO{ k|:t't ug'{ h?/L x'G5 . x'g t Psy/L ljåfg\ zf;gnfO{ k'/fgf] wf/0ff dfGb5g\
/ o;nfO{ ahf/ ;+oGqn] lj:yflkt u/]sf 7fG5g\ . csf{y/L ljåfg\ o;nfO{ ;/sf/ / u}/;/sf/L Pj+
cGo gful/s ;dfhaLrsf cGt/lqmofnfO{ Joj:yfkg ug]{ snf;Dd :jLsf5{g\ . t/ ljsf;zLn
d'n'ssf ;d:ofx?;Fu cjut ePsf sltko ljåfg\ ;fj{hlgs j:t' / ;]jfsf] lg/Gt/tfsf nflu
klg ;'zf;g h?/L 5 eGg] dfGb5g\ .
;'zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff klZrdL b]z tyf bft[ ;+:yfx?af6 t];|f] ljZjsf b]zx?sf] zf;g Joj:yfdf
;'wf/ Nofpg] k|of]hgsf nflu ;xfos ;t{ (Aid condo nationality) sf] ?kdf cl3 ;fl/Psf]
b]lvG5 . oL bft[;+:yfn] z'?df j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] k|of]usf] zt{ v'nf k|lt:kwL{ Pj+ ahf/d"vL
cy{ Joj:yfsf] k|aGw ug{ zf;g Joj:yfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg ;xof]u ug{sf nflu of] cjwf/0ff cl3
;fl/Psf] xf] . To;kl5 u}/–;/sf/L, gLlhIf]q tyf gful/s ;dfh ;d]tsf] ;xeflutfaf6 dfq
ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«sf] ;jf{ËL0f ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] cjwf/0ffsf] ?kdf ;'zf;gnfO{ rrf{ ul/of] .
;'zf;gdf ;/sf/sf cltl/Qm lghL, u}/–;/sf/L If]q, u}/–;/sf/L ;+:yf tyf gful/s ;dfhn]
;a}sf] ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ub{5 . o;/L ljsf;sf] s]Gb|ljGb' dflgPsf] hgtf :jo+sf] k|ltlglwTj
zf;g u/fpFbf ljsf; k|efjsfl/tf x'G5 . ;'zf;gn] Jofks hg;xeflutfdf hf]8 lbG5 . ljlwsf]
zf;g, hjfkmb]xL sd{rf/LtGqnfO{ hf]8 lbg] ePsf]n] u|fdL0f ljsf;df k|efj kfb{5 . hgtfk|lt
pQ/bflo ;/sf/ x'g] ePsfn] hgtfsf rfxgf, cfjZostfsf] ;Daf]wg x'G5 . ;'zf;gn] n}lËs
;dfgtf / hg ;zlQms/0fdf hf]8 lbg] ePsf]n] ;fdflhs lje]bsf] cGTo x'G5 . ;"rgf tyf
cleJolQm lbg] ePsfn] hgtfx? ;";"lrt x'g kfpF5g\, o;n] u|fdL0f ljsf;df kfg]{ k|efjnfO{
lgDgfg';f/ b]vfpg ;lsG5 M–
� ;/sf/sf tLg cËsf aLrdf ;f}xfb{ xflb{s ;DaGw :yflkt u/]/
36
� cfly{s l:y/tf sfod u/]/
� dfgj clwsf/, dlxnf, afn clwsf/, n}lËs lje]b, ;fdflhs lje]bsf] cGTo ub}{
qmflGtsf/L kl/jt{g Nofpg ;xof]u u/]/
� e|i6frf/ d'Qm sd{rf/LtGq lgdf{0f u/]/
� cfwf/e"t dfgjclwsf/, :jtGqtf, clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrt u/]/
� ;lqmo / pQ/bflo ;/sf/ lgdf{0f ug{ ;xof]u u/]/
� gful/snfO{ /fd|f cj;/x? pknAw u/]/
� åGå, Wj+; Go"lgs/0f u/]/
� clVtof/ b'?kof]unfO{ xtf]T;fxL u/]/ ul/aL lgjf/0f / a]/f]huf/L ;d:ofdf hfgdf
of]ubfg k'¥ofP/
� hgtfsf] hLjg:t/ ;'wfg{df ;xof]u u/]/
� k|fb]zLs k|zf;g oGq sfod u/]/
� ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ;'ljwf pknAw u/fP/
g]kfnsf] k|zf;lgs ;+oGqdf s]xL ;do cl3 dfq k|of]udf NofOPsf] ;'zf;g zAbsf] Oltxf; Tolt nfdf]5}g . ;'zf;g (Good Governance) c;n ;/sf/ (Good Government) sf] kl/dflh{t ¿kdf b]vfk/]sf]gjLgtd wf/0ff xf] . ;'zf;gsf] wf/0ffsf] tLj| ultdf ljsf; x'g'sf k5fl8 o;sf] s]xL k[i7e"ld /x]sf]5 . ;g\ &) sf] bzsdf ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] dxf;efn] ljsf;sf] d'Vo s]Gb|ljGb'sf] ¿kdf dfgjnfO{dfgL hg;xeflutfd"ns zf;g k4ltdf hf]8 lbg yfn]kl5 ;'zf;gsf] hu a:g k'u]sf] lyof] . To;kl5;g\ !(*) sf] bzsdf ljZj a}+ssf] nufgLdf clk|msL b]zx¿df ;+rflnt cfof]hgfx¿n] cfzflttk|ult xfl;n ug{ g;s]sf] tkm{ d"Nof+sg ub}{ ;/sf/L ;+oGqsf] c;kmntfnfO{ cf}NofOPsf] lyof] . oxLbzsdf ljsf; ug{ kfpg] clwsf/nfO{ dfgj clwsf/sf] ¿kdf :jLsf/ ul/of] . !(() sf] z'?jft;+u};'zf;gnfO{ j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] k"j{ zt{sf] ¿kdf /fVg yflnof] . To;}n] Poor governance af6 pTkGggsf/fTds c;/nfO{ Go"lgs/0f ug{sf] nflu g} Good Governance zAbnfO{ k|rngdf NofOPsf] xf] .jf:tjdf s'zf;g lj?4 zf;sLo ;'wf/ ug]{ d"n nIo lnP/ b]vf k/]sf] cfkm}df /fd|f] zAb ;'zf;gn]ljZjJofkL dfGotf k|fKt ul//x]sf] 5 . -;|f]tM lji0f' ;'j]bL, k|zf;g, Joj:yfkg / ljsf;sf d"ne"tkIfx? c6n Ps]8]dL ;]G6/, sf7df08f}, k|yd ;+:s/0f @)^!, k]h g+= !*)_
g]kfnL a[xt zAbsf]ifn] ;'zf;g zAbnfO{ pQd lsl;dsf] zf;g / c;n /fHo Joj:yf egL JofVofu/]sf] 5 . k|zf;gljb\x¿sf b[li6df k|zf;lgs clwsf/sf] ;d'lrt k|of]u elg kl/eflift u/]sf]kfOG5 . To;f] t Gofoljbx¿n] Goflos clwsf/sf] ;d'lrt k|of]u u/L dfgj clwsf/sf] ;'/IffnfO{
37
;'zf;gsf] cy{df lng] u/]sf 5g\ eg] cy{ljb\x¿n] eg] kf/bzL{ 7]Ssfk§f Pj+ n]vf >]:tf k|0ffnLnfO{ ;'zf;gsf] cGtj{:t'sf] ¿kdf x]g]{ u/]sf 5g\ . To;}u/L /fhgLlts If]qdf hg pQ/bfoL zf;gJoj:yf Pj+ :jR5 / hgd'vL ;/sf/ :yfkgf ug'{ ;'zf;g x'g ;S5 eg] Joj:yfkgljbx¿n] l56f]5l/tf], r':t, b'?:t / kf/bzL{ k|zf;lgs ;+oGqsf] Joj:yfkg ug'{nfO{ ;'zf;gsf] ;+1f lbPsf 5g\ .To:t} ;dfhzf:qLx¿sf] wf/0ffdf g}lts d"No, dfGotfnfO{ k|j4{g u/L e|i6frf/ljlxg, kf/bzL{ /:jR5 k|zf;gnfO{ ;'zf;g egL cy{ ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 .
;'zf;gsf] If]q l;df / kl/efiffn] s] slt bfo/f ;d]6\g ;Sb5 eGg] s'/f b]z, sfn,kl/l:ylt, ljsf;sf] :t/, ;fdflhs, cfly{s, z}lIfs cj:yf / r]tgfsf] :t/df e/ kb{5 . ljsl;tb]zx¿sf] ;Gbe{df lghLs/0f / ahf/ cy{tGqnfO{ k|j4{g ug]{ / ;f] sf] nflu ;/sf/sf] e"ldsfnfO{Go"g kf/L lghL If]qsf] e"ldsf clea[l4 ug]{ ;Ddsf] bfo/f ;'zf;gn] ;d]6\g ;Sb5 . o;sf]ljk/Lt ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx¿sf] ;Gbe{df eg] lghL / ;/sf/L If]qsf] ;xofqfdf cfly{s, ;fdflhss[ofsnfkx¿ ;~rfng u/L lk5l8Psf ju{ / ;d'bfosf] pTyfg tkm{ zf;sLo ;'wf/ ug{df g}o;sf] bfo/f l;ldt x'g k'Ub5 . -;|f]t M P]hgÆ P]hgÆ k]h g+= !*!_
;'zf;gsf ljz]iftfx¿
;'zf;gsf] kl/efiff / cjwf/0ffsf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ ;'zf;gsf k|d'v ljz]iftfx¿ o; k|sf/ x'g ;Sg]b]lvG5 .
� zf;gdf hgtfsf] clwstd ;xeflutf,
� :jtGq, :jR5 / lgikIf lgjf{rg k|0ffnLnfO{ a9fjf,
� ljlw;Ddt zf;g k|0ffnLsf] ;~rfng,
� gful/s ;dfh / u}/ ;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yfgx¿sf] k|j4{g,
� hgsNof0fsf/L ;fj{hlgs gLltx¿sf] th'{df / sfof{Gjog,
� k|hftflGqs zf;g Joj:yf,
� k|zf;lgs / /fhg}lts hjfkmb]lxtf,
� :jtGq Gofokflnsfsf] :yfkgf,
� cfwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt,
� cfly{s sf/f]af/ / lg0f{odf kf/blz{tf,
� OdfGbfl/tf / g}ltstfsf] k|j4{g,
38
� e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f,
� cfly{s, /fhg}lts / Joj:yfksLo clwsf/x¿sf] ljs]Gb|Ls/0f Pj+ lgIf]k0f,
� pbf/ cfly{s gLltnfO{ a9fjf,
� k|zf;g / zf;sLo ;'wf/sf] lg/Gt/tf,
� ;fj{hlgs ;]jfx¿sf] ljt/0fdf k|efjsf/Ltf,
� Gofo ;Dkfbgdf ;/ntf, :jR5tf, zL3|tf / lgikIftf cflb . -;|f]t M P]hg, P]hg k]h g+=!*! / !*@_
;'zf;gsf cfofdx¿
;'zf;gnfO{ j:t'k/s¿kdf kl/eflift ug{ lgDg lnlvt tLgj6f cfofdx¿sf cfwf/df ljZn]if0ful/g' pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5, hf] o; k|sf/ 5g\ M
!= /fhgLlts cfofdM ;'zf;gnfO{ /fhgLlts kl/j]zdf lgofNbf cToflws hg;xeflutf, ljs]Gb|Ls/0f / ax'ntfjfb g} k|d'v tTjsf ¿kdf b]vf kb{5g\ . o;sf] cnfjf ;'zf;gsf]/fhg}lts cfofdleq cfwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt vf]lhG5 eg] sfg"gL /fHosf] :yfkgf csf]{ lg0ff{os tTjsf ¿kdf b]lvG5 . o;} u/L Goflos If]qsf] lgikIftf / kqsfl/tfIf]qsf] :jfoQtf o;sf] k|f0fsf] ¿kdf cg'e"t x'G5 . ;du|tfdf ;'zf;gsf] /fhg}lts cfofdn];fj{hlgs pQ/bfloTj jxg ug]{ Ifdtfdf pRr k|ult xfl;n ub}{ gful/s ;dfhsf] :yfkgf / To;sf] ck]lIft kl/rfngsf] cfjZostfnfO{ cg'df]bg ub{5 .
@= Joj:yfksLo cfofdM ;'zf;gsf] Joj:yfksLo cfofdleq 5l/tf] t/ ;Ifd ;/sf/sf] efjgfd'vl/t ePsf] x'G5 . o;sf] lgldQ sfo{bIftf k|d'v tTjsf ¿kdf b[li6uf]r/ x'G5 . oL kl/j]zdfcfly{s pbf/Ls/0f / lghLs/0f pko'Qm / ;zQm dfWod 7xl/g ;Qm5g\ . o;y{ ;'zf;gsf]Joj:yfksLo cfofdleq Joj:yfksLo 7]Ssf h:tf sfo{ljlwn] pRr dxTj /fVb5g\ . o;sf]cnfjf hg;+Vof Joj:yfkg / jftfj/0f ;+/If0f u/L u'0f:t/Lo sfo{Ifdtf k|bz{gsf] ck]Iffo;df ul/G5 . oL ;a} sfo{sf lgldQ ;"rgf Joj:yfkgsf] cxd\ e"ldsf /x]sf] s'/f ;d]t la;{g;lsb}g .
#= g}lts cfofdM ;'zf;gsf] g}lts cfofdleq kf/blz{tf / :jR5 k|zf;gsf] efjgf n's]sf]
x'G5 . pkef]Qmfsf] ;Gt'li6 nfO{ k|zf;gn] cfkm\gf] ;kmntfsf] dfks 7fGb5 . h;sf] lgldQhgtfk|ltsf] rf;f] . (Responsiveness) nfO{ pRr k|fyldstf k|bfg ul/G5 . /fi6« / hgtfsf];]jfk|lt cleJoQm k|lta4tf, zkyu|x0f_ cg'¿k sfo{ ;Dkfbg ubf{ e|i6frf//lxt k|zf;gsf]
39
cg'e"lt cfd hgtfdf k|bfg ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . -;|f]t M s[i0fxl/ jf:sf]6f, g]kfnsf] kl/k|]Iodf;'zf;gM r'gf}tL / ;Defjgfx¿, hgk|zf;g SofDk;, @)%&, kmfNu'0f_ k]h @
$ k|zf;lgs cfofdM k|zf;g ;+oGq t6:y , lgZkIf Pj+ ;]jfu|fxL pGd'v x'g' kb{5 . gLlt lgodsf]
kl/kfngdf hf]8, ;]jfsf] ;Gt'li6 k|Tofe"lt pGd"v k|zf;g x'g' kb{5 . /fhgLltsld{sf] unt
lg0f{o lj?4 ;r]t /xg'kb{5 . /fggLlt1x?nfO{ ;Nnfx lbFbf P]g , sfg"g / ;fdflhs Gofodf
cfwfl/t x'g'kb{5 . ei6frf/ d'Qm k|zf;g gful/ssf] ck]Iff xf] .
% ;fdflhs cfofdM ;dfhsf] rfxgf, x]/fO{ ;fdflhs d"No dfGotfnfO{ klg c;n zf;gsf]
?k/]vf lgdf{0fdf dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/ dflgG5 . zf;ssf g/fd|f lqmofsnfk ,e|i6 rl/q, cg}lts
Jojxf/ h:tf ljifodf alx:sf/ jfbL cfGbf]ng, e]befj ljlxg ;dfh, ;fdflhs ;lxi0f'tf,
;f}xfb{tf, ;dfgtf / ;Dj[l4 ;fdflhs cfofdsf ljifoj:t'x? x'g . t;y{ ;dfh kl/jt{g ,
/fHosf] ;';+:s[lt ljsf;df ;fdflhs k4ltn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] x'G5 .
^ cGt/fli6«o cfofdM ;'rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf; ;+u} ljZj Ps ePsf] 5 . think globally act locally sf] cjwf/0f;Fu} /fHosf ultljlw ljZjJoflk tyf :yflgo ;|f]t ;fwgsf] ;d"lrt
Joj:yfkg k|d'v r'gf}lt jg]sf] 5 . /fHosf] ;xeflutf ;+o'Qm /fi6;+3 , To;sf ljlzi7s[t
cu+,If]qLo ;+u7gdf ;d]t ;lqmotf /x]sf] kl/k]|Iodf lt lgsfox?sf ultljlw klg /fHosf
;femf Ph]G8f jg]sf 5g . cGt/fli6«o :t/df dfGo k4lt, ;xdlt ;femf sfo{qmdnfO{
sfo{?k lbg' cfh /fHosf] k|yfldstf k"0f{ bfloTj xf] .
ljZj j}sn] zf;g klxrfg u/]sf dxTjk"0f{ cfofdx?
� public sector management� Accountbility
� Legal framework for development and transparency and information . € (source : Govindakhanal, ;'zf;g ;DjGwL ;}4flGts tyf sfg"gL kIfx?)
;'zf;g sfod ug{ ;/sf/L gLltsf] dxTj
gLltnfO{ v's'nf]l;t k|of]u ubf{ lgod, k|yf / lg0f{o;Fu cndlng] 8/ x'G5 . lgodn] s] ug'{ x'G5
s] ug'{ x'Fb}g eGg] atfpF5, To; cy{df of] lgb]{zs xf] t/ gLltsf] ljk/Lt of] lglb{i6 / s7f]/ x'G5 .
k|yf eg]sf] pxL 9+un] rNg] afgL ag]sf] af6f] xf] . t/ k|yf :jtM ljsl;t x'G5 eg] gLlt hfgfhfg
ul/g] s[To xf] . lg0f{o k|foM gLltsf] bfo/fleq /x]/ ul/g] sfo{ xf] . cyf{t\ gLlt;Fu lg0f{ox?sf]
>[ª\vnf g} hf]l8Psf] x'G5, gLltnfO{ kl/eflift ub}{ 6]/L eGb5g\ —ægLlt eg]sf] sfdsf] df}lvs,
lnlvt jf k/f]If cfwf/e"t lgb]{z xf] h'g ls k|aGwsåf/f ckgfOPsf] / cg';/0f ul/Psf] x'G5 .Æ
40
l8df]ssf cg';f/, æ;fj{hlgs gLlt eg]sf] ;r]t ?kdf c+uLsf/ ul/Psf] cfr/0fsf] lgod xf] h;n]
k|zf;sLo lg0f{onfO{ lgb]{z u5{ .Æ
jf:tjdf ;/sf/n] lgwf{/0f ug]{ gLlt g} ;fj{hlgs gLlt sxnfpF5 . gLltnfO{ Psflt/ nIoaf6
cnu /fv]/ x]g'{k5{ eg] csf]{lt/ sfo{;~rfngsf] r/0faf6 klg cnu /fVg'k5{ . t;y{ k|To]s
b]zjf;LnfO{ lzlIft agfpg' nIo xf] eg] clgjfo{ k|fylds lzIff Tof] nIo k|fKt ug]{ gLlt xf] . /
ljBfno :yfkgf Pj+ lzIfs tflnd rflx+ Tof] gLltnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ r/0f xf] .
hgk|zf;gsf] k/Dk/fjfbL :s"n ;fj{hlgs gLlt / k|zf;gaLr b"/Tj (Dichotomy) sf] kIfkftL
5 . p8«f] ljN;g ;fj{hlgs gLltlgdf{0fnfO{ /fhgLlts sfo{ / gLlt sfof{GjognfO{ k|zf;sLo
sfo{ dfGby] . pgsf] ljrf/df k|zf;g /fhgLltsf] bfo/feGbf aflx/ k5{ . u'8gfp (Goodnow), lao8{ (Beard), ljnf]aL (Silloughby) / cGo k|f/lDes n]vs s] ;fljt ug{ lbnf]Hofgn] nfu]sf
lyP eg] hxfF /fhgLlt ;lsG5 ToxfF k|zf;g k|f/De x'G5 (Administration begins only where politics ends) . To;}n] g t k|zf;sn] ;fj{hlgs gLltlgdf{0fdf x:tIf]k ug{ x'G5 g t /fhgLlt1n]
k|zf;gdf 6fª c8\ofpg x'G5 eGg] pgLx?sf] dfGotf lyof] . l9n} eP klg of] dtsf] s6' cfnf]rgf
ePsf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs gLltnfO{ k|zf;gaf6 cnu /fVg] s'/fsf] k|yd cfnf]rs n'y/ u'lns x'g\ .
la:tf/} of] ;f]+rn] nf]slk|otf xfl;n ub}{ uof] / krf;sf] bzs cfOk'Ubf gk'Ub} o;n] csf]{ clt
(Extreme) sf] dfu{ ;dfTof] . kn PKknafO / hg u; (John Gaus) h:tf ljåfg\ t s] bfaL
ug{ yfn] eg] k|zf;g eg]sf] k"/} /fhgLlt xf] . o;sf cg';f/ xfd|f] hgk|zf;gsf] l;4fGt eg]sf]
/fhgLltsf] l;4fGt klg xf] . lk6/ cf]8]uf8{n] t oxfF;Dd eg] ls gLlt / k|zf;g eg]sf /fhgLltsf
h'DNofxf aRrf x'g\ (Policy and administration are Siamese twins of politics) .
pk/f]Qm b'a} dt cltjfbL /f]un] kLl8t 5g\ To;}n] oL coyfy{jfbL dflgG5g\ . j:t'tM /fhgLlt /
k|zf;g b'j}df cGt/ t 5 . /fhgLltn] d'Vo ?kdf gLlt lgdf{0f;Fu ;DaGw /fV5 eg] k|zf;gn] gLlt
sfof{Gjog;Fu ;/f]sf/ /fV5 . t/ gLlt z"Godf th'{df x'Fb}g . of] ablnFbf] nIo, km]l/Fbf] jftfj/0f
/ ljleGg kl/l:yltdf th'{df ul/g] Ps ultzLn wf/0ff xf] . x8\;gsf] ljrf/df ;fj{hlgs gLlt
lgdf{0f eg]sf] k|lqmofsf] Ps If0f (Moment in a process) xf] To;y{ of] k|zf;lgs ;f]kfgsf] x/]s
txdf lgwf{/0f ul/G5 . csf]{lt/ gLlt sfof{Gjogsf] x/]s txdf gLlt lgwf{/0f x'G5 . xf], pRr
;f]kfg / lgDg ;f]kfgsf] aLr gLlt lgwf{/0fdf dfqfsf] eP klg cGt/ x'G5 . pRrtx lgDgtxsf]
t'ngfdf HofbfeGbf Hofbf gLlt lgdf{0fdf ;+nUg x'G5 . t/ o;sf] cy{ tNnf] txn] gLlt lgdf{0fdf
k|efj} kfb}{g eGg] 7fGg' x'Fb}g .
ljsf;zLn d'n'sx?sf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ;d:of s] xf] eg] ToxfF ;fj{hlgs gLltsf] lgdf{0f t x'G5
t/ ltgsf] ;xL sfof{Gjog x'Fb}g . cem csf]{ zAbdf eGg] xf] eg] ToxfF of]hgfx? aG5g\, ltgsf]
41
sfof{Gjog klg x'G5 t/ nIo eg] k|fKt x'g ;Sb}g . of] s'/fnfO{ glhsaf6 x]l//x]sf bftf /fi6«x? /
cGt/f{li6«o ljQLo ;+:yfx?n] cg'ej u/] eg] Ps t ljsf;zLn d'n'sx?df /fhgLlts OR5fzlQmsf]
sdL 5 eg] csf]{, ToxfF k|zf;sLo lgsfo sfo{s'zn / k|efjsf/L 5}gg\ . ctM ;'zf;g Ps
lsl;dn] ;xof]usf] zt{ (Aid Conditionality) sf] ?kdf ;fd'Gg] cfof] . ltdL cfˆgf] zf;sLo ;'wf/
u/ clg ;xof]u kfpF5f}+ eGg] 9+un] of] dfGotf olta]nf ;fd'Gg] cfPsf] 5 .
;Q/Lsf] bzssf] dWoaf6 ha ljZjdf k|hftGqsf] t];|f] nx/ k|f/De eof] To;}a]nfb]lv ;'zf;gsf]
cjwf/0ffn] nf]slk|otf kfpg yfn]sf] xf] . ;"rgf qmflGtn] Psflt/ dfgjsf ;fdflhs cl:tTjnfO{
lrGtgwf/fsf] s]Gb|laGb'df Nofof] eg] csf]{lt/ k|ltlglwd"ns k|hftGqsf ;Ldfx? klg k|i6 kfl/lbof] .
jf:tjdf k|ltlglwd"ns k|hftGqn] s]lGb|s[t /fHo / t[0fd"n txsf hgtfaLr dWo:ysf] e"ldsf v]Ng
;s]g eg] ;Fu;Fu} Jofks hg;d'bfonfO{ ljsf;sf] k|lqmofdf ;fd]n u/fpg ;s]g . kl/0ffd:j?k
ljsf;zLn d'n'sx?df k|ltlglwd"ns k|hftGqsf] :yfg la:tf/}–la:tf/} ;xeflutfd"ns k|hftGq
(Participatory Democracy) n] lng yfNof] .
s'g} Joj:yf ;'zf;g sxnfpgsf nflu To;sf zf;sx?df /fhgLlts lhDd]jf/Lsf] efjgf x'g'k5{ .
jf:tjdf zfl;tx?n] h'g xb;Dd zf;sx?dfly lgoGq0f :yflkt u5{g\ zf;sx? ToxL xb;Dd
lhDd]jf/ x'G5g\ . cfˆgf dtbftfsf efjgfsf] sb/ ug'{, pgLx?sf] x]/rfx ug'{ / pgLx?sf ljsf;–
cfsf+Iffx? k'/f ug'{ zf;sx?sf] bfloTj xf] . /fhgLlts ;+:sf/sf] /fd|f];Fu ljsf; geO;s]sf]
;dfhdf zf;sx? lgjf{rg cl3 g/d / ;x[boL b]lvg] / lgjf{lrt eO;s]kl5 pQfpnf / s7f]/
x'g] u/]sf b]lvG5g\ . kb / clVtof/nfO{ lghL :jfy{sf nflu b'?kof]u ug]{ k|j[lQ klg b]lvG5 . oxL
u}/ lhDd]jf/kgfsf] Bf]ts xf] . t;y{ ;'zf;gsf] cy{ g} zf;sx?df lhDd]jf/Lsf] efjgf /xg'k5{
eGg] xf] .
/fhgLlts lhDd]jf/Lsf] efjgf ;Fu;Fu} zf;gsf] j}wflgstf klg plQs} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . j}wflgstf
eg]sf] zf;ssf] zf;g ug{ kfpg] clVtof/ xf] . Joj:y}lkR5] zf;gsf] j}wflgstf ;'lglZrt ug]{
cf–cfˆg} ljlw / z}nL x'G5 . cfhsf] b'lgofFdf zf;ssf] j}wflgstf ;'lglZrt ug]{ ;jf{lws k|rlnt
tl/sf eg]sf] cfjlws lgjf{rg xf] . jf:tjdf lgjf{rgsf dfWodaf6 hgtfn] cfkm";Fu /x]sf]
zf;gflwsf/ cfˆgf k|ltlglwsf] xftdf ;'DkG5g\ . oxfF Wofg lbg'kg]{ Pp6f s'/f s] 5 eg] lgjf{rg g}
zf;gsf] j}wflgstf ;'lglZrt ug]{ ;a}eGbf k|efjsf/L dfWod ePsfn] lgjf{rg k|0ffnLnfO{ :jR5,
lgikIf / wfFwnL/lxt agfpg h?/L 5 . k|fo s] b]lvG5 eg] ljsf;zLn d'n'sdf zf;sx?n] ;Qf,
wg / ;"rgfsf] b'?kof]u u/]/ lgjf{rgsf] :jR5tf / j}wtfnfO{ g} la6'NofOlbG5g\ . To:tf] eof] eg]
lgjf{rgsf] klg j}wtfsf] k|Tofe"lt ug{ ;Sb}g .
lxhf]cfh zf;ssf] j}wflgstfnfO{ p;sf] sfo{Ifdtf;Fu klg hf]l8G5 . o;nfO{ sfo{ ;Dkfbg
42
j}wflgstf (Performance legitimacy) eGb5g\ . lgjf{rgn] Joj:yfsf] j}wflgstfsf] gjLs/0f u5{
eg] zf;ssf] j}wflgstf p;sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg Ifdtfn] lgwf{l/t u5{ . xfdL xfd|} d'n'sdf 5ofln;
;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngsf gfosx?sf] JolQmTj qmdzM afpGg] x'Fb} uPsf] kfpF5f}+ . pgLx? lxhf] hlt
cfb/sf kfq lyP cfh Tolt g} qmf]wsf kfq ag]sf 5g\ . cflv/ lsg < o;sf cGo sf/0fx?
klg xf]nfg\ . t/ Pp6f k|d'v sf/0frflxF pgLx?n] zf;g ubf{ b]vfpg ;Sg'kg]{ sfo{Ifdtf b]vfpg
;s]gg\ . hgtfsf] cfzf, cfsf+Iff / rfxgfdfly t'iff/fkft t eof] g} ;fydf d'n'ssf] sfofkn6 ug]{
pgLx?sf] afrf klg rsgfr"/ eof] . j}wflgstf eg]sf] zf;gflwsf/ t xf] t/ olb zf;sn] o;sf]
;Dos\ 9+un] / nf]slxtdf k|of]u u/]g eg] hgtfnfO{ To;sf] cj1f ug]{ ;d]t clwsf/ x'G5 . egfO
g} 5, ljb|f]x ug]{ Gofof]lrt clwsf/ xf] . ;'zf;gsf] ;Gbe{df a'em\g'kg]{ d'Vo s'/f g} s] xf] eg] o;df
j}wflgstfsf] k'6 x'g'k5{ . -;|f]tM xl/x/ l3ld/], ;fdflhs ;+:yf / k|lqmofx?sf] ljZn]if0f (Analysis of Social Institutions and process), tn]h" k|sfzg, ef]6flx6L sf7df8f}+, jt{dfg ;+:s/0f @)^%_ .
cfly{s j[l4sf nflu ;/sf/, ;+:s[lt e"uf]n, jftfj/0f tyf k|fs[lts ;DkbfnfO{ cfwf/ :tDesf
?kdf x]l/Psf] x'G5 . cy{zf:qLx? ahf/ c;kmntf (market failure) sf sf/0f cy{tGqdf ;/sf/L
e"ldsfsf] cfjZostf pNn]v ub{5g\ . o;y{ cy{tGqdf ;/sf/L e"ldsf d"ntM lgDg sf/0fx?n]
cfjZos kb{5 M
-s_ ;fj{hlgs j:t' (public goods) h:t} sfg"gL zf;g, k|efjsf/L lgodg / ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf]
k|aGw .
-v_ jfXotf (externalities) h:t} lzIff, :jf:Yo, cg';Gwfgdf ul/Psf] nufgLn] kfg]{ k|ToIf /
k/f]If ;sf/fTds k|efj tyf k|b'if0f cflbn] kfg]{ gsf/fTds k|efjsf] Joj:yfkg .
-u_ Psflwsf/jfbsf] lgoGq0f tyf lgodg, /
-3_ lghL If]qdf l;lh{t x'g ;Sg] k|efjsf/L ;dGjosf] cefjsf] Joj:yfkg .
kfFr bzs k"j{ lzIff, :jf:Yo, k|lt JolQm cfo / k|fs[lts ;Dkbfsf] pknAwtfsf b[li6sf]0fn]
cfkm\gf] l5d]sLx?;Fu ;dfg:t/df /x]sf ljZjsf sltko d'n'sx? ;/sf/L e"ldsfsf sf/0f cfly{s
ljsf;sf] If]qdf sfofkn6 ug{ ;dy{ ePsf 5g\ . ;/sf/L e"ldsfsf] k|efjsfl/tf / u'0ffTdstfaf6
cNk cjlwd} cfly{s ljsf;sf If]qdf dxTjk"0f{ k|ult xfl;n ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] pbfx/0f >LnÍf,
jf]6\;jfgf, rLg / blIf0f clk|msf h:tf d'n'sx?n] k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . UNDP sf] dfgj ljsf;
k|ltj]bg, @))# sf cg';f/ >LnÍfn] ;g\ !($^ b]lv !(%# sf] cf7 jif]{ cjlwd} cfˆgf gful/sx?sf]
cf};t cfo' $^ jif{af6 %* jif{ k'¥ofPsf] lyof] eg] jf]6\;jfgfn] ;g\ !(&) b]lv !(*% sf] !% jif]{
cjlwd} k|fylds ljBfno egf{ b/nfO{ $^ k|ltztaf6 *( k|ltzt k'¥ofPsf] lyof] . ;g\ !(()
sf] Ps bzsd} rLgn] ul/aL b/ ## k|ltztaf6 36fP/ !* k|ltztdf emfg{ ;dy{ eof] eg] blIf0f
clk|msfn] ;g\ !((& b]lv @))! sf] cToGt 5f]6f] cjlwd} z'4 lkpg] kfgLsf] kx'Fr gePsf ! s/f]8
43
%) nfv hg;+VofnfO{ &) nfvdf cf]/fNg ;kmn ePsf] lyof] .
pko'{Qm ;}4flGts cfwf/ / pbfx/0fx?nfO{ cfTd;ft\ ub}{ kl/jlt{t kl/l:yltdf pRr cfly{s j[l4b/
xfl;n ug{ cGo d'n'ssf] cg'ejaf6 ;d]t l;Sb} b"/bzL{ b[li6sf]0f (Vision) ;lxtsf] k|efjsf/L
/fHo ;+oGq lgdf{0f ug'{ g]kfnsf] klg cfjZostf xf] .
;|f]tM David N, Weil, Economic Growth (2005) tyf UNDP Human Development Report (2003)
g]kfndf ;'zf;g sfod ug{ ljleGg cfjlws of]hgfdf Aoa:yf ul/Psf ;/sf/L gLltx? sf] th'{df
sfof{Gjog / d"Nofª\sg txdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx?
;/sf/L gLltM
g]kfndf 5}7f} of]hgf -@)#&–@)$@_ df jt{dfg k|zf;g oGqnfO{ cem dha't agfpg] p2]Zo k|flKtsfnflu k|zf;sLo ;+u7g tyf sfo{ ljlwnfO{ ;'b[9Ls/0f tyf hg;]jL / pTkfbgzLntfsf] ;fy}lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ cfsif{s / sfo{d"ns agfpg] h:tf gLltx¿ /flvPsf] kfOG5 . To:t} ;ftf} of]hgf-@)$@–@)$&_ df k|zf;goGqnfO{ a9L hgd'vL / ljsf;d"ns agfpg] p2]Zo /flvPsf] lyof] . o;sf];fy;fy} ljsf; k|zf;gnfO{ ;Ifd / ;'b[9 agfpg] k|zf;sLo OsfO{x¿sf] Ifdtf / k|efjsfl/tfdfa[l4 u/L k|zf;gnfO{ a9L hgd'vL, pTkfbgzLn / ljsf;d"ns agfpg] p2]Zo /flvPsf] kfOG5 .
cf7f}+ of]hgf -@)$(–@)%$_ df abln+bf] kl/k|]Iodf a9\bf] ljsf; cfsf+IffnfO{ d"t{ ¿k lbg k|zf;goGqsf] ;+VofTds a[l4df sdL NofO{ Ifdtf / k|efjsf/Ltfdf a[l4 u/L k|zf;gnfO{ a9LpTkfbgzLn ljsf;d"ns / ldtJooL agfpg] p2]Zo /flvPsf] lyof] . gjf}+ of]hgf -@)%$–@)%(_ df ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgnfO{ :jR5, 5l/tf], kf/bzL{, ldtJooL, k|lt:kwf{Tds, sfo{d"ns, ;Ifd, pTkfbgzLn, ;]jfd"ns / pQ/bfoL agfpg], ;fj{hlgs ;|f]t ;fwgx¿sf] Joj:yfkgnfO{ plrt/ k|efjsf/L agfpg] ljlw ;Ddt zf;g k|0ffnL / gful/s ;dfhsf] wf/0ffnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{p2]Zox¿ lnOPsf 5g\ . gjf}+ of]hgfdf k|zf;gnfO{ ;Ifd, hgd'vL / pTkfbgzLn agfpg hgzlQmljsf; / sfo{ ;/nLs/0fdf k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg], rfn" cfjlws of]hgfsf] gLltnfO{ sfof{GjogdfNofpg] qmddf ;/sf/af6 pknAw u/fOg] ;]jf tyf ;'ljwfnfO{ k|efjsf/L t'Nofpg]] lgb]{lzsf @)%^ hf/L ePsf] 5 .
bzf}+ of]hgf -@)%(–@)^$_ df ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g k|efjsf/L ePaf6 ;fj{hlgs vr{sf] ;xL ;b'kof]ueO{ pRrtxdf kmn k|fKt x'g], e|i6frf/, clVtof/ b'¿kof]u / /fh:j r'xfj6df lgoGq0f x'g],ljsf; lgdf{0f / ;]jf ;'ljwfsf] k|jfxdf hgtfsf] :t/af6 lgu/fgL ug]{ k4ltsf] ljsf; ug]{ nIo/flvPsf] 5 . hgtfnfO{ k|bfg ul/g] ;]jfx¿sf] ;~rfngdf ;/sf/L, gful/s ;dfh / lghL If]qsf]k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtfsf] klxrfg ub}{ j:t' Pj+ ;]jfk|jfx ubf{ To:tf] Ifdtfsf] ;d'lrt kl/rfng
44
u/L ;/sf/L:t/af6 lbOg] ;]jf Pj+ j:t'x¿sf] u'0ffTds Pj+ kl/df0ffTds ;'wf/ ul/g]5 . lghfdtL;]jfsf] ;du| sfo{Ifdtfdf clea[l4 ug]{ u/L sd{rf/Lx¿sf] lgo'lQmb]lv cjsfz aLr x'g] j[lQ ljsf;sf] kf/bzL{ of]hgf tof/ ul/g]5 . lghfdtL ;]jfdf dlxnfsf] ;xeflutfnfO{ k|f]T;flxtul/g]5 . lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ r':t / 5l/tf] u/fpg plrt cfsf/df nlug]5 . lghfdtL ;]jfsf]ljQLo s'zntfdf clea[l4 ul/g]5 . e|i6frf/ Pj+ clVtof/ b'¿kof]u lgoGq0fsf] sfo{df ;+nUglgsfox¿sf] ;+:yfut Ifdtf clea[l4 ul/g] gLlt /flvPsf] 5 .
tLg jlif{o cGt/Ld of]hgf -@)^$÷@)^%–)^^÷)^&_ df ;'zf;g ;DaGwL bL3{sfnLg ;f]r /fv]cg';f/o; of]hgfdf ;fj{hlgs, GofoLs / ljsf; k|zf;g nfO{ cem a9L k|lt:kwL{, ;xeflutf d'ns,kf/bzL{, ;]jfd'vL, kl/0ffdd"vL, pQ/bfoL, ;dfj]zL, ckf+u d}qL, n}lËs ;dtf cled'v agfO{g]gLlt /flvPs]f kfOG5 . o; of]hgfdf ;'zf;g ;DaGwL lgDg p2]Zo tyf /0fgLltx? /flvPsf 5g\ M
! ;fj{hlgs, GofoLs / ljsf; k|zf;g If]qnfO{ pQ/bfoL, hgtfsf cfjZostf / cfsf+Iff k|lt;+j]bglzn /xL hgtfdf ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt u/fp“b} lbuf] cfly{s / ;fdflhs ljsf; sfo{df6]jf k'¥ofpg] .
@ sfg"gL /fHosf] d'No / dfGotf cg';f/ /fHo ;+oGqx?sf] ;'b[9Ls/0f u/L hg;xeflutf,kf/blz{tf,hjfkmb]xLtf / e|i6«frf/ d'Qm cj:yfsf] l;h{gfåf/f cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ;]jfk|jfxdf kx'“r a9fpg] .
# e|i6«rf/ /lxt kf/bzL{, pQ/bfoL, ;xeflutfd'ns, ;]jfd"vL, glthfd'ns, ;dfj]zL k|zf;g;+oGqsf] ljsf; / lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 u/L lg/f]wfTds / pkrf/fTdsljlwåf/f e|+i6«frf/sf] k|efjsf/L ?kdf lgoGq0f ul/g] 5 .
$ ;sf/fTds lje]bsf] /0fgLlt cjnDjg u/L ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf kx'“r gk'u]sf dlxnf, cfbLjf;LhghftL, blnt, dw];L, d':nLd, ckfË / ljkGg ju{x?nfO{ ;]jfdf ;dfj]z x'g k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 .
% ;/sf/sf ;a} lgsfox?af6 k|bfg ul/g] ;]jfnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpg] k|efjsf/L bIf tyfu'0f:t/Lo ;]jf kfpg' ;]jf u|fxssf] df}lns clwsf/ eGg] s'/fsf] k|Tofe"lt ul/g] 5 .
^ ;'/Iff / Gofo k|zf;gnfO{ ;Ifd / k|efjsf/L agfO{ hgrfxgf / cfjZostf cg';f/ l56f]5l/tf] ;]jf k|bfg ul/g] 5 .
jt{dfg lqjifL{o of]hgf -@)^&÷^*–@)^(÷&)_ df ;'zf;gsf] Joj:yf
45
o; of]hgfdf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx ;d]tsf] ;fj{hlgs gLltsf] th'{df, sfof{Gjog / d"NofÍgsf]
sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ :jR5, k|lt:kwL{, kf/bzL{, kl/0ffdd'vL, ;dfj]zL,
hgtfsf] cfjZostf / cfsf+Iffk|lt ;+j]bgzLn / cfˆgf] sfo{sf] lglDt pQ/bfoL, ;Ifd / ;+3Lotf
/ ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf cfwf/e"t d"No dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft u/]/ cg'zfl;t eO{ ljlw;Ddt 9+un] sfd
ug]{ :ki6 sfo{ lhDd]jf/L ePsf] If]q agfpg] p2]Zo /flvPsf] 5 .
/0fgLlt
!= /fhgLlts If]q / k|zf;lgs If]qaLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ :ki6 ?kn] kl/eflift u/L k|zf;lgs
k|lqmof / sfo{nfO{ :jR5, ;/n, l56f], 5l/tf], kf/bzL{, ;xeflutfd"ns, :ki6 k"jf{g'dfg of]Uo
agfP/ hgtfn] ;'zf;gsf] cg'e"lt ug]{ cj:yfsf] l;h{gf ug{sf nflu cfjZos sfg"gL /
;+:yfut ;'wf/ ug]{ cfwf/ tof/ ug]{ .
@= sfuh/lxt ;/sf/sf] lgdf{0f / ;~rfng ug]{ bL3{sfnLg p2]Zo lnP/ k|zf;lgs lgsfox?sf]
sfdsf/afxLdf ljB'tLo zf;g k4ltsf k|lqmofx? qmdzM k|of]u ub}{ hfg] .
#= e|i6frf/ la?4sf] cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw dfkm{t cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfon] JoQm u/]sf] k|lta4tf
cg'?k x'g] u/L e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yf / k|zf;lgs ;+/rgfsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f
/ ;'wf/ ug]{ .
$= u'0f:t/Lo ;fj{hlgs ;]jf lgikIf, ;xh Pj+ ljlw;Ddt 9+un] ;dod} nlIft ;d'bfon] kfpg]
cj:yf ;'lglZrt x'g] u/L ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] k|jfxnfO{ :jR5, kf/bzL{ / k|efjsf/L agfpg] .
%= ;Dk"0f{ ju{ / ;d'bfosf of]Uo tyf OR5's JolQmx?nfO{ ;]jf k|j]zsf ;dfg cj;/x? pknAw
u/fpg] Joj:yf ldnfP/ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpg] .
g]kfndf ;'zf;g sfod ug{ Joj:yf ul/Psf ;/sf/L gLltx?sf] th'{df sfof{Gjog / d"Nofª\sg txdfb]lvPsf ;d:ofx?M
;'zf;g sfod ug'{kg]{ hgcfjfh / u'gf;f] al9/x]sf] ;Gbe{df ;/sf/sf lqmofsnfkx? hgpQ/bfoL
/ ;xeflutfd"ns agfpg'sf] ;fy} cGtl/d ;+ljwfg / cGtl/d ;/sf/sf] k|lta4tfnfO{ sfo{?k lbg
;'zf;gsf cjojx?nfO{ k"0f{ k|lta4tfsf ;fy ;Daf]wg ug'{ r'gf}ltk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . :yfgLo :jfoQ
zf;g P]gsf] sfof{Gjog / :yfgLo hgk|ltlglwd"ns ;+:yfx?sf] hjfkmb]lxtfdf cfPsf] clea[l4af6
:yfgLo lgsfox? k|efjsf/L x'Fb} uPsf] eP tfklg lt lgsfox?df lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglwx?sf]
l/Qmtfaf6 :yfgLo:t/sf] ;]jfk|jfxdf gsf/fTds c;/ k/]sf] 5 . g]kfndf xfn;Dd b]vf k/]sf
;'zf;g ;DaGwL d'Vo ?kdf ;d:of / ca/f]wsf] ?kdf b]lvPsf lgDg lzif{sx?nfO{ ljefhg ug{
;lsG5 . h:t}M–
46
• gLlt th'{df ubf{ klxrfg ul/g] ljifosf] oyfy{tf / jf:tljstf k|dfl0ft ug{ cfjZos kg]{
;"rgf / 1fgsf] sdL
• gLlt th'{df tyf ljZn]if0fsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ljz]if1tf, sfo{d"ns Ifdtf ;lxtsf]
;+:yfut ;+oGqsf] cefj
• ;Da4 kIfsf] ;s[o ;xeflutfsf] cefj
• glthf / kl/0ffdsf] k|If]k0f / k"jf{g'dfg ug{ g;Sg'
• ;d:of / r'gf}ltsf] k"j{ cfFsng gul/g' .
• ;|f]t ;fwgsf] cefj / df}h'bf ;|f]t ;fwgsf] pko'Qm kl/rfng x'g g;Sg'
• /fhgLlt / k|zf;lgs g]t[TjaLr ;dembf/L, ;dGjosf] cefj
• gLltsf] k|s[lt cg'?ksf] th'{df k|s[of cjnDag gul/g'
• clwsf/, lhDd]jf/L / pQ/bfloTjaLr ;Gt'ngsf] cefj ;fy} pQ/bfloTj kG5fpg] k|j[lQ
• gLlt sfof{Gjog ug{ sfo{of]hgf, sfo{ljlw to gul/g' / sfo{x?sf] k|fyldsLs/0f gul/g'
• gLlt ;Da4 JolQmx?sf] dgf]j}1flgs kIf sdhf]/ Pj+ gsf/fTds x'g'
• /fhgLlts bfpk]r, 3ft, k|lt3ft / k|zf;gdf cToflws /fhgLlts x:tIf]k tyf e|i6frf/, /fi6«
/ hgtfsf] lxtsf] ;+/If0f / clej[l4sf] /fhgLlt1x?sf] pbf;Lgtf, /fhgLlts k|lta4tfsf]
sdL
• k'FhLsf] cefj, cj}1flgs / cJojxfl/s /sd lgsf;f k4lt tyf xr'jf ah]6 ljlgof]hg
k|0ffnL .
• lkmtnf] sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg k4lt, sdhf]/ cg'udg Joj:yf tYofÍ / ;"rgfsf] cefj .
lgo'QmL, ;?jf, a9'jf / kb:yfkg ;DaGwL lglZrt sfo{–k|0ffnL jf l/ltsf] cefj . JolQmut
cfj]z / nx8sf cfwf/df kl/0ffdsf] k/LIf0f / ljZn]if0f ljgf ul/g] gLltut k|of]ux? . b08,
k'/:sf/sf] k|efjsf/L ;+oGqsf] cefj / lgikIftfsf] cefj . pRr dgf]an / k|ltj4tfsf]
cefj .
• pTk|]/0ffsf] sdL, sdhf]/ / cljsl;t ;"rgf k|jfx k|0ffnL, 1fg / ;Lksf] cefj, lhDd]jf/L
kG5fpg] k|j[lQ / oyfl:ytLjfbL ;f]r,
• sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ hLjg:t/sf nflu rflxg] tna / ;'ljwfsf] sdL,
• sfof{Gjogsf] jftfj/0f tof/ ug]{,
• ;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{ hfgsf/L Pj+ ;r]tgf ug]{ gLltnfO{ cfTd;ft ug]{ .
47
• ;+:yfut Joj:yf ug]{ M ;|f]t ;fwgsf] Joj:yf, hg;xeflutf / k|f]T;fxg Joj:yf ug]{, k|efjsf/L
cg'udg Joj:yf cg'udg ;+oGq / dfkg ;"rsf+s ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ / sfof{Gjogsf]
u'0f:t/ sfod ug]{ ;+oGqsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .
• nfdf] ;dob]lv lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglwsf] l/Qmtf,
• :yfgLo lgsfox?sf] sdhf]/ ;+:yfut Ifdtf, :yfgLo:t/sf k"jf{wf/x? åGåaf6 gi6 x'g' Pj+
;dodf k'glg{df{0f x'g g;Sg',
• of]hgf ;~rfng ubf{ cg'udg x'g g;Sg', :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]gdf Joj:yf ePsf
k|fjwfgx?sf] k"0f{ sfof{Gjog x'g g;Sg' .
• :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g;Fu aflemPsf sltko cGo P]gx? ;+zf]wg x'g g;Sbf sfof{Gjogdf
cGof]n /xg', :yfgLo lgsfox?df r'xfj6 lgoGq0f tyf ljQLo cg'zf;g k"0f{ ?kdf nfu' x'g
g;Sg'
• sfddf bf]xf]/f]kgf ;/sf/L lgsfo–:yfgLo lgsfo tyf :yfgLo–:yfgLo lgsfox? aLrsf]
sfddf, of]hgfx?df kof{Kt k|fljlws ;xof]u k'Ug g;Sbf ;dodf / u'0f:t/o'Qm tj/n] of]hgf
;DkGg x'g g;Sg', :yfgLo lgsfodf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?sf] sfo{jf]em, ax'ljifos ljz]if1tfsf]
cfjZostf cg'?k Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ g;Sg' .
;'emfjx¿
g]kfndf xfn b]vf k/]sf] k|zf;lgs lj;+utLx¿nfO{ x6fP/ /fd|f] c;n zf;g sfod u/fpg lgDg ;'efjx¿ k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 M
• kb:yfkg, ;?jf, sfh, sfod d'sfod, c:yfoL Hofnfbf/L ;DaGwL sdL sdhf]/Lx¿nfO{x6fP/ P]g, lgoddf ePsf k|fjwfgx¿sf] s8fO{sf ;fy kfng ug'{, u/fpg' cfhsf] k|d'v cfjZostf xf] . lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ z}lIfs eQf, cfjf;eQf, h:tf ck|ToIf ;'ljwfx¿dfa[l4 ug]{ kl/kf6L a;fNg' k5{ .
• xfn ljBdfg /x]sf ;]jf ;d"x, pk;d"x hyfefjL u7g ug]{ / x6fpg] kl/kf6L aGb u/L lglZrtdfkb08sf cfwf/df ;]jf ;d"x, pk;d"xx¿sf] Joj:yf ug]{ tkm{ bL3{sfnLg gLlt aGg' k5{ / ;f]xLcg'¿k P]gdf :ki6 k|fjwfg /flvg' cfjZos 5 .
• sd{rf/Ln] ug'{kg]{ sfdsf] k|s[lt x]/L ;Dej ePkl5 s'g sfd slt lbg leq ul/;Sg' kg]{ xf] .gLlt to u/L tbg';f/ eP gePsf] , u/] gu/]sf] x]g]{ , sfd sf/afxL pk/ lgu/fgL /fVg]plrt Joj:yf ldnfOg' kb{5 .
• ;dfhnfO{ e|i6frf/af6 d'Qm ug{ e|i6frf/sf lj?4 hgdt tof/ ug{ ;fdflhs ;+:sf/sf]hu]gf{ / ;+/If0f cTofjZos x'G5 .
48
• s'g} j:t' v/Lb ubf{ hUuf v/Lb ubf{, 3/ agfpFbf nfut vr{sf] ;|f]t s] xf] < 5'6\ofpgcfjZos x'G5 . v/Lb stf{n] v/Lb u/]sf] hUufdf nufgL u/]sf] k};f p;n] s'g ;|f]taf6cfh{g u/]sf] xf] v'nfpg' kg]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf ePdf s'g} klg JolQm /ftf/ft s/f]8klt aGg ;Sb}g . To;}n] sfnf] wg / ;]tf] wg s] xf] :ki6 ug]{ u/L sfg"gL Joj:yf ldnfpg' kb{5 .
• e|i6frf/ lgjf/0fdf b]zsf r]tgzLn ;r]t / a'l4hLjLx¿n] hg:t/df o;af/] k|rf/–k|;f/ u/L e|i6frf/sf lj?4 alnof] hgdt tof/ ug{ ;Sb5g\ . ;dfhsf cGo If]qx¿df ljleGgu}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ ;+ul7t ¿kdf lqmofzLn /x]sf 5g\ t/ o; If]qdf o:tf lsl;dsf ;+u7g, ;+:yfx¿ lqmofzLn gx'g', hg:t/df s'g} bafa ;d"x u7g eO{ ;lqmo gx'g' ;d]te|i6frf/ lgjf/0fsf nflu r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf 5g\ .
• ;'zf;gsf ;DaGwdf ePsf sdL sdhf]/Lx?sf] ;'wf/ af/]df cWoog cg';Gwfg gx'g' /;'zf;g ;DaGwL pko'Qm gLlt / gLltsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog / cg'udg tyf d'Nof+sgJoj:yf sdhf]/ /x]sf] 5 . zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ hgtfsf] lxtnfO{ cg's'n agfpg] b[9 OR5f/ k|lta4tfsf] cefj /x]sf] b]lvg cfp“5 . o:tf] ;d:ofnfO{ klg ;dod} ;dfwfg ul/g'cfjZos 5 .
• sfg"g pNn+3g ug]{ pk/ s8fO{sf ;fy sf/afxL gx'g', /fhgLlt e|i6 / gf/fd'vL x'g' / :jfyL{k|zf;g x'g', e|i6frf/n] r/d ;Ldf gf£g' cflb o:tf ;d:ofx?n] ubf{ ;'zf;g sfod u/fpg sl7gfO{ kl//x]sf] 5 .
• ;'zf;gsf] ;kmn sfof{Gjogsf nflu pRr txaf6 k|zf;lgs k|ltj4tf hfx]/ u/LOdfGbf/Ltfk"j{s kfng ug]{ / s'/fdf eGbf sfddf a9L hf]8 lbg' kb{5 . gLlt of]hgf /cGo lqmofsnfksf] k|efjsf/L ?kn] cg'udg d"Nof+sg ug]{ k|0ffnL / ;+oGqsf] ljsf; ul/g'cfjZos 5 . csf]{ s'/f e|i6frf/ /f]SgnfO{ k|efjsf/L sbd rflng' klg Tolts} cfjZos /xgcfPsf] 5 .
• k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug]{, bIf, ;Ifd Pj+ sfo{d"ns gLlt th'{df
;+oGqsf] lgdf{0f, ;xeflutf, ;r]tgf / ;+rf/ Joj:yfsf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg, ;fj{hlgs
gLlt th'{df cfrf/;+lxtf th'{df, pQ/bfloTj k|lt ;r]t /xg' cfjZos 5 .
• c;n zf;g sfof{Gjogsf nflu cfjZos sfo{gLlt, sfo{of]hgf, sfo{ljlw th'{df ug]{ /
Joj:yfkg / dfgjLo dgf]j}1flgs kIfx?sf] ;'k|aGw ldnfpg'sf] ;fy} ;a} lsl;dsf Resources sf] Joj:yf, k|f]T;fxg, Advocacy, cg'udg ul/g' cfjZos 5 .
• c;n zf;g sfod ug{sf] nflu sfg"gL Joj:yf ug]{ jf cfjZos sfg"g agfpg], /fhgLlts
txsf] ;xof]udf ;Da4 kIfsf] ;xof]u, ;xeflutf kl/rfng u/fpg'k5{ .
• ;'zf;g sfod ug{ ;+:yfut Ifdtf ljsf; / kl/rfng ug]{ / ;du|df gLltsf] k|efjsf/L,
49
bIftfk"0f{ 9+uaf6 sfof{Gjog ug'{sf] ;fy} gLlt th'{dfdf k|zf;gsf] e"ldsf /xg'k5{ .
• c;n zf;g sfod ug{ k|zf;sLo 1fg, ;Lk Ifdtf, of]Uotf, cg'ej / ljlzi6tfsf] k|of]u
ug'{sf] ;fy} cfjZos ;"rgf / hfgsf/Lx?sf] ;+sng / ljZn]if0f ug'{ cfjZos 5 .
• c;n zf;g sfod ug{ d:of}bf÷;+/rgf lgdf{0f / 5nkmn÷k/fdz{sf nflu k|:t't ul/g'k5{
/ gLltsf] k|efjsf af/]df ljZn]if0f ul/g' cfjZos 5 .
• ;/sf/L gLlt sfof{Gjogsf nflu cfjZos sfo{qmd lgdf{0f ug'{k5{ . :yfgLo:t/df u'0f:t/Lo
;]jf k|jfx / ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{df k|efjsf/Ltf Nofpg] / hg;xeflutf k|j4{g u/L
;fdflhs kl/rfngsf] sfo{qmd ;j} uflj;x?df k'¥ofpg'k5{ .
• cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg k|0ffnLnfO{ ;"rgf k|ljlw;Fu cfj4 ug'{sf] ;fy;fy} cg'udg tyf
d"NofÍg k|0ffnLnfO ;'rgf k|ljlw;Fu cfj4 u/fpg'k5{ .
• ;fwg ;|f]tnfO{ Goflos 9+ujf6 nlIft ju{df k'¥ofpg tyf r'xfj6 /f]Sg'sf] ;fy} b'u{d If]qdf
sfo{ ug{ sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ pTk|]l/t ug'{ cfjZos 5 / :yfgLo ljsf; k|lzIf0f s]Gb|nfO{
Jofj;foL / glthfd'lv agfpg'k5{ .
lgisif{
k|zf;gaf6 hgtfn] kfpg] ;]jf lgoldt / u'0ffTds x'gsf] nflu k|zf;gdf sfd ug]{ sd{rf/L cfkm\gf]kb cg'?ksf] sfo{ ug{ ;Sg] x'g'kb{5 . ha 7Ls kbdf 7Ls dflg; (Right Man Right Place) sf]kb:yfkg x'G5 ta dfq hgtfn] k|zf;gaf6 kfpg] ;]jf 7Ls ;dodf k|fKt ub{5g\ / Tof] u'0f:t/Lox'G5 . csf]{tkm{ sfd ug{ ;Sg] dflg; dfq eP/ x'Fb}g p;sf] sfdk|ltsf] ;sf/fTds b[li6sf]0f klgx'g'kb{5 . sd{rf/Ldf sfdk|ltsf] b[li6sf]0f To; a]nfdfq x'G5 ha p;n] kfpg] tna / ;'ljwfn]p;sf] Go"gtd cfjZostfsf] k"lt{ x'G5 . t;y{ ;'zf;g sfod x'gsf] nflu ;j{k|yd j:t'ut ?kdfIfdtf hf“r]/ dfq kb:yfkg, ;?jf, a9'jf ug'{kb{5 eg] csf]{tkm{ sd{rf/LnfO{ ;dfhdf a;]/ vfg k'Ug] u/L tna / ;'ljwf lbg' kb{5 . To:tf] ug{ g;s]sf] v08df k|zf;gdf e|i6frf/ ;+:yfut x'gk'Ub5 . sd{rf/Ldf cg'zf;glxgtf a9\b} uPsf]n] pgLx?af6 k|zf;gsf] txut >[+vnfdf /xL ug'{kg]{pQ/bfloTj axg ePsf] gb]lvPsf]n] ;+u7gfTds pQ/bfloTjdf gsf/fTds c;/ kg{ uPsf] 5 .a[xt ?kdf cfly{s cg'zf;g lxgtf, e|i6frf/ / clVtof/sf] b'?kof]u eO/x]sf tyf o;af6 ;du|?kdf g} pQ/bfloTjdf c;/ kl//x]sf] b]lvg cfp“5 . sd{rf/Lx?sf] dgf]an / pTk|]/0ffsf] :t/36\g uPsf]n] :jcfTdLo pQ/bfloTj / ;+u7gfTds pQ/bfloTjsf] :t/ klg 36\g uPsf] a'lemgcfp5 . sfg"gsf] cIf/zM kfngf ug]{ cEof; b]zdf ha;Dd /x“b}g ta;Dd k|hftGq ;kgfdfdfq ;Lldt /xG5 . df}lns xs klg gfddfqsf] eO/xG5 . ;'zf;g / k|hftGqsf] /Iffsf] nflugful/s ;dfhsf] clt dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 . ;fdflhs ;+3 ;+:yfx?nfO{ /fhgLlts / cfly{s;+:yfx?;“u ;xsfo{sf] k|lqmofnfO{ dha't agfpg gful/s ;dfhn] ;3fpg] ub{5 . ;dfhnfO{
50
ljljw kIfdf hgr]tgf hufO{ ;Ifd, ;';'lrt gful/ssf] hdftsf] ?kdf ljsf; ub}{ lnP/ ;Eo ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ nIo ;fy ;+ul7t ePsf gful/s ;dfhsf cfkm\g} lhDd]jf/L klg 5g\ ./fHosf] s7f]/ x:tIf]k / ahf/sf] cb[io xftaf6 pTkGg x'g] cfly{s ljR5[\vntfaf6 ;dfhnfO{5'6sf/f lbg gful/s ;dfhn] ;fdflhs cy{tGqsf] j}slNks sfo{of]hgfsf] sfd ub{5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdfu|L
!= lg/Ghg pk|]tL, ljsf; / k|zf;g, sfi7d08k Ps]8]lds OG6/k|fOh]h k|f=ln=, sf7df8f}+ klxnf];+:s/0f @)%* .
@= gf/fo0f a]Njf;], k|sfzdgL zdf{, s]bf/ v8\sf, c;n zf;g ;|f]t ;+ufnf], k|f] klAns hglxt ;+/If0f d~r @)%*
#= xl/bQ kf08]o, k|zf;lgs pQ/bfloTj, g]kfn cGt{/fli6«o kj{ lbj; @)^), jif{ #$ ;+o'Qmf @# k"0ff{Í !$&, @)^) c;f]h k';, >L % sf] ;/sf/, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno, ;"rgf ljefu,sf7df8f} .
$= 8f= s[i0f k|;fb e§/fO{, g]kfndf k|zf;g ;'wf/ / dgf]j[lQ kl/jt{g, k|zf;g, k"0ff{Í (^, df3@)^) jif{ #% c+s @ >L % sf] ;/sf/, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno, nlntk'/ .
%= uDeL/ axfb'/ xf8f, ;'zf;gÚ dfq Ps cfwf/, uf]/vfkqÚ jif{ !)@, c+s #)&, @)%( ;fn, r}q @,_
^ uDeL/ axfb'/ xf8f, g]kfndf e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f / ;'zf;gsf] dxTj, g]kfn jf0fL, -/fli6«o;fKtflxs_ jif{ !&, c+s $!, @)%& h]i7 !( .
& uDeL/ axfb'/ xf8f, g]kfndf e|i6frf/sf] sf/0f ;d:of tyf ;'emfj, sfdfb (CAMAD), @)^! a}zfv
* 8f=dw'lgwL ltjf/L, ljsf; k|zf;g l;4fGt / cjwf/0ff, /fhZj, jif{ @# @)%( kf}if, c+s #,>L % sf] ;/sf/ cy{ dGqfno, /fhZj k|zf;g tflnd s]Gb|, xl/x/ ejg, k'Nrf]s, nlntk'/
( ;Dkfbs /fh]Gb| bfxfn, /fh]z l3ld/], g]kfndf kf/blz{tf / e|i6frf/, g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/;d"x, sf7df8f}, ;g\ @))) .
!)= lji0f' ;'j]bL, k|zf;g Joj:yfkg / ljsf;sf d'ne"t kIfx?, c6n Ps]8]dLs ;]G6/, sf7df8f},k|yd ;+:s/0f @)^! .
!!= ljb'/ s]=;L=, sd{rf/LtGqdf ;dofg's'n ;'wf/sf] vfFrf], g]kfn å}dfl;s_, jif{ #(, c+s #, k"0ff{Í!&!, @)^%, d+l;/–kf}if, g]kfn ;/sf/, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno, ;"rgf ljefu, ;~rf/u|fdltnu+uf, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn .
51
!@= lnnf/fh kf}8]n, d'n'ssf] ljBdfg k|zf;lgs kl/j]z / ;sf/fTds ;f]+rsf] cfjZostf, g]kfnå}dfl;s_, jif{ #(, c+s @, k"0ff{Í @&), @)^%, c;f]h sflt{s, g]kfn ;/sf/, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/dGqfno, ;"rgf ljefu, ;~rf/u|fd ltnu+uf, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn .
!#= e]ifk|;fb e't]{n, lghfdtL ;]jf / /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf, g]kfn -å}dfl;s_, jif{ #(, c+s !, k"0ff{Í!^(, @)^%, >fj0f ebf}, g]kfn ;/sf/, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno, ;"rgf ljefu, ;~rf/u|fdltnu+uf, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn .
!$= xl/x/ zdf{, ljsf; k|zf;gsf ljljw kIfx?, g]kfn -å}dfl;s_, jif{ #(, c+s $, k"0ff{Í !&@,@)^%, df3 kmfu'g, g]kfn ;/sf/, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno, ;"rgf ljefu, ;~rf/u|fdltnu+uf, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn .
!%= k|sfz bfxfn, ljsf; k|zf;g, ljs]Gb|Ls/0f / :yfgLo ;/sf/, lkgfsn klAns]zg k|f=ln=,afuahf/, sf7df8f}+, k|yd ;+:s/0f, @)^% .
!^ 8f=/fds'df/ bfxfn, State, Government, Institution & Local Governance, lbIffGt k':ts
k|sfzg, sLlt{k'/, klxnf] ;+:s/0f @))^ .
!& ;'/h ;fpb, rl08sf k/fh'nL, ;/sf/, ;+:yfx? / :yfgLo u|fdL0f zf;g (Government, Institution & Local Rural governance), xh'/sf] k|sfzg, k|bz{gLdfu{, sf7df8f}+, k|yd ;+:s/0f
@)^$ .
!* lq jifL{o of]hgf -@)^&÷^*–@)^(÷&)_, g]kfn ;/sf/, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn, d+l;/ @)^&€ .
!( c;n zf;g (Good Governance), k|f]=klAnssf] dfl;s k|sfzg, jif{ @, c+s *, @)^! c;f/ .
@) cRo"t s'Os]n,dfgj clwsf/ / ;'zf;gsf s]lx kIfx? ,:dfl/sf @)^*, jif{ , *, c+s * ,df3@)^*,clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u 6+ufn sf7df8f} .
@! z]/jxfb'/ 9"+ufgf, ;"zf;gsf] ;Gb{edf /fli6«o ;t{stf s]Gb|, k|zf;lgs ;"wf/ dfl;s, @)^* r}q, jif{ @ . c+s ^, dfgj clwsf/ tyf sfg"gL ldl8of u'|k sf7df8f} g]kfn ,
@@= tLgjifL{o cGtl/d of]hgf -@)^$÷^%–@)^^÷^&_, g]kfn ;/sf/, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn, d+l;/ @)^$ .
@#= bzf}+ of]hgf -@)%(–@)^$_, tTsflng >L % sf] ;/sf/, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, cfiff9 @)%( .
52
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f M l;4fGt / Jojxf/
;f/f+ze|i6frf/ lgd"{n g} x'g] k|s[ltsf] ck/fw klg xf]Og . sfg"gsf] zf;g, e|i6frf/d'Qm / r'?:t /fHok|zf;g cfhsf] dfu / cfjZostf klg xf] . g]kfndf e|i6frf/ hl6n / r'gf}tLk"0f{ ;d:ofsf ¿kdf/x]sf] 5 . o;sf] lgoGq0f ug]{ k|of; ck]lIft ¿kdf kmnbfoL x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ljBdfg sfg"gLtyf ;+:yfut Joj:yfsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog gePsf] cj:yf Psftkm{ 5 eg] csf{tkm{ e|i6frf/lgoGq0fsf] k|of;df clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u PSnf] k|foM5. ;'zf;g, ul/aL 36fpg] / e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f Ps};fy n}hfg'kg]{ x'G5 . cf–cfk\mgf] cfr/0f, Jojxf/, ;+:sf/, ;fdflhskl/j]z / k|j[lt cfbLdf ;'wf/ ug'{kb{5 . d'n'sdf b08ljlxg l:ylt 5 . cfh e|i6frf/ lj?4sf;xsfo{df /fHosf ;a} c·sf ;fy x/ tx / tKsfs]f ;xof]u clt cfjZos /x]sf] 5 .
* pk ;lrj, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt sf7df08f}+
ufoqL k|;fb /]UdL*
æJolQmut kmfObfsf] nflu ul/g] ;fj{hlgs x}l;otsf] b'?kof]u g} e|i6frf/ xf] .Æ
e|i6frf/ x/ o'udf eof], km/s dfqfsf] dfq xf] . cfh k|foM ljZje/L g} e|i6frf/ Ps dfgjLo
;d:of ag]sf] 5 . kf/bzL{tfsf] sf/0fn] dfq e|i6frf/sf] rrf{ a9L ePsf] xf]Og . o; ;d:ofsf]
lgjf/0f ug{ e|i6frf/sf] s;"/df s7f]/ eGbf s7f]/ b08 ;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yf ;d]t ePsf 5g\ .
t/ klg e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . e|i6frf/ lgd"{n g} x'g] k|s[ltsf] ck/fw klg xf]Og .
e|i6frf/sf] d'Vo zq'sf] ?kdf kf/blz{tf, pQ/bfloTj Pj+ hjfkmb]xLtfnfO{ dflgG5 . oL tTjx?sf]
k|efjsf/L cl:tTj ePdf e|i6frf/sf 36gfx?df :jtM sdL cfpFb5 . cToGt ljsl;t b]zdf
;d]t obfsbf e|i6frf/sf08 5fkfdf cfpF5g . xfd|f] b'ef{Uo of] 36\g'sf jbnf ælbg b'O u'gf /ft
rf}u'gfÆ sf b/n] j9\of] . sfg"gsf] zf;g, e|i6frf/d'Qm / r'?:t /fHo k|zf;g cfhsf] dfu /
53
cfjZostf klg xf] . nf]stflGqs /fhg}lts Joj:yfs]f d'Vo u'0f ;'zf;g xf] eg] o;sf] k|d'v tTj
eg]sf] e|i6frf/d'St ;dfh xf] . gful/s ;dfh, ;+rf/ If]q, u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx? ;d]tsf] ;lqmo
;xof]u cfjZostf /xg hfg] x'G5 .e|i6frf/n] ;du| b]zsf] /fhg}lts,cfly{s, ;fdflhs nufotsf
ljljw If]qdf k|ToIf c;/ kfg]{ x'Fbf o;sf] lgoGq0f, /f]syfd / lgjf/0fsf nfuL ;/sf/sf] k|d'v
lhDd]jf/L /xG5 .
e|i6frf/ eg]sf] s] xf] <
e|i6frf/ / e|i6sf] ;fdfGo kof{ojfrL zAbfjnL, kltt, cg}lts, ;dfh lj?4sf] h3Go ck/fw,
3':ofxf x'g\ . o:tf] e|i6 lqmofsnfko'Qm cfr/0f e|i6frf/ / stf{ Pjd\ dltof/nfO{ e|i6frf/L
elgG5 . ;fdfGo cy{df e|i6frf/ eg]sf] lgod jf sfg"g lj?4 g}lts ktg x'g] sfd ul/ 3"; vfO{
kIfkftk"0f{ lg0f{o / Jojxf/ ug]{ sfd xf] .
e|i6frf/sf] kl/efiff u/]/ o;sf] lj:t[t ?k / bfo/fnfO{ ;+s'rg ug{ ljZjsf sltko b]z h:tf]
ef/t, blIf0f sf]l/ofn] rfx]sf 5}gg\ . sltko b]zdf o;sf] kl/efiff ePsf] klg b]lvG5 h:t}
yfOn}08sf] Organic Act on Counter Corruption 1999 sf] kl/efiff v08n] . g]kfn klg
e|i6frf/ zAbnfO{ kl/eflift ul/ ;+s'rg gug]{ k+lQmdf plePsf] 5 . ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 lgl0f{t
lzj k|;fb lj=>L % sf] ;/sf/ dGqLkl/ifb\;d]t -g]=sf=kf= @)$$ k[i7 %^!_ ePsf] d'2fdf elgPsf] 5 .
æe|i6frf/ olt Jofks zAb 5 ls o;nfO{ kl/efiff ug'{ sl7g 5 . e|i6frf/ zAbnfO{ kl/efiff
u/L lglZrt l;df/]vfleq cfj4 ug]{ sfo{ hf]lvdk"0f{ 5 eGg] dx;'; u/]/ g} ljwflosfn] e|i6frf/
lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& df e|i6frf/sf] kl/efiff gu/]sf] dx;"; x'G5 Æ. e|i6frf/sf ;DaGwdf g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, ;fy} e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( n] :ki6 kl/efiff u/]sf] 5}g . e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f
P]g @)%( sf] bkmf @-s_ n] e|i6frf/ eGgfn] kl/R5]b @ cGtu{t ;hfo x'g] s;'/ ;Demg' k5{
elg ljleGg sfo{x?nfO{ ;d]6\g vf]h]sf] b]lvG5 .
e|i6frf/sf sf/0fx?
e|i6frf/sf d'Vo sf/0fx? lgDg 5g\ M–
-s_ wd{ Pj+ ;+:sf/sf] k|efjM– jl9 ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f ug]{ JolQm lxGb' wd{åf/f k|efljt 5g\ . b]jL
b]jtfnfO{ jnLåf/f, e]6L r9fP/ ef]u lbP/ v'zL x'G5g eGg] wfld{s bz{gn] rfs8L, rfKn';L
u/]df h] ubf{ klg x'G5 eGg] wf/0ffdf s]xL j9fjf lbPsf] ljZjf; ul/G5 .
54
-v_ cfly{s sf/0f M– /fhg}lts If]qdf, ;/sf/L ;]jfdf k|j]z ubf{ lgDg dWod ju{sf] ?kdf /xg]
g]kfnL cjsfz x'Fbf ;+e|fGt ju{sf] bhf{df pSng' .
-u_ /fhgLlts sf/0f M– /fhgLltdf ck/fwLs/0fsf] ljBdfgtf, /fhg}lts g]t[Tjdf hjfkmb]xLtf /
kf/blz{tfsf] 68\sf/f] cefj .
-3_ ckgTjsf] cefjM– /fhg]tf / k|zf;sx?df cfˆgf] kbk|lt nufj /x]sf] kfOb}g . pgLx? kbk|lt
c;Gt'i6 Pj+ lg/fz /x]sf] b]lvG5 . pgLx?df cfˆgf] hLjgsfn jf ;]jf cjlw kZrft cfˆgf]
;Gtlt o; If]qdf /xb}g eGg] wf/0ffn] ubf{ ;]jfdf /fd|f] efjgfsf] sdL b]lvG5 . cfh;Dd
b]zn] rdTsfl/s /fhg]tf -Charismatic leader_ jf k|zf;s kfpg ;s]sf] 5|}g .
-ª_ ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts sf/0f M– st{Jolgi7 / OdfGbf/sf] abnf e|i6«frf/Lsf] ;dfhdf ;Ddflgt
x'g] . wfld{s tyf g}lts d"Nodf x|f; cfpg' . ;fdflhs l/tLl/jfh / ;DaGw j9L t8s
e8sk"0f{ x'g' .
-r_ k|zf;lgs sf/0f M– cfly{s nfe x'g] If]qdf ;?jf kb:yfkgf u/fpg] xf]8jfhL rNg' .
clVtof/jfnfdf e|i6«frf/ lgoGq0f ug]{ hfu?stf gx'gsf ;fy} lgoGq0fsf nfuL bIftf /
l;ksf] cefj .
-5_ pRrtd k|ljlwsf] cefj M– pRrtd k|ljlwsf] k|of]uaf6 ;+;f/sf] ;aeGbf sd e|i6frf/ x'g] b]z
Go'lhn}08, 8]gdfs{ tyf PlzofnL /fi6« l;+ufk'/df ;sf/fTds k|efj /x]s]f b]lvG5 . x/]stxsf]
nfesf kbdf jxfn /xg] JolQmsf] sfo{;Dkfbg Pjd\ cfly{s ultljwLnfO{ kf/bzL{ agfpg
;lsG5 . t/ xfd|f]df agfpg ;lsPsf] 5}g .
-h_ sdhf]/ sfg"gL Pj+ ;+:yfut Joj:yf M– e|i6frf/ lgjf/0fsf nflu th'{df ul/Psf sfg"g /:yflkt ;+:yfx? h:t} clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u, cbfnt, ;+;bLo ;ldltx?sf] ;+:yfut cj:yf sdhf]/ x'Fbf w]/} e|i6frf/Lx? pGd'Qm e} ljr/0f ug{ kfPsf b]lvG5 .
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0fdf sfo{/t lgsfox?
� clVtof/ b'?kf]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u
� ljz]if cbfnt
� Gofokl/ifb\
� /fhZj cg';Gwfg ljefu
55
� /fli6«o ;t{stf s]Gb|
� Joj:yflksf ;+;b / ;ldltx?
clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u
� clVtof/ b'?kof]u ePdf txlssft ug]{ u/fpg],
� e|i6frf/df d'2f rnfpg],
� cg'lrt sfo{df 5fgjLg cg';Gwfg u/L ;r]t, Wofgfsif{0f, ljefuLo sf/jfxL jf cGo
sf/jfxLsf] nfuL l;kmfl/; ug]{
� ;'emfj lbg]
� hgr]tgf clej[l4 ug]{
� ;dfg p2]Zosf /fli6«o / cGt/fli6«o ;+:yfx?;Fu ;Dks{ / ;xof]u j[l4 ug]{ .
ljz]if cbfnt
vf; lsl;dsf d'2fx?sf] sf/jfxL / lsgf/f l56f] 5l/tf] ug{ ljz]if cbfntsf] u7g g]kfn ;/sf/n]
ug{ ;Sg] ljz]if cbfnt P]g @)%( df /x]sf] 5 . xfn ljz]if cbfnt sf7df08f}+df :yfkgf e}
e|i6«frf/ d'2fsf] ;'g'jfO{ ug]{ If]qflwsf/ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 .
Gofokl/ifb
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !!# / Gofokl/ifb\ P]g, @)$& adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf
d'Vo Gofolwz / cGo GofowLz / lhNnf cbfntsf GofofwLzn] k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd e|i6frf/
7xg{] s'g} s;'/ u/]/ Gofokl/ifb\n] hfFra'em ;ldlt agfO hfFra'em u/L cf/f]ksf txlssft
cg';Gwfg u/L ;DjlGwt k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf d'2f rnfpg] sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . o; k|fjwfg
cg'?k zfxL zf;g sfndf Ko'7fg lhNnf cbfntsf lhNnf GofofwLz lj/]Gb|s'df/ s0f{nfO{ kl/ifb\n]
e|i6frf/df k'g/fj]bg cbfnt bfª t'n;Lk'/df d'2f bfo/ u/]sf] lyof] . Gofokl/ifbn] sfo{Ifdtfsf]
cefjdf k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf GofofwLzx? xl/axfb'/ a:g]t / t]haxfb'/ sfsL{ pk/ sf/jfxL
rnfPsf]df xl/axfb'/ a:g]tn] /fhLgfdf lbPsf]df /fhLgfdf :jLs[t u/]sf] / csf{ GofofwLz pk/
cjsfz lbg] lg0f{o u/]sf] b]lvG5 . To:t} v/fa cfr/0fsf] cfwf/df k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] GofofwLz
cf]d ;'j]bLnfO{ ;]jfaf6 cjsfz lbPsf] b]lvG5 .
56
/fhZj cg';Gwfg ljefu
/fhZj r'xfj6 / cg';Gwfg tYo lgoGq0f P]g, @)%@ n] /fhZj r'xfj6nfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf
/f]syfd ug{ / lgoGq0f ug]{ bfloTj /fhZj cg';Gwfg ljefunfO{ ;'Dk]sf] 5 .
/fli6«o ;t{stf s]Gb|
of] e|i6frf/ d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg ug]{ lgsfo xf]Og . e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf #& / #*
adf]lhd o; s]Gb|sf] d'Vo p2]Zo e|i6frf/hGo sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf lgoGq0f ug'{ / e|i6frf/
lj?4 hgr]tgf clej[l4 ug'{ xf] .
Joj:yflksf ;+;b / ;ldltx?
;jf]{Rr cbfntsf k|wfg GofofwLz / GofofwLzx?, ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf k|d'v / ;b:ox?n]
sfo{Ifdtfsf] cefj jf v/fj cfr/0f jf OdfGbf/Lk"j{s kbLo st{Jo kfngf gu/]sf] cj:yfdf
dxfcleof]usf] k|:tfj kf; u/L kbd'Qm ug]{ clwsf/ Joj:yflksf ;+;bnfO{ ;+ljwfgn] k|bfg u/]s]f
5 . ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf GofowLznfO{ dxfcleof]usf nflu cfPsf] k|:tfjdf tTsflng k|ltlglw
;efsf ;efd'v /fdrGb| kf}8]nn]] btf{ u/L 5nkmndf Nofpg c:jLsf/ u/]sf lyP . ;+;bsf
;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldlt, /fHo Joj:yf ;ldlt, nufotsf ;+;bLo ;ldltx?n] ljifout ;ldltsf]
If]qleq kg]{ ljifodf 5nkmn ug]{, ;+;bLo ;'g'jfO{ u/L l;kmfl/; ug]{, cfjZostf cg';f/ g]kfn
;/sf/ jf cGo lgsfo jf ;+:yfnfO{ lgb]{zg ;'emfj / Wofgfsif{0f u/fpg] sfd ul/ cfPsf] lyof] .
jt{dfgdf ;+ljwfg;ef lj36g eO{ Joj:yflksf ;+;b ;d]t g/x]sf] kl/k|]Iodf ;f] af6 x'g] sfdx?
k|efljt ePsf 5g\ .
cGt/fli6«o k|of;
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0fsf nfuL cGt/fli6«o :t/df ePsf ljlelGg k|of;x? dWo] xfn ;Ddsf] k|efjsf/L
?kdf ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] k|of;df ePsf] e|i6frf/ lj?4sf] dxf;GwL -United Nations Convention
against Corruption UNCAC_ nfO{ lng' k5{ . ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] dxf;efåf/f 31 oct.2003
df kfl/t of] dxf;GwL 15 December.2005 b]lv nfu" ePsf] xf] . ;f] dxf;lGwnfO{ g]kfnn] 10
December 2003 df x:tfIf/ u/]tf klg xfn ;Dd cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5}g .
plNnlvt dxf;lGwsf] cnfjf klg e|i6frf/ lj?4df ljleGg cGt/fli6«o Pj+ If]qLo :t/df ;lGw
Pj+ dxf;lGw lgdf{0f ePsf 5g . cGo cGt/fli6«o dxf;GwLdf United Nation Declaration against
57
Corruption and Bribery in International Commercial Transaction, 1996, International Code of
Conduct for Public Officials, 1996,. The Inter American Convention against Corruption, 1997
cflb .
e|i6frf/;Fu ;DalGwt ljifox?
pRr vt/fsf] l;4fGt (High Risk Approach) / e|i6frf/
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0fsf ljleGg pkfo dWo] pRr vt/fsf] l;4fGt klg Ps gjLgtd wf/0ff xf] . of]
wf/0ffsf] dfGotf s] 5 eg] e|i6frf/ ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQmn] ljrf/ ljZn]if0f ul/ ul/g]
ck/fw xf] . o:tf] ck/fwdf ;+nUg kIfx?sf] cfk;L lxtsf/L :jfy{ lglxt /x]sf] x'G5 / o;sf]
hfgsf/L ;Dj4 JolQmsf jLrdf dfq l;ldt x'G5 . o;y{ e|i6frf/df ;+nUg kIfx?nfO{ pRr
vt/fdf /fVg ;s]df e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fdf ;kmntf k|fKt x'g ;S5 .
pRrvt/fsf] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug]{ pkfosf] ?kdf e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] ljleGg
bkmfx?n] u/]sf] b08fTds Joj:yfx?nfO{ lng ;lsG5 . h:tf] P]gsf] bkmf %$ cbfntaf6 s}b
kfPsf JolQmn] s}bdf j:g'kg]{, bkmf @$ n] dflyNnf] txsf ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Lpk/ # jif{sf]
yk ;hfo x'g], bkmf %* df k'/:sf/, bkmf ^) ;'/fsLsf] uf]Kotf ;DaGwL Joj:yf / bkmf %% n]
;hfodf 5'6 ;DaGwL Joj:yf ;fy} ;DklQ ljj/0f k]z ug'{ kg]{ sfg"gL Joj:yfn] pRrvt/fsf]
l;4fGtnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] kfOG5 . t/ Jojxf/df P]gsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog gx'gfsf ;fy}
;+;bLo ;ldltx?sf ;fy} clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] cg'lrt sfo{ u/]sf] 7x/ u/L
cfjZos sfg"gL sf/jfxL ug]{ lgb]{zg lbFbf klg ljefuLo sf/jfxL ug{ l;kmfl/z ul/Psf nfesf
kb wf/0f ug]{ JolQmx?nfO{ ;/sf/n] sf/jfxL gu/L pGd'lQm k|bfg ul/Paf6 st} pRr vt/fsf]
l;4fGtsf] k|of]u cGof]ndf k/]sf] t xf]Og eGg] cfef; ;d]t x'g uPsf] b]lvG5 .
c:jefljs / cldNbf] ;DklQ
æe|i6frf/df k|df0f vf]h]/ kfOb}g, k|df0f eg]sf] lhDd]jf/ txdf a:g]sf] hLjg:t/df cfPsf] c:jefljs
kl/jt{g g} xf]Æ
dflysf] sygaf6 ;fljs kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnL –ljz]if u/L sdg n sf] k|df0fsf] ef/, z+sfsf]
;'ljwf, ck/flws bfloTj h:tf cfwf/e"t dfGotfx?n] ;fk]lIfs ?kdf ck/fw lgoGq0f x]t'
kl/dflh{t / kl/is[t ljwLzf:qLo :j?k u|x0f ug{ yfn]sf] cg'e"lt x'g hfG5 . e|i6frf/ ;Ël7t
ck/fwsf] o:tf] ?k xf] h;df lng] lbg], vfg] v'jfpg] / ldNg] ldnfpg] ;a}sf] :jfy{ lglxt
58
x'G5 . kl/0ffdtM k|df0fsf] k|fr'o{tf gx'g' e|i6frf/ ck/fwsf] ;fdfGo :jefj xf] . To;}n] e|i6frf/
ck/fwdf cg'dflgt s;"/sf] k|fjwfg k|o'Qm x'G5 . nfewf/L kbflwsf/Lsf] cfDbfgL;Fu gldNbf]
cfly{s x}l;ot b]lvPdf e|i6frf/sf] zÍfn] 3]l/G5 . o:tf zÍf tYout ?kdf lgjf/0f ug]{ k|df0fsf]
ef/ z+Íf:kb JolQmd} lglxt /xG5 . cfh ;DklQ cfh{gsf] >f]t k'li6 Pp6f clgjfo{ zt{ jGg
k'u]sf] 5 . o;sf] Joj:yfkg slt b]zn] ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Ldf l;ldt u/]sf 5g eg] sltn] d'2f
lgd{nLs/0f ;DaGwL sfg"gåf/f Jofks bfo/f k|bfg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . cfo>f]t;Fu gldNg] c:jefljs
;DklQ e|i6frf/hlgt ck/fwhGo sfo{ x'g] egL sfg"gsf] s8fO{ ?kdf kfngf l5d]sL /fi6« ef/t,
rLgsf ;fy} l;+ufk'/, yfOn}08df klg ;kmntfsf ;fy} k|of]u ePsf] kfp5f} .
xfd|f] ;Gbe{df x]bf{ e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf]] bkmf @) -!_ n] ;fj{hlgs kbwf/0f u/]sf
JolQmn] k]z u/]sf] ;DklQ ljj/0f cldNbf] ePdf, dgfl;j sf/0f ljgf cldNbf] / c:jefljs pRr
hLjg:t/ ofkg / x}l;ot eGbf j9L bfg, bftJo, pkxf/, ;fk6L, rGbf jf js;nfO{ e|i6frf/hGo
ck/fw 3f]lift u/]sf] 5 . ;f] sfg"gL cfwf/df clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]uåf/f ljz]if
cbfntdf d'2f ;d]t bfo/ ePsf]df s]xLdf jfbL kIfn] ;kmntf / j9Ldf c;kmntf xft kf/]sf] 5 .
lr/~hLjL jfUn] lj= g]kfn ;/sf/, /fdf1f rt'{j]bL lj= g]kfn ;/sf/sf d'2fx?df ;jf]{Rr cbfntn]
cs"[t ;DklQ sdfO{ e|i6frf/ u/]sf] 7x/ u/L km};nf ul/;s]sf] 5 .
Gofokflnsfsf] e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fdf e"ldsf
sfg"gn] ;fgf]nfO{ nf7f]n] v]b\5 / 7fn' b]v]kl5 cfkm} efUb5 eGg] a+ufnL sxfjt g]kfndf e|i6frf/
ck/fw hutdf a9L k|o'Qm / k|efjsf/L ePsf] eGg] egfO{ j]nfjvtdf p7\g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . l8=lj=
nfdf ;d]t lj?4 >L % sf] ;/sf/ ePsf] e|i6frf/ d'2fdf ePsf] dfkmL ldgfxf, /f]oN6L a9fO{ /fhZj
a[l4 u/]sf]n] ;bfrf/ 7x/ u/]sf] >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] lj= x]daxfb'/ dNnsf] d'2f / >L % sf] ;/sf/
lj=nf]sdfg l;+x sfsL{ ePsf] e|i6frf/ d'2fdf cbfnt s]xL g/d /x]sf] eGg] Psy/Lsf] egfO{ /x]sf]
5 . cs't ;DkQL sdfO{ e|i6frf/ d'2fx?df clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u lj?4 lr/l~hjL
jfUn] -g]=sf=k= @)^& lg=g+= *%!(,_ clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u lj?4 hok|sf; k|;fb
u'Ktf -@)^$–CR–)@#& km};nf ldlt @)^*.!!.(_ clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u lj?4
v'daxfb'/ v8\sf ;d]t -@)^#–CR–)$&* km};nf ldlt @)^(.$.#)_ clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg
cfof]u lj?4 /fdf1f rt'{j]bL ;d]t -@)^@–CR–#^!& km};nf ldlt @)^*.%.@!_ clVtof/ b'?kof]u
cg';Gwfg cfof]u lj?4 cfgGbk|;fb vgfn ;d]t -@)^@–CR–##!) km};nf ldlt @)^(.%.!@_ ePsf
d'2fx?df cf/f]lkt JolQmx?n] cs't ;DklQ sdfO e|i6rf/ u/]sf] 7x/ u/L km};nf u/]sf] 5 .
To:t} clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u lj?4 cRo'ts[i0f v/]n nufotsf xbDofbsf] sf/0f
59
b]vfO ljz]if cbfnt sf7df8f}Faf6 d'2f vf/]h ePsf]df k'gM lg0f{o ug{sf] nflu z'?df k7fpg] u/L
;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 km};nf ePsf]df k"j{ dGqL uf]ljGb/fh hf]zLsf] e|i6frf/ d'2fdf cleof]u 7x/
u/L ljz]if cbfntn] km};nf ;d]t u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;'zf;g sfod ug]{ ;DjGwdf Gofokflnsfsf]
:yfg uf}0f dfGg ;lsFb}g .
e|i6frf/sf] lgoGq0fsf] nflu pkfox?
!=lg/f]wfTds pkfo (Preventive Technique)
� ;/sf/L sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ kf/bzL{ agfpg]
� tna eQfsf] kof{Kt Joj:yf
� b08 k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yf s8f agfpg]
� g}lts lzIffsf] k|rf/
� g]t[Tj ju{df OdfGbfl/tf
� ;DklQ ljj/0fsf] cg'udg
� lgu/fgL /fVg]
� bafa ;d'xsf] l;h{gf
@=pkrf/fTds pkfo (Curetive Technique)
� ;DjlGwt lgsfosf k|d'vnfO{ lhDd]jf/ agfpg]
� ;fgf] e|i6frf/nfO{ klg g5f]8\g]
� ef}lts lg/LIf0f / n]vfkl/If0faf6 b]lvPdf tTsfn sf/jfxL ug]{
� /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg]
� e|i6frf/sf] ;DjGwdf x'g] sf/jfxL k|efjsf/L agfpg]
#= ;DklQ ljj/0f
� ;DklQ ljj/0f cWofjlws u/fpg] . sf/jfxL To;sf] cfwf/df ug]{
� cg'dflgt s;"/nfO{ cleof]hgsf] ?kdf lng]
� ;fdflhs alx:sf/
60
� >f]tsf] vf]hL÷-x:tfGt/0fdf_
$=cGo
� d2t ug]{nfO{ k'/:sf/÷gug]{nfO{ b08
� ;ts{tf s]Gb|nfO{ ;'ljwf ;DkGg agfpg]
� ef/tsf] txNsf 86 sdaf6 l;Sg' kg]{
� dfgl;s ?kdf tof/ x'g'kg]{ .
e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf ;d:ofx¿
g]kfndf e|i6frf/ hl6n / r'gf}tLk"0f{ ;d:ofsf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . ljBdfg sfg"gL tyf ;+:yfutJoj:yfsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog gePsf] cj:yf 5 . e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf ;d:ofx¿ d"ntMlgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M
s_ gLltut ;d:of
v ;lhn} a]xf]g{ ;lsg] -sdhf]/_ b08 hl/jfgf,
v clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] clwsf/ tyf sfo{If]q ;fF3'/f], vcfof]un] :yfgLo :t/;Dd cfkm\gf] sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ;~rfng ug{ g;s]sf],
v e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf] sfo{ ;/sf/sf] pRr k|fyldstfdf kg{ g;s]sf],
v clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u, ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldlt h:tf lgu/fgL / lgoGq0fsf]lhDd]jf/Ldf vl6Psf lgsfox¿sf] cfb]z lgb]{zg kfngf gug]{nfO{ s8f sf/afxL ug]{ Joj:yf gePsf],
v cfof]udf 5'§} ;]jf / ljz]if1tf ePsf sd{rf/Lx¿ /fvL sfo{;~rfng ug]{ Joj:yf gePsf]cflb .
v_ Joj:yfksLo ;d:ofx¿
v clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u nufot e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fdf ;+nUg lgsfosf sd{rf/L Joj:yfkgdf ;/sf/s]f cgfjZos x:tIf]k ePsf],
v cfof]u u7g ug]{ sfo{ l56f]5l/tf], :jR5 / lhDd]jf/k"0f{ x'g g;s]sf],
61
v cg;'Gwfg Pj+ cleof]hgsf] sfo{ k||lqmof pGd'v, l9nf;':tL, cljZj;gLo x'g] u/]sf],
v ljz]if cbfnt / clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u aLrsf] ;dGjo sdhf]/ ePsf],
v lhDd]jf/, pTk|]/s / ;Ifd sdr{f/Lsf] sdL ePsf],
v e|+i6frf/ lj?4sf] cg';Gwfgdf ;DalGwt lgsfox¿sf] ;xof]usf] sdL ePsf],
v cTofw'lgs k|ljlw / ;fwg ;|f]tsf] sdL ePsf] cflb .
u_ Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofx¿
v /fhgLlts g]t[Tj g} kmh'n vr{ / cfly{s clgoldttfdf ;+nUg x'g] u/]sf],
v /fhgLlts lgo'lQm, sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;?jf / kb:yfkgfdf ;/sf/ tyf k|d'v /fhgLltsbnx¿af6 cg'zf;g, cfr/0f / :jR5tfsf pbfx/0fx¿ b]vfpg g;Sg',
v b08xLgtfnfO{ lgoGq0f ug]{{] sfo{df ;/sf/ sdhf]/ x'g',
v k|zf;g tyf Joj:yfkgdf /fhgLlts x:tIf]k x'g',
v ;/sf/L lgsfox¿aLr sdhf]/ ;dGjosf] cj:yf,
v lhDd]jf/L lgjf{x gug]{ JolQmnfO{ sf/afxL gug]{ ;+:sf/ sfod /xg',
v gful/s ;dfh / hgtfsf] ;xof]u k|fKt x'g g;s]sf] cflb .
;d:ofsf sf/0fx¿
v /fhgLlts cl:y/tf,
v /fhgLlts k|lta4tf, cg'zf;g / ;xof]usf] sdL,
v b08xLgtfnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ grfxg] ;/sf/L sfo{z}nL,
v k|zf;g tyf Joj:yfkgdf /fhgLlts x:tIf]k,
v ;xof]uL / hjfkmb]xLk"0f{ ;dGjog z}nL ljsf; gePsf],
62
v lhDd]jf/L lgjf{x ug{] / gug{]aLr km/s gePsf] cj:yf sfod,
v gful/s ;dfh / hgtfsf] ;xof]udf sdL cflb .
6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn / g]kfn
e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb} cfPsf] e|i6frf/ lj/f]wL cGt{/fli6«o ;+:yf 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g];gnn] ljZjsf b]zx?sf] ;fj{hlgs If]qdf ;j]{If0f u/L k|sflzt ;'rf+s cg';f/ g]kfn !%$cf} :yfgdf ;g\ @)!! df /x]sf] b]lvG5 . 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn] ;g\ @)!) df k|sflzt u/]sf]k|ltj]bg cg';f/ e|i6frf/ cjwf/0ff ;"rsfÍdf g]kfn &-;ft jif{_ sf] l:ylt -;g\ @))$ b]lv ;g\@)!) ;Dd_ tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
jif{ -;g\_ -lj=;++_@))$-@)^!_
@))%-@)^@_
@))^-@)^#_
@))&-@)^$_
@))*-@)^%_
@))(-@)^^_
@)!)-@)^&_
k|fKt :sf]/÷s'n cÍ @=*÷!) @=%÷!) @=%÷!) @=%÷!*) @=&÷!) @=#÷!) @=@÷!)
:yfg÷s'n b]z ()÷!$^ !!&÷!%( !@!÷!^# !#!÷!*) !@!÷!*) !$#÷!*) !$^÷!&*
pko'Qm tYofÍ cg';f/ g]kfndf ;g\ @))$ df @=* cÍ () cf}+ :yfgdf k/]sf]n] pQm jif{ tLg kf; dfs{ /x]sf]df kf; dfs{sf] s]xL glhs k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . ;g\ @))%,@))^,@))& df @=% cÍsf ;fyqmdzM !!&, !@!, !#!, ;g\ @))* df @=& cÍsf ;fy !@! cf}+ :yfgdf k/]sf] 5 eg] ;g\ @))(df @=# cÍ !$# cf}+ :yfgdf tyf ;g\ @)!) df @=@ cÍ ;fy !$^ cf}+ :yfgdf k/]sf] b]lvG5 .lj=;++ @)^! ;fndf s]xL ;'wf/sf] cj:yf xf] ls h:tf] b]lvG5 eg] lj=;+= @)^@, @)^# df lj=;++@)^! ;fnsf] eGbf a9L e|i6frf/ ePsf] cj:yf kfOof] . lj=;++ @)^% ;fndf )=@ cÍ ;'wf/sf]l:ylt b]lvP klg lj=;+= @)^^ k'gM )=$ cÍ e|i6«frf/ a9]/ uPsf] / @)!) sf] jif{ klg )=! cÍe|i6frf/ a9]/ uPsf] pQm cfFs8fn] b]vfpF5 . g]kfn ;g\ @)!@ df e|i6frf/ x'g] d'n'sdf !#( cf}+:yfgdf k/]sf] 5 .
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0fsf nflu rflng' kg]{ ;'wf/sf sbdx?
e|i6frf/ lgd"n{sf nfuL lgod sfg"gsf] lgdf{0f ;+VofTds ?kdf j9L u/]/ dfq x'Fb}g . To;df
u'0ffTds, k|efjsfl/tf nfu" x'g] ;DefJotf x'g'kb{5 . e|i6frf/ lgd'{n kfg]{ s'/f Ps r'gf}tLk"0f{ sfo{
xf] . o;sf] lgjf/0fsf] nflu b]zsf] ;/sf/ :j+o bl/nf] x'g'kg]{ / e|i6frf/sf] lqmofsnfkdf k|ToIf
lgu/fgL /fVg] jftfj/0f tof/ ul/g'k5{ . @)!! cui6 dlxgfdf ef/tsf ;dfh;]jL cGgf xhf/]n]
lbNnLsf] /fdlnnf d}bfgdf e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf] nflu hgnf]skfn ljw]os Nofpg ;/sf/nfO{
bafa lbg cfGbf]ng u/]sf]df ;f]lan nf]s;efaf6 kfl/t ePsf]df /fHo;efdf ;doefjsf] sf/0fn]
63
dtbfg x'g g;sL ylGsPsf] cj:yf b]lvG5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df klg e|i6frf/ lj?4sf] cleofgnfO{
a9fjf lbg ;fdflhs cleofGtfx?sf] vfFrf] dxz'z ul/Psf] 5 . xfnsf] Joj:yfdf ul/g] kg]{
;'wf/x? lgDg 5g\M
!_ dxfn]vf, clVtof/ / nf]s;]jf cfof]usf k|ltj]bgx? k9]/ clVtof/ b'?kof]u / e|i6frf/ ug]{
nfO{ sf/jfxL ug{ l;kmfl/; ug]{ dfq sfd tf]s]sf] :yfoL ;+oGq agfpg cfjZos 5 .
@_ jt{dfg e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( df e|i6frf/ u/]sf] k|f/lDes ?kdf b]lvP y'gfdf /fVg'
kg]{ sfg"g 5 . t/, w/f}6 e|i6«frf/Lsf] xs h:tf] ePsf] 5 . tTsfnsf] nflu u/] lj/fPsf] b]lvP
k'k{Ifsf nfuL y'gfdf /fVg] ljBdfg d"l5{t sfg"gnfO{ xf];df Nofpg h?/L 5 .
#_ clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u P]g, @)$* tyf ;f] sf] lgodfjnLdf cg'lrt sfo{sf
;DaGwdf ph'/ ug{ kfpg] k|fjwfgx? cToGt} cg'bf/ k|s[ltsf /x]sfn] pQm k|fjwfgx?nfO{
;+zf]wg u/L s'g} g]kfnL gful/sn] s;}n] cg'lrt sfo{ u/]sf] 5 eGg] yfxf kfPdf b]zleqsf]
h'g;'s} :yfgaf6 ph'/L ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf u/L ;gfvt ug'{kg]{ jfWotfaf6 d'Qm ul/g'k5{ .
$_ clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !#-@_ df e|i6frf/ ;DaGwdf ;f]
sfo{ eP u/]sf ldltn] % jif{ leq cfof]un] sfd gu/]df s'g} sf/jfxL grnfpg] Joj:yfn]
:jljj]sLo clwsf/sf] b'?kof]u x'g uPsf] v08df jf ;f] k|fljlws q'6LnfO{ cfwf/dfgL
xbDofbsf sf/0faf6 d'2f grNg] / rn]sf]df klg cbfntn] ;kmfO{ lbg] u/L km};nf u/]sf]
kfO{Psf] 5 . o;af6 e|i6frf/Ln] pGd'QmL kfpg ;Sg] b]lvFbf pQm sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] vf/]hL jf
;+zf]wgsf nfuL ljrf/0fLo b]lvG5 .
%_ clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]udf nfdf] ;do;Dd kbflwsf/Lsf] lgo'QmL x'g g;Sg'n]
e|i6frf/sf] cg';Gwfgsf] sf/jfxLdf ;':ttf cfPsf]df ljjfb b]lv+b}g . kbflwsf/L l/Qm ePsf]
tLg dlxgf leq} lgo'QmL ul/g] Joj:yf cjnDjg ul/g' kb{5 .
^_ clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] tkm{af6 e|i6frf/df sf/jfxL ug]{ If]qLo / lhNnf:t/df
;+oGqsf] cefj /x]sf] / xfn ;f] clwsf/sf] k|of]u If]qLo k|zf;g sfof{no / lhNnf k|zf;g
sfof{noaf6 k|of]u eO{/x]sf]df jfl~5t pknJwL xfl;n x'g g;s]sf] oyfy{tf xfdL ;fd' 5 .
clVtof/sf] :yfoL ;+oGqsf] lgdf{0f x'g clt h?/L b]lvG5 .
64
lgisif{
e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ug]{ sfo{ ;a}sf] ;femf lhDd]jf/L xf] . clVtof/ jf cGo lgsfosf] dfq
pQ/bfloTj xf]Og, o;df sfo{kflnsf, Joj:yflksf / Gofokflnsf ;d]tsf] ;lqmotf rflxG5 .
/fHosf] :ki6 b[li6sf]0f / k|ltjåtfsf ;fy e|i6frf/ lj/f]wL sfo{sf] yfngL geP;Dd e|i6frf/
lgjf/0fsf] k|of; k|efjxLg jGg k'Ub5 . e|i6frf/sf] bfo/faf6 /fHosf] dxTjk"0f{ lx:;f lghL
If]qnfO{ ;d]6\g g;lsPsf] oyfy{tf xfdL ;fd" 5 . oxfF s;}nfO{ s;}sf] 8/ x'b}g . k};f ePdf h:tf]
;'s} ck/fwaf6 klg d'lQm kfOG5 eGg] ;+:sf/sf] ljsf; x'g yfn]sf] 5 . ;/sf/L / ;+j}wflgs
lgsfoaf6 ul/g] sfd sf/jfxLdf hgljZjf; 36]sf] 5 . e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ug{ ;bfrf/L x'g' k5{ .
;bfrf/L Jojxf/sf] z'?jft gLltut txaf6 x'g'kb{5 . ;'zf;g, ul/aL 36fpg] / e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f
Ps};fy n}hfg'kg]{ x'G5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdfu|L
� g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
� clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u P]g, @)$* tyf lgodfjnL
� 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfn, e|i6frf/ lj?4 k|lzIf0f k'l:tsf, sf7df08f}+ @)^#
� e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%(
� g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, ljleGg c+sx?
� sfg"g, ljleGg c+sx?
� clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]uåf/f k|sflzt :dfl/sfsf ljleGg c+sx?
� Transparency International (2011) Annual Report: Washington D.C.; Publish
by Transparency International Secretariat
� www.un.org
� www.wikipedia.org
65
/fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|M lxhf], cfh / ef]ln
;f/f+zh:sf] ;/sf/L ;|f]t ;fwgdf kx'“r x'G5, p;}jf6 sfg"g adf]lhdsf sfdsf ;fy} sfg"gsf] hfdfleq ;/sf/L /sd / j:t' dfly nf]e j9L e|i6frf/ tyf clgoldttfsf ultlalw x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 .o;nfO{ sfg"gsf] bfo/fdf lnO{ sfg"g adf]lhd sf/jfxL ug{ tyf hgdfg;df ;sf/fTds 5fk kg]{u/L e|i6frf/ lj?4sf] k|lt/f]wfTds / k|j4{gfTds sfo{sf] lhDd]jf/L k'/f ug{ ;/sf/ dftxts}lgsfodf /xg] ljZjAofkL k|rng /x] cg'?k e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf #& adf]lhd e|i6frf/hGo sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf lgoGq0f ug{ tyf e|i6frf/ lj?¢ hgr]tgf clej[l¢ ug{k|wfgdGqLsf] k|ToIf /]vb]v / lgoGq0fdf /xg] u/L /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf ul/g] k|fjwfgcg';f/ lj=;+= @)%( ;fn >fj0f @& ut] o; /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gbsf] :yfkgf ePsf] k|:t't n]vdf /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf, ;+u7g ;+/rgf, sfo{If]q, e|i6frf/hGo sfo{nfO{ lgoGq0fug{ s]Gb|n] ;Grfng ul//x]sf lqmofsnfkx?nfO{ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
* pk;lrj, g]kfn ;/sf/, /fli6«o ;t{stf s]Gb|, l;+xb/af/ .
ljifo k|j]z
e|i6frf/ lj/f]wL laVoft ;fdflhs g]tf cGgf xhf/] -ls;gafa' xhf/, /fn]u0f l;l¢, dxf/fi6«,ef/t_ sf] g]t[Tjdf ef/tdf nf]skfn / hgnf]skfn ljw]os / Ifltk"lt{ ;lxtsf] gful/s a8fkqsf;DaGwdf ef/t ;/sf/nfO{ bjfj lbO/x]sf], z]if b'lgofFsf] Wofg tflg;Qmf klg sltko dflg;x?nfO{nfUbf] xf]nf, o:tf] cfGbf]ng g]kfndf lsg lelqPg < g]kfn k|zf;lgs k|lzIf0f k|lti7fgdf k|lzIffyL{Ps ;/sf/L clwsf/Ln] eg]—@)^@÷)^# ;fnsf] ;kmn hgcfGbf]ngkl5 cfzfjfbL jGb}, ;/sf/k|lt ;b\efj /fVb} cfGbf]ng grs]{sf] xf]nf, kl5 xf]nf elg nv sf6] .
cGgf xhf/] 6Ldsf ;b:o tyf ef/tsf k"j sd{rf/L c/laGb s]h/Ljfnn] ef/tdf e|i6frf/ la/f]wL /fhgLlts bn vf]n]/ gful/s a8fkq, Ifltk"lt{ / ;"rgfsf] xsnfO{ cfwf/ dfGb} ef/t / ;+;f/ysf{pg] e|i6frf/sf d'2fx? ;fj{hlgs ul//x]sf 5g\ . dGqLx?nfO{ cfˆgf sfd u/fO{, kfl/jfl/s;DnUgtfdf ;~rflnt u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf ultlalwx?sf cfwf/df rf]vf] k|dfl0ft x'g xDd]xDd] k/L ;d:of kl//x]sf] ef/tLo cfd;~rf/ dfWodx?n] k|rf/k|;f/ ul//x]sf 5g\ .
e|i6frf/ lj/f]wL ;Tk|of;
-s_ ljZjM
z]/jxfb'/ 9'ª\ufgf*
66
ljZjsf ;a}h;f] d'n'sx¿n] ;fj{hlgs Pjd\ lghL If]qdf x'g] e|i6frf/ / clgoldttf lgoGq0fu/L ;'zf;g sfod ug{ sfg"gL, ;+:yfut, gLltut Pjd\ sfo{ut Joj:yf ldnfPsf] kfO{G5 .ljZjdf klxnf] k6s ;g\ !*)( df :jLl8;\ ;+;bn] dsf{df k/]sf hgtfsf] ;'g'jfO{ ug{ Goflos cDa'8\;Dofg (Ombudsman) sf] :yfkgf u¥of] . o;n] b'j} kIfnfO{ ;fy}/fvL ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{dWo:ytf ubf]{ /x]5 . cGofodf ldnfk x'g g;s]kl5 of] ;/sf/L clwsf/Ln] of] of] ulNt u/]sf]b]lvof] eg]/ ;DalGwt lgsfodf k7fpFbf klg To;n] ;dfhdf sl;nf] bafa÷k|efj 5f8\bf] /x]5 .;DalGwt lgsfon] sfg"gL sf/jfxL ug]{ :yflkt k|rng /x]5 .
To:t}, ;g\ !(!( df lkmgNof08, ;g\ !(%% df 8]gdfs{ / ;g\ !(^) df Go"lhNof08n] cDa'8\;Dofgsf]:yfkgf u/] . oL d'n'sx?df e|i6frf/ / k|zf;lgs clgoldttf lj?4sf sfd sf/jfxLdf b]lvPsf];kmntfsf] kmn:j?k ;g\ !(() sf] b;s;Dd cfOk'Ubf ljZjsf clwsf+z d'n'sx¿n] ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] sfd sf/jfxLdf lgu/fgL ug{ :jtGq, lgikIf / lgeL{s cDj'8\;Dofg h:t} k|s[ltsflgsfox¿sf] :yfkgf u/]] .
ljZjsf sltko d'n'sx?sf ;+ljwfgdf g} :jtGq ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] ¿kdf g]kfnsf] clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u h:t} lgsfo jf sfo{sf/L cGtu{t /fli6«o ;ts{tf h:t} lgsfo jf b'a}k|s[ltsf lgsfosf] :yfkgf ug]{ ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfg /flvPsf] kfOG5 .
-v_ g]kfnM
g]kfndf /fhf ;'/]Gb|sf] kfnfdf lj=;= !(!) df ag]sf] d'n'sL P]gdf xflsdsf] gfpFdf s/fpg]sf] dxn cGtu{t xflsd jf sd{rf/Ln] 3'; vfof]=== eGg] ljifosf ph'/Lx¿ btf{ ug]{, ckLn ;'Gg], nut lemsfpg] / khgL hfx]/ ug]{ sfg"gL Aoj:yf lyof] . oxLaf6 g} g]kfndf e|i6frf/ lj?4 /fHon]sfg"gL sf/jfxL ug]{ Joj:yfsf] ;'?jft ePsf] dfGg ;lsG5 .
lj=;+= @))& ;fndf k|hftGqsf] :yfkgf ePkl5 e|i6frf/ / cg'lrt sfo{sf] lgoGq0fsf nflue|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @))( cg';f/ lj=;+= @)!) ;fndf e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f ljefusf] :yfkgf eof] . kl5 e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& adf]lhd ljz]if k|x/L ljefusf] :yfkgf eof] . g]kfnsf];+ljwfg, @)!( -bf]>f] ;+zf]wg, @)#@_ adf]lhd ;+j}wflgs cËsf] ¿kdf clVtof/ b'?kof]u lgjf/0f cfof]u, g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& / g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# adf]lhd clVtof/b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u :yfkgf u/L e|i6frf/ la?¢ cleofg hf/L /x]sf] 5 .
/fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf
h:sf] ;/sf/L ;|f]t ;fwgdf kx'Fr x'G5, p;}jf6 sfg"g adf]lhdsf sfdsf ;fy} sfg"gsf] hfdfleq
67
;/sf/L /sd / j:t' dfly nf]e j9L e|i6frf/ tyf clgoldttfsf ultlalw x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 .o;nfO{ sfg"gsf] bfo/fdf lnO{ sfg"g adf]lhd sf/jfxL ug{ tyf hgdfg;df ;sf/fTds 5fk kg]{ u/L e|i6frf/ lj?4sf] k|lt/f]wfTds / k|j4{gfTds sfo{sf] lhDd]jf/L k'/f ug{ ;/sf/ dftxts}lgsfodf /xg] ljZjJofkL k|rng /x] cg'?k e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf #& adf]lhde|i6frf/hGo sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf lgoGq0f ug{ tyf e|i6frf/ lj?¢ hgr]tgf clej[l¢ ug{ k|wfgdGqLsf] k|ToIf /]vb]v / lgoGq0fdf /xg] u/L /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf ul/g] k|fjwfgcg';f/ lj=;+= @)%( ;fn >fj0f @& ut] o; /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gbsf] :yfkgf ePsf] /x]5 .
sltkon] o; s]Gb|nfO{ lj3l6t ljz]if k|x/L ljefusf] gofF ?k jf sltkon] t o;sf] gfpFsf]cGTodf ;/sf/L s]Gb|Lo lgsfo a'emfpg] gfdsf] ;§f s]Gb| ePsfn] u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf eGg klg kl5 gk/]s]f kfOPsf] 5 . lsgsL e|i6frf/ lgjf/0fsf nflu clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u b]zdfk"0f{ ?kdf :yflkt eO{ ;s]sf] 5 jf, sltn] t o;nfO{ clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf]zfvf klg eGg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . s;}sf] c8\snafhL jf cNk1fgsf kl5 nfUg' eGbf la=;+= @)%(;fpg @& df :yflkt /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|n] ldlt @)^( ;fpg @^ ut] z's|af/ bz jif{ k"/f u/L/fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|sf] bz jif{ -la=;+= @)%(.$.@&– la=;+=@)^(.$.@^_1 ;fj{hlgs eO{;s]s]f 5 .
e|i6frf/hGo sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf lgoGq0f ug{ tyf e|i6frf/ lj?¢ hgr]tgf clej[l¢ ug{ o; bz jif{sf] cjlwdf w]/} lhNnfx?df kof{Kt lgsfox?sf clgodldttfsf ;"rgfx? ;ª\sng,cg'udg, ;'emfj Pad\ lgb]{zg lbg], lgu/fgL, 58\s] hfFr tyf cGj]if0f ug]{, ;DklQ ljj/0f tyf cfosf] cg'udg ug]{, ;ts{ u/fpg] gful/s a8fkq sfof{Gjog cg'udg, ljleGg lhNnfx?df cg'udg, ;fj{hlgs of]hgfx?sf] k|fljlws k/LIf0f tyf sf/jfxLsf nflu clVtof/ b'?kof]ucg';Gwfg cfof]u tyf ;DalGwt lgsfodf n]lv k7fPsf kof{Kt pbfx/0fx? 5g| . gful/s a8fkqsfof{Gjog cg'udg, ljleGg lhNnfx?df cg'udg, ;fj{hlgs of]hgfx?sf] k|fljlws k/LIf0f u/L gx'g' kg]{ sfdx? ePsfdf ;RofO lgoldt ug{ lgb]{zgx? lbO{Psf] 5 .
s]Gb|sf] ;+u7gfTds ;+/rgf tyf hgzlQm
;+u7g ;+/rgf
la=;+= @)%( >fj0f @& df :yflkt s]Gb|sf] k|d'vdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] clws[t /xg] Joj:yf 5 . o; s]Gb|sf] laBdfg ;fË7lgs 9fFrfdf b'O{j6f dxfzfvfx¿k|zf;g tyf cg'udg dxfzfvf / k|fljlws k/LIf0f dxfzfvf /x]sf 5g\ . k|zf;g tyf cg'udgdxfzfvf cGt{ut sfg"g tyf gLlt lgdf{0f zfvf, clen]v tyf cg'udg zfvf, k|zf;g tyf of]hgf
1 >]i7, ;'/]zdfg tyf ;fyLx?, /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|sf] bz jif{ -la=;+= @)%(.$.@&– la=;+=@)^(.$.@^_
68
zfvf / k|fljlws k/LIf0f dxfzfvf cGt{ut k|fljlws k/LIf0f zfvf g+= ! / @, ;"rgf ;Íng tyfcGj]if0f zfvf g+= ! / @ /x]sf 5g\ .
s]Gb|sf] p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ ljBdfg ;+u7gfTds 9fFrfdf ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ ug{ cfjZos b]lvPsf]n] cf=j= @)^&÷)^* df s]Gb|sf] cf] P08 Pd (O & M Survey) ;e]{If0fsf] sfo{ eO;s]sf] 5 .k|ltj]bg ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnodf ljrf/fwLg /x]sf] cj:yf 5 .
s]Gbsf] sfo{ If]q leqsf ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf sfdsf/jfxL jf ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ ;DaGwL sfg"gadf]lhd eP jf gePsf] ;DaGwdf b}lgs lnlvt, df}lvs, uf]Ko jf v'nf, cfd ;~rf/sf dfWodjf6 jf ;'/fsLsf cfwf/df h] h;/L klg s]Gb|df k|fKt x'g] h'g;'s} klg e|i6frf/ tyf clgoldttfsf ;"rgf, ph'/L pk/ k|f/lDes 5fglagb]lv lgisif{df k'¥ofpg] k|of]hgsf] nflu, kfl/t ;f+u7lgs ;+/rgfeGbf km/s sfo{ ;/nLs/0fsf nflu @)^^ ;fpgb]lv s]Gb|df cGj]if0f tyf cg'udg zfvfg+= !, @, #, $, %, ^ / & gfdfª\sg u/L tL zfvfx¿jf6 cnucnu dGqfno tyf s]Gb|Lo lgsfo;DaGwL ph'/L ;DaGwdf sf/jfxL x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . sd{rf/L k|zf;g tyf of]hgf / sfg"g tyf gLltlgdf{0f zfvfnfO{ ;d]t zfvf g+ ! tyf @ gfdfs/0f ul/ lhDd]jf/L lbOPsf] 5 . s]Gb| o;nfO{ sfo{;/nLs/0fsf nflu cjnDag ul/Psf] cy{df lng rfxG5 .
cGj]if0f tyf cg'udg zfvf g+= !, @, #, $, % ;Dd lghfdtL pk;lrj zfvf k|d'v /x]sf 5g\eg] zfvf g= ^,& / * k|x/L pk/LIfs zfvf k|d'vsf x}l;otdf sfo{/t /x]s]f cj:yf 5 . k|x/Lpk/LIfsx?jf6 k]z x'g] kmfOn sfuhftx? al/i7 k|x/L pk/LIfs clws[tdf k]z eO{ tyf lghfdtL zfvf k|d'v pk;lrjx?jf6 sd{rf/L dxfzfvf k|d'v ;x;lrj ;dIf kmfO{n k]z x'g] tyf clGtd lg0f{osf nflu s]Gb|sf k|d'v clws[t ;dIf k]z x'g] k|fjwfg k|rngdf /x]sf] 5 .
hgzlQm
o; s]Gb|df xfn %% hgf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] b/aGbL 5 . lghfdtL ;]jfsf] k|zf;gtkm{sf]b/aGbLdf k|d'v clws[t -/f=k=ljlzi6 >]0fL_ !, ;x;lrj !, pk;lrj #, zfvf clws[t *, n]vfclws[t !, gfoj;'Aaf !), n]vfkfn !, 6fOlki6 vl/bf/–! u/L @^ hgfÙ O{lGhlgol/Ë ;]jftkm{ ;x;lrj -k|f=_ !, l;lgo/ l8lehgn Ol~hlglo/ #, O{lGhlgo/ *, ;aO{lGhlgo/ * u/L @) hgfÙGofo ;]jftkm{sf pk;lrj -sfg"g_ !, zfvf clws[t -sfg"g_ ! u/L @ hgf / ljljw ;]jftkm{sf/f=k=t[=-k|f=_ jftfj/0fljb\ !, ;dfhzf:qL ! / sDKo'6 ck/]6/ % u/L & hgfsf] :jLs[t b/aGbL/x]sf] 5 .
To:t}, ;'¿df s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf x'Fbf k|x/Ltkm{sf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] b/aGbLsf] Joj:yf gul/Psf] ePtfklg g]kfn ;/sf/sf]] ldlt @)^@ h]i7 # ut]sf] lg0f{oaf6 la3l6t ljz]if k|x/L ljefusf u[x dGqfno
69
jf cGtu{tsf ljleGg lgsfodf ;dfof]hg ul/Psf tyf kmflhndf /x]sf k|x/Lx¿ o; s]Gb|df:yfgfGt/0f ul/Pkl5 s]Gb|df k|x/L ;]jftkm{sf sd{rf/Lx¿ ;d]t sfo{/t /x]sf 5g\ . lgodfjnLsf]lgod ^ cg';f/ k|x/L ;d"xsf l/Qm kb a9'jfåf/f dfq k"lt{ x'g] k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 .
o;/L :yfgfGt/0f e} cfPsf sd{rf/L tyf b/aGbL ;DaGwdf Joj:yfkg ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] /fli6«o;ts{tf s]Gb| k|x/L ;d"x -u7g_ lgodfjnL, @)^$ nfu' u/]sf] 5 . ;f] lgodfjnL adf]lhd gofFb/aGbL yk gx'g], a9'jfnfO{ c;/ gkg]{ u/L l/Qm x'Fb} uPsf kb :jtM vf/]h x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf]n] xfn k|=gf=d=lg=!, k|=j=p=!, k|=p=#, k|=gf=p=%, k|=lg=@@, k|=gf=lg=!$ / k|=;=lg=!* u/L hDdf^$ k|x/L b/aGbL sfod /x] tfklg dfly a9'jf x'g], l/Qm kb vf/]h x'g] lgodfjnLsf] k|fjwfg cg';f/ k|x/L sd{rf/Lsf] 36\bf] s|d $) hgfjf6 cf]/fnf] nflu;s]sf] 5 . k|x/Ltkm{ k|x/L gfojdxflg/LIfs;Dd kb ePsf] s]Gb|df xfn al/i7 k|x/L pk/LIfs;Ddsf k|x/L sd{rf/Lx? lghfdtL kf]zfsdf sfo{/t /x]sf 5g\ .
sfo{If]q / sfg"gL Joj:yf
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf #& / #* cGtu{t k|wfgdGqLsf] k|ToIf /]vb]v / lgoGq0fdf/lx k|efjsf/L ?kdf e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ug{ tyf e|i6frf/ lj?¢ hgr]tgf clej[l¢ ug{ :yflkt /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|n] tf]lsPsf sfo{x? ;Dkfbg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
s]Gb|sf sfd sf/jfxLx?nfO{ k|efjsf/L jgfpg e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf ;fy} /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb| k|x/L ;d'x -u7g_ lgodfjnL, @)^$, /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb| -sfo{ ;~rfng_ lgodfjnL, @)^%, e|i6frf/ lj?4sf] /0fgLlt tyf sfo{of]hgf, @)^%, cGtu{tsf] lgsfout sfo{of]hgf, @)^&, k|fljlws k/LIfssf] cfrf/ ;+lxtf, @)^& / /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb| -sfo{ Joj:yfkg_ lgb]{lzsf,@)^*, e|i6frf/ la?¢sf] PsfO{ -Sjfln6L ;s{n_ :yfkgf / ;~rfng ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw, @)^*sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf 5g\ .
g]kfndf e|i6frf/ la?¢ sfd ug{] lgsfox? ;DaGwL sfo{lalw, e|i6frf/la?¢sf] ;TotYo /k|dfl0ft ;"rgf lbg]nfO{ jflif{s ?kdf k'/:s[t ug{] sfo{lalw / e|i6frf/ la?¢sf] ;fdu|L k|sflztug]{ ;~rf/ dfWod / ;~rf/sdL{nfO{ k'/:s[t ug]{ ;DaGwL sfo{lalw u/L clGtd tof/Ldf /x]sf tLgsfo{lalwn] logsf] :jLs[ltkl5 s]Gb|sf] sfddf yk k|efjsfl/tf cfpg] kSsf 5 g} Û
oL P]g, lgodfjnL, /0fgLlt, sfo{lalw nufotsf sfg"gL Joj:yf x]bf{ o; s]Gb|sf] sfo{If]qaf:tjd}+ w]/} 5 . ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL P]g, @)^$, gu/ ljsf; P]g, @)$% / ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkgtyf ;~rfng_ P]g, @)^$ eGbf ljzfn If]q ;d]6]sf] 5 o; s]Gb| ;DaGwL sfg"gL k|fjwfgn] Û
70
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%(
g]kfnsf ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] ;'v zflGt / cfly{s lxtsf lglDt ;dfhdf ljBdfg cfly{scg'zf;g, g}ltstf / ;bfrf/ sfod /fVb} e|i6frf/ lgjf/0fsf] nflu lgdf{0f ePsf] e|i6frf/lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] kl/R5]b $ df e|i6frf/ tyf clgoldttfsf] lgu/fgL ;DaGwL Joj:yfsfnflu /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . o; P]gsf] bkmf #& df /fli6«o ;ts{tfs]Gb|sf] ;DaGwdf b]xfosf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 –
-s_ e|i6frf/hGo sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf lgoGq0f ug{ tyf e|i6frf/ lj?4 hgr]tgf clej[l4ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] k|wfgdGqLsf] k|ToIf /]vb]v / lgoGq0fdf /xg] u/L Ps /fli6«o ;ts{tfs]Gb| :yfkgf ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-v_ s]Gb|sf] k|d'vsf] ¿kdf g]kfn ;/sf/n] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] s'g} clws[tnfO{ tf]Sg ;Sg]5 / ;f] s]Gb|df cfjZostfg';f/ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;]jfsf] sd{rf/Lx¿ /xg]5g\ .
o; P]gsf] bkmf #* df s]Gb|sf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/sf ;DaGwdf o;k|sf/ Joj:yf ePsf] 5
§ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] dGqfno, ljefu, sfof{no / ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfaf6 ;Dkfbg x'g'kg]{sfo{x¿ lgoldt ¿kdf eP gePsf] ljifodf ;"rgf ;Íng ug]{,
g]kfn ;/sf/sf dGqfno, ljefu, sfof{no jf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfaf6 lgoldt ¿kdf x'g'kg]{sfo{ ePsf] gkfOPdf To:tf lgsfonfO{ ;f] ljifodf ;ts{ ug]{,
§ ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQmn] k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd lbPsf] ;DklQ ljj/0f /cfosf] cg'udg ug]{,
§ e|i6frf/ x'g ;Sg] :yfg jf sfddf lgoldt lgu/fgL /fVg], 58\s] hfFr / cGj]if0f ug{cfjZos Joj:yf ldnfpg],
§ e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ;DaGwdf ckgfpg' kg]{ gLlt, /0fgLlt / tT;DaGwL sfg"gdf s'g} ;'wf/ug'{kg]{ b]lvPdf g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ cfjZos ;'emfj lbg],
§ g]kfn ;/sf/sf dGqfno÷ljefu÷sfof{no jf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfdf ph'/L k]l6sf /fVg] Joj:yf ldnfpg],
§ e|i6frf/sf] /f]syfd ug]{ p2]Zon] cfjZostfg';f/ ;DalGwt lgsfonfO{ ;'emfj jf lgb]{zg lbg],
71
§ e|i6frf/ ;DaGwL s;'/df cg';Gwfg ug]{ lgsfo jf kbflwsf/Laf6 e|i6frf/ ;DaGwL cfjZos ljj/0f jf ;"rgf k|fKt u/L cBfjlw u/fO{ /fVg],
§ e|i6frf/ ;DaGwL k|fKt s'g} hfgsf/L ;DalGwt lgsfodf n]vL k7fpg],
§ e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ;DaGwdf cfOkg]{ cGo sfd ug]{ jf u/fpg] /,
§ g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] cGo sfo{ ug]{, u/fpg] .
/fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb| -sfo{ ;~rfng_ lgodfjnL, @)^%
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf ^$ n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L g]kfn ;/sf/n] /fli6«o;ts{tf s]Gb| -sfo{ ;~rfng_ lgodfjnL, @)^% sf] nfu' u/]sf] 5 . o;} lgodfjnL cg';f/s]Gb|sf] sfo{ ;~rfng lgoldt / Jojl:yt x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . o; lgodfjnLdf /x]sf Joj:yfx¿nfO{s]nfpFbf s]Gb|n] d"ntM ;/sf/L sfof{no tyf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfx¿ / ltgdf sfo{/t kbflwsf/L Pjd\sd{rf/Lx¿af6 x'g] tyf x'g ;Sg] clgoldttf lgoGq0f nufotsf sfo{sf] nflu b]xfosf sfo{x¿ug{] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 –
§ ;"rgf ;Íng ug]{,
§ ph'/L tyf lgj]bgx¿ lng],
§ k|f/lDes 5fgljg ug{],
§ ;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿sf] cg'udg ug]{,
§ ;DalGwt lgsfox¿nfO{ lgb]{zg, ;'emfj lbg] Pjd\ ;ts{ u/fpg] tyf clgoldttf u/]sf] b]lvP clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u nufot ;Da¢ lgsfox¿df sf/jfxLsf] nflu n]vL k7fpg],
§ ;DklQ ljj/0f tyf cfosf] cg'udg ug]{,
§ lgu/fgL tyf 58\s] hfFr ug]{, cGj]if0f ug]{,
§ s]Gb|Lo lgsfosf ?kdf k|fljlws k/LIf0f ug]{,
§ hgr]tgf clej[l4 ;DaGwL sfd ug]{,
72
§ e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf] sfo{df cGo ;DalGwt lgsfo;Fu ;xsfo{ ug]{],
§ s]Gb|n] u/]sf sfd sf/jfxLsf] jflif{s ljj/0f ;lxtsf] k|ltj]bg k|To]s jif{ k|wfgdGqL ;dIf k]z ug]{,
§ s]Gb|n] ;Dkfbg u/]sf sfd sf/jfxLx¿ sfg"g adf]lhd ;fj{hlgs ug{ afwf gkg]{ ljifox¿ ljleGg ;~rf/ dfWodx¿ dfkm{t ;fj{hlgs ug{] .
e|i6frf/ lj?4sf] /0fgLlt tyf sfo{of]hgf, @)^%
;'zf;gsf dfWodaf6 e|i6frf/d'Qm zf;g k|0ffnL :yfkgf u/L ;';+:s[t tyf ;d[4 ;+3Lo u0ftflGqs g]kfnsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ kl/sNkgf;fy sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] e|i6frf/ lj?4sf] /0fgLlt tyf sfo{of]hgf, @)^% sf] d'Vo p2]Zo ;/sf/L sfo{k|0ffnLdf ;/nLs/0f / cfr/0fut ;'wf/ u/L e|i6frf/hGolqmofsnfksf] lgoGq0fåf/f g}ltsjfg / ;';+:s[t g]kfnL ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug'{ /x]sf] 5 .
e|i6frf/sf] /f]syfd tyf lgoGq0f ;DaGwdf ul/Psf cGt/f{li6«o k|ltj4tfnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ tyf e|i6frf/ lj?4sf k|of;nfO{ cem ;zQm agfpg o; sfo{of]hgfn] lhDd]jf/ lgsfosf] ¿kdf /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|nfO{ ;d]t tf]s]sf] 5 .
;fy}, o; sfo{of]hgf cGtu{tsf] lgsfout sfo{of]hgf, @)^& g]kfn ;/sf/af6 ldlt @)^& dª\;L/ * ut] kfl/t e} ;f]sf] sfof{Gjogsf] ;Gbe{df cGo lgsfox¿sf] cltl/Qm o; s]Gb|nfO{ klg;/sf/n] lhDd]jf/ lgsfosf] ¿kdf tf]s]sf] 5 .
o; lgsfout sfo{of]hgf cg';f/ e|i6frf/ lj?4sf] sfg"gsf] b[9tfk"j{s sfof{Gjog ug]{, e|i6frf/ ;DaGwL vf]h tyf cg';Gwfg ug]{ lgsfosf] Ifdtf clea[l4 ug]{, e|i6frf/ lj?4sf ;"rgf k|fKt x'g] Joj:yf ldnfpg], e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf] If]qdf sfo{/t hgzlQmsf] Ifdtf ljsf;sf] nflu k|lzIf0f sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{, e|i6frf/ lj?4 sfo{/t ;+:yfx¿aLr ;"rgf ;~hfn lgdf{0f ug]{,e|i6frf/ lj?4sf k|rf/k|;f/ ;fdu|L lgdf{0f u/L ;~rf/ dfWodaf6 k|rf/ k|;f/ ug]{, e|i6frf/ lj?4 hgr]tgf clej[l4 ug{ sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{, ;fj{hlgs ;~rf/sf dfWodnfO{ e|i6frf/ lj?4sf] ;xofqLsf] ?kdf lnO{ ltgnfO{ k|f]T;fxg / k'/:s[t ug]{ sfo{ s]Gb|sf] sfo{If]qdf kb{5g\ .
;fy}, s]Gb|sf sfdx?df e|i6frf/ x'g] :ynsf] klxrfg u/L ;"rs v6fpg], ;'/fsLsf] Joj:yf u/L k|ltkmnsf] cfwf/df k'/:s[t ug]{, cg'lrt sfo{ tyf e|i6frf/ ;DaGwL ;"rgf lbg gful/sx¿nfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf dfkm{t\ k|f]T;fxg ug]{, ;fj{hlgs hjfkmb]xLsf kbflwsf/Lx¿nfO{ :jfy{sf] åGå x6fpg cfjZos Joj:yf ug]{, s]Gb|Lo lgsfox¿df ;fj{hlgs lgdf{0f cfrf/;+lxtf lgdf{0f u/L nfu" ug{ nufpg], z+sf:kb 7]Ssfk§fsf] thljhL clwsf/ k|of]u u/L 5fglag, cGj]if0f Pjd\ k/LIf0f
73
ug]{, e|i6frf/sf lx;fjn] ;Dj]bgzLn ljGb'sf] ?kdf klxrfg ePsf sfof{nox¿sf] sfd sf/jfxLdf lgu/fgL /fVg], e|i6frf/ lj?¢ gful/s ;j]{If0fsf] Aoj:yf ug]{ / ;Dklt ljj/0fsf] cg'udg ug]{sfdx? kb{5g\ .
g]kfndf e|i6frf/ la/f]wL s8f sfg"gsf] k|efj
g]kfndf log} e|i6frf/ la/f]wL s8f sfg"gL k|fjwfg cg';f/ g]kfnsf k"j{ dGqL lr/~hLaLs'df/ jfUn]n] e|i6frf/sf] cleof]udf h]n ;hfo sf6L ;s]sf 5g\ . k"j{ dGqLx? hok|sfz u'Ktf /v'daxfb'/ v8\sf e|i6frf/sf] cleof]udf h]n ;hfo ef]uL/x]sf 5g\ . k"j{ u[x ;lrj kbds'df/kf]v|]n ;af]{Rr cbftntjf6 e|i6frf/sf] cf/f]kdf bf]ifL k|dfl0ft eO;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . k"j{ u[xdGqL ;d]t /lx;s]sf uf]laGb/fh hf]zL e|i6rf/Lsf] cf/f]k v]kL /x]sf 5g\ . km};nf ;+3f/d} 5 .
laz]if cbfntsf cWoIf GofofwLz uf}/Laxfb'/ sfsL{ tyf ;b:oåo cf]dk|sfz ld> / s]bf/k|;fbrfln;]sf] Ohnf;n]] ldlt @)^( d+l;/ & ut] laxLaf/ k"j{ /Iff ;lrj rs|aGw' cof{nnfO{ e|i6rf/L7x/ ub}{ 8]8 aif{ s}b, ^^ nfv hl/jfgf / Tolt g} lauf] c;'n pk/ x'g] km};nf u/]sf] 5 .2
;fy}, k"j /Iff ;lrj rs|aGw' cof{nnfO{ e|i6rf/L 7x/ u/]sf] ef]nLkN6} k"j ;x;lrj -k|fljlws_ c?0fs'df/ /l~htsf/nfO{ kbLo b'?kof]u u/L ;DklQ hf]8]s]f eGb} laz]if cbfntsf cWoIf GofofwLz uf}/Laxfb'/ sfsL{ tyf ;b:oåo GofofwLz cf]dk|sfz ld> / s]bf/k|;fb rfln;]sf] Ohnf;n]] ldlt@)^( d+l;/ * ut] z'qmaf/ k"j{ ;x;lrj c?0fs'df/ /l~htsf/nfO{ e|i6rf/L 7x/ ub}{ $% nfv$% xhf/ hl/jfgf u/L Tolt g} lauf] lt/fpg] / Ps jif{ s}b x'g] km};nf u/]s]f 5 . 3
@)@( a}zfv * df cl;i6]06 Ol~hgLo/sf ?kdf lghfdtL ;]jfdf k|j]z u/L @)%* ebf} @%df ;]jfjf6 lgj[Q c?0fs'df/ /l~htsf/n] u|fdL0f vfg]kfgL lgb]{zgfnosf] k|d'v, g]kfn vfg]kfgL ;+:yfgsf dxfk|aGws, d]nDrL vfg]kfgL cfo]hgfsf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs, vfg]kfgL tyf 9n lgsf; ljefusf dxflgb]{zs, :yfgLo k"jf{wf/ ljsf; tyf s[lif ;8s ljefusf dxflgb]{Zfs tyf ef}lts of]hgf, lgdf{0f tyf oftfoft dGqfnosf ;x;lrjsf] lhDd]jf/L ;Dxfln;s]sf lyP .
#) jif]{ lghfdtL ;]jf cjlwdf /l~htsf/sf] s"n ;DklQ % s/f]8 % nfv %& xhf/ dWo] #s/f]8 !( nfv ^& xhf/ ?k}+ofsf] ;|f]t gv'n]sf] eGb} clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] laz]ifcbfntdf bfo/ u/]sf] d'2f kbjf6 jflxl/Psf] Ps jif{leq d'2f bfo/ gePsf] ts{ lb+b} laz]ifcbftnn] ;kmfO{ lbPsf]df To; la?¢ k'g/fj]bg uPsf] clVtof/ b'/kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf]
2 sflGtk'/ b}lgs, @)^( d+l;/ *, klxnf] kfgf3 sflGtk'/ b}lgs, @)^( d+l;/ *, klxnf] kfgf
74
lgj]bg dfly @)^* kmfu'g #) ut] lgh c?0fs'df/ /l~htsf/dflysf] d'2f k'gM x]g'{ elg ;af]{Rr cbfntn] pN6L km};nf u/]s]f lyof] .
e|i6frf/ lj?¢ s8f sfg"gsf sf/0f k"j{ dGqL /aLGb|gfy zdf{ 1jfnLnfO{ d[To'kl5 klg e|i6frf/L 7x/ u/L sfg"g ljkl/t sdfPsf] ;Gtfg al;/x]s]f 3/, hUuf hkmt x'g] ;af]{Rr cbfntn] km};nfu/]sf] 5 .
gful/s a8fkq sfof{Gjog cg'udg
g]kfndf ;/sf/L ;]jf k|efjsf/L jgfpg] lgb]{lzsf, @)%^ sf] Aoj:yf u/L gful/s a8fkqsf] sfof{Gjog b]ze/df k|efjsf/L ?kdf nfu' eO/x]sf] 5 . lhNnfx?df /x]sf ;/sf/L sfof{nox?n]lbg] ;]jfsf ;DaGwdf gful/s a8fkq agfO{ xfn clwstd lhNnfx?df PsLs[t ?kdf gful/s a8fkq agfO{ 5kfO{ ljt/0f tyf k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] cj:yf 5 .
o;nfO{ P]gåf/f cem Jojl:yt kfg{ ;'zf;g -Joa:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ P]g, @)^$ tyf ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ lgodfjnL, @)^% xfn sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf 5g\ .
d'n'ssf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ hgd'vL, hjfkmb]xL, kf/bzL{, ;dfj]zL tyf hg;xeflutfd"ns jgfO{ To;sf] k|ltkmn ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ pknAw u/fpg, sfg"gsf] zf;g, e|i6frf/d'Qm / r':tk|zf;g, ljs]Gb|Ls/0f, cfly{s cg'zf;g tyf ;fj{hlgs sfo{ / ;|f]tsf] s'zn Joj:yfkgh:tfc;n zf;gsf cfwf/e"t dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft u/L ;j{;fwf/0fn] kfpg' kg{] ;]jf, l56f], 5l/tf] tyf sd vlr{nf] 9ª\uaf6 kfpg] cj:yf ;[hgf ug{ NofOPsf] ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_P]g, @)^$ sf] bkmf @% df ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ jf hg;Dks{ sfod ug]{ k|To]s ;/sf/L sfof{non] ;a}n] b]Vg] 7fpFdf tf]lsP adf]lhd gful/s a8fkq /fVg' kg]{ / a8fkq adf]lhd sfo{;Dkfbg geO{ ;]jfu|fxLn] ;]jf k|fKt ug{ g;sL ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ s'g} xflg gf]S;fgL x'g uPsf]df ;f] xflg gf]S;fgL afktsf] Ifltk"lt{ ;DaGwL Aoj:yf tf]lsPadf]lhd x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ lgodfjnL, @)^% sf] lgod !$ gful/s a8fkq ;DjGwL Joj:yfdf, pklgod -%_ adf]lhd dsf{df kg]{jf6 kg{ cfPsf] lgj]bgsf] Aoxf]/f dgfl;a b]lvPdf ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ k'Ug uPsf] jf:tljs xfgL gf]S;fgLsf] kl/df0f ljrf/ u/L To:tf] ;]jf k'gM k|bfgubf{ lgz'Ns ?kdf lbg jf a9Ldf kfFrxhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd Ifltk"lt{ lbg ;DalGwt ;ldltn] ;DalGwt lgsfosf kbflwsf/Lsf gfddf cfb]z lbg;Sg] k|fjwfg 5 .
s/f8f}+ AolQmx?sf cfzfsf s]Gb| cGgf xhf/] -ls;gafa'/fj xhf/]_ sf] ef/tdf rln/x]sf] e|i6frf/ la/f]wL cfGbf]ngdf p7]sf e|i6frf/ la/f]wL s8f sfg"g / Ifltk"lt{ ;lxtsf] gul/s a8fkq ;DaGwLAoj:yf g]kfndf e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%(, clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u P]g, @)%(
75
/ ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ P]g, @)^$ sfof{Gjogdf /xL k|efjsf/L /x]sf] cj:yf 5 .
;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ P]g, @)^$, ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ lgodfjnL, @)^% df gful/s a8fkqsf] sfg"gL k|fjwfg / Ifltk"lt{sf] ;':ki6 k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 . sdL 5 t;kmn sfof{Gjogsf] Û o;nfO{ k"/f ug{, sfg"gL k|fjwfg ePsf] % jif{df g]kfn ;/sf/jf6 hf/L @;o ! a'Fb] zf;sLo tyf cfly{s ;'wf/sf] tTsfnLg sfo{of]hgf, @)^( cg';f/ Ifltk"lt{ ;lxtsf]gful/s a8fkqsf] sfof{Gjog k|fjwfg u/L o;sf] cg'udgsf] lhDdf /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|nfO{lbPsf] 5 . Aoj:yf cg';f/ g]kfn ;/sf/n] Ifltk"lt{ ;lxtsf] gful/s a8fkqsf] sfo{s|d ;fj{hlgsu/]kl5 sltkon] cGgf xhf/]sf] cfGbf]ngsf] k|efj g]kfndf lelqPsf] ;Dem] t sltkon] ca s]xLx'g] cfzf af]s]sf] kfOPsf] 5 Û
;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ P]g, @)^$ / ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ lgodfjnL,@)^% adf]lhd ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ jf hg;Dks{ sfod ug]{ k|To]s ;/sf/L sfof{non] ;a}n] b]Vg] 7fpFdf tf]lsP adf]lhd gful/s a8fkq /fVg' kb{5 . o; P]g tyf lgodfjnLdf gful/sa8fkqdf pNn]v x'g' kg]{ ljifoj:t'x? pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
;DalGwt sfof{non] lbg] ;]jf / To;sf] k|s[lt, ;]jfu|fxLn] ;]jf k|fKt ug{ k"/f ug'{ kg]{ sfo{ljlw,;]jf k|bfg ug{ nfUg] ;dofjlw, ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ kbflwsf/L / lghsf] sfo{sIfsf] ljj/0f, ;]jf k|fKtug{ b:t'/÷/sd nfUg] eP ;f] sf] ljj/0f, ;]jf k|fKt ug{ ;]jfu|fxLn] k]z ug'{kg]{ sfuhft, u'gf;f] ;'Gg] kbflwsf/Lsf] kb / gfd, ;]jf lbg] lgsfosf] tfn's sfof{no / 6]lnkmf]g gDj/, ;]jf k|jfxsf]k|fyldstf, Ifltk"lt{ k|fKt x'g] / gx'g] ;]jfx¿ tyf tf]lsPsf cGo s'/fx¿ gful/s a8fkqdfpNn]v ug]{ k|fjwfg kl/kfng ug]{ ul/Psf] kfOPsf] 5 ;/sf/L sfof{non] tf]lsPsf s'/fx¿pNn]v ePsf] gful/s j8fkq tof/ u/L /fVg' kg]{ / sfof{non] ;f]xL adf]lhd jfWofTds ?kdf;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ ;]jf k|bfg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
sfg"gL Joj:yf cg';f/ gful/s a8fkqdf cGo s'/fx¿sf] cltl/Qm b]xfosf s'/fx¿ clgjfo{ pNn]v ePsf] x'g'kb{5M
§ ;DalGwt sfof{non] lbg] ;]jf / To;sf] k|s[lt
§ ;]jfu|fxLn] ;]jf k|bfg ug{ k"/f ug'{kg]{ sfo{ljlw
§ ;]jf k|bfg ug{ nfUg] ;dofjlw
§ ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ kbflwsf/L / lghsf] sfo{sIfsf] ljj/0f
§ ;]jf k|bfg ug{ s'g} b:t'/ tyf cGo /sd nfUg] eP ;f] sf] ljj/0f
§ ;]jf k|fKt ug{ ;]jfu|fxLn] k]z ug'{kg]{ sfuhft
§ ;]jfu|fxLn] ;]jf ;DaGwdf u/]sf u'gf;f] ;'Gg] clwsf/Lsf] kb / gfd
76
§ ;]jf k|bfos lgsfosf] tfn's sfof{no / 6]lnkmf]g gDa/
§ ;]jf k|jfxsf] k|fyldstf
§ Ifltk"lt{ k|fKt x'g] / gx'g] ;]jfx¿ .
;'zf;g ;DaGwL o; P]g tyf lgodfjnL adf]lhd gful/s a8fkq /fv] g/fv]sf] / ;]jf k|jfx ePgePsf] ;DaGwdf /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|n] @)^^ ;fnb]lv lgoldt ?kdf, cem k|efjsf/L ?kdf gful/s a8fkq sfof{Gjog cg'udg sfo{s|dsf ?kdf /flv lgoldt cg'udgsf] sfo{ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
s]Gb|n] tof/ kf/]sf ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ sfof{no kl/;/df ;]jf k|jfxsf ljifodf ;f]w]/ el/g] s kmf/d,sfof{no k|d'v tyf ;DalGwt sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;d"xjf6 el/g] v kmf/d, gful/s a8fkq sfof{Gjogcg'udg 6f]nLsf tkm{jf6 ;+of]hsn] eg]{ u kmf/d / ;fj{hlgs lgsfojf6 ;]jf lng] u/]sf]h]fsf]xLjf6 ;"rgf lnO{ el/g] 3 kmf/d ;d]tsf cfwf/df ;TotYo ;"rgf to u/L cg'udg ul/Psf]lhNnf ;b/d'sfddf Ps xKtf cg'udg u/L tof/ kfl/Psf] ljj/0f lhNnfdf sfo{/t /fhgLlts bnsf k|d'v tyf kbflwsf/Lx?, ;/sf/L sfof{nosf k|d'vx?, Aofkf/L, u}/;/sf/L ;+3;+:yfsf k|d'vtyf kbflwsf/L ;dIf k|:t't ul/+b} cfPsf] 5 . lhNnf txdf o; sfo{sf] ;+of]hg ug]{ sfd s]Gb|sf]lnlvt cg'/f]wdf ;DalGwt lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{non] ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ .
cf=a= @)^*.)^( df s]xL lhNnfdf sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf cfPsf dWo] b]xfosf k|ltzt ;]jfu|fxLn]cltl/Qm /sd -3';_ lbg'k/]sf] /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|sf] :ynut cg'udg k|ltj]bgn] b]vfPsf] 5 .4
4 >]i7, ;'/]zdfg, g]kfn ;/s/fsf ;lrj tyf ;fyLx?, /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|sf] bz jif{, @)^({ -n]vs o;sf;Dkfbs x'g\_ .
77
cf=a= @)^&.)^* df s]xL lhNnfdf sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf cfPsf dWo] b]xfosf k|ltzt ;]jfu|fxLn]cltl/Qm /sd -3';_ lbg'k/]sf] /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|sf] :ynut cg'udg k|ltj]bgn] b]vfPsf] 5 .5
cf=a= @)^^.)^& df s]xL lhNnfdf sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf cfPsf dWo] b]xfosf k|ltzt ;]jfu|fxLn]cltl/Qm /sd -3';_ lbg'k/]sf] /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|sf] :ynut cg'udg k|ltj]bgn] b]vfPsf] 5 .
5
78
-u_ s]Gb|sf] ;'b[9Ls/0fsf] nflu ul/Psf k|of;x¿
-!_ /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf / ;~rfngsf nflu 5'§} sfg"gL Joj:yf u/L o;nfO{clwsf/;DkGg, ;Ifd / ljz]if1tfdf cfwfl/t t'Nofpg 5'§} sfg"g lgdf{0f ug{ g]kfn sfg"g;'wf/ cfof]udf sfo{bn u7g e} d:of}bf tof/ ug]{ sfo{df s]Gb|n] pQm cfof]u ;dIf /fli6«o;ts{tf s]Gb| cfof]u :yfkgfsf nflu cfjZos k/fdz{ tyf wf/0ff pknAw u/fO{ ;lsPsf] 5 .
-@_ ;/sf/L tyf ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf x'g] e|i6frf/ tyf clgoldttf;Fu ;DalGwt ;"rgfsf] ;ª\sng, ph'/L u|x0f / ;f] sf] Joj:yfkg, cg'udg, lg/LIf0f, cGj]if0f, k|fljlws k/LIf0fnufotsf sfo{sf] ;Dkfbgdf Ps?ktf NofO{ lgoldt, Jojl:yt / kf/bzL{ agfO{ s]Gb|sf]sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] p2]Zon] tof/ kf/]sf] /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb| -sfo{ Joj:yfkg_ lgb]{lzsf, @)^* ljefuLo dGqLsf x}l;otdf k|wfgdGqL 8f= afa'/fd e§/fO{jf6 :jLs[teO{ sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] 5 .
-#_ ljutdf l;+xb/jf/ kl/;/leq /x]sf] s]Gb|sf] sfof{no @)^% ;fnb]lv cgfdgu/l:yt ef8fdf lnOPsf] ejgdf /x]sf] lyof] . k|wfgdGqLsf] k|ToIf /]vb]v / lgoGq0fdf /x]sf]s]Gb| o;/L l;+xb/jf/ kl/;/aflx/ /xFbf sfo{:ynsf] ckof{Kttf, c;'/Iff tyf lgoldt ?kdf e}/xg] nf]8;]l8Ësf] sf/0fn] ck]lIft ?kdf sfo{ k|efjsf/Ltf cfpg g;s]sf]n] g]kfn ;/sf/ -dlGqkl/ifb\_ sf] @)^& c;f]hsf] lg0f{oaf6 s]Gb|nfO{ l;+xb/jf/ kl/;/leq;fg]{ lg0f{o eP cg'?k s]Gb| @)^( ;fpg !) ut]b]lv l;+xb/jf/ kl/;/sf] lzIff dGqfno ;'zf;g ejgdf ;l/;s]s]f 5 . s]Gb|sf] gofF ejg lgdf{0f sfo{sf] nflu cy{ dGqfnoaf6k|f/lDes ?kdf /sdsf] ljlgof]hg ;d]t eO{ gSzfª\sgsf] sfd eO{/x]sf] 5 .
-$_ s]Gb|n] ;/sf/L tyf ;fj{hlgs ;+3–;+:yfaf6 lgdf{0f / ;~rfng ul/g] cfof]hgfx¿sf]s]Gb|Lo lgsfosf ?kdf k|fljlws k/LIf0f (Technical Audit) ub{5 . o; sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L?kdf ;Dkfbg ug]{ ;Gbe{df s]Gb|n] ug]{ o; ;DaGwL sfo{ / ut cf=j= df :jLs[t k|fljlwsk/LIfsx¿sf] cfrf/;+lxtfnfO{ tflnd, uf]i7L tyf k|rf/k|;f/sf] dfWodaf6 cfof]hgf ;Dj4 sd{rf/Lx¿ ;dIf k'¥ofOPsf] 5 . ;r]tgf a9fpg] sfd ul//x]s]f cj:yf 5 .
-%_ ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf x'g] e|i6frf/ Pjd\ clgoldttf ;DaGwdf ;"rgf ;ª\sng, k|f/lDes 5fglag, lgu/fgL, cGj]if0f, cg'udg tyf ph'/L Joj:yfkg sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;Dkfbg ug{ s]Gb|sf clws[t:t/sf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ tLg lbg] tflnd pknAw u/fOPsf] 5 . o;nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] sfo{s|d Aoj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
79
s]Gb|n] ;Dkfbg ub}{ u/]sf sfo{x¿
-s_ ;"rgf ;Íng
o; s]Gb|n] e|i6frf/hGo sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf lgoGq0f ug{ tyf e|i6frf/ lj?4 hgr]tgf clej[l4 ug{ ;/sf/L sfof{no jf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfaf6 ;Dkfbg x'g] sfddf lgoldt ?kdf sfd gePsf] eGg] ;DaGwdf s]Gb|df k|fKt lnlvt jf df}lvs ph'/L, s'g} kqklqsf, cg';GwfgfTds n]v jf k|ltj]bgdf ;dfj]z ljj/0f jf ;"rgf, ;DalGwt lgsfodf ul/Psf] :ynut lg/LIf0f jf cg'udgaf6 k|fKt k|ltj]bg, ljB'tLo ;~rf/ dfWodaf6 k|sflzt jf k|;fl/t ;dfrf/ jf ;"rgfsf] dfWodaf6 ;"rgf ;ª\sng ug]{ ub{5 . ;f] k|of]hgsf] nflu s]Gb|n] b]xfo adf]lhdsf sfo{x¿ u/]sf]kfOG5 –
-!_ s]Gb|df x6nfOg 6]lnkmf]g -$@))$))_ / Od]n [email protected] sf] Joj:yf u/Lclgoldttf / e|i6frf/hGo lqmofsnfkx¿sf] ;"rgf ;ª\sng ul//x]s]f 5 .
-@_ s]Gb|df ˆofS;, ph'/Lk]l6sf tyf x'nfs dfkm{t\ ph'/Lx¿ k|fKt x'g] u/]sf] . o; s]Gb|sf]kl/;/ tyf l;+xb/jf/sf] k"j{ / blIf0f 9f]sfx¿df ph'/L k]l6sfx¿ /flvPsf 5g\ . sf7df8f}k|j]zåf/ gfu9'ª\uf / l;+xb/jf/sf] blIf0fLåf/ glhs ;"rgfd"ns xf]l8{ª\ af]8{ /flvPsf] 5 .
-#_ ljleGg kqklqsfx¿df k|sflzt e|i6frf/ ;DaGwL ;dfrf/, n]v / /rgfx¿dfkm{t\ ;"rgflng k|]; sfplG;naf6 e|i6frf/ tyf clgoldttf ;DaGwL ;fdfu|Lx¿sf] k|]; lSnlkª ;]jf b}lgs ¿kdf lng] ul/Psf] . lSnlkªaf6 k|fKt x'g] ;"rgfx¿ ;DalGwt zfvfdf k7fO{cfjZostfg';f/ 5fglag sfo{ cl3 a9fOg] ul/Psf] 5 .
-$_ ;"rgf ;ª\sng k|of]hgsf] nflu e|i6frf/ tyf clgoldttf ;DaGwL ;"rgfx¿ s]Gb|nfO{ pknAw u/fO{ lbg ljleGg kqklqsf, /]l8of] tyf 6]lnlehgsf] dfWod dfkm{t\ cfd ;~rf/ dfkm{t ;j{;fwf/0fdf cg'/f]w ul/Psf] 5 .
-%_ ;"rgf ;Íng k|of]hgsf] nflu o; s]Gb|n] hgtf;Fu k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] pkTosf tyf aflx/sf ljleGg lhNnf l:yt ;/sf/L sfof{no jf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfx¿df cg'udg tyf lg/LIf0f, lgu/fgL tyf 58\s] hfFr, :ynut cWoog ug{ ljleGg 6f]nLx¿ v6fO/x]s]f 5 .o;sf] pNn]Vo k|efjsfl/tf kfOPsf] dx;'; ul/Psf] 5 .
-^_ ;"rgf k|jfx s]Gb|sf] e/kbf]{ zlQm, ;fdYo{ / ;ts{tfsf nflu ;"rgf ;d]t ePsfn]s]Gb|jf6 ;"rgf k|jfx ug{ s]Gb|sf ultljlwx? ;fj{hlgs ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 .
-&_ cf=j= @)^&÷)^* df ;"rgf ;ª\sngsf] nflu ;f] ;DaGwL Ps r]slni6 agfO{ lrtjg,
80
?kGb]xL, l;Gw'kfNrf]s, slknj:t' / bfË lhNnfsf lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, lhNnf ljsf;;ldltsf] sfof{no, gu/kflnsf , lzIff, dfnkf]t, gfkL, hg:jf:Yo h:tf sfof{nox¿dfdf}lvs tyf lnlvt ;"rgf ;ª\sng, lgu/fgL, :ynut lg/LIf0fsf] nflu 6f]nLx? v6fOPsf] lyof] . o;nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOPsf] 5 .
-v_ ph'/L Joj:yfkg
e|i6frf/hGo sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf lgoGq0f ug'{kg]{ bfloTj /x]sf] o; s]Gb|df g]kfn ;/sf/sf ljleGg ;fj{hlgs lgsfox? Pjd\ kbflwsf/Lx¿af6 x'g nfu]sf / ePsf clgoldt / e|i6frf/hGolqmofsnfkx¿ lj?4sf ph'/L tyf u'gf;f]x¿ lnlvt tyf df}lvs ?kdf k|fKt x'g] ub{5 .
s]Gb|df k|fKt x'g] ph'/L / u'gf;f]x¿sf cltl/Qm s]Gb|n] lgoldt ¿kdf lgu/fgL / cg'udg ;d]tub}{ cfPsf] 5 . clgoldttf / e|i6frf/hGo lqmofsnfkx¿sf] ;"rgf lbg s]Gb|df x6nfOg 6]lnkmf]gg+= $@))$)), Od]n 7]ufgf [email protected], ph'/Lk]l6sf nufotsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
e|i6frf/hGo lqmofsnfk, clgoldttfx¿, l9nf;':tLsf ljifodf cfd ;~rf/ dfWodaf6 k|sflzttyf k|;fl/t ul/g] n]v /rgf, ;dfrf/nfO{ ;d]t ;"rgfs} ¿kdf lnO{ ph'/L u|x0f ul/Fb} cfPsf] 5 . ;fy}, ;~rf/ dfWodaf6 e|i6frf/ / clgoldttf ;DaGwL ljifodf k|sflzt ;dfrf/x¿ sl6ª\ug]{ tyf k|]; sfplG;naf6 lSnlkª ;]jf lnO{ k|sflzt ;dfrf/ pk/ yk 5fglag ul/Fb} cfPsf] / sltko ljifox¿df ;DalGwt lgsfo / kbflwsf/Lx¿, dGqLx?nfO{ ;d]t Wofgfsif{0f u/fpg]sfo{ ul/Fb} cfPsf] 5 .
;/sf/L tyf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfx¿af6 k|bfg ul/g] ;]jf ;'ljwfx¿df eP u/]sf clgoldttf /e|i6frf/hGo lqmofsnfkx¿ pk/ ph'/L lbg ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf k|sflzt ug]{ ul/Pkl5 s]Gb|df ph'/Lx¿sf] ;+Vofdf a[l4 ePsf] 5 . o;/L ljleGg dfWodaf6 k|fKt x'g cfPsf ph'/L ;DaGwdfs]Gb|n] b]xfo adf]lhd sf/jfxL cufl8 a9fpg] ub{5 –
-!_ s]Gb|df k|fKt lnlvt tyf df}lvs ph'/L tyf ;"rgf, kqklqsf tyf ljB'tLo ;~rf/ dfWoddf k|sflzt / k|zfl/t ;dfrf/, n]v jf ;"rgf, s]Gb|af6 ul/Psf] lgu/fgL, lg/LIf0fjf cg'udgaf6 k|fKt k|ltj]bgsf] cfwf/df ;"rgf tyf u'gf;f]nfO{ ph'/Lsf] ?kdf u|x0f u/L btf{ ug]{ .
-@_ ph'/L pk/ cfjZos hfFra'em jf k|f/lDes 5fgljg ug{ ;DalGwt lgsfodf kqfrf/ u/L ePsf] jf:tljstf / ;DalGwt sfuhftx¿sf] dfu ug]{ . To:t}, cfjZostf cg';f/ ph'/L;DalGwt ljifodf hfFra'em ug{ lgu/fgL, cg'udg, 58\s] hfFr ug{ s]Gb|n] 6f]nL v6fpg],;Ssn kmfon lemsfO{ cGj]if0f, cg';Gwfg ug]{ / ;DalGwt kbflwsf/LnfO{ s]Gb|df af]nfO{
81
5nkmn, lnlvt hfgsf/L dfu u/L jf:tljstf a'‰g] .
-#_ ph'/L pk/ ePsf] 5fgljgaf6 ;/sf/L sfof{no jf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfaf6 ;Dkfbg x'g'kg]{sfd lgoldt tl/sfn] ePsf] gb]lvPdf l56f], 5l/tf] / k|efjsf/L lsl;daf6 sfd ;Dkfbgug{ cfjZos ;'emfj jf lgb]{zg lbg] .
-$_ ph'/Lsf] 5fgljgaf6 s'g} ;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf clgoldttf x'g nfu]sf] kfOPdf jf lgoldt ?kdf sfd gePsf] kfOPdf cfjZostf cg';f/ ;DalGwt lgsfosf k|d'v /To:tf] sfddf k|ToIf ;+nUg kbflwsf/LnfO{ ;ts{ u/fpg], Wofgfsif{0f ug]{ tyf lgb]{zg lbg] .
-%_ 5fglagsf] qmddf s]Gb|n] lbPsf] ;'emfj tyf lgb]{zg sfof{Gjog gu/]sf], clgoldttf ePsf] kfOPdf To:tf] ;+:yf jf sfof{nosf k|d'v jf ;DalGwt sd{rf/L pk/ k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd sf/jfxL ug{ ;DalGwt lgsfodf n]vL k7fpg] .
-^_ 5fglagaf6 s'g} ;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] sfddf clgoldttf x'g nfu]sf] jf lgoldt ?kdf sfd gePsf] ;Gbe{df s]Gb|af6 ;ts{ u/fOPsf] ljifo kfngf gu/]sf] tyf sfddf ;'wf/ gu/]sf] kfOPdf To:tf sd{rf/Lsf] clen]v /fvL lgh pk/ cfjZos ljefuLo sf/jfxLsf] nflu clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u ;dIf n]vL k7fpg] .
-&_ ph'/Lsf] 5fglagaf6 clgoldttf tyf e|i6frf/hGo lqmofsnfk ePsf] kfOPdf yk 5fglag tyf cfjZos sf/jfxLsf] nflu clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u nufotsf ;Da¢ lgsfox?df n]vL k7fpg] .
-u_ :ynut cg'udg tyf lg/LIf0f
o; s]Gb|n] ;/sf/L sfof{no tyf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfx¿af6 ul/g] cfly{s, k|zf;lgs tyf k|fljlwssfdsf] ;Dkfbg lgoldt ?kdf eP gePsf], hgtfnfO{ k'¥ofpg'kg]{ ;]jf sfg"g adf]lhd ePgePsf], e|i6frf/sf lj?4df ;do ;dodf ;/sf/n] hf/L u/]sf /0fgLlt÷sfo{gLlt÷sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjog eP gePsf], ;Dkfbg x'g] sfddf clgoldttf÷l9nf;':tL eP gePsf] tyf k|bQ ;]jf ;'ljwf ;DaGwL ljifox¿df ;ª\slnt ;"rgf tyf ph'/Lsf cfwf/df cg'udg tyf lg/LIf0f ug]{sfo{ ;d]t ub{5 . cf=j= @)^&÷)^* df ;ª\v'jf;ef, ;f]n'v'Da', df]/ª\, lrtjg, uf]/vf, sf:sL,slknj:t', ka{t, DofUbL, afun'ª, c3f{vfFrL, alb{of, h'Dnf, d'u', aemfª, a}t8Lsf ! ;o @$;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿df :ynut cg'udg tyf lg/LIf0f ug]{ sfo{ ul/Psf] lyof] .
b]zsf] /fhwfgL sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf cf=j= @)^*÷)^( df $$ ;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿df :ynutcg'udg tyf lg/LIf0f ug]{ sfo{ ul/Psf] lyof] . ;fy}, k|fljlws k/LIfsx¿n] u/]sf sfo{x¿sf]
82
:ynut cg'udg ug{ wflbË, lrtjg, gjnk/f;L, ?kGb]xL, slknj:t' nufotsf lhNnfx¿df cg'udg ug{ s]Gb|jf6 6f]nL v6fOPsf] lyof] .
-3_ ;DklQ ljj/0f tyf cfosf] cg'udg
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf %) tyf clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf #! adf]lhd k|To]s ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQmn] cfˆgf] jf cfˆgf] kl/jf/sf] gfddf /x]sf] ;DklQsf] ;|f]t jf lg:;f ;lxtsf] ;DklQsf] cBfjlws ljj/0f lgo'Qm÷dgf]gog ePsf ldltn] ̂ ) lbg / k|To]s cfly{s jif{ ;dfKt ePsf] ldltn] ^) -;f7L_ lbgleq /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|n]tf]ls lbPsf lgsfo ;dIf k]z ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .
;f] Dofbleq ;DklQsf] ljj/0f k]z ug{ g;s]sf] JolQmn] sf/0f ;lxt pNn]v u/L Dofb yksf] nflu cg'/f]w u/]df ;DalGwt lgsfo jf clwsf/Ln] a9Ldf tL; lbg;Ddsf] Dofb yk lbg ;Sg] Joj:yf ;d]t P]gdf pNn]v 5 . ;dodf lgwf{l/t lgsfodf ;DklQ ljj/0f ga'emfpg] elg o;s]Gb|n] pknAw u/fPs]f ljj/0fsf cfwf/df ut ljut jif{x?b]lv g} g]kfn ;/sf/sf ;lrjb]lv sfof{no ;xof]uL ;d]t w]/} ;fj{hlgs kbdf /x]sfx?nfO{ clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]ujf6 hl/jfgf ePsf] 5 . hl/jfgf ltg'{ k/]sfx?n] hl/jfgf lt/L ;f] s]f hfgsf/L o; s]Gb|df lbg] u/]sf],;dfrf/x? ;fj{hlgs eO{/x]sf 5g\ .
-ª_ uf]i7L tyf cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd
-!_ e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f tyf e|i6frf/sf] lj?4df hgr]tgf clea[l4 ug]{ ;Gbe{df o; s]Gb|n]ljleGg lhNnfx? ;b/d'sfdx?df e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f M xfd|f] ;femf bfloTj ljifos cGt/lqmofuf]i7Lx? ;DkGg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f / /f]syfd ;DaGwdf o; s]Gb|sf]sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ hfgsf/L u/fpg], gful/s a8fkq sfof{Gjog ;DaGwdf ul/Psf]cg'udg k|ltj]bg k|:t't ug]{, ;DklQ ljj/0f ;DaGwdf cfjZos hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpg] p2]Zon] ul/Psf pQm uf]i7Lx¿df k|fKt ;'emfjx¿ ;fGble{s ePsfn] oxfF pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
§ r]tgfd"ns sfo{qmd /fd|f 5g\ . ufpF÷gu/ tx;Dd r]tgf km}nfpg'k5{ .
§ e|i6frf/ /fli6«o /f]u xf] .
§ e|i6frf/ s]Gb|df a9L x'g] u/]sf]n] ToxfF nlIft sfo{qmd ug{'kg]{ .
§ e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf nflu /fhg}lts k|ltj4tf h?/L .
83
§ e|i6frf/ ;DaGwL ;dfrf/ lbg]nfO{ k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .
§ sd{rf/Lsf] tnj sd eP/ e|i6frf/ ePsf] .
§ g]tfn] ef]6, sd{rf/Ln] gf]6 gdfu] e|i6frf/ x'Fb}g .
§ e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf nflu ;a}sf] k|of; h?/L .
§ 7"nf g]tfn] g} ;DklQ ljj/0f lb+b}gg\ .
§ 7]Ssfk§fdf k};f afF8\g] sfd x'G5, u'08fubL{ x'G5 .
§ gful/s j8fkq gful/ssf] kx'Frdf k'¥ofpg'k5{ .
§ lhNnfdf ;a} ldnL ;+oGq agfP e|i6frf/ Go"gLs/0f x'G5 .
§ hgtf clzlIft 5g\, gful/s j8fkq k9\b}gg\ .
§ jg, dfnkf]t, gfkL, lh=lj=;= df e|i6frf/ x'G5 .
§ e|i6frf/LnfO{ dflyaf6 ;+/If0f x'G5, dflg; :jR5 x'g rfxFbf]/x]g5 .
§ j]/f]huf/Ln] e|i6frf/L a9fof] .
§ /fhgLlts bnnfO{ /fHon] /sd lbg'k5{, rGbf kf/bzL{ x'g'k5{ .
§ gful/s j8fkq af/] /]l8of]÷l6=le=, :yfgLo ;~rf/ dfWodaf6 k|rf/ k|;f/ ug'{k5{ .
§ o:tf sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg'kb{5 .
pk/f]Qm uf]i7Lx¿af6 gful/s j8fkq sfof{Gjog / e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf ;DaGwdflhNnfsf ljleGg If]qdf sfo{/t JolQmx¿ aLrsf] cGt/lqmofaf6 e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fdf ;xsfo{ ug]{ ;+Vof a[l4 e} o; sfo{df ;sf/fTds ;xof]u k'Ug] ck]Iff s]Gb|n] lnPsf] 5 .
-@_ ldlt @)^*.#.!$ df dWodf~rn If]qsf dsjfgk'/, af/f, k;f{, lrtjg, wg'iff, /f}tx6,dxf]Q/L / ;nf{xL lhNnfsf ;/sf/L lgsfodf sfo{/t k|fljlws clws[tx?nfO{ k|fljlwsk/LIf0fsf] ljifodf hfgsf/L lbg], ljsf; cfof]hgfx?df u'0f:t/Lotf sfod u/fpg] tyf
84
sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf ;/ntf Nofpg] p2]Zon] dsjfgk'/ lhNnfsf] x]6fF}8fdf Ps lbg] k|fljlws k/LIf0f cled'vLs/0f uf]i7L cfof]hgf ul/ ;+rfng ul/of] .
-r_ gful/s j8fkq sfof{Gjog cg'udg
;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ P]g, @)^$ / ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ lgodfjnL,@)^% n] u/]sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf adf]lhd ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ jf hg;Dks{ sfod ug]{ k|To]s
e|i6frf/ lj?4sf] /0fgLlt tyf sfo{of]hgf, @)^% cGtu{tsf] lgsfout sfo{of]hgf, @)^& n] gful/s j8fkq sfof{Gjogsf] cg'udgsf] sfo{ ug{ o; s]Gb|nfO{ tf]s]sf] 5 . /fli6«o ;ts{tfs]Gb|n] ;/sf/L tyf ;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿df ;'zf;g sfod ug]{ ;Gbe{df cl3Nnf jif{x¿df em}+ cf=j= @)^&÷)^* df klg gful/s j8fkq sfof{Gjog cg'udgsf] sfo{nfO{ jflif{s sfo{qmdd} /fvL ;Dkfbg u/]sf] 5 . o; cf=j= df pkTosfl:yt ljleGg ;/sf/L sfof{no jf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfx¿dfcg'udg lg/LIf0f ug]{ ;Gbe{df ;fdfGo ?kdf / pkTosf aflx/sf !) lhNnfsf ljleGg lgsfox¿dfljz]if ?kdf k|ZgfjnL ;d]t tof/ u/L gful/s a8fkqsf] sfof{Gjog cg'udg ul/of] .
-5_ hgr]tgf clea[l4 ;DaGwL sfo{qmd
/fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|sf] :yfkgfsf] d'Vo p2]Zox¿ dWo] b]zdf e|i6frf/ lj?4 hgr]tgfsf] clea[l4 ug'{ klg kb{5 . ;/sf/L tyf ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf clgoldttf, cg'lrt sfo{ / e|i6frf/ x'g glbgjf Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;a} If]qsf hgtfx¿df e|i6frf/ lj?4sf] r]tgf Nofpg' kg]{ x'G5 . ha;Dde|i6frf/ lj?4sf] hgr]tgf k|jn x'g ;Sb}g, ta;Dd e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ug]{ sfo{ ;xh x'g ;Sb}g .o; s]Gb|n] ljutdf em}+ cf=j= @)^*÷)^( df o; If]qdf ;DkGg u/]sf sfo{x¿nfO{ tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 –
-!_ e|i6frf/ lj?4 hgr]tgf clea[l4 ug]{ ;Gbe{df o; s]Gb|af6 lgdf{0f ul/Psf hgr]tgfd"ns !@ j6f >Jo ;Gb]zx¿ / $ j6f lhËnx¿ @)^& r}q !* b]lv @)^* >fj0f @) ;Ddk|zf/0f tflnsf cg';f/ k|fOd 6fOddf %)% k6s ;z'Ns / cGo ;dodf !$&) k6s lgz'Ns?kdf sflGtk'/, Od]h, Onfd, kflye/f, /]l8of] 6'8], sf]aL, sflnsf, a'6jn, /]l8of] afu]Zj/L, /]l8of] klZrdf~rn, :ju{åf/L, cGgk"0f{, /]l8of] afh'/f, EjfO; ckm o'y Pkm Pd af6 k|zf/0f ul/Psf] . To:t}, s]Gb|af6} pTkfbg ePsf hgr]tgfd"ns >Ao ;fdu|Lx¿ ldlt @)^*.@.!@b]lv @)^*.#.@@ ;Dd Od]h Pkm=Pd=af6 !$) k6s / EjfO; ckm o'y Pkm=Pd=af6 !#) k6sk|zf/0f ul/Psf] .
o;af6 u|fdL0f :t/;Ddsf ;]jfu|fxLx¿nfO{ e|i6frf/ lj?4 r]tgf clea[l4 ug{df ;sf/fTds
85
;xof]u k'u]sf] dx;'; ul/Psf] 5 .
-@_ To:t}, s]Gb|af6 lgdf{0f ePsf !@ j6f hgr]tgfd"ns 5f]6f 5f]6f >Jo b[Zo ;Gb]zx¿ tyf $j6f lhËn -uLlt ;Gb]z_ ldlt @)^&.!@.& b]lv @)^*.@.#) ut];Dd hDdf ^) k6s g]kfn 6]lnlehgaf6 k|zf/0f ul/Psf] .
-#_ ;bfrf/ / ;'zf;g ;DaGwL r]tgf clea[l4 ug]{ lsl;dsf] >Jo b[Zo ;fdu|L uLt @, lhËn @/ k|f]df] @ lgdf{0f ul/Psf] .
-$_ s]Gb|n] e|i6frf/ tyf clgoldttf ;DaGwdf s]Gb|nfO{ ;"rgfx¿ pknAw u/fpg / ;'zf;gk|j4{g ug]{ sfo{sf nflu ;d]t s]Gb|åf/f tof/ ul/Psf % yl/sf ;"rgf ;fdu|Lx¿ uf]/vfkqb}lgs klqsfsf] sfFwdf x/]s xKtfsf] a'waf/ @% lbg k|sfzg u/L hgr]tgf clej[l4 ug]{ sfo{ ul/Psf] .
-%_ s]Gb|n] ljBfno pd]/sf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ;d]t ;fd'bflos lzIff pknAw u/fO{ 3/ kl/jf/ / ;dfhnfO{ klg e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf] sfo{df ;xof]uL agfpg] p2]Zon] ;fd'bflos lzIfftkm{;'v]{t, afFs], gjnk/f;L, kfNkf, wgs'6f, lrtjg, tgx'F, kj{t / ndh'Ë lhNnfsf !÷!ljBfnodf ;bfrf/ k|j4{g sfo{qmd ;DkGg u/]sf] .
-^_ hgr]tgf clea[l4s} nflu s]Gb|n] a|f];/, xft] k'l:tsf Pj+ e|i6frf/ lj?4sf kDkn]6, l:6s/x¿ 5kfO{ u/L ljleGg lhNnfsf lgsfo tyf JolQmx¿nfO{ ljt/0f u/]sf] .
-h_ lgb]{zg, ;'emfj, ;ts{, Wofgfsif{0f / clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]udf n]vL k7fPsfljifox¿
/fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|df lnlvt tyf df}lvs ph'/L, kqklqsf, :ynut lg/LIf0f jf cg'udgaf6 k|fKt ;"rgfx¿ 5fglag u/L l56f], 5l/tf], k|efjsf/L / lgoldt lsl;daf6 sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{sf]nflu ljleGg lgsfodf lgb]{zg, ;'emfj, ;ts{, Wofgfsif{0f u/fpg n]lv k7fOPsf] 5 .
k|fljlws k/LIf0f
;fj{hlgs lgsfoaf6 lgdf{0f jf ;~rfng ul/g] cfof]hgfx¿sf] plrt u'0f:t/ sfod u/L tf]lsPsf] nfut / ;dodf kf/bzL{ 9ª\un] ;DkGg ug{ tyf tL cfof]hgfx¿af6 ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ lbuf] ¿kdfck]lIft k|ltkmn k|fKt u/fpg k|fljlws k/LIf0f (Technical Audit) sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . k|fljlwsk/LIf0fnfO{ l;nl;nfa4, :jtGq / k|fdfl0fs k|ls|of, k|df0fx¿ vf]h]/ ltgsf] j:t'ut ¿kdfd"Nofª\sg u/L of]hgfaf6 cfzf u/] cg'?ksf] cfjZostf / ck]Iff k"/f x'G5 x'Fb}g eg]/ lgSof}{nug]{ sfo{sf] ¿kdf cGt/f{li6«o :t/ lgwf{/0f ;+:yf (ISO) n] lnPsf] kfOG5 . k|fljlws k/LIf0fn]
86
cfof]hgfsf] sfddf ;'wf/ Nofpg], q'l6 x'g glbg], q'l6 e} xfn] tTsfn ;Rofpg] / o; lsl;dsf]q'l6 cGo cfof]hgfdf x'g glbg] sfo{df d2t k'¥ofpF5 . clgoldttf, e|i6frf/ eP sfg"g adf]lhdsf/jfxLsf nflu l;kmfl/; ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 .
k|fljlws k/LIf0fsf] sfo{ g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df gofF 5 . sl/a * jif{ ePsf] 5 o;sf] cEof;yflnPsf] . cfly{s k|zf;g ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^ df ePsf] klxnf] ;+zf]wgdf lgod ^@ -s_yk u/L /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]udf k|fljlws k/LIf0f dxfzfvf :yfkgf ePsf] kfOG5 . tTkZrft\ljZj a}+ssf] ;xof]udf ef}lts of]hgf, lgdf{0f tyf oftfoft dGqfnodf ;~rfng ul/Psf] ;8s dd{t tyf ljsf; cfof]hgf cGtu{t k|fljlws k/LIf0f Ifdtf ljsf; kl/of]hgf nfu" ul/of] . pQmkl/of]hgfaf6 ;g\ @))% df cfjf;, ;8s Pjd\ vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ ;DaGwL k|fljlws k/LIf0f Dofg'cnx¿ tof/ ul/Psf] lyof] .
o; k[i7e"lddf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ldlt @)^) ;fpg @* sf] lg0f{oaf6 /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|df k|fljlws k/LIf0f dxfzfvf :yfkgf e} pQm sfo{sf] lhDd]jf/L s]Gb|nfO{ k|fKt eof] . ;f] adf]lhd s]Gb|n] g]kfn;/sf/ tyf ;/sf/sf] k"0f{ :jfldTj ePsf ;+ul7t ;+:yfx¿af6 ;~rfng ul/g] of]hgfx¿sf] k|fljlws k/LIf0f ug{ ;Sg] eof] . To:t}, /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb| -sfo{ ;~rfng_ lgodfjnL, @)^%nfu" ePkl5 k|fljlws k/LIf0fsf] ;Gbe{df :ki6 sfg"gL Joj:yf ePsf] kfOG5 . ;f] lgodfjnLsf]kl/R5]b ^ df k|fljlws k/LIf0f ;DaGwL Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . lgodfjnL adf]lhd s]Gb|n] ;fj{hlgslgsfoaf6 lgdf{0f tyf ;~rfng ul/Psf tyf ul/g] cfof]hgfx¿sf] cfjZostf cg';f/ k|fljlwsk/LIf0f ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . at{dfgdf Ps s/f]8 eGbf j9Lsf cfof]hgf clgjfo{ k|fljlws k/LIf0f ug'{kg]{k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 .
s]Gb|n] cfof]hgfsf] k|fljlws k/LIf0f u/fpg O{lGhlgol/ª ljifodf slDtdf :gfts tx pQL0f{ u/L O{lGhlgol/ª If]qdf slDtdf !) jif{ ;]jf jf Joj;fo u/]sf], g]kfn O{lGhlgol/ª kl/ifb\df btf{ ePsf] / k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd k|fljlws k/LIfs x'g cof]Uo g7xl/Psf] AolQmx¿ dWo]af6 Ps;"rL tof/ ug]{ tyf ;"rLdf ;dfj]z ePsf JolQmx¿nfO{ tflndsf] Joj:yf ug]{ ub{5 . cfof]hgfsf]k|fljlws k/LIf0f ug{ s]Gb|n] tflnd k|fKt tL AolQmx¿ dWo]af6 k/LIfssf] ¿kdf v6fpg] sfo{ ub{5 .
-v_ k|fljlws k/LIf0fsf r/0fx¿
o; s]Gb|n] ;fj{hlgs lgsfoaf6 lgdf{0f÷;~rfng ug]{ cfof]hgfx¿sf] b]xfo dWo] s'g} Ps, PseGbf a9L jf ;a} r/0fx¿sf] k|fljlws k/LIf0f ul/G5 –
!= of]hgf th'{df tyf l8hfOgM o; r/0fdf cfof]hgfsf] k|f?k tof/L tyf l8hfOg kb{5g\ .
87
d'Votof of] r/0f Design Quality tyf Adequacy ;DalGwt x'G5 .
@= vl/b jf 7]Ssfk§fM of] r/0f ;]jf, j:t' tyf lgdf{0f ;fdu|L vl/b tyf k|flKt;Fu;DalGwt x'G5 . o;df d'Votof cfly{s k|zf;g lgdfojnL, kf/blz{tf tyf bft[ ;+:yfsf]cfjZostf;Fu ;dGjo eP gePsf] ljifo x]l/G5 .
#= lgdf{0fM of] r/0f cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f tyf sfof{Gjog;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 . o;df d'Votofu'0f:t/, nfut, sfo{tflnsf, lgdf{0f Joj;foL;Fusf sfg"gL ljjfb;Fu ;DalGwt ljifo x]l/G5 .
$= lgdf{0fkl5sf] ;~rfng / ;Def/M of] r/0fdf of]hgfsf] ;+/rgfsf] lbuf]kg, l8hfOgsf]pko'Qmtf tyf nfut k|efjsfl/tf cflb ljifox¿df cWoog ul/G5 .
-u_ k|fljlws k/LIf0fdf x]l/g] ljifox¿
s]Gb|n] cfof]hgfsf] k|fljlws k/LIf0f ubf{ cfof]hgfsf] nfut, ;do, u'0f:t/, k|efjsfl/tf / k|fKtpknAwL ;d]tnfO{ ljrf/ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb| -sfo{ ;~rfng_ lgodfjnL, @)^%cg';f/ k|fljlws k/LIf0fdf x]l/g] ljifox¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\ M
!= k|fljlws k/LIf0fsf] sfo{nfO{ cfof]hgfsf] cleGg sfo{sf] ¿kdf /fv] jf g/fv]sf] .
@= cfof]hgfsf] l8hfOg pko'Qm eP jf gePsf] .
#= cfof]hgfaf6 ck]lIft pknAwL xfl;n x'g ;Sg] jf g;Sg] .
$= cfof]hgfsf] k|efjsfl/tf / bLuf]kgf eP jf gePsf] .
%= cfof]hgfsf] k|f?k tof/L tyf ;DefJotf cWoog, ;]jf, j:t' jf lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lsf] vl/b tyf k|of]u / cfof]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog ubf{ ;fj{hlgs lgdf{0f lgb]{lzsf jf cGo k|rlntsfg"gn] tf]s]sf] tl/sf / u'0f:t/ adf]lhd eP jf gePsf] .
^= cfof]hgfsf] nflu ul/Psf] ah]6 Joj:yf / lgsf;f 7Ls eP jf gePsf] .
&= cfof]hgfsf] nIo lgwf{/0f eP jf gePsf] / nIo lgwf{/0f ePsf]df tbg'?k sfd eP jfgePsf] .
*= lgwf{l/t ;dodf g} cfof]hgfsf] sfd ;'? eP jf gePsf] .
(= cfof]hgf cGtu{t ;DkGg x'g] jf ePsf sfo{x¿n] ck]Iffs[t ;]jf lbg ;Sg] g;Sg] .
!)= cfof]hgf ;DkGg ug{sf] nflu ;do tflnsf eP jf gePsf] / ;dotflnsf eP ;f] cg'?ksfo{ k|ult eP jf gePsf] .
!!= cfof]hgf ;DkGg ug{ / u'0f:t/ sfod /fVg] ;DaGwdf cfof]hgf ;DaGwL s/f/df cfjZos
88
Joj:yf eP jf gePsf] .
!@= lgdf{0f sfo{ cg'dflgt nfut cg'?k ;DkGg eP jf gePsf] .
!#= cfof]hgf p2]Zo cg'?k sfof{Gjog eP jf gePsf] .
!$= cfof]hgf ;DkGg ePkl5 ;f]sf] ;~rfng tyf dd{t ;Def/sf] nflu cfly{s tyf ef}ltsJoj:yf eP jf gePsf] .
-3_ k|fljlws k/LIf0f ul/Psf cfof]hgfx¿
o; s]Gb|n] cf=j= @)^!÷)^@ b]lv @)^*÷)^( ;Dddf ;fj{hlgs lgsfox?af6 lgdf{0f jf;~rfng ul/Psf @ ;o #* cfof]hgfx?sf] k|fljlws k/LIf0f ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . cf=j= @)^*÷)^(df %& cfof]hgfx¿sf] k|fljlws k/LIf0f u/L k/LIf0fsf qmddf b]lvPsf ckl/kfngf k|ltj]bgx? (Non-confermeances) ;d:ofx¿ af/] ;DalGwt lgsfox¿nfO{ ;'wf/sf] nflu ;'emfj tyf lgb]{zglbOPsf] 5 .
-ª_ k|fljlws k/LIf0f tflnd
o; s]Gb|n] cf=j= @)^&÷)^* df hDdf !( hgf O{lGhlgo/x¿ ;d]tnfO{ u/L xfn;Dd :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL -e'6fgL_ ! ;o (% hgf Ol~hlgo/x?nfO{ k|fljlws k/LIfssf] tflnd k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 .
-r_ k|fljlws k/LIf0faf6 ck]lIft kmfObfx¿
o; s]Gb|n] ;DkGg u/]sf k|fljlws k/LIf0faf6 b]xfo adf]lhdsf] kmfObf x'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .
!= clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] 5fglag u/]sf] cfof]hgfdf z+sf nfu] k|fljlws k/LIf0fsf nflu s]Gb|df k7fOg] / s]Gb|sf] k|fljlws k/LIf0fnfO{ lg0f{osf] cfwf/ dflgg] .
@= k"jf{wf/sf] u'0f:t/df ;'wf/ x'g] .
#= ;fj{hlgs lgdf{0f lgb]{lzsfsf] sfof{Gjogdf ;'lglZrttf x'g] .
$= j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] vl/b k|0ffnLdf kf/blz{tf cfO{ vl/b k|0ffnL ldtJooL x'g] .
%= nfutsf] x]/km]/df sdL cfpg] tyf lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]udf u'0f:t/Lotf Pad\ ldtJolotf cfpg] .
^= jflif{s dd{t ;Def/df sdL cfpg] .
&= kl/of]hgfsf] cfo' nfdf] u/fO{ kl/of]hgf nfut rqmdf sdL x'g] .
89
*= e|i6frf/ / clgoldttf ePsf] kfOPdf sf/jfxLsf nflu n]lv k7fOg] .
(= kl/of]hgfsf pkef]Qmf÷:yfgLo hgtf, k/fdz{bftf, lgdf{0f Joj;foLx¿df cfof]hgfsf]nfut, u'0f:t/ / ;do ;Ldf ;DaGwdf ;r]tgf tyf hfu[lt cfPsf] dxz'; ul/Psf] .
s]Gb|sf eljiosf sfo{ of]hgf
-!_ /fli6«o uf}/jsf cfof]hgf / jflif{s jh]6 ? %) s/f]8 eGbf j9L /x]sf cfof]hgfx?sf]k|fljlws k/LIf0f clgjfo{ ul/g] .
-@_ ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts rf8kj{ / ;df/f]x ubf{ ul/g] ef]het]/df x'g] vr{sf] ljj/0f lgDtfug]{x?sf] ;+Vof, u/–uxgf jf >[Ëf/ ;fdu|L vl/bsf] ljj/0f, ;f] sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ug]{ :yfg / cfDbfgLsf] ;|f]t v'nfO{ ef]h ;'? ug'{ k"j{ :yfgLo cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{nodf ljj/0f k]zug'{kg]{ Joj:yfsf] k|efjsf/L cg'udg ul/g] .
ef]het]/ ;DkGg ePkl5 vr{sf] oyfy{ ljj/0f / s/r'Qmf k|df0fkq cfGtl/s /fhZjsfof{nodf sfd ;DkGg ePsf] !% lbg leq k]z ug{'kg]{ Aoj:yf ug]{ . ljj/0fx?sf] lglZrtk|ltzt /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|n] 5fgjLg ug]{ Aoj:yf ldnfpg] . unt ljj/0f lbPsf] kfOPdf;j{;fwf/0f eP s/ 5lndf / /fi6«;]js eP e|i6«frf/sf] sf/jfxL cuf8L a9fpg] .
-#_ e|i6frf/ lj?4sf] /0fgLltsf] sfof{GjogM g]kfn ;/sf/n] d'n'sdf e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f tyf ;'zf;g sfod ug{ e|i6frf/ lj?4sf] /0fgLlt, @)^% cGtu{tsf] lgsfout sfo{of]hgf, @)^& nfu" u/]sf] 5 . pQm sfo{of]hgfn] o; s]Gb|nfO{ sltko lqmofsnfkx¿sf] lhDd]jf/Lk|bfg u/]sf] 5 . o;/L k|fKt lhDd]jf/L k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfof{Gjog ul/g] .
-$_ pRr /fhg}lts Pjd\ k|zf;lgs k|ltj4tf xfl;n ug]{ .
-%_ e|i6frf/ lj?4 r]tgf clea[l4sf nflu k|rf/k|;f/ ul/g] .
-^_ e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf nflu ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ ul/g] .
-&_ ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0f ul/g] .
-*_ sfg"gL Joj:yfdf ;'wf/ NofOg], s]Gb|nfO{ /fli6«o ;ts{tf cfof]u jgfpg tof/ d;f}bfnfO{ clGtd ?k lbOg]] .
-(_ sfg"gL k|fjwfg cg'?k gful/s a8fkq sfof{Gjog cg'udg u/L÷u/fO{ cfd ;]jfu|fxLx?nfO{ lbOg] ;]jfdf ;'wf/ ul/g] .
-!)_ k|fljlws k/LIf0f dfkm{t\ ljsf; cfof]hgfsf] lbuf]kgf tyf e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ul/g] .
-!!_ b]zsf] efjL ;+3fTds 9fFrf cg'?k s]Gb|sf] :j¿kdf k'gMljrf/ ul/g] .
90
s]Gb|sf ;d:ofx¿
e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf nflu sfg"gL k|fjwfg, k|wfgdGqLsf] k|ToIf /]vb]v / lgoGq0fdf /x]s]f o;/fli6«o ;t{stf s]Gb| /fli6«o k|fyldstfdf /x] g/x]s]f, sfd s/jfxL k|efjsf/L eP÷gePsf] :yflkt eO{ g;s]sf] jt{dfgdf s]Gb|n] dx;'; ub}{ cfPsf s]xL ;d:ofx? oxfF ;dfj]z ul/G5 .
-!_ ;+u7gfTds ;+/rgf / hgzlQm aLrdf tfnd]n ldln g;Sg' .
-@_ cfˆg} ejg tyf ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] cefj x'g' .
-#_ kof{Kt sfg"gL clwsf/ gx'g' .
-$_ sd{rf/Lsf] :yfloTj / ;]jf ;'ljwf la:tf/ x'g g;Sg' .
-%_ bIf tyf k|lzlIft hgzlQm ;bf sdL /xg' .
-^_ s]Gb|sf] s]Gb|Ls[t ;+/rgf lhNnf:t/df ;]jf lbg sl7gfO{ .
-&_ ah]6sf] ;bf ckof{Kttf .
;ª\If]kdf,
g]kfn ;/sf/n] e|i6frf/sf lj?¢ z"Go ;xgzlntf ckgfpFb} yk clwsf/ ;lxt /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb| cfof]u jGg] k|ls|ofdf cl3 j9]sf] kl/k|]Iodf s]Gb| b]zjf6 e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f tyf e|i6frf/sf lj?¢ hgr]tgf clea[l¢ ug]{ sfddf s]Gb|sf] jt{dfg hgzlQm sfdofj x'g] ljZjf; lng ;lsG5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
§ /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb| -P]g, lgod, sfo{of]hgf / lgb]{lzsfx?sf] ;+ufnf], @)^*, /fli6«o;ts{tf s]Gb| .
§ ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ P]g, @)^$, ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ lgodfjnL, @)^%, k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no, @)^%
§ >]i7, ;'/]zdfg / ;fyLx?, /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gbsf] bz jif{ -la=;+ @)%(.$.@^ b]lv la=;+=@)^(.$,@^ ;Dd_ @)^(, /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb
91
lghfdtL ;]jftkm{ ljleGg hfthfltsf] cfsif{0f af/] Ps cWoog
vu]Gb| k|;fb ;'j]bL*
;f/f+zc;n ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf Joj;flos sd{rf/LtGqsf] ljsf;, kf/bzL{ / hgpQ/bfoL ;/sf/,;ztm / ;xeflutfdf cfwfl/t gful/s ;dfh;+u ;xsfo{, sfg"gsf] zf;g, /fhgLlts j}wflgstf/ pQ/bfloTj, lgikIf / e/kbf]{ Gofo k|0ffnL, cleJoltm tyf ;"rgfsf] xssf] k|Tofe"lt, r':t/ k|efjsf/L9+uaf6 ;fj{hlgs If]qsf] Joj:yfkg, ljs]Gb|Lt sfo{qmd / ;xeflutfd"ns ljsf;,k|efjsf/L zf;g Joj:yf, e|i6rf//lxt k|zf;goGq / clwsf/;lxtsf] dfgj clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lth:tf ljifox? ;dfj]z /x]sf x'G5g . o;n] ;]jf k|bfg ug{ bIf, lqmofzLn, hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL,:jR5, lgikIf, OdfGbf/ sd{rf/Lsf] ck]Iffsf]] ;fy} ;/n, l56f] 5l/tf], ;dtfd'vL, ljsf; /k|zf;gdf hf]8, k|zf;gsf] bIftf, k|lta4tf, ultzLntf / hgtfk|lt rf;f] /fVg] k|j[lQsf]sfo{k|0ffnL cjnDag ub{5 . o;n] ;dtf, ;dfj]zLs/0f, pQ/bfloTj / kf/blz{tf h:tf ljifonfO{;d]t ;Daf]wg ug]{ k|of; ub{5 . k|:t't n]vdf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf log} ;+/rgf / k|lqmof tyfcfk;L aGwgnfO{ Jojl:yt / j}1flgs agfp“b} dfgjLo ljsf;nfO{ lbuf] agfpg] ;'zf;gsf nfluul/Psf Aoa:yf / ltgsf] sfof{Gjog kIfjf/] rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
* jl/i7 dgf]lj1fgj]Qf nf]s ;]jf cfof]u
!=! cWoog If]q
lghfdtL ;]jfdf g]kfn /fHo leqsf ljleGg ju{ ;d'bfosf] k|j]zdf ;dfg'kflts ePg eGg] /fHosf]
rf;f] / ;dfj]zL agfpg ;sf/fTds lje]bsf] /0fgLlt g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# cg';f/
92
g]kfn lghfdtL P]g, @)$( sf] @)^$ sf] ;+zf]wg cg';f/ cf/If0fsf nflu lglZrt k|ltzt ;d]t
5'6\ofOPsf] kl/j]zdf jf:tjdf ljleGg hft ;d"xsf] b/vf:tdf s] sltn] kmf/fd e/L cfslif{t
ePsf 5g\ . t'ngfTds cWoog ug]{ x]t'n] nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] jflif{s k|ltj]bgdf /x]sf] tYofª\
snfO{ cfwf/dfgL cWoog ug{ cWoogsf] If]q 5gf}6 ul/Psf] 5 .
!=@ cg';Gwfgsf] 9fFrf
of] cWoog g]kfn /fHosf ljleGg hflt ;d'bfo ljzif]u/L lghfdtL ;]jf P]g @)$( sf] @)^$ sf]
;+zf]wgn] /fv]sf] ;dfj]zL ;d"xx¿ / ltgLx¿sf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf k|j]z af/] cWoog ug]{ lghfdtL
;]jf P]g @)$(, lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL @)%), g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^#, nf]s ;]jf
cfof]u lgodfjnL @)^&, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u -sfo{ljlw_ lgb]{lzsf @)^& sf] k|fjwfg;Fu ;DalGwt
5 .
ljz]if u/L of] cWoog ljZn]if0ffTds / j0f{gfTds k4ltdf cfwfl/t /x]sf] 5 . o; cWoogdf
ljut rf/ jif{df ljleGg hft hflt, If]qsf JolQmx¿sf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf b/vf:t kmf/d el/Psf]
l:yltsf] cWoog lj:t[t ?kdf ul/Psf] 5 .
!=# tYofª\ssf] ;|f]t / k|s[lt
cWoogaf6 k|fKt tYox¿nfO{ ljZn]if0f ug{ ljj/0ffTds / ljZn]if0ffTds b'j} sfo{ljlw cjnDag
ul/Psf] 5 . tYout ljj/0f lngsf nflu nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] jflif{s k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v ul/Psf
tYofª\sx¿ cflwsf/Ls tYofª\s ePsf]n] pQm låtLo tYofª\ssf] ;xfotf o; cWoogdf k|of]u ÷
pkof]u ul/Psf] 5 . s]lGb|o tYofª\s ljefusf] @)^* sf] hgu0fgf / ;fIf/tf ;DaGwL tYofª\s
;d]t ;|f]tsf] ?kdf pkof]u ul/Psf] 5 .
!=$ gd'gf 5gf}6
cWoogsf nflu ljleGg hfthflt / If]qsf] b/vf:tdf /x]sf] cfsif{0fnfO{ ljz]if u/L lghfdtL ;]jf
P]g @)$( sf] @)^$ sf] ;+zf]wg cyjf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# kZrft\ lghfdtL ;]jf
P]g / lgodfjnLdf ePsf] ljleGg lk5l8Psf] ju{ ;d'bfo / If]qsf] lghfdtL If]qdf ;dfj]z ug]{
/0fgLlt adf]lhd ePsf] lgodsf] ;+zf]wg kZrft\sf rf/ jif{sf ;du| tYofª\snfO{ gd'gf 5gf}6sf]
?kdf 5flgPsf] 5 .
93
!=% tYofª\s ;ª\sng ljlw
låtLo tYofª\s (Secondary Data) ;|f]taf6 g} cWoog ul/g] ePsf] x'Fbf o;sf] cflwsf/Ls
;|f]t nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] jflif{s k|ltj]bgx¿ g} x'g] x'Fbf pQm k|ltj]bgx¿sf $ j6f jflif{s
k|ltj]bgx¿af6 ljleGg hfltut, If]qut tYofª\sx¿, nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k':tsfnoaf6 ;ª\sng
u/L cWoog ul/of] . ;fIf/tf ;DaGwL tYofª\s j]e ;fO6af6 tflgof] / s]xL s'/f cfof]udf sfo{/t
sd{rf/LnfO{ ;d]t ;f]lwof] .
!=^ tYofª\ssf] k|:t'tL / ljZn]if0f
låtLo tYofª\s (Secondary data) ;|f]taf6 ;ª\slnt tYofª\snfO{ cfjZostf cg';f/ tflnsLs/0f
(Tabulation) u/L k|ltztdf 9flnPsf] 5 ;fy} pQm rf/ jif{sf] hfltut ?kdf b/vf:tdf efu
lng]sf] l:ylt s] /x]sf] 5 elg t'ngfTds ?kdf /flv b/vf:t kmf/fd a'emfpg] ;ª\Vof / hgu0fgf
@)^* sf] ljleGg hfltx?sf] hg;+Vof l:ylt / s"n hg;+Vofdf pgLx?sf] k|ltzt / ;f] cfwf/df
lghfdtL ;]jfdf ljleGg hfthfltsf] cfsif{0f s] /x]sf] 5 . pgLx?sf] ;fIf/tf :t/ s] 5 egL
t'ngf ug]{ k|of; k|fKt tYofª\ssf] cfwf/df ul/g'sf ;fy} ;/n ljZn]if0f / JofVof ul/Psf] 5 .
pQm ljZn]if0fsf] cfwf/df k|:t't zf]w cWoogsf] p2]Zo cg'?k ;f/f+z, lgisif{ / ;'emfjx? k|:t't
ul/Psf] 5 .
@=! tYofÍsf] k|:t'lts/0f / ljZn]if0f
lghfdtL ;]jfdf /x]sf hgzlQmx¿ ;a} hfthflt / If]qsf] k|ltlglwTj /x]sf] 5}g eGg] ljifodf
cfjfh p7]sf] / /fHosf] Wofg ;d]t To; tkm{ uPsf]df g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] efu $
/fHosf] bfloTj, lgb]{zs l;4fGt tyf gLltx¿ cGtu{t /fHosf gLltx¿ cGtu{t bkmf #% -!$_ df
/fHon] dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw];L, d'l:nd nufot cNk;ª\Vos, e"ldlxg, ;'s'Djf;L,
sd}of, ckfª\u, lk5l8Psf] If]q tyf ;d'bfo / åGå lkl8tsf nflu ;sf/fTds lje]bsf cfwf/df
ljz]if Joj:yf ug]{ gLlt cjnDjg ug]{ 5 elgPsf] 5 .
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g @)$( / lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL @)%) df ;dfj]zLsf] pNn]v eO;s]kl5sf]
l:yltsf] cWoog nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf jflif{s k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v eP cg';f/ tYofª\sx¿ hgu0fgf
@)^* tyf ;fIf/tf / g]kfn cfdL{df /x]sf] df}h'bf l:yltx? o; k|sf/ pNn]v ul/G5M–
94
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nf]s
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eg]{s
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+=hflt
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vf:t
eg]{sf]l:ylt
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sf]hgu0fgf
cfkm\g
f]hflt
leq
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fk|ltzt
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fk|ltzt
;+Vo
fk|ltzt
1If]qL
1649
15=53
1219
15=01
52793
17=57
48819
18=20
4398179
16=60
60=9
bf];|f]
1
2a|fXd0f
6681
58=89
50=24
61=87
123187
41=03
107015
42=52
3226903
12=20
75=5
k|yd
2
3du/
268
2=36
180
2=21
14371
8=78
11541
4=58
1887733
7=10
57=7
rt'y{
3
4yf?
180
1=58
117
1=44
12402
4=12
9066
3=60
1737470
6=60
46=6
5}6fF}
4
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1=15
81
0=99
5517
1=83
4388
1=74
1539830
5=80
42=0
gjf}+
5
6g]jf/
764
6=73
520
6=40
15026
5=00
12040
4=78
1321933
4=90
72=1
t[tLo
6
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36
0=31
11
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1048
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1164255
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34=4
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7
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110
1=35
9831
3=27
8098
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1214943
5=34
41=9
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f}+8
9ofbj
119
1=04
80
0=98
9337
3=10
7640
3=03
1054458
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39=2
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9
10
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497
4=38
208
2=56
14315
4=73
9400
3=73
620004
2=30
58=7
kfFrf}
10
11
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120
1=05
44
0=54
3350
1=12
2138
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543571
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57=5
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11
12
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3938
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3144
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304536
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52=7
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16
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50=06
530
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252
0=10
154622
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45=8
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24
14
ysfn
L65
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69
0=02
12973
0=06
72=6
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f}+69
15
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745
657
521
6=41
34467
11=47
29993
11=91
5843773
25=70
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100
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100
23151523
100
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95
g]kfndf a;f]jf; ug]{ hfthflt / lghfdtL ;]jfdf bvf{:t a'emfpg]sf] l:ylt
lj=;+= @)^* ;fnsf] hgu0fgf cg';f/ s"n hg;ª\Vof @,^$,($,%)$ -b'O s/f]8, rf};¶L nfv,
rf}/fGgAa] xhf/, kfFr;o rf/_ /x]sf]df !^=^ k|ltzt hg;ª\Vof If]qL, !@=@ k|ltzt a|fXd0f, &=!
k|ltzt du/, ^=^ k|ltzt yf?, %=* k|ltzt tfdfË, %=( k|ltzt g]jf/, $=&) k|ltzt blnt
-;fsL{ ± sfdL_, $=# k|ltzt d'l:nd, #=( k|ltzt ofbj, @=# k|ltzt ls/ft /fO{, @=#( k|ltzt
u'?Ë, !=#$ k|ltzt t]nL, )=^* k|ltzt z]kf{ / cGo hfthflt @%=&) k|ltzt /x]sf] l:ylt 5 .
cfly{s jif{ @)^$÷)^% sf] /fhkqfª\lst t[tLo >]0fL tkm{sf] Gofo, k|zf;g / k//fi6« ;]jfdf
b/vf:t kmf/d e/L lghfdtL ;]jfdf cfslif{t x'g]x¿sf] cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ pQm >]0fLsf] ;f]
;]jfdf kmf/d a'emfpg] s"n ;ª\Vofdf %*=*( k|ltzt j|fDx0fx¿ cfslif{t ePsf] b]lvG5 / pQm
hflt g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vofdf klg ;a}eGbf bf];|f] a9Lk|ltzt /x]sf] tYofª\sn] b]vfpF5 . hg;ª\Vofdf
k|yd :yfg cf]u6\g] If]qLx¿ pQm clws[t txsf] ;f] ;d"xx¿df !$=%# k|ltzt cfslif{t ePsf]
kfOG5 . hg;ª\Vofsf] k|ltzt x]bf{ du/sf] hfltsf] t];|f] cj:yf b]lvG5 t/ cf=j= @)^$÷)^% sf]
pQm lj1fkgdf du/x¿sf] cj:yf kfFrf}df cyjf @=#^ k|ltzt cfslif{t /x]sf] kfOG5 . hgu0fgf
-@)^*_ cg';f/ yf? rf}yf] :yfgdf /x]sf] eP tfklg cfslif{t x'g]df 5}6f} :yfg cyjf !=%* k|ltzt
dfq /x]sf] b]lvG5 . hg;ª\Vofsf] cfwf/df tfdfË kfFrf} :yfgdf /x]sf] eP tfklg pQm ;d"x cf7f}
:yfgsf] ?kdf cyjf ^=&# k|ltzt cfslif{t /x]sf] kfOof] . hg;ª\Vofsf] cfwf/df g]jf/ 5}6f}
:yfgdf eP tfklg lghfdtL ;]jfdf cfslif{t x'g]df t];|f] cyjf ̂ =&# k|ltzt /x]sf] kfOof] . hg;ª\
Vofsf] cfwf/df blnt ;ftf} :yfgdf ePsf]df Gofo, k|zf;g / k//fi6« ;]jfsf] clws[t txdf ;ftf}
:yfgd} cyjf !=@% k|ltzt cfslif{t /x]sf] kfOof] . hg;ª\Vofsf] cfwf/df d'l:nd cf7f} :yfgdf
/x]sf]df pQm ;]jf / txdf P3f/f} :yfgdf cyjf )=#! k|ltzt kfOG5 . ofbjsf] hg;ª\Vofsf]
lx;fjn] gjf} :yfg /x]sf]df pQm clws[t txdf gjf} :yfg cyjf !=)$ k|ltzt g} /x]sf] kfOof] .
hg;fª\lVos lx;fjn] bzf} :yfgdf /x]sf] ls/ft÷/fO{ pQm ;]jf >]0fL / ;fndf rf}yf} :yfg cyjf
$=#* k|ltzt ;xeflutf b]lvof] o;/L x]bf{ of] ;d"x hg;ª\Vofsf] lx;fjn] lghfdtL ;]jfdf a9L g}
;xeflutf kfOof] . hg;ª\Vofsf] lx;fjn] P3f/f} :yfgdf /x]sf] u'?Ë hflt lghfdtL tkm{ bzf} :yfg
cyjf !=)% k|ltzt /x]sf] kfOof] . hg;ª\Vofsf] lx;fjn] ;f]x|fF} :yfgdf /x]sf] t]nL / ^(cf}+ :yfgdf
/x]sf] ysfnL hfltsf] ljifodf )^$÷)^% sf] nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] jflif{s k|ltj]bgsf] tYofÍdf s'g}
tYofÍ km]nf k/]g . hg;ª\Vofsf] lx;fjn] rf}la;f}F :yfgdf /x]sf] z]kf{ hflt lghfdtLdf ;xeflutf
:yfg afx|f} ?kdf cyjf )=)( k|ltzt /x]sf] kfOof] . To:t} s"n hg;ª\Vofsf] @%=&) k|ltzt
cf]u6\g] cGo hfthfltx¿ lghfdtLdf ;xeflutf ^=%^ k|ltzt dfq /x]sf] kfOG5, hf] cToGt Go"g
eGg ;lsG5 .
96
/fhkqfª\lst txsf] Gofo / k|zf;g ;]jfsf ck|fljlws ;]jfdf ;xeflutf -cf=j=@)^%÷^^_
hg;ª\Vofsf] lx;fjn] bf];|f] a9L k|ltzt j|fDx0fsf] /x]sf]df dfly plNnlvt tx / ;]jfdf ;xeflutf
klg pgLx¿sf] g} a9L cyjf ^!=*& k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
hg;ª\Vofsf] lx;fjn] klxnf] :yfgdf /x]sf] If]qLsf] låtLo :yfg cyjf !%=)! k|ltzt pQm tx /
;]jfdf ;xeflutf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . hg;ª\Vofsf] lx;fjn] g]jf/ 5}6f} :yfgdf /x]sf] eP tfklg dfly
plNnlvt tx / ;]jfdf t];|f] :yfg cyjf ^=$) k|ltzt ;xeflutf lghfdtL ;]jfdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
hg;ª\Vofsf] lx;fjn] ls/ft÷/fO{ bzf} :yfgdf /x]sf] eP tfklg lghfdtL tkm{ cfslif{t ePsf]
:yfg rf}yf] cyjf @=%^ k|ltzt /x]sf] kfOG5 . hg;ª\Vofsf] lx;fjn] t];|f] :yfgdf /x]sf] du/
hflt lghfdtL ;]jftkm{ ;xeflutf x'g]df kfFrf} :yfg cyjf @=@! k|ltzt /x]sf] kfOof] . hg;ª\
Vofsf] lx;fjn] rf}yf] :yfgdf /x]sf] yf? hflt lghfdtLtkm{ ;xeflutf x'g]df 5}6f} :yfgdf cyjf
!=$$ k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvG5 . hg;ª\Vofsf] lx;fjn] ;ftf} :yfgdf /x]sf] blnt -;fsL{ ± sfdL_
hflt lghfdtL tkm{sf pQm tx / ;]jfdf ;d]t ;ftf} :yfgdf cyjf !=#% k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
hg;ª\Vofsf] lx;fjn] kfFrf} :yfgdf /x]sf] tfdfË hflt pQm tx / ;]jfdf ;xeflutf x'g]df cf7f}
:yfgdf cyjf )=(( k|ltzt /x]sf] kfOof] . hg;ª\Vofsf] lx;fjn] gjf} :yfgdf /x]sf] ofbj
hflt pQm tx / ;]jfsf lghfdtL kbdf cfslif{t x'g]df gjf} :yfg g} cyjf )=(* k|ltzt /x]sf]
kfOof] . hg;ª\Vofsf] lx;fjn] P3f/f} :yfgdf /x]sf] u'?Ë hflt pQm tx / ;]jfsf lghfdtL
kbdf ;xeflutf x'g]df bzf} :yfgdf cyjf )=%$ k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvG5 . hg;ª\Vofsf] lx;fjn]
cf7f} k|ltzt cf]u6]sf] d'l:nd hflt pQm tx / ;]jfdf cfslif{t x'g] :yfgdf P3f/f} cyjf )=!#
k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvG5 . hg;ª\Vofsf] lx;fjn] rf}la;f}+ :yfgdf /x]sf] z]kf{ hflt jfx|f} cyjf )=)^
k|ltzt ;xeflutf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . hg;ª\Vofsf] lx;fjn] cGo hfltx¿n] @%=&) k|ltzt /x]sf]df
lghfdtL tkm{ cfslif{t ^=$! k|ltzt cyjf cGo hfltn] b/vf;t pQm tx / ;]jfdf /fVg] dWo]
t];|f] :yfgdf /x]sf] kfOof] .
t]nL / ysfnL hfltsf] nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] cfly{s jif{ @)^%÷)^^ sf] jflif{s k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v
ePsf] gkfOPsf]n] oxfF pNn]v ul/Pg .
/fhkqfª\lst tyf /fhkq cgª\lst b'j} >]0fLsf ;a} ;]jfx¿df ;xeflutf -cf=j= @)^^÷^&_
lj=;+= @)%* sf] hgu0fgfsf] l:ylt cg';f/ bf];|f] a9L k|ltzt /x]sf a|fDx0f hflt lghfdtL tkm{
cfslif{t x'g]df ;a}eGbf a9L cyjf s"n b/vf:t eg]{ dWo] $!=)# k|ltzt /x]sf] kfOof] . hg;ª\
Vofsf] lx;fjn] k|yd :yfgdf /x]sf] If]qL hflt lghfdtL ;]jfdf cfslif{t x'g]df bf];|f] :yfgdf
cyjf !&=%& k|ltzt /x]sf] kfOof] . hg;ª\Vofsf] lx;fjn] 5}6f}+ :yfgdf /x]sf] g]jf/ hflt lghfdtL
97
;]jfdf ;xefuL x'g]df t];|f] :yfgdf cyjf %=)) k|ltzt /x]sf] kfOof] . hg;ª\Vofsf] lx;fjn] t];|f]
:yfgdf /x]sf] du/ hflt lghfdtL ;]jf tkm{ cfslif{t x'g]df rf}yf] :yfgdf cyjf $=$* k|ltzt
/x]sf] kfOof] . hg;ª\Vofsf] lx;fjn] bzf}+ :yfgdf /x]sf] ls/ft÷/fO{ hflt lghfdtL tkm{ cfslif{t
x'g]df ;du| b/vf:t lbg]df kfFrf} :yfgdf cyjf $=&# k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvG5 . hg;ª\Vofsf] lx;fjn]
rf}yf] :yfgdf /x]sf] yf? hflt lghfdtL ;]jfdf cfslif{t x'g]df 5}6f} :yfgdf cyjf $=!@ k|ltzt
/x]sf] kfOof] . hg;ª\Vofsf] lx;fjn] ;ftf}}F :yfgdf -b'j} hf]8\bf_ /x]sf] blnt -;fsL{ + sfdL_
lghfdtL ;]jfdf cfslif{t x'g]df klg ;ftf}+ :yfgdf g} cyjf #=@& k|ltzt /x]sf] kfOof] .
hg;ª\Vofsf] lx;fjn] gjf}+ :yfgdf /x]sf] ofbj hflt lghfdtL ;]jfdf cfslif{t x'g]df cf7f}+
:yfgdf cyjf #=!) k|ltzt /x]sf] kfOof] . hg;ª\Vofsf] lx;fjn] kfrf}+ :yfgdf /x]sf] tfdfª hflt
lghfdtL ;]jfdf cfslif{t x'g]df gjf}+ :yfgdf cyjf !=*# k|ltzt /x]sf] kfOof] . hg;ª\Vofsf]
lx;fjn] ;f]xf}+ :yfgdf /x]sf] t]nL hflt lghfdtL tkm{ cfslif{t x'g]df bzf}+ :yfgdf cyjf !=#!
k|ltzt /x]sf] kfOof] . hg;ª\Vofsf] lx;fjn] P3f/f}+ :yfgdf /x]sf] u'?ª hflt lghfdtL ;]jf tkm{
cfslif{t x'g]df klg P3f/f}+ :yfgdf cyjf !=!! k|ltzt /x]sf] kfOof] . hg;ª\Vofsf] lx;fjn] ;ftf}+
:yfgdf /x]sf] d'l:nd hlt lghfdtL ;]jf tkm{ cfslif{t x'g]df jfx|f}+ :yfgdf cyjf )=$! k|ltzt
/x]sf] kfOof] . hg;ª\Vofsf] lx;fjn] @$ cf}F+ :yfgdf /x]sf] jf )=^* k|ltzt /x]s] z]kf{ hflt
lghfdtL ;]jf tkm{ cfslif{t x'g]df t]x|f} :yfgdf cyjf )=!& k|ltzt /x]sf] kfOof] . hg;ª\Vofsf]
lx;fjn] )=)^ -^( :yfgdf /x]sf]_ k|ltzt /x]sf] ysfnL hflt lghfdtL ;]jf tkm{ cfslif{t x'g]df
!$cf}+ :yfgdf cyjf )=)@ k|ltzt /x]sf] kfOof] . ;du| hg;ª\Vofsf] lx;fjn] @%=&) k|ltzt
/x]sf cGo hfltx¿ lghfdtL ;]jf tk{m cfslif{t x'g]df !!=$& k|ltzt /x]sf] kfOof] .
/fhkqf+lst / cgª\lst b'j} >]0fLdf ;a} ;]jfx¿df ;xeflutf -cf=j= @)^&÷^*_
hg;ª\Vofsf] cfwf/df ;a} hfltx¿ eGbf bf];|f] a9L !%=*) k|ltzt /x]sf j|fDx0f hflt lghfdtL
;]jfdf cfslif{t x'g]df klg a9L g} cyjf ;Dk"0f{ b/vf:tdf ;xeflu x'g] dWo] $@=%@ k|ltzt /x]sf]
kfOof] . hg;ª\Vofsf] cfwf/df ;a} eGbf a9L !@=&$ k|ltzt /x]sf If]qL hflt lghfdtL ;]jfdf
cfslif{t x'g]df bf];|f] cyjf ;Dk"0f{ b/vf:tdf ;xeflu x'g] dWo] !*=@) k|ltzt /x]sf] kfOof] .
hg;ª\Vofsf] cfwf/df t];|f] &=!$ k|ltzt /x]sf du/ hflt lghfdtL ;]jfdf cfslif{t x'g]df rf}yf]
cyjf ;Dk"0f{ b/vf:tdf ;xeflu x'g] dWo] $=%* k|ltzt /x]sf] kfOof] . hg;ª\Vofsf] cfwf/df
rf}yf] ^=&% k|ltzt /x]sf] yf? hflt lghfdtL ;]jfdf cfslif{t x'g]df 5}6f}+ cyjf ;Dk"0f{ b/vf:tdf
;xeflu x'g]dWo] #=^) k|ltzt /x]sf] kfOof] . hg;ª\Vofsf] cfwf/df kfFrf}+ %=^$ k|ltzt /x]sf
tfdfª hflt lghfdtL ;]jfdf cfslif{t x'g]df gjf}+ cyjf ;Dk"0f{ b/vf:t lbg] ;xeflu x'g] dWo]
!=&$ k|ltzt /x]sf] kfOof] . hg;ª\Vofsf] cfwf/df 5}6f}+ %=$* k|ltzt /x]sf g]jf/ hflt lghfdtL
;]jfdf cfslif{t x'g]df cGo hflteGbf a9L g} t];|f] cyjf $=&* k|ltzt /x]sf] kfOof] . hg;ª\
98
Vofsf] cfwf/df ;ftf}+ $=@& k|ltzt /x]sf d';ndfg hflt lghfdtL ;]jfdf cfslif{t x'g]df afx|f}+
cyjf ;Dk"0f{ b/vf:tdf ;xeflu x'g] dWo] )=$! k|ltzt /x]sf] kfOof] . hg;ª\Vofsf] cfwf/df
cf7f}+ #=($ sfdL / kGw|f}+ !=$) ;fsL{ u/L b'j} hf]8\bf ;ftf}+ :yfgdf blnt hflt lghfdtL ;]jfdf
cfslif{t x'g]df ;ftf}+ cyjf ;Dk"0f{ b/vf:tdf ;xeflu x'g] dWo] #=@! k|ltzt /x]sf] kfOof] . hg;ª\
Vofsf] cfwf/df gjf}+ #=($ k|ltzt /x]sf ofbj hflt lghfdtL ;]jfdf cfslif{t x'g]df cf7f}+ cyjf
;Dk"0f{ b/vf:tdf ;xeflu x'g] dWo] #=)# k|ltzt /x]sf] kfOof] . hg;ª\Vofsf] cfwf/df bzf}+ @=&(
k|ltzt /x]sf ls/ft÷/fO{ hflt lghfdtL ;]jfdf cfslif{t x'g]df kfFrf}+ cyjf ;Dk"0f{ b/vf:tdf
;xeflu x'g] dWo] #=&# k|ltzt cGo hflt eGbf a9L g} cfslif{t ePsf] kfOof] . hg;ª\Vofsf]
cfwf/df P3f/f}+ @=#( k|ltzt /x]sf u'?ª\ hflt lghfdtL ;]jfdf cfslif{t x'g]df klg P3f/f}+ cyjf
;Dk"0f{ b/vf:tdf ;xeflu x'g] dWo] )=*$ k|ltzt /x]sf] kfOof] . hg;ª\Vofsf] cfwf/df ;f]x|f}+
!=#$ k|ltzt /x]sf t]nL hflt lghfdtL ;]jfdf cfslif{t x'g]df bzf}+ cyjf ;Dk"0f{ b/vf:tdf
;xeflu x'g] dWo] !=@$ k|ltzt /x]sf] kfOof] .
hg;ª\Vofsf] cfwf/df rf}lj;f}+ )=^* k|ltzt /x]sf z]kf{ hflt lghfdtL ;]jfdf cfslif{t x'g]df
t]x|f}+ :yfgdf cyjf ;Dk"0f{ b/vf:tdf ;xeflu x'g]dWo] )=!) k|ltzt /x]sf] kfOof] . hg;ª\Vofsf]
cfwf/df pgG;Q/Lcf}+ -^(cf}+_ )=)^ k|ltzt /x]sf ysfnL hflt lghfdtL ;]jfdf cfslif{t x'g]df
rf}wf}+ cyjf ;Dk"0f{ b/vf:tdf ;xeflu x'g] dWo] )=)@ k|ltzt /x]sf] kfOof] . ;du| hg;ª\Vofsf]
cfwf/df dfly pNn]v ul/Psf !# hflt afx]ssf cGo @%=&) k|ltzt hg;ª\Vof ePsf cGo
hfltx¿sf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf cfslif{t x'g]df !!=(! k|ltzt s"n ldnfP/ ePsf] kfOof] hf] cGo !#
hfltx¿sf] eGbf Hofb} Go"g /x]sf] eGg ;lsG5 . o;/L g]kfndf hfltut ?kdf cfkm\gf] hflt leq
slt k|ltzt ;fIf/ /x]sf 5g\ eGg] tYofª\ssf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ ;a}eGbf a9L ;fIf/ hfltdf a|fXd0f
/x]sf 5g\ , &%=% k|ltzt / pgLx? g} lghfdtL ;]jfdf klg a9L cfslif{t ePsf] kfOof] . bf];|f]
/ t];|f] a9L ;fIf/tf ePsfdf qmdzM ysfnL / g]jf/ hflt kfOG5 eg] g]jf/ hflt lghfdtLdf
cfslif{t x'g]df t];|f] cj:yfdf /x]sf] kfOof], ysfnL sd cfpg'df pgLx?sf] cfsif{0f af/] 5'§}
cWoog ug'{ h?/L 5 . ;fIf/ x'g] rf}yf] hflt leq If]qL hflt /x]sf]df lghfdtLdf cfsif{0f x'g]df
bf];|f] cj:yfdf b]lvG5 . ;fIf/ x'g] dWo] kfFrf}+ :yfgdf /fO{ %*=& k|ltzt b]lvG5 eg] lghfdtL tkm{
cfslif{t x'g]df klg kfFrf}+ :yfgdf /x]sf] kfOG5 . 5}7f}F / ;ftf}F ;fIf/ cj:yf /x]sf] qmdzM du/
%&=& / u'?ª %&=% sf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf cfslif{t x'g]df du/ rf}yf] 5 eg] u'?ª P3f/f}+ cj:yfdf
b]lvG5 . u'?ªsf] k];fsf] cfsif{0f cGoq 5 ls cWoog ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . o;/L ;/;/tL cWoog ubf{
;fIf/tf / dflyNnf] lzIff cWoog ug]{sf] cj:yfsf] cWoog u/]kl5 yfxf x'G5 ls pQm hfltx?sf]
lzIffsf] cj:yfn] klg lghfdtL ;]jf tkm{sf] cfsif{0fsf] qmd ;f]xL cg';f/ /x]sf] 5 eGg ;lsG5 .
99
@=@ lgisif{
g]kfn /fHo leq a;f]jf; ug]{ ljleGg hfthfltx¿ /x]tf klg lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;a}sf]
;dfg k|ltlglwTj x'g;s]sf] 5}g eGg] /fHosf] rf;f] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# df g}
l:jsf/LPsf] 5 . o; cWoogdf cf=j= @)^$÷)^% / @)^%÷)^^ sf] jflif{s k|ltj]bgaf6
/fhkqf+lst t[tLo >]0fL ck|fljlws tkm{sf Gofo, k|zf;g / k//fi6« ;]jfdf b/vf:t kmf/fd eg{
cfslif{t ePsf ;xeflux¿sf] hfltut ¿kdf pgLx¿sf] cj:yf ;xeflu k|ltzt lnOPsf]df
a|fDx0f, If]qL hg;ª\Vofsf] cfwf/df a9L /x]sf]df pQm ;]jfdf b/vf:t xfNg] klg cGo hftsf]
t'ngfdf a9L g} /x]sf] kfOof] . lj=;+= @)^* sf] hgu0fgf cg';f/ g]jf/ 5}6f}+ l:yltdf ePklg nf]s
;]jfdf cfslif{t x'g]df t];|f] cj:yfdf /x]sf] kfOPs]f 5 . ls/ft÷/fO{ hflt hg;ª\Vofsf] lx;fjn]
bzf}+ cj:yfdf ePklg lghfdtL tkm{sf] cfslif{t x'g]df pQm b'O{ ;fndf pQm txdf rf}yf] cj:yfdf
/x]sf] b]lvG5 . du/ hflt hg;ª\Vofsf] lx;fjn] t];|f] cj:yfdf /x]sf] ePtf klg lghfdtL ;]jfdf
cfslif{t x'g]df kfFrf}+ :yfgdf /x]sf] kfOof] . blnt -sfdL + ;fsL{_ hflt hg;ª\Vofsf] lx;fjn] ;ftf}+
cj:yfdf /x]sf] / lghfdtL ;]jfdf cfslif{t x'g]df klg ;ftf}+ cj:yfdf /x]sf] kfOof] . yf? hflt
hg;ª\Vofsf] lx;fjn] rf}yf] cj:yfdf /x]sf] ePtf klg lghfdtL ;]jftkm{ cfslif{t x'g]df 5}6f}+
:yfgdf /x]sf] kfOof] . o:t} cj:yf cGo hftsf] cj:yf klg ;f]xL cg';f/ Go"g cfslif{t t'ngfTds
¿kn] b]lvof] .
lghfdtL ;]jfdf /fhkqf+lst / /fhkq cg+lst b'j} >]0fLdf ;a} ;]jfx¿df b/vf:t /fvL cfslif{t
x'g] hfthfltsf] cf=j= @)^^÷)^& / cf=j= @)^&÷)^* sf] l:ylt cWoog ubf{ ;a}eGbf a9L
k|ltzt qmdzM a|fDx0f, If]qL, g]jf/, du/, ls/ft, /fO{, yf?, blnt ofbj, tfdfª, t]nL, u'?ª,
d'l:nd, z]kf{ / ysfnL hflt /x]sf] kfOof] .
oBlk hg;ª\Vofsf] qmddf t];|f] cj:yfdf du/ 5 t/ g]jf/ 5}6f}+ cj:yfdf ePklg t];|f] cj:yfdf
5 . ls/ft÷/fO{ hg;ª\Vofsf] lx;fjn] bzf}+ cj:yfdf ePklg lghfdtLdf cfslif{t x'g]df kfFrf}+
:yfgdf /x]sf] kfOof] . blnt hg;ª\Vofsf] / lghfdtL ;]jfdf cfslif{t cj:yf ;ftf}+ cj:yfdf
/x]sf] kfOof] .
;fIf/tfsf] l:ylt hfltut ?kdf x]bf{ h'g hfltx? a9L ;fIf/ 5g\ pgLx?sf] cfsif{0f lghfdtLdf
;d]t a9L ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 h; cg';f/ a|fXd0f, If]qL, g]jf/, /fO{, du/ a9L ;fIf/ ePsf] kfOPsf]
5 / pgLx? lghfdtL tkm{ klg ;f]xL qmddf g} cfslif{t ePsf] b]lvG5 . ysfnL / u'?ª a9L ;fIf/
eP/ klg lghfdtLdf u'?ª a9L ;fIf/ eP/ klg lghfdtLdf ;fIf/tfsf] u0fgfsf] cfwf/df sd
cfslif{t ePsf] b]lvG5, x'g ;S5 pgLx?sf] cfsif{0fsf] If]qaf/] yk cWoogn] k|i6 kfg]{5 .
100
g]kfnL ;]gfdf xfn sfo{/t cj:yf x]bf{ If]qL÷a|fXd0f a9L %$=@!Ü bf];|f]df cflbjf;L hghflt
#!=^%Ü, t];|f]df blnt ^=%&Ü / rf}yf]df dw]zL %=** k|ltzt / dlxnf !=^!Ü /x]sf] x]bf{
If]qL÷a|fXd0f klxnf] bf];|f]df hghflt /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
g]kfnLsf] hLjg :t/df ;a} eGbf dflyNnf] >]0fLdf g]jf/ hflt /x]sf] ;d]t kfOG5 .
;du| hg;ª\Vofsf] @%=&) k|ltzt hfthfltn] !!=(! k|ltzt cfslif{t x'g]df cf]u6]sf] b]lvG5 .
lghfdtLdf cfslif{t x'g]df h'g hfltsf] a9L ;fIf/tf /x]sf] 5 pgLx? g} a9L cfslif{t ePsf]
b]lvof] . o;/L x]bf{ hg;ª\Vof / ;fIf/tf k|ltzt cg';f/ lghfdtL ;]jfdf b/vf:t /fVg cfpg]
hfthflt pQm cg'kftdf a|fDx0f If]qLsf] cj:yf pNn]vgLo /x]sf] 5 eg] t];|f] cj:yfdf g]jf/ hflt
/x]sf] 5 cGo hfthfltx¿ b/vf:t a'emfpg] qmddf g} sd pkl:ylt /x]sf] sf/0f g} lghfdtL
;]jfdf plgx¿sf] ;xeflutf sd /x]sf] 5 . hlt;'s} ;dfj]zLsf] s'/f u/] klg nf]s ;]jf cfof]un]
lghfdtL ;]jfsf nflu u/]sf] lj1fkg cg';f/ b/vf:t kmf/fd a'emfpg] klxnf] r/0fdf g} ;fd]n
geP kl5 lghfdtL ;]jfdf pNn]vgLo pkl:ylt x'Fb}g . lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;dfj]z x'g klxnf] r/0f,
b/vf:tdf ;fd]n x'g] cj:yfsf] ;[hgf ;DalGwt ;d'bfoaf6 x'gk5{ / plgx¿nfO{ ;zlQms/0fsf]
dfWodaf6 plgx¿sf] lzIffdf hf]8 lbFb} lghfdtL ;]jfsf] k|j]zdf a9fjf ug'{kb{5 . lghfdtL ;]jf
cfsif{0fsf] If]q geP/ cGo ;d"xsf] cfsif{0fsf] If]q cGoq klg x'g ;Sb5 .
@=# ;'emfjx¿
lghfdtL ;]jfdf g]kfnsf] s"n hg;ª\Vofsf] cg'kft cg';f/ lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;dfj]z x'gsf
nflu ;f]xL cg'kftdf b/vf:t kmf/fd eg]{ cj:yfsf] ;[hgf x'gk5{ . lghfdtL ;]jfdf cfslif{t
u/fpg lgDg ;'emfjx¿ k|:t't ul/G5 M–
i) lghfdtL ;]jfdf k|j]z ug]{ k|ltof]lutfsf] k|j]z lbg b/vf:t kmf/fd a'emfO{ ;xeflutf
a9fpg k|rf/ k|;f/ Pjd\ clek|]l/t ug'{k5{ .
ii) lzIffdf ;a} hfltsf] ;xeflutf clej[l4 u/fpg' kb{5 / ;zlQms/0f u/fpg' kb{5 .
iii) cf/If0fsf] Joj:yfsf ;fy;fy} plgx¿sf] lzIff / lghfdtL ;]jfsf nflu k|f]T;fxg ug]{
jftfj/0f ljleGg lgsfo tyf ;+:yfx¿n] ug'{kb{5 .
iv) nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] ;sf/fTds egf{ (Positive recruitment) sf] nflu ljleGg hfthfltsf]
a;f]jf; If]q tyf :s"n sn]hdf ul/g] hfu/0f cleofgnfO{ cem a9fjf lbg'kb{5 .
101
;Gbe{ u|Gyx¿ (Bibliography)
� cu|jfn, nIfd0fnfn -!(&@_ . b P8ldlgi6«]zg l/kmd{ sldzg ef/t, Go"lbNnL k|];.
� cfrfo{, afa'/fd -@)@&_ . g]kfnsf] ;+lIfKt j[tfGt,jgf/;, af/f0f;L k|]; .
� hgu0fgf, -@)%*_ . s]Gb|Lo tYofª\s ljefu, yfkfynL .
� u'?ª, xs{, -@))!_ . OGSn'l;e Xo'dg 8]e]nf]kd]G6, o'=Pg=8L=kL=.
� ltjf/L, 8f= dw'lglw, -@)^)_ . æ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf s]xL kIfx?Æ k|sflzsf >Ldlt
sfGtL ltjf/L l8NnL ahf/ sf7df8f}+ .
� lghfdtL ;]jf klqsf, ef]nd #@ g+=! cfiff9 nf]s;]jf cfof]u .
� lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, -@)$(_ . sfg"g lstfavfgf, aa/dxn .
� lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, -@)%)_ . sfg"g lstfavfgf, aa/dxn .
� g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, -@)^#_ . sfg"g lstfavfgf, aa/dxn .
� k|wfg, e'jgdfgl;+x, -@)#*_ . æk|mfG;sf] lghfdtL k|zf;g ljifo Ps lrgf/LÆ, lghfdtL
;]jf klqsf, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u ;ª\Vof @ ef]nd !# .
� nf]s ;]jf cfof]u jflif{s k|ltj]bg @)^% .
� nf]s ;]jf cfof]u jflif{s k|ltj]bg @)^^ .
� nf]s ;]jf cfof]u jflif{s k|ltj]bg @)^& .
� nf]s ;]jf cfof]u jflif{s k|ltj]bg @)^* .
� nf]s ;]jf cfof]u jflif{s k|ltj]bg P3f/f}F .
� nf]s ;]jf cfof]u -sfo{ ;~rfng_ lgb]{lzsf, @)^& .
� ;'j]bL, vu]Gb| k|;fb, -@)^&_ . ænf]s ;]jf cfof]un] pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 ug{ ckgfpg] ljlw
Pjd\ k|lqmofaf/] kl/rrf{Æ, ljleGg hfu/0f sfo{qmddf k|:t't sfo{kq .
102
lghfdtL ;]jf k|j]zdf cf/If0fcEof;n] b]vfPsf] ;+s]t
/ljnfn kGy*
;f/f+zcf/If0f ;sf/fTds lje]bsf] Pp6f pks/0f xf] . k5fl8 k/]sf ju{, ;d'bfo, hflt / If]qsf]d"nk|jfxLs/0fsf] nflu o;nfO h?/L 7fGg] ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfndf o;sf] cEof; k|f/De ePsf] kf“rjif{ dfq ljt]sf] 5 . o; k"j{ lghfdtL ;]jf k|j]zdf ;j}sf nflu ;dfg cj;/ ePsf] k[i7e"ldnfO{x]bf{ vf; ;d"xn] dfq k|lt:kwf{ ug{ gkfpg] sfg"gL Aoj:yfsf] cjnDjg k|f/De x'g' gf}nf] dfq lyPg, of] ;sf/fTds xf] egL l;4 ug'{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ cEof; ;d]t lyof] . cem}klg of] :yLlt sfod}5, To;}n] o;sf] k|of]u / cg'ej ce}m s]xL ;do ;dfgfGt/ ?kd} hfg] b]lvG5 . k|:t't n]vdfcf/If0f cEof;sf] qmddf b]lvPsf oyfy{tf / To;n] k|ltljlDjt u/]sf] s]xL kl/b[iox? phfu/ug]{ k|oTg ul/Psf] 5 .
* pk;lrj, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u
!= ljifo k|j]zM
/fHosf] gLlt lgdf{0f nufot ;j} dxTjk"0f{{ lhDd]jf/L Pjd\ /f]huf/Lsf cj;/af6 jl~rt
;d'bfonfO{ cy{k"0f{ ?kdf ;xeflutfsf] cj;/ k|bfg ug{ cjnDag ul/g] ljz]if ;+/If0fsf] sfo{nfO
cf/If0f elgG5 . of] ;+/If0fjfbL cjwf/0ff xf] . o;df lglZrt l;6 ;+Vof hflt, ju{ / ;d"x
ljz]ifn] dfq :yfg kfpg] x'G5 . of] k5fl8 k/]sf] ju{nfO /fli6«o d"n k|jfxdf Nofpg s]xL ;dosf
nflu ul/g] cGtl/d k|s[ltsf] sf]6f k|0ffnL xf] . of] ;sf/fTds lje]bsf] x:tIf]ksf/L pkfud xf] .
c;dfgx?sf] aLrsf] k|lt:kwf{n] ;dfgtf Nofpg g;Sg] ePsf]n] ;dfg:t/df dfq k|lt:kwf{ x'g'k5{
eGg] dfGotfsf] sf/0f cf/If0fsf] cjwf/0ff cfPsf] xf] . of] k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt ug]{ Pp6f pkfo
xf] .
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# hf/L ePkl5 o;} ;+ljwfgn] lrq0f u/]sf] ;dfj]zL /fHosf]
cjwf/0ffnfO{ d"t{ ?k lbg /fHo ;~rfngsf] ;+oGqdf /x]sf lghfdtL / u}/ lghfdtL kbx?df
103
;sf/fTds lje]b cGtu{t cf/If0fsf] k|fjwfg /flvPsf] kfOG5 . lghfdtL ;]jf P]g @)$( sf] bf]>f]
;+zf]wg @)^$ n] ;j} k|sf/sf kbx?sf] v'nf k|ltof]lutfaf6 k"lt{ x'g] s"n ;+Vofsf] $%Ü kb;+Vof
;dfj]zL ;d"xsf] nflu cf/lIft u/]sf] xf] . ;dfj]zL tk{m 5'§ofOPsf] $%Ü nfO{ ztk|ltzt dfgL
ljleGg ^ j6f ;dfj]zL ;d"xx? dlxnf, cflbjf;L÷hghflt, dw];L, blnt, ckfË / lk5l8Psf]
If]qsf nflu qmdz ##Ü, @&Ü, @@Ü, (Ü, %Ü, / $Ü kbx? ;'/lIft /fv]sf] b]lvG5 . ;dfj]zL
Joj:yf k|f/De ePkl5 lghfdtL ;]jfsf kbx?df lgo'lSQsf] nflu l;kmfl/z ug{ nf]s ;]jf cfof]un]
;~rfng u/]sf ljleGg k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffx? dfk{mt ;]jf k|jfx ug]{ ;/sf/L ;+oGqdf tL
;dfj]zL ;d"xx?sf] k|j]z pNn]Vo dfqfdf ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 .
@= lghfdtL ;]jfdf cf/If0fsf] cfjZostfM
g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf dlxnfx?sf] ;+Vof cToGt Go"g /x]sf], g]kfnsf] ;fdflhs / hg;fFlVos
;+/rgf cg';f/sf] n3'?k /fHo ;+oGqdf k|ltlglwTj gePsf] / b]zsf ;j} e"uf]ndf /xg] hgtfn]
;/sf/L ;+oGqdf ckgTj jf]w ug{ g;s]sf] h:tf cfjfhx? j'nGb ePsf] cj:yfdf cf/If0fsf]
k|fjwfg cfPsf] b]lvG5 . To;f] t, cf/If0f ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] clGtd c:q xf], o;sf] k|of]u kZrft\
klg /fHo ;~rfngsf] ;+oGqdf hg;f+lVos ;+/rgf cg';f/sf] oyfy{ t:jL/ k|ltljlDat x'g ;s]g
eg] b]zsf] cv08tfdf g} cfFr cfpg ;Sg] cj:yf >[hgf x'g ;S5 tyflk /fhgLlts kl/jt{gn]
pRr km8\sf] df/]sf] cj:yfdf lk5l8Psf] ju{, hflt, ;d'bfo / If]qsf] dfunfO{ tTsfn ;+af]wg ug]{
cr's pkfosf] ?kdf cf/If0fnfO{ cjnDag ul/Psf] j'em\g ;lsG5 . pk/f]Qm Jojxfl/s k[i7e"ldsf
cltl/Qm b]xfo adf]lhdsf ;}4flGts cfjZostfx?n] cf/If0f Aoj:yfsf] cf}lrTo :yflkt ug{
;3fp k'¥ofPsf] b]lvG5 .
� pTkfbg, ljt/0f / pkef]udf ;f/e"t ;dfgtf sfod ug{
� /fli6«o ljsf;sf k|To]s tx tyf If]qdf dlxnf nufot ;j} ju{nfO{ ;+jfb tyf
;f}bfjfhL ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf / cj;/ pknAw u/fpg
� sdhf]/ ju{ / If]qsf] ;+/If0f ug{
� /fHosf] j]jf:tfsf sf/0f lk5l8g k'u]sf] lnË, ju{ / If]qnfO{ Ifltk"lt{ k|bfg ug{
� dfgj clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt lbnfpg
� /fli6«o 3f]if0ff / dfu{bz{gsf] sfof{Gjog ug{
� cGt/fli6«o dxf;GwL / k|lta4tfx?sf] sfof{Gjog ug{ .
104
#= lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;dfj]zL ;DaGwL k|fjwfgx?M
;dfj]zL ;d"xdf pNn]v ePsf ;d"xx?nfO{ lghfdtL ;]jfdf k|j]z / ;]jf k|j]z kZrft klg
ljleGg ;+/If0fsf pkfox? cjnDjg ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . h;nfO{ b]xfojdf]lhd k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
� lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpg v'Nnf k|ltof]lutf4f/f k"lt{ x'g] kbdWo] $%Ü kb
5'6\ofO{ ;f] k|ltztnfO{ ztk|ltzt dfgL dlxnf ## k|ltzt, cflbjf;L÷hghflt @&
k|ltzt, dw];L @@ k|ltzt, blnt ( k|ltzt, ckfË % k|ltzt / lk5l8Psf] If]qsf] nflu
$ k|ltzt kb ;+Vof 5'§ofO{Psf] 5 . -lghfdtL ;]jf P]g @)$(, bkmf &-&__
� ;dfj]zL ;d"xsf 5'§ofOPsf] kbdf h'g jif{sf] nflu lj1fkg ePsf] xf] ;f] lj1fkgdf
pko'Qm pDd]bjf/ pknAw x'g] g;s]df To:tf] kb csf]{ jif{ x'g ;f]xL ;d"xaf6 lj1fkgdf
;dfj]z ug'{ kg]{ / To;/L lj1fkg ubf{ klg pko'Qm pDd]bjf/ pknAw x'g g;s]df To:tf]
kb ;f]xL jif{ v'Nnf k|ltof]lutfåf/f k"lt{ x'g] kbdf ;dfj]z ul/g] Joj:yf 5 . -lghfdtL
;]jf P]g @)$(, bkmf &-!)__
� tf]lsPsf] k|ltztsf] ;Ldf leq /xL s'g} vf; k|s[ltsf sfdsf] nflu tf]lsP adf]lhdsf]
ckfËx?aLr dfq k|lt:kwf{ u/fO kbk"lt{ ul/g] Joj:yf 5 . -lghfdtL ;]jf P]g @)$(,
bkmf &-*__
� dlxnf pDd]bjf/x?sf] nflu ;]jf k|j]zsf] clwstd pd]/ xbjGbL $) jif{ sfod ul/Psf]
5 . -lghfdtL ;]jf P]g @)$(, bkmf !)-u__
� dlxnf, cflbjf;L÷hghflt, dw];L, blnt, ckfË / lk5l8Psf] If]qdf :yfoL a;f]jf;
ePsf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx?sf] nflu Ps jif{ sd ;]jf cjlw eP klg a9'jfsf] nflu
;DefJo pDd]bjf/ x'g kfpg] Joj:yf 5 . -lghfdtL ;]jf P]g @)$(, bkmf @!-@__
� pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6sf] nflu lnOg] cGtjftf{sf] nflu u7g x'g] cGtj{ftf{ ;ldltdf ;dfj]zL
;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ul/g] Joj:yf 5 . -nf]s ;]jf cfof]u P]g @)^^, bkmf #%_
� ;dfj]zL pDd]bjf/x?n] zfvf clws[t ck|fljlws tk{msf] ;dfj]zL lj1fkgdf cfj]bg
ug{ k|f/lDes k/LIff lbO/xg' gkg]{ Joj:yf 5 . -nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] @)^$÷)$÷@( sf]
lg0f{o_
� nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] lng] k/LIffsf] lj1fkg gDj/ sfod ubf{ v'nf tkm{sf] klxnf] qmddf
/ To;kl5 ;dfj]zL ;d"xx?sf] sfod ug]{5 -nf]s ;]jf cfof]u @)^(÷^÷* sf] lg0f{o _
105
$= cEof;df cf/If0fsf] l:yltM
;dfj]zL ;DjGwL gLlt cjnDjg eP kl5 kfFr cfly{s jif{sf k|ltj]bgx? dfq ;fj{hlgs ePsf
5g\ . s'g} klg gLltsf] k|efj d"Nof+sgsf] nflu of] cjlw k|of{Kt xf]Og tyflk o;n] b]vfPsf
;+s]tx?sf] ljZn]if0f clxn]af6 g} z'? ug{ ;lsPg eg] ;'wf/sf] Ph]G8fsf] lbzf g} osLg x'g
;Sb}g . To;}n] lghfdtL ;]jfdf kbk"lt{ ;DjGwL tYofÍsf] vf]hL Pj+ ljZn]if0f ;fGble{s eO;s]sf]
5 . o;sf] nflu lghfdtL ;]jfdf lgo'lStsf] nflu pko'Qm pDd]bjf/ l;kmfl/z ug]{ ;+j}wflgs
lhDd]jf/L kfPsf] nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] tYofÍx?nfO{ cfwf/ agfpg pko'Qm b]lvG5 . ;dfj]zL gLlt
cjnDag ePkl5 cf=j= @)^*÷)^( cfiff9 d;fGt ;Ddsf] tYofÍ cg';f/ nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6
ePsf kbk"lt{ ;DjGwL l:ylt b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
$=! kb;+Vof lgwf{/0fM
o; cjlwdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 hDdf !& xhf/ ^ ;o %( kb;+Vof k"lt{sf] nlfu lj1fkg
k|sfzg ePsf]df sfo{Ifdtfsf] d"Nofs+g4f/f x'g] a9'jfdf ! xhf/ % ;o *), sfo{;Dkfbg tyf
cg'ejsf] d"Nofs+gaf6 x'g] ;dfof]hgdf $ ;o %!, cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfdf @ xhf/ @ ;o ^
/ v'nf k|ltof]lutf tk{m !# xhf/ $ ;o @@ kbx? 5'§ofOPsf] b]lvG5 . nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6
k|sflzt jflif{s k|ltj]bgx?sf cg';f/ v'nf k|ltof]lutf tk{m 5'§ofOPsf !# xhf/ $ ;o @@ kbx?
dWo] ;dfj]zL tk{m % xhf/ (# / v''nf tk{m * xhf/ # ;o @( kb;+Vof 5'§ofOPsf] b]lvG5 .
o; tYofÍnfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ /fHon] lghfdtL kbsf nflu c+uLsf/ u/]sf] ;dfj]zL gLlt cg';f/
;dfj]zL / v'nftk{msf] kb;+Vof qmdzM $%Ü / %%Ü k'Ug g;sL #*Ü / ^@Ü x'g uPsf] b]lvg
cfpF5 . cfof]un] k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ubf{ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g / Aoj:yflksf ;+;b
;lrjfno ;DjGwL P]g cg';f/ ug]{ u/]sf] t/ :jf:Yo ;]jf P]gdf ;dfj]zL k|fjwfg gePsf]n]
:jf:Yo ;]jfdf 5'l§Psf ;j} kbx? -%%Ü_tk{m u0fgf x'g uPsf] b]lvG5 . o;} u/L pSt cjlwdf
;dfj]zL tk{m 5'§ofOPsf s"n % xhf/ (# kbx?dWo] ljleGg ;dfj]zL ;d"xx?df b]xfo adf]lhdsf]
;+Vofdf kb;+Vof 5'§ofOPsf] b]lvG5 .
tflnsf !ljut kfFr jif{df ljleGg lsl;dsf nflu 5'l§Psf] kb;+Vof
qm=;+= lsl;d kb ;+Vof k|ltzt1 sfo{Ifdtf d"Nof+sg 1580 92 ;dfof]hg 451 33 cf=k|= 2206 124 v'nf 13422 76
hDdf 17659 100
106
tflnsf @
;dfj]zL / v'nfsf] cg'kft
qm=;+= lsl;d kb;+Vof k|ltzt1 ;dfj]zL 5093 382 v'nf 8329 62
hDdf 13422 100
tflnsfM #
;dfj]zLtk{msf ljleGg ;d"xx?df 5'§ofOPsf] kb;+Vof
qm=;= ;dfj]zL ;d"x kb;+Vof k|ltzt1 dlxnf 1743 342 cflbjf;L÷hghflt 1334 263 dw];L 1113 224 blnt 526 105 ckf· 233 56 lk%l*Psf] If]q 144 3
hDdf 5093 100
>f]tM nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] $(cf}F, %)cfF}, %!cfF}, %@cfF} / %#cfF} jflif{s k|ltj]bg
dfly plNnlvt tflnsf @ / # nfO{ dfq x]bf{ sfg"gdf tf]lsPsf] k|ltzt / lj1flkt kb;+Vof d]n
vfPsf] b]lvFb}g . t/ nf]s ;]jf cfof]u sfo{;~rfng lgb]{lzsf, @)^& df ePsf] k|ltzt lgwf{/0f
;DjGwL Aoj:yfdf k|To]s lj1fkgsf] v'nf tk{m 5'§ofOPsf] kb;+Vof @) -jL;_ k'u] kl5 Ps kbrqm
k"/f x'g] / ;dfj]zL tk{msf] Ps k"0f{ kbrqm k"/f x'g !))-Ps ;o_ kb cfjZos kg]{ b]lvG5 . cyf{t
s'g} kbsf] v'nf tk{m @) / ;dfj]zL tk{m Ps ;o kb 5'l§Psf] v08df dfq pSt kbsf] v'nf
tk{m -%%Ü_ !! kb / ;dfj]zL tk{m -$%Ü_ ( kb / ;dfj]zL ;d"xsf] nflu sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP
cg';f/sf] ##, @&, @@, (, % / $ k'Ug uO{ k|ltzt ldNg hfg] b]lvG5 . t;y{ lgb]{lzsfdf ePsf]
Ps kbrqm k"0f{ x'Fbf dfq ;j} ;dfj]zL ;d"xn] sfg"gdf tf]lsP adf]lhd kb;+Vof k|fKt ug]{df
ljZj:t x'g ;lsG5 .
$=@ cfj]bg ug]{ pDd]bjf/sf] n}lËs l:yltM
cfof]usf] %#cf}F jflif{s k|ltj]bg cg';f/ cf=j= @)^$÷)^% b]lv @)^*÷)^( ;Dddf lj1flkt
kbsf nflu b/vf:t cfj]bg ug]{ dlxnf / k'?ifsf] ;+Vof b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
107
tflnsfM $
cfj]bg ug]{ pDd]bjf/sf] n}lËs l:ylt
qm=;= cf=j= dlxnf k'?if hDdf;+Vof k|ltzt ;+Vof k|ltzt
1 2064÷065 67,435 39 1,07,687 61 1,75,1222 2065÷066 32,457 38 53,711 62 86,1683 2066÷067 1,39,963 47 1,60,500 53 3,00,4634 2067÷068 1,10,307 43 1,41,344 57 2,51,6515 @)^*÷)^( 1,13,785 42 1,57,792 58 2,71,577
>f]tM nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] %#cf} jflif{s k|ltj]bg
o; tflnsf cg';f/ ;dfj]zL Aoj:yfsf] cfwf/ jif{df dlxnf / k'?ifsf] ;+Vof #(Ü / ^!Ü /x]sf]df
cf=j= )^*÷^( df of] ;+Vof $@Ü / %*Ü ePsf] b]lvG5, h;n] lghfdtL ;]jfdf kb cf/If0f
k|f/De eP kl5 dlxnf pDd]b\jf/sf] ;+Vof a9\b} uPsf] ;+s]t ub{5 . tyflk b]zsf] hg;fFlVos
;+/rgf cg';f/sf] -dlxnf %!=%)Ü / k'?if $*=%)Ü _cfj]bg cg'kft ldNg ;s]sf] b]lvb}g .
$=# cGt/jftf{sf] nflu 5gf}6 ePsf pDd]bjf/ ;+VofM
cfof]uaf6 k|sflzt jflif{s k|ltj]bg / a'n]l6gx?sf cg';f/ ;dfj]zL Joj:yfnfu" ePkl5sf kfFr
jif]{ cjlwdf ;dfj]zL / v'nf tk{m 5'l§Psf % xhf/ (# / * xhf/ # ;o @( kb;+Vofsf nflu
qmdzM * xhf/ & ;o *! / !^ xhf/ () hgf pDd]bjf/x? cGt/jftf{sf] nflu 5gf}6 ePsf]
b]lvG5 . cfof]usf] sfo{;~rfng lgb]{lzsfdf l/St kb;+Vofsf] ;fdfGotof @) k|ltztsf] ;+Vofdf
cGt/jftf{sf] nflu yk pDd]b\jf/ 5gf}6 ug'{ kg]{ Joj:yf 5 ;fy} cl3Nnf] lj1fkgsf] lnlvt k/LIffsf]
glthfdf gfd ;dfj]z ePsf pDd]bjf/sf] kl5Nnf] glthfdf klg gfd ;dfj]z x'g uPdf pSt
pDd]bjf/ ;Fu} csf]{ pDd]bjf/sf] gfd ;d]t 5gf}6 ug'{ kg]{ k|fjwfg 5 . cyf{t cl3Nnf] lj1fkgsf]
glthfdf gfd ;dfj]z x'g]x?sf] kl5Nnf] lj1fkgdf klg 5gf}6 x'g uPdf bf]xf]l/Psf] ;+Vof a/fj/s}
;+Vofdf gfd bf]xl/g k'u]sf pDd]bjf/ eGbf nuQ} kl5Nnf] of]Uotfqmddf /x]sf pDd]bjf/x?sf]
gfd ;d]t ;dfj]z u/L lnlvt k/LIffsf] glthf k|sfzg ug'{kg]{ k|fjwfg /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;
cjlwsf] tYofÍ cg';f/ dfu ;+VofeGbf ;dfj]zL tk{m &@Ü / v'nf tk{m (#Ü j9L pDd]bjf/x?
cGt/jftf{sf] nflu 5gf}6 ePsf] b]lvG5 . o; tYofÍn] Pp6} pDd]bjf/sf] gfd ;dfj]zL ;d"xsf
ljleGg ;d"xx? / v'nftk{m klg 5gf}6 ePsf] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . Pp6} pDd]bjf/sf] gfd ljleGg
;d"x / lsl;dx?sf] nflu 5gf}6 x'g'n] ;dfj]zL tk{msf ;Lldt JolStx?sf] dfq ;zlSts/0f ePsf]
108
lgrf]8 lgsfNg ;lsG5 . o; tYon] cf/If0f Aoj:yfsf] kmfObf cf/lIft ;d"xsf 6fF7faf7fn] w]/}
p7fpF5g\ eGg] cf/f]knfO k'i6L u/]sf] ;+s]t ldN5 .
tflnsf % M cGt/jftf{sf] nflu 5gf}6 ePsf pDd]bjf/ ;+Vof
qm=;+=k/LIffsf] lsl;d
dfu kb;+Vof
@) k|ltzt yk ubf{ s'g cfpg] ;+Vof
cGt/jftf{sf] nflu 5gf}6 ePsf pDd]bjf/ ;+Vof
cGt/jftf{sf] nflu dfu kb;+Vof eGbf a9L 5gf}6 ePsf pDd]bjf/sf]
k|ltzt
1 ;dfj]zL 5,093 6,121 8,781 72
2 v'nf 8,329 9,995 16090 93
>f]tM nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] %), %!, %@ / %#cf} jflif{s k|ltj]bg
$=$ l;kmfl/z ePsf pDd]bjf/ ;+VofM
cf/If0f Joj:yfk|f/De eP kl5 cf=j= @)^*÷)^( sf] cGTo ;Dddf nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] hDdf !!
xhf/ * ;o !@ hgf pDd]bjf/x?nfO{ lgo'lStsf] nflu l;kmfl/z u/]sf] b]lvG5 . h;df cfGtl/s
k|ltof]lutfaf6 ! xhf/ # -(Ü_, ;dfj]zL ;d"xaf6 # xhf/ % ;o ^! -#)Ü_ / v'nf tk{maf6 &
xhf/ @ ;o $* -^!Ü_ l;kmfl/z ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;dfj]zL ;d"x / v'nf tk{msf] dfq t'ngf ubf{
of] ;+Vof qmdzM ##Ü / ^&Ü b]lvg cfpF5 . o; cjlwdf ;dfj]zL / v'nftk{m 5'§ofOPsf] #*Ü
/ ^@Ü sf] kb ;+Vof s} cg'kftdf klg pDd]bjf/ l;kmfl/z x'g;s]sf] l:ylt b]lvb}g . To;}u/L
clwsf+z kbx?df dlxnf ;d"xsf nflu sfg"gn] Joj:yf u/] cg';f/sf] k|ltztsf] dfqfdf l;6
ljefhg eO;s]sf] b]lvg cfp5 . cf=k|= ;dfj]zL / v'nftk{maf6 l;kmfl/z ePsf !! xhf/ * ;o
!@ / ;dfj]zL tk{mjf6 l;kmfl/z ePsf] s"n # xhf/ % ;o ^! sf] ;d"xut l:ylt b]xfo adf]lhd
/x]sf] b]lvG5 .
tflnsfM ^ljleGg lsl;daf6 l;kmfl/z ePsf] ;+Vof
qm=;+= k/LIffsf] lsl;d l;kmfl/z ;+Vof k|ltzt1 cf=k|= 1003 92 ;dfj]zL 3561 303 v'nf 7248 61
hDdf 11,812 100
109
tflnsf &M ;dfj]zL ;d"xaf6 l;kmfl/z ePsf pDd]bjf/ ;+Vof
qm=;+= ;d"x l;kmfl/z ;+Vof k|ltzt1 dlxnf 1310 372 cflbjf;L÷hghflt 975 273 dw];L 730 204 blnt 302 95 ckf· 141 46 lk%l*Psf] If]q 103 3
>f]tM nf]s ;]jf cfof]u %)cf}F, %!cf}F, %@cfF} / %#cfF} jflif{s k|ltj]bg
pk/f]Qm tflnsfnfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ sfg"gdf Joj:yf ul/P cg';f/sf] k|ltztdf pDd]bjf/ l;kmfl/z
ePsf] l:ylt b]lvb}g / cfof]ujf6 k|ltzt lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhdsf] ;+Vofdf -dfly tflnsf # df
5'6\ofOPsf] kb;+Vof cg';f/sf]_ pDd]bjf/x? l;kmfl/z x'g ;s]sf] b]lvb}g . pDd]bjf/ l;kmfl/zsf]
;d"xut l:ylt x]bf{ dlxnfx?sf] cg'kft j9L ePsf] / dw];L, ckfË / lk5l8Psf] If]qaf6 l;kmfl/z
x'g] pDd]bjf/x?sf] cg'kft sd ePsf] l:ylt b]lvG5 .
$=% 5gf}6 x'g g;s]sf pDd]bjf/M
nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 ;~rfng ePsf lj1fkgx?sf] lnlvt k/LIffaf6 cGt/jftf{sf] nflu s'g} klg
pDd]bjf/x? 5gf}6 x'g g;Sg] / cGt/jftf{sf] nflu pDd]bjf/x? 5gf}6 x'Fbf x'Fb} klg of]Uotfqmd
k|sfzgsf] qmddf s'g} klg pDd]bjf/ g} l;kmfl/z gx'g] l:ylt klg b]lvPsf] 5 . h;sf] ljj/0f
b]xfo jdf]lhd pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
tflnsfM *
lj1flkt kbx?df pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 / l;kmfl/z gePsf] l:ylt
qm=;+= 5gf}6÷l;kmfl/z x'g g;s]sf] k/LIffsf] k|sf/
k/LIffsf] ;d"x hDdf k|ltztcf=k|= k|ltzt v'nf k|ltzt ;dfj]zL k|ltzt
1= lnlvt 181 43 39 9 197 47 417 1002= cGt/jftf{ 153 62 13 5 80 33 246 100
>f]tM nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] %)cf}, %!cf}, %@cf} / %#cf} jflif{s k|ltj]bg
110
cfof]uaf6 k|sflzt k|ltj]bgx?sf cg';f/ o; cjlwdf lnlvt k/LIffaf6 5gf}6 x'g g;s]sf s"n
$ ;o !& kbx?dWo] ! ;o (& kb ;dfj]zLtk{msf ! ;o *! cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutftk{msf 5g\
eg] v'nftk{m #( kbx? /x]sf 5g\ . To;} u/L lnlvt k/LIffsf] glthf k|sfzg eO cGt/jftf{sf]
nflu 5gf}6 ePsf t/ cGt/jftf{af6 s'g} klg pDd]bjf/x? l;kmfl/z x'g g;s]sf kb;+Vof x]bf{
;dfj]zL tk{m *), cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutftk{m ! ;o %# 5g\ eg] v'nftk{m !# kbx? /x]sf 5g\ . b'j}
k|sf/sf k/LIffx?df ;dfj]zL tk{msf pDd]bjf/x? ;lDdlnt eO k/LIff ;~rfng ePsf @ ;o &&
kb;+Vofdf s'g} klg pDd]bjf/x? 5gf}6 x'g g;Sg'n] kb cf/If0f u/]/ dfq ;dfj]zLs/0f ;'lglZrt
x'bf] /x]g5 eGg] tYonfO{ jn k'¥ofPsf] b]Vg ;lsG5 . To;} u/L cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutftk{m # ;o #$
kb ;+Vofdf s'g} klg pDd]bjf/ l;kmfl/z ePsf] b]lvPg . o;df clwsf+z lx:;f /f=k=cg+= låtLo
>]0fLsf] nflu 5'§ofOPsf] @)Ü ;+Vofsf] /x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . of]Uotf k'u]sf >]0fL ljlxg sd{rf/Lx?n]
dfq k|lt:kwf{ ug]{ o; k|sf/sf] cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfdf olt w]/} kb;+Vofdf s'g} klg pDd]bjf/
l;kmfl/z x'g g;Sg'n] o; k|fjwfgdf ;d]t k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{ kg]{ ;+s]t b]lvPsf] 5 .
$=^ lghfdtL ;]jfdf n}lËs l:yltM
cf/If0f Joj:yf k|f/De ePsf] cfwf/ jif{ b]lv cf=j= @)^*÷)^( sf] cGTo ;Ddsf] lghfdtL
;]jfsf] n}lËs l:ylt b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
tlnsf (M lghfdtL ;]jfdf dlxnf / k'?ifsf] cg'kft
qm=;= cf=j=dlxnf k'?if
hDdf;+Vof k|ltzt ;+Vof k|ltzt
1 2064÷065 8,774 11=09 70,368 88=91 79,1422 2065÷066 8,713 11=96 64,125 88=04 72,8383 2066÷067 9,749 13=00 65,225 87=00 74,9744 2067÷068 10,773 13=84 67,075 86=16 77,8485 2068÷069 11,679 14=67 67,928 85=33 79,607
>f]tM lghfdtL lstfjvfgf
o; tflnsfnfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ cf/If0f k"j{ lghfdtL ;]jfdf dlxnf / k'?ifsf] cg'kft !!=)(Ü
/ **=(!Ü /x]sf]df x/]s jif{ dlxnf sd{rf/Lsf] k|ltzt j9\b} cf=j= )^*÷^( df !$=^&Ü /
*%=##Ü k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . ;+Vofsf] lx;fjn] x]bf{ oL kfFr jif{df dlxnf sd{rf/Lsf] ;+Vof @ xhf/
( ;o % n] j[lå ePsf] b]lvG5 . dfly tflnsf & cg';f/ o; cjlwdf dlxnf ;d"xaf6 l;kmfl/z
ePsf] ;+Vof ! xhf/ # ;o !) /x]sf]df lghfdtL ;]jfdf dlxnfsf] ;+Vof @ xhf/ ( ;o % n] j[lå
111
ePsf] b]lvPaf6 cf/If0f jfx]ssf] k/LIffsf] lsl;daf6 ! xhf/ % ;o (% hgf dlxnfx? ;]jf k|j]z
u/]sf] k|i6 x'g cfpF5 . cf/If0f jfx]ssf] ;]jf k|j]z ug]{ k/LIffsf] lsl;d v'nf k|ltof]lutf g} xf]
t/ dlxnf ljsf; clws[t, dlxnf ;'k/efOh/, d'Vo dlxnf sfo{stf{, dlxnf sfo{stf{, :6fkm g;{
/ cgdL h:tf kbx?df dlxnfx? dfq pDd]bjf/ kfpg] Joj:yf 5 . v'nf k|ltof]lutf tk{m u0fgf
ul/P klg oL kbx?sf] k|lt:kwf{ dlxnfx? aLrdfq x'g] ePsf]n] o;nfO k"0f{ v'nf k|ltof]lutf dfGg
;lsFb}g . dlxnfx?sf] dfq k|lt:kwf{ /xg] kbx?af6 ePsf] kbk"lt{ l:ylt b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf]
b]lvG5 .
tlfnsfM !) dlxnf dfqsf] k|lt:kwf{af6 5gf}6 ePsf kbx?
qm=;= kb l;kmfl/z ;+Vof
1 dlxnf ljsf; clws[t 532 ;'k/efOh/ 703 d'Vo dlxnf sfo{stf{ 1334 dlxnf sfo{stf{ 1355 :6fkm g;{ 3216 cgdL 286
hDdf 1098
>f]tM nf]s ;]jf cfof]uÙ %)cf}F, %!cf}F %@cfF} / %#cfF} jflif{s k|ltj]bg
pk/f]Qm tflnsfdf k|:t't ul/P adf]lhd dlxnfx?n] dfq k|lt:kwf{ u/L ;]jf k|j]z u/]sf dlxnf
sd{rf/Lsf] ;+Vof ! xhf/ (* /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;dfj]zL ;d"xsf] dlxnfaf6 ! xhf/ # ;o !) /
dlxnf dfqn] k|lt:kwf{ ug{ kfpg] egL tf]lsPsf kbx? -h;nfO{ dlxnf ;d"xdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf]
5}g_ af6 ! xhf/ (* u/L hDdf @ xhf/ $ ;o * kb;+Vof s'g} g s'g} ?kn] dlxnfx?sf] nflu
;'/lIft /x]sf] b]lvG5 . oL tYofÍx?sf] cfwf/df s] lgZsif{ lgsfNg ;lsG5 eg] k"0f{ v'nf k|lt:kwf{
/ cGo ;dfj]zL ;d"xx?af6 ;]jf k|j]z ug]{ dlxnfx?sf] ;+Vof $ ;o (& dfq /x]sf] 5 . o;
tYon] cf/If0fsf] gLlt ;Fu;Fu} dlxnfx?sf] nflu ;zlSts/0fsf] gLlt plQs} cfjZos 5 eGg]
;+s]t ub{5 .
%= cEof;af6 b]lvPsf ;+s]tx?M
cf/If0f ;'/lIft ul/Psf] :yfg xf] . To;}n] o; leq ;j}sf] ;dfg kx'Fr x'b}g . tf]lsPsf] ju{, hflt
jf ;d"xn] dfq k|lt:kwf{ ug]{ ePsf]n] of] ;Lldt v'nf k|lt:kwf{ g} xf] . o;n] ubf{ ;+u7gdf Hofbf
Ifdtfjfg JolStn] k|j]z gkfpg] / sd Ifdtfjfgn] lhDd]jf/L lng] cj:yf 3fd hlQs} 5n{Ë x'g]
112
ljifo xf] tyflk df}h'bf /fhgLlts ,;fdflhs ,;f+:s[lts / k|zf;lgs kof{j/0fLo l:yltdf o;nfO{
tTsfn k|lt:yfkg ug{ ;lsg] b]lvFb}g . t;y{ xfn ;Ddsf] cEof;af6 cg'ej ul/Psf sdhf]/
kIfx?sf] Go"lgs/0f / ;jn kIfx?sf] ;'b[9Ls/0f g} pQd ljsNk xf] . o;sf nflu lghfdtL
;]jfdf ul/Psf] xfnsf] cf/If0f ;DjGwL k|fjwfgsf sf/0f k|fKt ePsf ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds
;+s]tx?nfO{ b]xfo adf]lhd k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
%=! ;sf/fTds ;+s]tM
� lghfdtL ;]jf k|j]zsf] nflu b/vf:t lbg] dlxnf pDd]bjf/x?sf] ;+Vof a9\b} uPsf]
5 .
� lghfdtL ;]jfdf dlxnf sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;+Vof a9\b} uPsf] 5 .
� lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;dfj]zL ;d"xsf] k|j]z ;'lglZrt ePsf] 5 . o;n] lghfdtL ;]jfdf
b]zsf] hg;f+lVos÷;fdflhs ;+/rgfsf] n3'?k k|ltljlDat u/fpg ;S5 .
� lnlvt k/LIffdf ;j} eGbf pRr c+s k|fKt ug]{ pDd]bjf/x?nfO{ dfu ;+Vofsf] cfwf/df
5gf}6 ul/Psf] / tf]lsPsf] Go"gtd c+s k|fKt gug]{ pDd]bjf/nfO{ cGt/jftf{sf] nflu
5gf}6 gul/Psf] x'gfn] of]Uotf k|0ffnL ;dfKt ePsf] 5}g .
� k|lt:kwf{sf ljleGg lsl;d / ;dfj]zL ;d"xx?sf] nflu sfg"gdf tf]lsP cg';f/sf]
k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ;DjGwL Joj:yfj}1flgs / Jojl:yt ePsf]n] ;a} If]qaf6 :jLsf/
of]Uo b]lvG5 .
� b/vf:t btf{df b]lvPsf] hfltut, If]qLo, juL{o cfsif{0fn] ;]jf k|jfx ug]{ ;+oGqdf
ljleGg hflt ju{ / ;d'bfosf] ckgTj j[lå x'b} uPsf] ;+s]t ldN5 .
� ;dfj]zL ;d"xdf kg]{ pDd]bjf/x?df r]tgf clej[l4 ePsf] 5 .
� ;lGw, dxf;GwL / k|ltj4tfdfk{{mt ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] ;DjGwdf ul/Psf cGt/fli6«o
bfloTj lgjf{x ePsf] 5 .
%=@ gsf/fTds ;+s]tM
� ;dfj]zL ;d"xdf ;lDdlnt x'g] Ps} pDd]bjf/n] w]/} >]0fL / ;d"xx?df ;kmntf kfPsf]
b]lvof] . o; tYon] ;dfj]zL leqsf 6fF7f af7fn] dfq cj;/ kfPsf] b]lvG5 .
� ;dfj]zL tk{m ;kmn x'g] pDd]bjf/ v'nftk{m klg bf]xf]l/g uPsf]n] glthf k|sfzg /
Joj:yfkgdf sl7gfO pTkGg ePsf] b]lvG5 .
� s'g} klg pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 gx'g] cj:yf ;dfj]zL ;d"xdf j9L b]lvG5 .
113
� cf/lIft ;d"xdf kg]{ pDd]bjf/x?sf] v'nf k|ltof]lutfaf6 ;]jf k|j]z ug]{ ;+Vof Go"g
5 .
� ;+ljwfgsf] kl/sNkgf cg';f/ cfly{s ;fdflhs ?kn] k5fl8 k/]sf] l;dfGts[t ju{n]
cf/If0f Aoj:yfaf6 nfe k|fKt ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvb}g .
� ;dfj]zL ;d"xaf6 pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 x'g g;s]sf] sf/0f o; ;d"xjf6 k"lt{ x'g] u/L kb
5'6\ofOPsf] sfof{nosf] b/aGbL nfdf] ;do ;Dd l/St x'g] l:ylt pTkGg ePsf] 5 .
� ;dfj]zL ;d"xaf6 ;]jf k|j]z u/]sf pDd]bjf/x?n] lgo'lSt kq lnbf ;dfj]zL ;d"x
pNn]v u/L lgo'lSt lng OR5's g/xg] u/]sf]n] ;dfj]zL ;d"xnfO{ clwsf/ eGbf
cg'bfgsf] ?kdf k|:t't ug{ vf]h]sf]] b]lvG5 .
^= ;'wf/sf pkfox?M
cf/If0f cEof; k|f/De ePsf] ut cfwf bzs calwdf b]lvPsf ;+s]tx?sf] cfwf/af6 lghfdtL
;]jfdf cjnDag ul/Psf] ;dfj]zL Joj:yfdf b]xfo adf]lhdsf ;'wf/x? ug{ h?/L ePsf] 5 .
� cf/If0f ;Fu} ;zlSts/0fsf] gLlt cjnDag ug]{ .
� Ps k6s ;dfj]zL ;d"xaf6 ;]jf k|j]z ug]{x?nfO{ ;dfj]zL ;d"xaf6 k'gM cj;/
glbg] .
� ;dfj]zL ;d"xaf6 5gf}6 x'g g;s]df To;} jif{ v'nfaf6 kbk"lt{ ug{ sfg"gdf ;+;f]wg
ug]{ / v'nf tk{m a}slNks pDd]bjf/x?sf] ;+Vof a9fpg] .
� ;]jf k|j]zsf] nflu x'g] k|lt:kwf{af6 cGt/jftf{sf] nflu 5gf}6 x'g] ;dfj]zL ;d"xleqsf
k5fl8 k/]sf hflt / l;dfGts[t ;d'bfon] s]xL c+s -l;dfGts[t c+s_ :jtM kfpg]
Joj:yf u/L ;f] c+s ;d]tnfO{ of]Uotfqmd k|sfzg ubf{ hf]8]/ of]Uotfqmd sfod ug{
sfg"gdf ;+;f]wg ug]{ .
� ckfËx?sf] nflu pko'Qm x'g] kbx? tf]Sg] .
� ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v eP cg';f/ cfly{s ;fdflhs ?kn] k5fl8 k/]sf ls;fg / dhb''/nfO{
klg ;dfj]zL ;d"xsf] Pp6f ;d"xsf] ?kdf sfod ug]{ .
� hg;f+lVos ;+/rgf cg';f/sf] k|ltlglwTj eO;s]sf hfltx?nfO{ qmdzM cf/If0fjf6
x6fpFb} hfg] .
� ;DjlGwt hfltut / ;d"xut ljsf; ;ldlt / cfof]ux?nfO{ ;zlSts/0f sfo{qmd
;~rfng ug{ ;/sf/n] ;3fp k'¥ofpg] .
114
� lje]bsf/L Aoj:yfjf6 pTkGg x'g ;Sg] ;fdflhs lje]b x6fpg r]tgfd"ns sfo{qmd
;~rfng ug]{ .
� :j/f]huf/sf sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng u/L ;/sf/L kbx?dfly kb}{ uPsf] rfknfO{ sd
ug]{ .
� cf/If0fsf] cfwf/ dfgj ljsf; ;"rsf+snfO{ agfpg] .
&= lg:sif{M
/fHosf] d"n k|jfxdf ;d]l6g g;s]sf hflt, ju{, ;d"x / If]qsf] plrt k|ltlglwTjsf] Joj:yf
ldnfpg' cfk}mdf ;xL sbd xf] . ;fy} ;/sf/L ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ ;jn, ;Ifd r':t / k|efjsf/L agfO
gful/ssf] ;/sf/k|lt /xb} cfPsf] ljZjf;nfO{ sfod} /fVg] s'/f plQs} dxTjsf] 5 . xfn cEof;df
NofOPsf] cf/If0fsf] k|fjwfg x:tIf]ksf] gLltdf cfwfl/t b]lvG5 . o; gLlt cjnDjg kl5 b]lvPsf
;+s]tx?n] lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;fdflhs :j?ksf] oyfy{ t:jL/ k|ltljlDjt x'g ;Sg] b]lvb}g . o;sf
nflu ;dfj]zL ;d"x leq ;zlSQs/0fsf] vfFrf] 68\sf/f] ?kdf b]lvPsf] 5 . t;y{ o; lbzftk{m ;a}
;/f]sf/jfnfsf] Wofgfsif{0f x'g h?/L 5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdfu|LM
� g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#,
� lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( / lgodfjnL @)%)
� :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# / lgod
� Aoj:yflksf ;+;b ;lrjfno ;DalGw P]g, @)^$
� nf]s ;]jf cfof]u P]g @)^^ / lgodfjnL @)^&
� nf]s ;]jf cfof]u sfo{;~rfng lgb]{lzsf @)^&
� nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] $(cf}F, %)cf}F, %!cf}F %@cf}F / %#cf}F jflif{s k|ltj]bgx?
� nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 cf=j= @)^$÷)^%, @)^%÷)^^, @)^^÷)^& @)^&÷)^*
/ @)^*÷)^( df k|sflzt ePsf a'n]l6gx?
� nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 ljleGg ldltdf k|sflzt glthf ;DjGwL ;"rgfx?
� Personnel Information System (PIS), lghfdtL lstfjvfgf
115
lghfdtL ;]jfdf 6«]8 o'lgog / o;sf] k|efjlzj/fd Gof}kfg]*
;f/f+z6]«8 o'lgogsf] cjwf/0ff ;+u7gdf ;+nUg k]zfsdL{x?sf] k]zfut xs lxtsf] ;+/If0f Pj+ ;du| sNof0fsf] cfjfh p7fpgsf nflu cfPsf] xf] . s'g}klg ;+u7gdf 6]«8 o'lgogsf] pkl:yltjf6 pQm;+u7gdf sfd ug]{ ;du| sd{rf/Lsf] sNof0f Pj+ lxtsf] ;Dj[l4 eO{ ;+u7gsf] ;d]t p2]Zo xfl;nx'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] x'G5 . lghfdtL ;]jfdf sd{rf/Lsf] xs lxt ;+/If0f Pj+ ;Dj4{g u/L ;]jfnfO{k|efjsf/L / ultzLn jgfpg ;/sf/nfO{ /rgfTds ;'emfj / ;xof]u ug]{ p2]Zon] 6]«8o'lgogsf]u7g ePsf] xf] . lghfdtL ;]jfleqsf 6]«8 o'lgogx?sf] e"ldsf ;du| sd{rf/Lx?sf] lxtsf nflus]Gb|Lt x'g g;s]sf sf/0f o'lgogx? k|ltsf] ljZj;lgotf Pj+ :jLsfo{tf dhj't x'g g;s]sf] dx;'; ul/Psf] 5 . /fhgLlts cf:yfsf cfwf/df km/s km/s ;d"xdf ljeflht eO{ u7g ePsflghfdtL ;]jf leqsf 6]«8 o'lgogx?sf] u7gsf] :jefj, sfo{ ;+:sf/, d"No dfGotf, cfr/0f 6]«8 o'lgogsf] jf:tljs l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t x'g g;s]sf sf/0f u7gsf] k|s[lt g} sdhf]/L ePsf] egfO{/x]sf] 5 . ;du| lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;fdlos ;'wf/nfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fVg g;s]sf ;fy} sd{rf/Lsf]k]zfut xslxtsf ;jfnx?nfO{ dxTj lbg g;s]sf o'lgogx?sf] jLrsf] ;xsfo{, ;dGjo Pj+ Pstfklg sdhf]/ /x]sf] 5 . lglxt :jfy{sf ;+s'lrt ljifox?df cndlnPsf sf/0f o'lgogx?k|lt ;du|sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;xof]u, ljZjf; / ;dy{g k|fKt x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . cfjZostf eGbf j9L /fli6«o6]«8 o'lgogx?sf] u7g x'g'sf ;fy} cfk;L ljjfb, åGå, dtlje]b, lj/f]wsf ;d:ofx? hl6n x'b} uPsf 5g\ . lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf] dg;fo cg'?k Ps cflwsfl/s 6]«8 o'lgogsf] u7g ug]{ sfo{l9nf] x'+bf 6]«8 o'lgox? uf}0f ljifox?df cndlnPsf 5g\ . o; kl/k|]Iodf lghfdtL ;]jfleq Pscflwsfl/s 6]«8 o'lgogsf] u7g ug'{ ckl/xfo{ ePsf] 5 . ;fy} 6]«8 o'lgogsf kbflwsf/Lx?sf]sfd st{Jo, clwsf/sf] :ki6tf u/L 6]«8 o'lgogsf kbflwsf/Lx?sf] cfrf/;+lxtf tof/ ug]{ sfo{ oyflz3| ug'{ h?/L ePsf] 5 .
* pk ;lrj, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno
k[i7e"ld M
;+u7gdf sfd ug]{ JolQmx?nfO{ plgx?sf] j[lQ ljsf;sf ljifodf 5nkmn u/L dfu /fVg kfpg]
;'ljwf lbO{ ;+u7gsf] p2]Zo xfl;ndf ;d]t 6]jf k'¥ofpg] ck]Iff;lxt 6]«8 o'lgogsf] cjwf/0ff
cfPsf] xf] . ;/sf/ jf /f]huf/bftfsf] PSnf] k|of;n] dfq ;+u7gsf] p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ ;+ej gx'g]
ePsfn] ;/sf/, /f]huf/bftf / >lds tLg kIfnfO{ ;+u7gsf] k|lt:kwf{ j[l4 u/L pTkfbg Pj+
ljZj;lgotf j[l4 ug]{ lqzlQmsf ?kdf lng] ul/G5 . 6]«8 o'lgog zJbn] Joj;foLx? jf ;f}bf
116
ug]{x?sf] ;+3 eGg] cy{ lbG5 . cGt//fli6«o >d ;+u7gsf cg';f/ 6]«8 o'lgog eGgfn] sfdbf/x?sf]
o:tf] ;+:yf xf] hf] ;fdfGot vf; Joj;fo;+u dfq ;Lldt geO{ cfkm\gf ;b:ox?sf] cfly{s /
;fdflhs l:yltsf] ;'/Iff ;'wf/sf k|of; ;fd'lxs lqmofdfkm{t ug]{ ;+:yf eg]/ j'em\g] ul/G5 . 6]«8
o'lgogsf] kl/efiffnfO{ SofDj|Lh l8S;g/Ldf 6]«8 o'lgognfO{ JolQmx? hf] vf; pBf]usf] /f]huf/Ldf
;+nUg 5g\ pgLx?sf] clwsf/sf] ;'/Iff ub{5g\ / /f]huf/L lbg];+u /f]huf/L ug]{sf] tnj / sfd ug]{
jftfj/0fsf] jf/]df s'/f ub{5g\ eGg] cy{ lbOPsf] 5 . 6]«8 o'lgogsf] ;DjGwdf ljleGg kl/efiff
ul/Psf] ePtfklg ;du|df oL o'lgogx? /f]huf/df ;+nUg x'g]x?sf] tnj / sfo{ jftfj/0fsf
jf/]df /f]huf/ lbg];+u jftf{nfk ub{5g\, /f]huf/L lbg] / /f]huf/L kfpg]sf jLrsf] ;DjGwsf] lgodg
/f]huf/Ldf nfu]sf tkm{jf6 ;fd'lxs sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug]{ cfkm\gf ;b:osf tkm{jf6 go+f dfu k|:t't
ug]{ / ltgsf] u'0f bf]ifx? ;Djf]wg u/fpg] sfo{ ub{5g\ .
g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf 6]«8 o'lgogsf] Oltxf; nfdf] 5}g . d'n'sdf @)$^ ;fnsf] /fhg}lts
kl/jt{g kl5 ljsf;sf x/]s If]qdf cfPsf] :jtGqtf, ;xeflutf, ;dfgtf, ;xsfl/tfn] lghfdtL
;]jfdf klg ;'wf/sf] cfjZostfsf] dx;'; eof] . kmn:j?k ;'wfl/Psf] ;]jf ;+rfng sfg"gsf] ?kdf
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g @)$( nfO{ sfof{Gjogdf NofOof] . t/ o;df 6]«8 o'lgogsf ;DjGwdf :ki6tf
gul/Psf sf/0f lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf] klxnf] ;+zf]wg @)%% df /fhkq cg+lst / >]0fLljlxg
sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ cfkm\gf] k]zfut xslxtsf] nflu Pp6f /fli6«o:t/sf] sd{rf/L o'lgog u7g ug{
;Sg] Joa:yf eof] . lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf] bf];|f] ;+zf]wgn] sfof{no k|d'v eO{ sfd ug'{kg]{ sd{rf/L
jfx]s /fhkqf+lst t[tLo >]0fL;Ddsf sd{rf/LnfO{ 6]«8 o'lgog vf]Ng] clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttf k|bfg
u/]sf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jfdf cfPsf] 6]«8 o'lgogsf] cjwf/0ff Pj+ k|bfg ul/Psf] 6]«8 o'lgogsf]
clwsf/sf] nfdf] cEof; ePsf] 5}g . 5f]6f] ;dod} 6]«8 o'lgogsf] clwsf/sf] plrt pkof]u x'g
g;s]sf] u'gf;fx? j9\b} cfPsf 5g\ . lghfdtL ;]jfdf sfo{/t ;du| sd{rf/Lsf] sNof0fsf If]qdf
Pj+ lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/sf If]qdf xfn u7g ePsf /fli6«o 6]«8
o'lgogx?sf] of]ubfg 7f]; x'g g;s]sf ;Gbe{df 6]«8 o'lgogx?sf] lqmofsnfksf lj?4df u'gf;fx?
j[l4 x'g' c:jfefljs b]lvb}g . 6]«8 o'lgogx?sf] l;ldt If]qsf] lglZrt JolQm jf ;d'xsf] lglxt
:jfy{leqsf] ;+s'lrt lqmofsnfkn] 6]«8 o'lgogsf] ul/dfdo clwsf/ / d"NonfO{ sfod ug{ ;s]sf]
5}g . o; ;Gbe{df lghfdtL ;]jfdf 6]«8 o'lgog clwsf/sf] plrt pkof]u ug]{ u/fpg] sfo{
r'gf}ltk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .
6]«8 o'lgogsf clwsf/x? M
ILO cle;lGw g+= *& n] ;+u7g :jtGqtf lbPsf] 5 . ;+u7gsf] :jtGqtf, ;+u7g 5fGg kfpg], g+of
;+u7g jgfpg kfpg], r'Gg Pj+ r'lgg kfpg], tf]lsPsf k|lqmofdf /xL cfGbf]ng ug{ kfpg], clgjfo{
>d / xtf]T;fxgjf6 :jtGqtf, ;fd'lxs ;f}bfjfhL ug{ kfpg] h:tf clwsf/x? 6]«8 o'lgogx?nfO{
117
pknJw x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . g]kfnn] cGt//fli6«o >d ;+u7gsf] ;b:otf !(^^ lnPkl5 o;sf
l;4fGtx?nfO{ cg';/0f ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . ILo n] xfn;Dd !*& j6f Conventions / ;f] eGbf j9L ;+Vofdf Recommendation kfl/t u/L ;s]sf] 5 . g]kfnn] Ratify u/]sf ILO Convention x? lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M
� Weekly Rest (industry) Convention (No. 14)
� Forced Labour Convention (No. 29)
� Right to Organize and Collective Bargaining Convention (No 98)
� Equal Remuneration Convention (No. 100)
� Abolition of Force Labour Convention (No. 105)
� Discrimination (employment & occupation) Convention (No. 111)
� Minimum Wage Fixing Convention (No 131)
� Minimum Age Convention (No. 138)
� Tripartite Consultation (International labour standard) Convention (No. 144)
� Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention (No. 169)
� Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention (No. 182)
6]«8 o'lgogsf] cfjZostf M
kl/jlt{t ;f]r, ;do, k4lt, k|ljlw, kl/j]zn] ;+u7gsf] p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ PSnf] Pj+ lgolGqt k|of;
kof{Kt gx'g] :ki6 e};s]sf] 5 . ;d'xut sfo{ ultzLntf, ;fd"lxs lhDd]jf/L Pj+ pQ/bfloTj,
;fem]bf/L, JolQmut Pj+ ;f+u7lgs :jfy{jLrsf] tfbfTDotf, cfsif{s j[lQ ljsf;sf cfwf/df
jhf/sf cJjn hgzlQmnfO{ cfslif{t ug]{ xf]8jfhL, ;+u7gsf] nfe jf pknJwLdf of]ubfgstf{sf]
lx:;f h:tf wf/0ffn] dfGotf kfPsf ;Gbe{df o'lgogsf] cfjZostf :jfefljs 7flgPsf] 5 .
6]«8 o'lgognfO{ ;+u7gsf] k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf j[l4 ug]{ d'Vo cfwf/sf ?kdf klg lng yflnPsf]
5 . ;+u7gdf ;+nUg JolQmx?sf] j[lQ ljsf;sf] ;'lglZrttfsf cfwf/df sfo{ cg'ej ePsf
Jofj;flos Pj+ ;Ifd hgzlQmnfO{ ;+u7gleq} cg'/fu ul//fVg] sfo{nfO{ 6]«8 o'lgogsf] of]ubfgn]
7f]; cfwf/ lbg ;Sb5 . ;du|df 6]«8 o'lgogsf] cfjZostfnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M
118
� k]zfut pGgog, ;Ddfg / clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu
� ;+u7gsf] ;d'xut sfo{ ultzLntf j[l4 ug{sf nflu
� ;+u7gs]f pTkfbg, u'0f:t/, ;fv, ljZjf; j[l4 ug{sf nflu
� ;+u7gsf] k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf j[l4 u/L kl/jlt{t kl/j]z cg's'ng u/fpgsf nflu
� ;+u7gsf] sfo{ tyf pTkfbgdf ckgTj Pj+ lhDd]jf/L j[l4 ug{sf nflu
� /fli6«o Pj+ cGt//fli6«o :t/df /fHon] u/]sf] k|ltj4tfnfO{ cfGtl/sLs/0f ug{sf nflu
� j}b]lzs ;xof]u Pj+ lghL nufgL j[l4 ug{sf nflu
� ;+u7gx?jLrsf] ;dGjo, Pstf j[l4 ug{sf nflu
� nf]stflGqs k|0ffnLsf] d"No dfGotfnfO{ cfGtl/sLs/0f ug{sf nflu
� ;fdflhs Gofo Pj+ ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0fsf nflu
� ;+u7gdf gljg ;f]]r, k|ljlw, k4lt, ;fem]bf/LnfO{ leq\ofpgsf nflu
� /fli6«o Pstf, k|lti7f, ljZjf;, ;fv j[l4 ug{sf nflu
6]«8 o'lgogsf nflu ePsf Joj:yfM
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f #) df k|To]s sfdbf/ / sd{rf/LnfO{ plrt >d cEof;sf]
xs x'g] Joa:yf ul/Psf] 5 . sfg"gdf Joa:yf eP jdf]lhd k|To]s sfdbf/ / sd{rf/LnfO{ cf–
cfkm\gf lxt /Iffsf] lgldQ 6]«8 o'lgog vf]Ng], ;+ul7t x'g] / ;fd'lxs ;f}bfjfhLsf] xs x'g] Joa:yf
ul/Psf] 5 .
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g @)$( sf] bkmf %# df sfof{no k|d'v eO{ sfd ug'{kg]{ /fhkqf+lst sd{rf/L
jfx]s /fhkqf+lst t[tLo >]0fL jf ;f] eGbf d'lgsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] cfkm\gf] k]zfut xs lxtsf nflu
/fli6«o:t/sf] lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] 6]«8 o'lgogx? u7g u/L ;b:otf lng ;Sg] Joa:yf ePsf] 5 .
/fli6«o:t/sf 6]«8 o'lgogx?sf kbflwsf/Lx?n] 5gf}6 u/]sf kbflwsf/Lx? /xg] u/L Ps lghfdtL
sd{rf/Lsf] cflwsf/Ls 6]«8 o'lgog u7g ug{ ;Sg] Joa:yf ePsf] 5 .
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g @)$( cg';f/ lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] 6]«8 o'lgogsf] sfd, st{Jo, clwsf/ b]xfo
119
jdf]lhd x'g] Joa:yf ul/Psf] 5M
� sd{rf/Lsf] xslxt ;+/If0f Pj+ ;Dj4{g u/L lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ k|efjsf/L / ultzLn
jgfpg g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ /rgfTds ;'emfj / ;xof]u ug]{
� lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] 6]«8 o'lgogn] e]nf, tfnLd, k|lzIf0f, uf]li7 nufotsf /rgfTds Pj+
;[hgfTds sfo{x? ;+rfng ug{ ;Sg]
� lghfdtL sd{rf/L 6]«8 o'lgognfO{ dxf;+3 u7g ug]{, To;sf] ;b:o jGg], cGt//fli6«o
;+3 jf dxf;+3sf] ;b:o jGg] / cfkm\gf] ;+:yfsf] tkm{jf6 k|ltlglwTj ug]{ clwsf/ x'g] .
� lghfdtL ;]jf;+u ;DjlGwt sfg"gsf] lgdf{0f ubf{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf]
cflwsfl/s 6]«8 o'lgogsf] ;Nnfx / ;'emfj lng ;Sg] .
� lghfdtL ;]jfsf] 6]«8 o'lgosf] Joa:yfkgsf nflu >d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfno Pj+ ;fdfGo
k|zf;g dGqfnon] cfk;L ;dGjo u/L ug]{ Joa:yf ePsf] .
lghfdtL ;]jfdf 6]«8 o'lgogsf] k|efj M
lghfdtL ;]jfdf 6]«8 o'lgogsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ k|of]udf Nofpg'sf] k|d'v p2]Zo ;du| ;]jfsf
sd{rf/Lx?sf] xs lxt ;+/If0f u/L j[lQ ljsf;sf] ;'lglZrttf ug'{ g} xf] . lghfdtL ;]jf P]gdf
6]«8 o'lgogsf] st{Josf ?kdf sd{rf/Lsf] xslxt ;+/If0f Pj+ ;Dj4{g u/L lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{
k|efjsf/L / ultzLn jgfpg g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ /rgfTds ;'emfj / ;xof]u ug]{ eGg] pNn]v
ePjf6 klg o; tYosf] k'li6 x'G5 . 6]«8 o'lgogsf] l;4fGt Pj+ o;sf] d"No dfGotf cg'?k ;du|
lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;'wf/, sd{rf/Lsf] Ifdtf Pj+ j[lQ ljsf;df ;'lglZrttf, k]zfut ;Dj[l4sf nflu
;/sf/sf] k|d'v ;Nnfxsf/sf ?kdf 6]«8 o'lgogx?n] e'ldsf lgjf{x ug'{ kg]{ ck]Iff /x]sf] ePtfklg
o'lgogx?sf] e"ldsf k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . /fhgLlts cf:yfsf cfwf/df cgfjZos ;+Vofdf
/fli6«o 6]«8 o'lgogx? u7g ePsf, ul7t o'lgogx?sf] sfg"gL x}l;otsf ljifodf ljjfb ePsf],
6]«8 o'lgogx?n] l;dLt JolQm jf ;d'xsf] lglxt :jfy{df cndlnO{ 6]«8 o'lgogsf] jf:tljs d"No
dfGotf, l;4fGtnfO{ j]jf:tf ul/Psf] cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . ;du|df lghfdtL ;]jfsf 6]«8 o'lgogx?
k]zfut ;'wf/df sfdofjL x'g g;s]sf] u'gf;fx? /x]sf 5g\ . lghfdtL ;]jfdf /x]sf 6]«8 o'lgogx?
k|efjsf/L x'g g;s]sf sf/0fx? lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M
!_ 6]«8 o'lgogx? /fhgLlts cf:yfsf cfwf/df ljleGg ;d"xdf ljeflht eO{ btf{ ePsf
@_ cflwsfl/s 6]«8 o'lgogsf] u7g x'g g;s]sf] . /fli6«o o'lgogx?n] cflwsf/Ls 6]«8 o'lgog
120
u7g ug{ grfx]sf] cf/f]k ;d]t /x]sf] 5 .
#_ l;ldt ;d"x jf u'6sf] dfq kIfkf]if0f ug]]{ sfo{df cndlnPsf
$_ ;du| lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;'wf/ Pj+ sd{rf/Lsf] k]zfut xslxtsf sfo{df s]Gb|Lt x'g g;s]sf
%_ sdhf]/ e"ldsfsf sf/0f clwsf+z sd{rf/Lsf] ;xof]u, ;dy{g, ;dGjo, ;xsfo{ k|fKt x'g
g;s]sf]
^_ ;fdflhs ;Djfb jf ;f}+bfjfhL clGtd ;dfwfg s'g xf] :ki6 gePsf]
&_ /fhgLlts cf:yfsf cfwf/df l;ldt JolQm jf u'6sf JolQmx?sf] ;?jf, kb:yfkgfdf
clwsf+z ;do Jolyt ePsf sf/0f cf:yf, ljZjf;, k|lti7f u'dfpb} uPsf
*_ 6]«8 o'lgogjf6 sd{rf/L k|zf;gdf cgfjZos x:tIf]k, bjfj, wDsL cfpg] u/]sf sf/0f
k|zf;lgs lg0f{ox? k|efljt x'g] u/]sf]
(_ 6]«8 o'lgogsf] Joa:yfkg ;DjGwL gLlt, /0fgLlt, of]hgf tof/ ug{ g;lsPsf]
!)_ 6]«8 o'lgogx?sf] PsLs[t ;f]r, b[li6sf]0f, cjwf/0ff Pj+ ;xdlt gePsf sf/0f s'g o'lgog;+u
s] ljifodf k/fdz{ ug]{ :ki6 x'g g;s]sf]
!!_ 6]«8 o'lgogx?jLr cfk;L ;dembf/L, ;xsfo{ x'g g;s]sf] . cfk;L åGåsf] cj:yf /x]sf]
!@_ 6]«8 o'lgogx?sf nflu cfrf/;+lxtf tof/ u/L nfu" ug{ g;lsPsf]
!#_ sfo{If]q, clwsf/, lhDd]jf/L, pQ/bfloTjsf] l;df+sg x'g g;Sbf cGof}nsf] cj:yf /x]sf]
!$_ /fhgLlts clei6 k'/f ug{ sd{rf/L ;+u7gx?nfO{ k|of]u ug]{ ul/Psf]
!%_ 6]«8 o'lgogx?sf] cfh;Ddsf] ;xof]u, e"ldsf, cf}lrTo cflbsf ;DjGwdf cWoog u/L o;
ljifodf ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/sf ;DjGwdf s'g} cWoog jf k|efj d"Nof+sg x'g g;s]sf] .
lghfdtL ;]jfsf 6]«8 o'lgogx?n] ;du| lghfdtL ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] k]zfut xs lxt, j[lQ
ljsf; Pj+ cfly{s Pj+ ;fdflhs ;Dj[l4sf nflu 7f]; sfo{ ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\ . 6]«8 o'lgogsf]
clwsf/nfO{ /fhgLlts cf:yfsf cfwf/df l;ldt JolQm ;d'xsf] ;+s'lrt :jfy{sf nflu l;ldt ug]{
k|j[lQ sfod} /x]sf] 5 . ;+s'lrt Pj+ ljjflbt e"ldsfsf sf/0f lghfdtL ;]jfsf] Ifdtf, u'0f:t/,
121
ljZj;lgotf ;d]t j[l4 ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . o'lgogx?sf] e"ldsf sdhf]/ ePsf sf/0f lghfdtL
;]jfdf ljefhg, cfk;L åGå, sfo{ ;Dkfbg :t/df x|f;sf] cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jfsf]
;'wf/sf ljifox?df ;xdlt x'g g;Sbf cfjZos gLltut Pj+ sfg"gL ;'wf/sf lg0f{ox? ;dod}
ug{ g;lsPsf] cj:yf Psftkm{ /x]sf] 5 eg] csf{tkm{ bjfj, wDsLsf sf/0f ePsf lg0f{ox? :jR5
?kdf sfof{Gjogdf nfg ;lsPsf] 5}g . sfo{ lhDd]jf/L glng], pQ/bfloTj kG5fpg], ;'ljwfsf
nflu c:j:Yo k|lt:kwf{ ug]{, sfg"gL k|fjwfgsf ;'ljwf lng ;d]t o'lgogx?sf] k5fl8 nfUg'kg]{
cj:yf ePsf sf/0f ;]jfleq cGof}ntf j9\b} uPsf] 5 . cfr/0f Pj+ cg'zf;gsf] cg';/0f gug]{
JolQmx?nfO{ ;+/If0f ug]{ k|j[lQ x'+bf b08lxgtfn] k|>o kfPsf] 5 . o;jf6 lghfdtL ;]jfleqsf
cg'ejL, ;Ifd, Jofj;flos, u'0f:t/Lo hgzlQm ;]jfjf6 ljslif{t x'g] cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . ;fy}
lghfdtL ;]jfn] d'n'ssf] ;du| cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;df lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ cu|0fL e"ldsf lgjf{x
ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . lghfdtL ;]jf k|ltsf] hgcf:yf, ljZjf; / e/f];f sdhf]/ x'Fb} uPsf] 5 .
6]«8 o'lgogjf6 dx;'; ul/Psf ;d:ofx? M
lghfdtL ;]jfdf 6]«8 o'lgogsf] ;'ljwf ;du| lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;'wf/ Pj+ ;Dj[l4sf nflu pknJw
ePsf] xf] . lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{ cg's'n k|lt:kwL{, Ifdtfjfg, u'0f:t/Lo u/fpg
ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/sf ljifodf sfo{ cg'ej ;d]tsf cfwf/df 6]«8 o'lgogx?jf6 ;/sf/n] 7f]; /fo,
;'emfjsf] ck]Iff u/]sf] 5 . t/ 6]«8 o'lgogsf] clwsf+z ;do l;ldt JolQmsf] lglxt :jfy{df Jolyt
ePsf sf/0f ;du| lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] sNof0fsf sfo{n] k|fyldstf kfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . 6]«8
o'lgogx?sf] bjfjsf sf/0f ;?jf, kb:yfkgf, j[lQ ljsf;sf cj;/ ljt/0fdf :jR5tf sfod x'g
g;s]sf sf/0f o'lgogx? k|ltsf] cfnf]rgf k|z:t j[l4 ePsf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jfleq o'lgogx?sf]
e"ldsf :jR5 x'g g;Sbf dx;'; ul/Psf ;d:ofx? lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M
� 6]«8 o'lgogsf kbflwsf/Lx?nfO{ d'Vo ;lrj;Ddsf kbflwsf/Lx?n] 9f]sf;Dd cfO{ xft
ldnfP/ :jfut ug]{ / 9f]sf;Dd NofO{ xftldnfP/ ljbfO{ ug]{ ;+:sf/ ljsf; x'+bf 6]«8
o'lgogsf kbflwsf/Lx?n] c? sd{rf/Lx?sf ;d:of, u'gf;f, ;Dks{, ;dGjonfO{ uf}0f
dfGg yfn]sf 5g\ .
� 6]«8 o'lgogsf] ;Nnfx jf bjfjjf6 dGqfnosf dlGqx?n] ;lrj b]lv pk ;lrj;Dd /f]Hg]
u/]sfn] jfWo eP/ sd{rf/Lx? /fhgLlts cf:yfsf cfwf/df ;d'xdf ljefhg x'g] yfn]sf
5g\ . o;jf6 lghfdtL ;]jfsf] d"No dfGotf, cg'zf;g, k]zfut cfr/0fn] :yfg kfpg
;s]sf] 5}g . o;sf lj?4 g'gsf] ;f]hf] u/L sfo{ ug]{ k|j[lQ ljsf; x'g yfn]sf] 5 .
� ;?jf, kb:yfkgf, lgo'lQm h:tf sfo{nfO{ :jR5 ?kdf ;Dkfbg ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g .
6]«8 o'lgogsf] x:tIf]k, bjfj, wDsL, qf;sf sf/0f lg0f{o ug]{ kbflwsf/Lx?n] ;dodf
ljj]szLn eO{ lg0f{o ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
122
� x/]s 6]«8 o'lgogx?sf] cfkm\gf elgg] u/]sf sd{rf/Lx?sf] km/s km/s ;?jf lni6 tof/
ug]{ ;fy} clwsf+zsf] ;?jf dfu jf /f]hfO{ /fd|f elgg] u/]sf sfof{nodf g} x'g] u/]sf
sf/0f lg0f{o Joa:yfkg ug{ sl7gfO{ x'g] u/]sf] 5 . ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno nufotsf
cGo If]qut dGqfnox?df ePsf ;?jf lg0f{ox? sfo{fGjog x'g g;s]sf] cj:yfn] of]
tYonfO{ k'li6 u/]sf] 5 .
� 6]«8 o'lgogsf kbflwsf/Lx?n] cfkm\gf elgg] u/]sf sd{rf/Lx? jfx]ssf dsf{df k/]sfnfO{
jf:tf gug]{ u/]sf sf/0f ;j} sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ Pp6f lglZrt ;d'xdf nfUg jfWo u/fPsf]
5 . o;jf6 ;+u7gleq u'6jGbL, åGå, sfo{ lhDd]jf/L glng], ;+u7gsf] sfo{df eGbf
JolQmut :jfy{df nfUg] k|j[lQ ljsf; x'Fb} uPsf] 5 .
� 6]«8 o'lgogx? ljleGg /fhgLlts cf:yfsf cfwf/df ljefhg ePsf sf/0f lghfdtL
;]jfleq Pstf, z'4tf, t6:ytf, ;d'x sfo{ ultzLntf sdhf]/ ePsf] 5 .
� ;du| lghfdtL ;]jfsf] k]zfut xs lxt, Ifdtf ljsf;, j[lQ ljsf;sf sfo{df cWoog,
cg';Gwfgsf] sfo{df 6]«8 o'lgogx?sf] Wofg gk'u]sf]n] ;/sf/n] klg o; sfo{df rf;f]
lbPsf] 5}g . o;jf6 lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{ cg's"nsf] ;'wf/ ub}{ hfg] sfo{n]
dxTj kfpg ;s]sf] 5}g .
6]«8 o'lgogsf] plrt Joj:yfkgsf nflu ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/x? M
s_ Joj:yfkgsf tTsflng pkfox?M
� lghfdtL ;]jf P]gdf Joa:yf eP jdf]lhd cflwsfl/s 6]«8 o'lgogsf] lgjf{rg ug]{ Joa:yf
ug]{ lglZrt ;doleq cflwsfl/s 6]«8 o'lgogsf] lgjf{rg x'g g;s]df 6]«8 o'lgogx?sf]
cl:tTj Pj+ cf}lrTo :jtM ;dfKt x'g] Joa:yf ug]{
� 6]«8o'lgogsf kbflwsf/Lx?n] kfngf ug'{kg]{ cfrf/;+lxtf tof/ u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] .
cfrf/;+lxtf kfngf gug]{nfO{ ljefuLo sf/jfxL ug]{ Joa:yf ug]{
� 6]«8 o'lgogsf kbflwsf/Lx?nfO{ cGo sd{rf/Lx? ;/x pgLx?sf] ;xdlt gxF'bf ;d]t
;?jf ug{ ;Sg] Joa:yf ug]{ -o;df ;jf]{Rj cbfntsf] @)^*.*.^ sf] km};nfn] ;d]t
:ki6 u/]sf] 5_
� lhDd]jf/L, pQ/bfloTj, kf/blz{tf sfod u/fpg]
� lghfdtL ;]jfdf 6]«8 o'lgogsf] cfjZostf, cf}lrTo, Joa:yfkgsf ;DjGwdf cWoog u/L
:ki6 /0fgLlt tof/ u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg]
� 6]«8 o'lgogsf] clwsf/ lg/k]If geO{ st{Jo;+u kf/:kl/s /x]sf] tYo :ki6 ug]{
123
v_ bL3{sflng pkfox?
� 6]«8 o'lgogsf] e"ldsf, k|efj, bL3{sflng cfjZostf jf cf}lrTosf ljifodf cWoog u/L
o;df lg/Gt/ ;'wf/sf] of]hgf tof/ ug]{
� 6]«8 o'lgogsf kbflwsf/Lx?sf] g]t[Tj Ifdtf, g}ltstf, cfr/0f, cg'zf;g j[l4 u/L
bfloTjsf ljifodf ;r]t u/fpg]
� lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;'wf/sf If]qdf uxg cWoog, cg';Gwfg u/L ;'wf/sf 7f]; ;'emfj lbg]
k|d'v bfloTjsf ?kdf /fVg]
� cGt//fli6«o :t/sf 6]«8 o'lgogx?;Fu ;Dks{ :yflkt u/L gofF k|ljlw, z}nL / ljwLx?
leq\ofpg]
� ;/sf/sf] d"Vo ;Nnfxsf/sf ?kdf :yflkt ug]{
� 6]«8 o'lgogx?jLrsf] cfk;L ;xof]u, ;dGjo, ;xsfo{sf nflu ;femf P]h]08fx? tof/ ug]{
u_ 6]«8 o'lgogsf tkm{jf6 ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/x?
� cflwsfl/s 6]«8 o'lgogsf] r'gfj ug{ ;/sf/nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{
� lghfdtL ;]jf leqsf] cgfjZos /fhgLlts x:tIf]k, ljs[lt , clgoldttf lgoGq0f ug{
cu|0fL e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{
� Jofj;flos P+j dof{lbt ;+:sf/ ljsf; ug]{
� o'lgogx?jLrsf] cfk;L ;dGjo, ;xsfo{, ;dembf/L sfod ug]{
� cGt//fli6«o ;Dks{, ;xof]u, ;fem]bf/L j[l4 ug]{
� lghfdtL ;]jfdf gljg k|ljlw, Jojxf/ ;'wf/, sfo{ ;+:sf/df ;'wf/ Nofpg cu|;/ x'g]
� ;du| sd{rf/Lx?sf] k]zfut xslxt Pj+ cfsif{s j[lQ ljsf;sf of]hgfx? tof/ u/L
;/sf/nfO{ ;'emfj ug]{
lgisif{ M
;+u7gdf ;+nUg JolQmx?sf] xs lxt ;+/If0f u/L pgLx?sf] j[lQ ljsf;nfO{ ;'lglZrt ug'{ 6]«8
o'lgogx?sf] d'Vo Wo]o xf] . ;du| sd{rf/Lsf] k]zfut j[lQ ljsf;sf ljifox?nfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{
124
cfkm\gf ultljwLx?nfO{ s]Gb|Lo:t/ b]lv :yfgLo:t/;Dd lj:tf/ ug'{ logLx?sf] d'Vo bfloTj klg
xf] . lghfdtL ;]jfsf ljleGg 6]«8 o'lgogx?sf] e"ldsf ;du| lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] lxtdf s]Gb|Lt x'g
g;s]sf sf/0f 6]«8 o'lgogk|ltsf] cfnf]rgf / u'gf;fx? j[l4 x'b} cfPsf 5g\ . /fhgLlts cf:yfsf
cfwf/df ljleGg ;d'x jf u'6df ljeflht eO{ lglxt :jfy{df cndlnPsf 6]«8 o'lgogx?sf] ;fv,
k|lti7f, ljZj;lgotf x|f; xF'b} uPsf] 5 . ;/sf/n] 6]«8 o'lgogx?jf6 lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;'wf/sf
nflu /rgfTds ;'emfj Pj+ ;xof]u k|fKt ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . 6]«8 o'lgogsf kbflwsf/Lx?sf] cg'zf;g,
cfr/0f, sfo{ ;+:sf/ sdhf]/ ePsf sf/0f k|zf;lgs g]t[Tjn] o'lgogsf] pkl:yltnfO{ ;xof]uLsf
?kdf :jLsfg{ ;s]sf 5}gg\ . km/s ;d'xjf6 cfpg] km/s dfu, sfg"gsf] kfngf eGbf klg unt
JofVof u/L lglxt :jfy{sf nflu sfg"g, k4lt, ;+:sf/sf] pkxf; ug]{ k|j[lQn] 6]«8 o'lgogx?sf]
;fv lub}{ uPsf] 5 . 6]«8 o'lgogx?n] ;du| lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx?sf] lxt ug]{ pNn]vgLo sfo{ ug{
g;s]sf], k|zf;lgs lg0f{odf ;xof]uL e"ldsfdf /xg g;s]sf, cflwsfl/s 6]«8 o'lgogsf] u7g ug{
g;s]sf, ;]jfleq /fhgLlts x:tIf]k lgoGq0f ug{eGbf phf{k|bfg ug{ e"ldsf v]n]sf sf/0f o:tf
;+:yfx?sf] cf}lrTottfsf ljifodf 5nkmn x'g yfn]sf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df lghfdtL ;]jfsf 6]«8
o'lgogx?n] ;dod} ;r]t Pj+ ;+j]bgzLn eO{ Ps cflwsfl/s 6]«8 o'lgog u7g ug]{ tyf l;ldt
JolQm jf ;d"xsf] nflu ge} ;du| lghfdtL ;]jfsf] k]zfut xslxt / sNof0fsf nflu sfo{ ug'{
h?/L ePsf] 5 . o;jf6 dfq 6]«8 o'lgogsf] ljZj;lgotf sfod eO{ cl:tTj hf]lug ;Sg] b]lvG5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdfu|LM
!_ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^#, g]kfn sfg"g lstfj Joj:yf ;ldlt, sf7df08f}+
@_ lq–jifL{o o]fhgf @)^&, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] ;lrjfno, sf7df08f}+
#_ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g @)$(, lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL @)%), g]kfn sfg"g lstfj Joj:Yff
;ldlt, sf7df08f}+
$_ k|zf;g ;'wf/ k'gM;/rgfsf] cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg @)^%
%_ k|zf;g klqsfsf ljleGg c+sx?, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno, sf7df08f}+
125
sfg"gsf] sfof{Gjog tyf o;sf] k|efjsfl/tf
;f/f+zsfg"gsf] cufl8 ;dfgtf / sfg"gsf] ;dfg ;+/If0faf6 g} gful/sn] Gofosf] cg'e""lt ug{ ;S5g\ .sfg"g /fHosf] ;fwg xf] eg] Gofo ;fWo xf] . ;dfhsf] k|efjsf/L lgoGq0f sfod /fVg' k|To]s/fHosf] cxd\ bfloTj xf] . s'g} klg /fHosf] a}wflgstf, o;sf] nf]slk|otf tyf hg;dy{gsf] klxnf]cfwf/ To; /fHon] c+lusf/ u/]sf] zf;sLo zf;g k|0ffnL, To;s]f ;+:yfut lasf; / sfg"gsf]k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogdf e/ kb{5 . lawfoLsfn] sfg"g lgdf{0f ubf{ s]jn ;|f]tx?sf cfwf/df dfqgu/L nf]stflGqs k|s[of / lawL cg'?k sfg"g lgdf{0f ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 . k|To]s sfg"g ;dfhsfnfuL pkof]uL x'g'k5{ / o;sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gogaf6 dfq} ;dfhsf nfuL kmnbfoL x'G5 . sfg"glgdf{0f ug]{ bfloTj, sfof{Gjog ug]{ bfloTj tyf sfg"gsf] kfngf ug]{ bfloTj ;d]t /fHosf] x'G5 .o; cxd\ bfloTjaf6 /fHo pbf;Lg /xg ;Sb}g . ctM /fHon] sfg"g lgdf{0f ug'{ gful/ssf nfuLdxTjk"0f{ xf]O{g . df}h"bf sfg"gx?sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog gful/ssf nfuL dxTjk"0f{ x'g cfp“5 .
* pk;lrj, ;af]{Rr cbfnt
laifo k|a]z
sfg"g /fHo ;~rfngsf] nflu cfjZos lgodx?sf] ;+u|x xf] . zf;sLo dfu{lrq dfkm{t /fHosf]
nIodf k'Ugsf nflu sfg"gsf] cl:tTj tyf o;s]f k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf] cfjZostf kb{5 .
sfg"g zf;g ;~rfngsf] d"n ;fwg xf] . sfg"gsf] cufl8 ;dfgtf / sfg"gsf] ;dfg ;+/If0faf6
g} gful/sn] Gofosf] cg'e""lt ug{ ;S5g\ . sfg"g /fHosf] ;fwg xf] eg] Gofo ;fWo xf] . ;dfhsf]
k|efjsf/L lgoGq0f sfod /fVg' k|To]s /fHosf] cxd\ bfloTj xf] . ;dfh lgoGq0f tyf o;sf]
rfxgfsf] sb/ ug]{ sfd g} sfg"gsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog dfkm{t x'g] xf] . x/]s sfg"g ;dfhsf
nflu aGg cfjZos x'G5 . ;dfh sfg"gsf nflu xf]O{g . sfg"gsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogaf6 g}
/fHon] cfkm\gf] clei6 k'/f ug{ ;S5 eg] gful/sn] /fHon] k|jfx ug]{ ;]jf tyf ;'ljwfdfkm{t
Gofo tyf zflGtsf] cg'e"tL ug{ ;S5g . s'g} klg /fHosf] a}wflgstf, o;sf] nf]slk|otf tyf
hg;dy{gsf] klxnf] cfwf/ To; /fHon] c+lusf/ u/]sf] zf;sLo zf;g k|0ffnL, To;s]f ;+:yfut
ljsf; / sfg"gsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogdf e/ kb{5 . sfg"gnfO{ ;fdfGotofM ;dfhn] c+lusf/
u/]sf lgodx?sf] ;+u|x elgG5 . h'g lgodx? ;dfhn] :jLsf/ ug{of]Uo x'g cfjZos x'G5 .
lai0f'k|;fb uf}td*
126
A Dictionary of Law n] sfg"gnfO{ The enforceable body of rules that govern any society 1 elg
kl/efiff u/]sf] b]lvG5 . sfg"gsf] kl/efiff tyf o;sf] ljsf;s|dnfO{ x]bf{ o;sf laleGg dt tyf
bz{gx? ljsf; ePsf] kfO{G5 . ;dosf] ljsf; qmd;Fu} sfg"g jf sfg"gzf:qsf] If]qdf ljleGg
dtx? (Schools of thought) ljsl;t ePsf 5g\ . k|fs[lts sfg"g;DaGwL dt (Natural school of thought) n] sfg"g O{Zj/sf] OR5f xf] / of] ljZjJofkL k|s[ltsf] x'G5 eGg] of] dtsf] wf/0ff
5 . o; bz{gsf] jsfnt Thomas Aquinas n] u/]sf 5g . logn] law is nothing other than anordinance of reason for the common good issued by one who has care of the community and promulgated 2 elg k|fs[lts dtsf] af/]df pNn]v u/]sf 5g pgn] sfg"gnfO{ Law is a sort ofrule and measure of acts, according to which one is induced to act or restrained from acting, for lex (law) is said to be from ligare (to bind) because obligat (it binds) one to act. But the rule and measure of human acts is reason, which is the first principle of human acts, ... for it belongs to reason to order things to the end, which is the first principle in practical matters,3 elg sfg"g
ljj]s;+ut x'g'kg]{ elg hf]8 lbPsf 5g . sfg"gsf] ljZn]if0ffTds (Analytical or positive school of thought) n] sfg"gnfO{ ;fj{ef}d;Qfsf] cfb]z xf], o;sf] pNn+3gdf b08 x'G5 eGb5 . John Austin o; bz{gsf kIfkftL x'g . logsf cg';f/ law is the command of sovereign. It is a positive lawenforceable by sanction. It has three characteristics; (1) it is a type of command (2) It is laiddown by political sovereign. (3) it is enforceable by sanction4 elg sfg"gnfO{ ;Dk|e'sf] cfb]zsf
?kdf lnPsf 5g . sfg"gsf] P]ltxfl;s dtn] sfg"gsf] ;|f]tsf] ?kdf dflg;x?sf] hLjgz}nL,
cfr/0f, Jojxf/ / dflg;n] clusf/ u/]sf] k/Dk/fnfO{ dxTj lbPsf] 5 . ;dfhzf:qLo dt
(Sociological School of thought) n] sfg"g ;dfh lgoGq0fsf] ;fwg xf] / h;n] ;dfhdf afFlemP/
/x]sf ljleGg :jfy{x?sf] ;Gt'ng u5{ elg o;sf] sfof{Gjog kIfdfly hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . sfg"gsf]
cfly{s jf ;dfhjfbL dt (Economic or socialist thought) n] sfg"g zf;s ju{n] zfl;t ju{nfO{
zf]if0f ug]{ ;fwg xf] eg]sf] 5 . sfg"gsf] oyfy{jfbL dt (Realist thought) n] d'2fsf] km};nf ubf{
GofofwLzn] u/]sf] lg0f{o g} sfg"g xf] eGg] ljZjf; ub{5 . Salmond, Justice Homes Frank j, Cardozo J. o; dtsf kIfkftL x'g . Salmond n] law as the body of principles recognized andapplied by the state in the administration of justice and as rules recognized and acted on by thecourts of justice5 elg kl/efiff lbPsf 5g .
1 A Dictionary of Law Oxford university press Fi"h edition 2003 p 2802 Mark C.Murphy Natural law theory ,Blackwell guide to the philosophy of law and legal theory,
Blackwell publishing 2005 p 163 ibid4 Kalyan chaudhary , Legal theory ,New central book agency Calcutta ,p .85 ibid p 10
127
sfg"g lgdf{0fsf] klxnf] >f]tsf] ?kdf ljwflosf x'g] ub5{ . lawflosL k|s[of g} sfg"g lgd{f0fsf]
cf}krfl/s / hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL sfo{z}nL xf] . ljwflosfn] gofF sfg"gsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ dfq ge}
e}/x]sf sfg"gx?sf] vf/]hL tyf ;+;f]wg ;d]t ub{5 . o;sf cnfjf cbfntn] sfg"gsf] l/Qmtf
k'/f ug]{ s|ddf sfg"gsf] AofVof u/L tyf Goflos ;ls|otfsf] dfWodaf6 sfo{sf/L lgsfosf nflu
sfg"g lgdf0f{ ug{ pko'Qm cfb]z ;d]t hf/L ug]{ ub{5 . lawflosfn] s]jn sfg"gsf] lgdf{0f, jf
vf/]hL ug]{ dfq geP/ sfo{sf/L lgsfoaf6 laleGg ;+a}wflgs lgsfodf lgo"lQm x'g] kbflwsf/Lsf]
l;kmfl/z tyf ;'g'jfO{ ,/fHosf] vr{sf nflu s/ nufpg kfpg] tyf p7fpg kfpg] clVtof/Lsf]
cg'df]bg tyf ;/sf/sf gLlt tyf sfo{s|d dflysf] 5nkmn ug]{ h:tf dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ ug]{ ub{5 .
lawflosfn] sfg"g lgdf0f{ ubf{ s]jn ;|f]tx?sf cfwf/df dfq gu/L nf]stflGqs k|s[of / ljwL
cg'?k sfg"g lgdf{0f ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 .
k|To]s sfg"g ;dfhsf nflu pkof]uL x'g'k5{ / o;sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogaf6 dfq} ;dfhsf
nflu kmnbfoL x'G5 eGg] dfGotf /lx cfPsf] kfO{G5 . F.A.Hayek (1973) n] Law is quite different from legislation. It is independent of human purpose for its function is to accommodate human purposes and it is independent of human will for its business is the co-ordination of free will. 6
elg sfg"gsf] k|efjsfl/tf hgtfsf] lxt tyf O{R5fdf lge{/ x'g] s'/fnfO{ hf]8 lbPsf 5g .
lawflosL e"ldsf
ljwflosfsf] d"Vo rf;f] ;/sf/sf] k'g;{/rgf ug'{, laQLo k|aGwsf] cg'df]bg ug'{ tyf ;/sf/sf]
k|zf;gsf nflu lbzf lgb]{z ug'{ xf] . Henry Hart / Albert Sacks n] cfkmgf] k':ts Legal Process materials df ljwflosfsf] sfo{, o;sf] pQ/bfloTjsf ;DaGwdf pNn]v ub}{ sfg"g sfof{Gjogsf
nflu cbfntsf] :yfkgfsf ;DaGwdf ;d]t pNn]v u/]sf] / tL lgsfosf] e"ldsf ;d]t sfg"gL
k|0ffnLs} ljsf;sf nflu x'g] elg pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 pQm tYo o; c+zaf6 k|i6 x'g ;lsG5æ
A legislature has a primary, first-line responsibility to establish the institutions necessary orappropriate in the everyday operation of government. As secondary in the sense of second-line, the legislature characteristically functions in this relation as occasionally intervening, trouble-shooting, back-stopping agency. The private lawmakers, the courts, and administrative agencies are the regularly available continuously functioning agencies of growth in the legal system."7
6 supra note 2 p 2407 ibid
128
cbfntsf] e"ldsf
sfg"gsf] AofVof dfkm{t cbfntaf6 v]lng] Goflos e"ldsf sfg"g k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;sf]]] Ps ;zQm
dfWod xf] . Goflos k|s[ofsf] ;fj{hlgs rl/q eg]s} Goflos sfo{sf] ;Dkfbg dfq geP/ /fHosf
lgsfox?n] sfg"gsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogdf vf; e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf 5g\ jf 5}gg\ elg lgu/fgL
ug'{ ;d]t xf] . cbfntsf] of] vf; e"ldsfnfO{ sfg"g sfof{Gjogsf nflu cbfntn] sfo{kflnsLo
lgsfonfO{ lbg] cfb]z jf lgb]{zgsf ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . cbfntn] sfg"gsf] AofVofjf6 sfg"gsf]
l/Qmtf k'/f ug]{ ;Gbe{df lbg] cfb]z,lgb]{zgsf] k|rngnfO{ Goflos ;ls|otfsf] ?kdf ;d]t x]g]{
ul/G5 . cbfntåf/f lbO{Psf To:tf cfb]z jf lgb]{zgsf] sfof{Gjog ug'{ tyf cbfntsf] cfb]z jf
km};nfsf] kfngf ug'{ /fHo ,/fHosf lgsfo tyf cfd gful/ssf nflu afWofTds cj:yf x'g cfpF5
tyfkL sfg"gsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogdfkm{t ;dfh lgoGq0f /fVg] sfo{df /fHonfO{ ;xof]u k|bfg
ug'{ cbfntsf] klg cxd\ bfloTj klg x'g cfpF5 . d"ntM x/]s zf;g k|0ffnLsf] d"n cGt{j:t'sf
?kdf sfg"gsf] cl:tTj /xg] / sfg"gsf] sfof{Gjogn] pQm zf;g k4tLsf] kl/If0f ;d]t ug]{ x'gfn]
of] dxTjk"0f{ laifo x'g] u/]sf] 5 . zf;g k4tLn] b]zsf] ;dfh ljsf; ,;dfhdf /x]sf gful/ssf]
efjgf, O{R5f tyf rfxgfnfO{ ;d]t ;Daf]wg ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 .
g]kfndf sfg"g sfof{Gjogsf] ;Gbe{ M
g]kfnsf] zf;sLo k|0ffnLsf] cWoog ubf{ g]kfn laleGg zf;g Aoa:yfsf] k|of]u tyf To;sf]
k|rngaf6 cl3 a9]sf] b]lvG5 . g]kfnsf] a}wflgs sfg"g @))$ nfO{ sfg"gL O{ltxf;sf] ;+lxtfsf]
sl8df k|f/De laGb'sf ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . oBkL !(!) sf] d'n'sL P]g tyf cGo sfg"gx?
klg ;dosf] ljsf;s|d;u} lgdf{0f e} k|rngdf /x]sf lyP . ;dfhsf] ljsf;s|d;u} zf;sLo
k|0ffnLsf] O{R5f tyf rfxgfsf cfwf/df sltko sfg"gsf] lgdf{0f, k|of]u jf sfof{Gjog eof] eg]
tL sfg"gx?df ;fdoLs ;+;f]wg, ljsf; ;d]t x'b} uP . sltko sfg"gx? ;dfhsf] rfxgf cg"?k
lgdf{0f tyf cl:tTjdf /x] eg] sltko sfg"gx? lgdf{0f dfq eP k|rngdf cfpg ;s]gg\ .
at{dfg ;dosf] g]kfnsf] sfg"gL cl:tTjnfO{ x]bf{ g]kfn sfg"g lstfj Joj:yf ;ldltaf6 k|sfl;t
g]kfn P]g ;+u|x efu ! b]lv !& ;Ddsf] cÍx?df g]kfndf xfn k|rngdf /x]sf sfg"gx?sf]
cf}krfl/s tYofÍ sl/a #)) eGbf al9sf] xf/fxf/Ldf b]lvG5 . h;dWo] ;+j}wflgs lgsfo tyf
;'zf;g, cbfnt tyf Gofok|zf;g, Joj:yflksf ;+;b, /fhgLlts bn tyf lgjf{rg, cfGtl/s
k|zf;g, ;'/Iff k|zf;g, /fhZj tyf cfly{s k|zf;g, d'b|f j}+lsª, ljdf, ljQLo ;+:yf tyf lwtf]kq,
pBf]u jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{, ko{6g >d tyf oftfoft, ;~rf/ tyf lj1fg / k|ljlw, of]hgf ljsf;
tyf lgdf{0f, vfB, s[lif, ;xsf/L tyf e"ld k|zf;g, jg jftfj/0f tyf hn>f]t, k//fi6«, lzIff tyf
v]ns"b, :jf:Yo, dlxnf jfnjflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f tyf ;+:s[lt, :yfgLo lgsfo tyf :yfgLo
ljsf; nufot laifout sfg"g tyf cGo ljljw P]gx?sf] Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 . pNn]lvt
129
P]gx? dWo] sltko sfg"gx?sf] sfof{Gjogsf] l:ytL sdhf]/ ,sltko sfg"gx?sf] sfof{Gjogdf
k|efjsfl/tf b]lvPsf] kfO{b}g eg] sltko sfg"gx? lawflosfaf6 lgdf{0f ePklg k|f/De g} x'g
;s]sf] b]lvb}g . sfg"gsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog tyf k|f/De g} x'g g;s]sf lgDg sfg"gx?nfO{
pNn]lvt ;Gb{edf lng ;lsG5 .
Ø h'jf P]g @)@) - k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog gePsf] _
Ø ;fdflhs Aoaxf/ - ;'wf/ _ P]g @)## - k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog gePsf] _
Ø sfnf] ahf/ tyf s]xL cGo ;fdflhs ck/fw tyf ;hfo P]g @)#@- k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog
gePsf] _
Ø cTofjZos ;]jf ;~rfng P]g @)!$- k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog gePsf] _
Ø pkef]Qmf ;+/If0f P]g @)%$- k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog gePsf] _
Ø vfB P]g @)@# - k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog gePsf] _
Ø Ifltk"lt{ P]g @)!( - k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog gePsf] _
Ø k|lt:kwf{ k|a4{g tyf ahf/ ;+/If0f P]g @)^# - k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog gePsf] _
Ø cGt{/fli6«o laQLo sf/f]af/ P]g @)%$- k|f/De g} gePsf] _
Ø lwtf]kq nufgL sf]if -6«i6_P]g @)%# - k|f/De g} gePsf] _
Ø cfof]l8go"Qm g"g pTkfbg tyf laqmL lat/0f P]g @)%%- k|f/De g} gePsf] _
Ø Goflos sf]if P]g @)$# - k|f/De g} gePsf] _
Ø afn>d - lgif]w / lgoldt ug]{ _P]g @)%&- k|f/De g} gePsf] _
Ø ejg P]g @)%%- k|f/De g} gePsf] _
Ø ;+o'Qm cfjf;sf] :jfldTj ;DaGwL P]g @)%$- k|f/De g} gePsf] _
sfnf] ahf/ tyf s]xL cGo ;fdflhs ck/fw tyf ;hfoF P]g @)#@ n] gfkmfvf]/L tyf hDdfvf]/L /
s[lqd cefjsf] kl/efiff ;d]t u/]sf] b]lvG5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] s'g} dfn j:t'sf] Jofkf/ ug]{
JolQmn] dfn j:t' / Jofkf/sf] k|rng cg';f/ ;fdfGotofM ;os8f @) eGbf a9L d'gfkmf lnPsf]
130
cj:yfdf jf cefjsf] nfe p7fO{ ;f] dfn j:t'sf] cg'lrt gfkmf lnO{ laqmL u/]df gfkmfvf]/L u/]sf]
7xl/g] tyf ahf/df s'g} dfnsf] s[lqd cefj x'g] u/L ;f] dfnsf] d"No j[l4 u/fP/ cg'lrt gfkmf
lnO{ ahf/df laqmL ug]{ lgotn] To:tf] dfn j:t' ;+u|x u/L laqmL gu/L hDdfvf]/L u/]df hDdfvf]/L
tyf s[[lqd cefj ePsf] dflgg]8 Aoa:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 . t/ o; P]gsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf]
cefj b]lvG5 .
cTofjZos ;]jf ;~rfng P]g @)!$ ;fj{hlgs lxtsf] nflu cfjZos Pj+ plrt nfu]df g]kfn
;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt cfb]zåf/f ;f]xL cfb]zdf tf]lsPsf] s'g} cfjZos ;]jfdf x8\
tfn lgif]w ug{ ;Sg] / g]kfn ;/sf/n] s'g} cfb]z lgsfn]kl5 ;f] cfb]zdf tf]lsPsf] s'g} cfjZos
;]jfdf sfd nufO{ /fv]sf] s'g} JolQmn] x8\tfn ug{ jf To;df efu lng jf efu lnO{/fVg gkfpg]
tyf To:tf ;]jfdf nufO{ /flvPsf JolQmx?n] To:tf] cfb]z lg:sg' eGbf cl3 jf kl5 u/]sf]
x8tfn jf u5'{ egL 3f]if0ff u/]sf] x8tfn cj}w dflgg]9 Joj:yf ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . o; sfg"gsf]
kl/kfngf tyf cbfntaf6 hf/L ePsf cfb]zsf] kfngf u/fpg ;/sf/n] klg ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g .
Goflos b[li6sf]0f M
sfg"gsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf] cefjdf gful/sn] ;ljwfg tyf sfg"g4f/f k|bQ clwsf/sf]
k|rngsf] nflu cbfntsf] ;xf/f lng] k|rng ;d]tdf a[l4 ePsf] 5 . gful/ssf ;+ljwfg tyf
sfg"g4f/f k|bQ clwsf/x?sf] k|rngdf /fHosf] pbf;Lgtfsf] af/]df gful/ssf] ;r]tgf klg
Tolts} dxTjk"0f{ 5 . ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf laifodf ;af]{Rr cbfntdf k/]sf ljljw ljifox?dWo]
;af]{Rr cbfntdf cf a @)^& .)^* df !!) j6f lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z tyf &! j6f k/dfb]z u/L
hDdf !*! j6f cfb]z g]kfn ;/sf/sf gfpFdf hf/L ePsf] b]lvG5 eg] hDdf %^ j6f cfb]z dfq
sfof{Gjog ePsf] 10 kfO{G5 .
sfnf] ahf/ tyf s]xL cGo ;fdflhs ck/fw tyf ;hfoF P]g, @)#@ adf]lhdsf] lgodfjnL tTsfn
th'{df u/L nfu" ug{ dfu ub}{ bfo/ ePsf] pkef]Qmf lxt ;+/If0f d~r g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 clwaQmf
huGgfy ld>
la?4 k|wfgdGqL tyf dGqLkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t ePsf] )^^-wo-)^%)sf] k/dfb]z d'2fdf sfnf]
ahf/ tyf s]xL cGo ;fdflhs ck/fw tyf ;hfoF P]g, @)#@ sf] bkmf @# cGt{utsf] lgodfjnL ^
dlxgf leq agfO{ nfu' ug"{, bkmf !% cGt{utsf] d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/L tf]Sg] k|fjwfg tyf ;f]xL P]gsf]
bkmf @ sf] v08 -3_ cGt{ut d"No lgwf{/0f ;Nnfxsf/ ;ldltx? u7g ug]{ tyf pkef]Qmf ;+/If0f
8 sfnf]ahf/ tyf s]xL cGo ;fdflhs ck/fw tyf ;hfo P]g, @)#@ sf] bkmf # ,%9 cfjZos ;]jf ;~rfng P]g, @)!$ sf] bkmf #10 ;af]{Rr cbfntsf] aflif{s k|lta]bg @)^&.)^* k[i6 #^
131
P]g, @)%$ sf] bkmf * tyf bkmf !) df ePsf] sfg"gL Aoa:yf cg';f/sf] sfo{ cg'e't x'g] u/L
P]gsf] cIf/zM kfngf Pj+ k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug"{ u/fpg" elg lakIfL g]kfn ;/sf/sf gfpFdf
k/dfb]z hf/L x'g]11 u/L cfb]z hf/L ePsf] b]lvG5 .
To:t} pkef]Qmf ;+/If0f P]g @)%$ sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf] laifodf / vf; u/L ;fa{hlgs
;jf/L nufot a:t' / ;]jf;+u ;DalGwt If]qdf s'g} klg aGb x8tfn gug{ gu/fpgsf nflu
;af]{Rr cbfntdf bfo/ ePsf] pkef]Qmf lxt ;+/If0f d~r g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 / cfk\mgf xsdf ;d]t
clwaQmf Hof]tL aflgof la?4 k|wfgdGqL tyf dGqLkl/ifbsf] sfof{no ;d]t ePsf] )^#-wo-)^&& sf] pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z d'2fdf Psflwsf/ sfod x'g] l;l08s]6 ,sf6]{lnË, / To:tf cGo s'g} ?k
jf lqmofsnfk ;~rfng gug'{ ,gu/fpg' ;~rfng ug{ glbg' ;fy} cfb]z sfof{Gjogsf] l;nl;nfdf
;]jf k|bfos ;+:yf AolQm jf lgsfon] s'g} k|sf/sf] afwf la/f]w gug'{12 elg lakIfL g]kfn ;/sf/
tyf g]kfn oftfoft Aoa;foL /fli6|o dxf;+3 ;d]tsf gfpFdf k/dfb]z ;d]t hf/L ePsf] b]lvG5 .
oL / o:tf w]/} laifodf ;af]{Rr cbfntaf6 g]kfn ;/sf/ tyf cGo ;/f]sf/ lgsfosf gfddf
;d]t cfb]z hf/L u/]sf] b]lvG5 t/ dfly pNn]v u/] h:t} sfof{Gjogsf] l:ytL eg] sdhf]/ /x]sf]
b]lvG5 .
lgisif{ M
sfg"gsf] cgle1tf IfDo x'Fb}g of] sfg"gsf] ;a{dfGotf g} xf] . h;/L sfg"gsf] cgle1tf IfDo
x'b}g To;} u/L gful/sn] klg sfg"gsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogdf /fHo pbfl;g x'g'x'b}g eGg]
ck]Iff /fv]sf x'G5g . sfg"g lgdf{0f ug]{ bfloTj, sfof{Gjog ug]{ bfloTj tyf sfg"gsf] kfngf ug]{
bfloTj ;d]t /fHosf] x'G5 . o; cxd\ bfloTjaf6 /fHo pbfl;g /xg ;Sb}g . sfg"gsf] k|efjsf/L
sfof{Gjogsf] dfWodaf6 g} gful/sn] cfkmgf] xssf] lgaf{w k|rng u/fpg ;S5g . Gofosf]
cg'e't ug{ ;S5g . cbfntn] klg ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf ?kdf bfo/ ePsf ljjfbx?sf] lg/f]k0f
ubf{ km};nfsf] /f]xdf sfo{sf/L lgsfonfO{ sfg"gsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu k/dfb]z jf
cGo lgb]{zgx? hf/L u/]sf] 5 tyfkL tL cfb]zx?sf] sfof{Gjogsf kIf ;+VofTds lx;fan] x]bf{
;Gtf]ifhgs b]lvg ;s]sf] 5}g . cbfntaf6 hf/L ePsf cfb]z jf lgb]{zgsf] sfof{Gjogdf /fHo
g} pbfl;g ePdf sfg"gL zf;gsf] pkxf; x'g hfG5 . ;+ljwfg tyf sfg"gåf/f k|bQ clwsf/x?sf]
lga{fw k|of]uaf6 g} gful/sn] Gofosf] cg"e"lt ug{ ;S5g . /fHon] hgtfk|ltsf] pQ/bfloTj k'/f
u/]sf] 5 5}g eGg] s'/f klg gful/ssf] clwsf/sf] k|rngsf] ;'lglZrttf;+u t'ngf x'g] xf] . ctM
/fHon] sfg"g lgdf{0f ug'{ gful/ssf nflu dxTjk"0f{ xf]O{g df}h"b sfg"gx?sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog
gful/ssf nflu dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ x'g cfpF5 .
11 g] sf k @)^* efu %# cÍ # k[i7 %@@12 g] sf k @)^* efu %# cÍ $ k[i7 ^%*
132
;Gb{e ;fdfu|LM
� A Dictionary of Law Oxford university press Fifth edition 2003
� FRANCIS G. JACOBS THE SOVEREIGNTY OF LAW: THE EUROPEAN WAY Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge UK 2007
� Kalyan chaudhary , Legal theory ,New central book agency Calcutta
� Mark C.Murphy Natural law theory, Blackwell guide to the philosophy of law and legal theory ,Blackwell publishing 2005
� ;/sf/L jlsn lbUbz{g @)^#
� g]kfn P]g ;+u|xsf laleGg v08x? |
� g]kfn sfg"g klqsfsf laleGg cÍx?
� Goflos cfjfh, GofokfnLsf clws[t ;dfh ,@)^& ,@)^*,@)^( sf cÍx?
133
g]kfndf ul/aLsf] ljBdfg cj:yf Pj+ul/aL lgjf/0fsf pkfox?
;f/f+zul/aL g]kfnsf] Ps k|d'v cfly{s, ;fdflhs Pj+ /fhg}lts ;d:of xf] . d'n'ssf] cfly{sk5f}6]kgsf] of] Ps k|d'v sf/0f xf] . ul/aL jx'kIfLo ;d:of xf] . o;sf cfly{s, dfgjLo,/fhg}lts, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, cflb kIfx? x'G5g\ . g]kfndf u/LaL dfkg ug{sf] nflu tLgj6f ;'rsf+sx? M Head Count Index, Poverty Gap Index tyf Squared Poverty Gap Indexk|of]u ul/b} cfO{Psf] 5 . d'n'sdf ul/aL d"nt M u|fdL0f If]qdf a9L b]lvG5 . of] lxdfnL k|b]zdfkxf8L tyf t/fO{ k|b]zsf] t'ngfdf jl9 /x]sf] 5 . ljsf;If]qsf] ;Gb{edf eGbf ;'b"/klZrdf~rnljsf; If]qdf ul/aLsf] cj:yf ljs/fn /x]sf] 5 . ul/aLsf k|d"v sf/0fx?df pRr a]/f]huf/L b/,;'zf;gsf] cefj, pRr d'b|f:km|Llt, s[lif If]qdf cfw'lgsLs/0fsf] cefj, If]qLo c;Gt'ng cflb /x]sf 5g\ . ul/aL lgjf/0fdf ;/sf/sf] cxd\ e'ldsf /xG5 . o;sf nflu ul/a–d}qL cly{sj[l4df hf]8, s[lifdf ;'wf/, k"jf{wf/sf] lgdf{0f, ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf sfo{qmdx?sf] sfo{Gjog cflbdf hf]8 lbg' cfjZos /x]sf] 5 . ul/aL pRr b/df ljBdfg ePklg xfn ;Dd g]kfn u/LaLsf]b'irqmdf eg] kml;;s]sf] 5}g .
* pkk|Wofks, kf6g ;+o'Qm SofDk;
kl/ro
ul/aL cefjsf ljleGg kIfx?;Fu ;DjlGwt x'G5 . of] ;'vL hLjg hLpgsf nflu cfjZos kg]{
cfly{s, ;fdflhs Pj+ cGo dfkb08x? k'/f gePsf] l:ylt xf] . of] Ps jx'kIfLo ;d:of xf] . o;n]
vfBfGg, cfjf;, lzIff, :jf:Yo, dfgjclwsf/, /f]huf/L, ;'/Iff, ;fdflhs dof{bf, cflb ljifox?df
dflg;x?sf] kxF'r gePsf] l:yltnfO{ bzf{p5 . gf]j]n k'/:sf/ ljh]tf cy{zf:qL cdTo{ ;]gsf
cg';f/ dflg;n] cfkm'n] /fd|f] 7fg]sf] hLjg hLpg c;dy{ x'g] l:ylt ul/aL xf] (Sen, 1981).
ljutdf ul/aLnfO{ cfo;Fu ;DjlGwt ljifosf] ?kdf dfq x]l/Psf] eP klg xfn cfP/ o;nfO{
Ps jx'kIfLo ;d:ofsf] ?kdf x]/LPsf] 5 . of] d'n"ssf] cfly{s k5f}6]kgsf] Pp6f k|d'v sf/0fsf]
?kdf /x]sf] 5 . ul/aL lgjf/0f gu/Lsg d'n"ssf cfd dflg;x?sf] hLjg:t/ clej[l4 ug{ ;Dej
s'df/ e§/fO{*
d'Vo zJbx? M ul/aL, ul/aLsf kIfx?, j]/f]huf/L, ul/aLsf] b'irqm, g]kfn .
134
5}g . g]kfndf ul/aL zx/L If]qsf] t'ngfdf u|fdL0f If]qdf j9L 5 . To;}u/L, kxf8L / t/fO{ If]qsf]
t'ngfdf lxdfnL If]qdf j9L ul/aL /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ljsf; If]qut ?kdf x]bf{ ;j} eGbf sd ul/aL
k"jf{~rn tyf ;j}eGbf j9L ul/aL ;'b"/klZrdf~rndf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . kl/jf/sf] cfsf/df j[l4 ;Fu}
ul/aL klg a9\b} uPsf] b]lvG5 . h'g 3/df dlxnf 3/d'nL 5g\ ;f] 3/df ul/aLsf] b/ t'ngfTds
?kdf sd ePsf] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L, k/Ljf/sf] d'nLsf] z}lIfs :t/df j[l4 ;Fu} ul/aLdf sdL cfPsf]
b]lvG5 .
of] n]vsf] p2]Zo g]kfndf ul/aLsf] jt{dfg cj:yfsf] af/]df cWoog ug'{ Pj+ ul/aLsf sf/0fx?
vf]Hg] / ul/aL lgjf/0fsf pkfox?sf] af/]df rrf{ ug'{ /x]sf] 5 . o;sf] nflu s]lGb|o tYof+s ljefu
- s] = t= lj =_ n] hf/L u/]sf ljleGg ;'rsf+sx?sf] pkof]u ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} ljleGg tflnsfx?
/ lrqsf] ;xfotfn] klg ;d:ofsf] af/]df ljj]rgf ug]{ sf]l;z ul/Psf] 5 .
ul/aLsf kIfx?
OECD -@))!_ sf cg';f/ ul/aLsf lgDglnlvt kIfx? x'G5g\ M
-!_ cfly{s kIfM
cfly{s kIfsf] cfwf/df ul/aLnfO{ lg/k]If ul/aL (Absolute Poverty) / ;fk]If u/LaL (Relative Poverty) u/L b'O{ efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . lg/k]If ul/aLn] cfwf/e"t dfgjLo cfjZostfx?sf]uDeL/ cefj (Severe Deprivation) ePsf] l:yltnfO{ hgfpFb5 . o;nfO{ /fli6«o jf cGt/f{li6«o?kdf lgwf{l/t ul/aLsf] /]vfsf] cfwf/df dfkg ug{ ;lsG5 . ljZj a}+sn] k|lt lbg cd]l/sL8n/ !=@% -;g\ @))% sf] PPP df_ a/fj/sf] cfDbfgLnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o ul/aLsf] /]vf dfg]sf] 5(Wikipedia) . ctM k|ltlbg cd]l/sL 8n/ !=@% eGbf sd cfo cfh{g ug]{ dflg;x? u/LaLsf]/]vfd'gL kb{5g\ . cyf{t\, pgLx? lg/k]If ul/a dflg;x? x'g\ .
csf]{tkm{ ;fk]If ul/aL cGtu{t ;dfhsf] Ps ;d"xsf dflg;sf] cfo csf]{ ;d"xsf dflg;sf] cfo;+u t'ngf ul/G5 . o;n] /fli6«o cfDbfgL slt ;dfg jf c;dfg ?kdf ljt/0f ePsf] 5 eGg]s'/f atfpFb5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu klxnf], bf]>f], t]>f], rf}yf] Pj+ kf“rf} k~rds (Quintile) n] /fli6«ocfosf] slt–slt lx:;f k|fKt ub{5g\ eGg] s'/fn] ;fk]If ul/aLsf] l:yltnfO{ b]vfpFb5g\ . olb k|To]sk~rdsn] /fli6«o cfosf] aL; k|ltzt lx:;f k|fKt u/]df ;fk]If ul/aL gePsf] eGg] a'lemG5 .
-@_ dfgjLo kIfM
ul/aLsf] dfgjLo kIfn] dflg;x? lzIff, :jf:Yo, kf]if0fo'Qm vfgf, ;kmf kfgL tyf cfjf; h:tf
135
ljifox?af6 al~rt ePsf] l:yltnfO{ hgfpFb5 . oL ljljw ljifox?df ul/Af dflg;x?sf] Hofb}Go"g kx'Fr x'G5 jf, ltgLx?sf] kx F'r g+} x'+b}g . oL ljljw dfgjLo kIfx?n] dflg;sf] pTkfbgzLntf,;fdflhs Pj+ /fhg}lts lqmofsnfkx?df ;xeflutf, cflb h:tf ljifox?df k|efj kfb{5g\ .
-#_ /fhg}lts kIfM
o;n] dfgj clwsf/, :jtGqtf, ;fj{hlgs gLlt tyf /fhg}lts k|fyldstfdf dflg;x?sf] k|efj h:tf ljifox?nfO{ ;d]6\b5 . clwsf/ ljlxgtfsf] l:yltn] ul/aLsf cGo kIfx?nfO{ klg k|efj kfb{5 . /fhg}lts ?kn] sdhf]/ dflg;x?n] gLltut ;'wf/sf ljifodf cfjfh p7fpg ;Sb}gg\ .;fy} pgLx?n] cfly{s >f]t Pj+ ;fwgx?df cfkm\gf] kxF'r clea[l4 ug{ klg ;Sb}gg\ .
-$_ ;fdflhs Pj+ ;f:s[lts kIfM
ul/aLs]f ;fdflhs Pj+ ;f:s[lts kIfn] dflg;x?n] ;dfhsf] dxTjk"0f{ ;b:o (Valued Member) sf] ?kdf ;fdflhs lqmofsnfkx?df ;xeflutf hgfpg g;Sg] l:yltnfO{ hgfpFb5 . ul/adflg;x?sf] ;fdflhs l:ylt tyf dof{bf (Social Status & Dignity) Hofb} sdhf]/ x'G5 . pgLx?;fdflhs ?kdf cnUuLPsf (Isolated) x'G5g\ .
-%_ k|lt/IffTds kIfM
ul/jx?sf] cfly{s Pj+ cGo lsl;dsf wSsfx? (Shocks) ;fdgf ug]{ Ifdtf sdhf]/ x'G5 .pgLx?n] k|fs[lts k|sf]k, ljdf/L, o'4, ck/fw, cflb cj:yfx?af6 cfkm"nfO{ ;'/lIft /fVg ;Sb}gg\ .
oL dflysf ljleGg kIfx? Ps csf{df cGt/;DalGwt x'G5g\ . ltgLx?n] c?nfO{ k|efj kfg'{sf] ;fy}cGo kIfaf6 klg k|efljt x'G5g\ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu, ;fdflhs l:ylt - ;fdflhs–;f:s[lts kIf_sdhf]/ ePsf] dflg;n] ;fj{hlgs gLlt lgdf{0f - /fhg}lts kIf_ df k|efj kfg{ ;Sb}g eg] csf]{tkm{ ;fdflhs l:ylt sdhf]/ x'g'sf] sf/0f p;sf] lzIffdf kx'Fr gx'g' -dfgjLo kIf_ xf] .
g]kfndf ul/aLsf sf/0fx?
g]kfn Ps clt sd ljsl;t d'n"s (Least Developed Country) xf] . o;sf cfkm\g} lsl;dsfcfly{s, ;fdflhs Pj+ /fhg}lts ljz]iftfx? 5g\ . g]kfnsf] ljBdfg ul/aL oL ;a} kIf;+ucGt/;DalGwt /x]sf] kfO{G5 . xfd|f] d'n"sdf ul/aLsf ljleGg sf/0fx? 5g\ . tL dWo] s]xL k|d'vsf/0fx? b]xfo adf]lhd pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .
136
-!_ pRr >d cNkpkof]u b/ (High Labour Underutilization Rate):
ljsf;f]Gd'v Pj+ clt sd ljsl;t d'n"sx?df a]/f]huf/L b/ dfkg ug{sf nflu >d cNkpkof]ub/sf] k|of]u ul/G5 . cfly{s ?kn] ;lqmo dflg;x?dWo] >dsf] cNkpkof]u ePsf dflg;x?cGtu{t b]xfosf dflg;x? kb{5g\M
� a]/f]huf/
� c:j}lR5s cNksfnLg /f]huf/ jf cw{a]/f]huf/
� k"0f{ /f]huf/ t/ ckof{Kt sdfO{ ePsf
� k]zfut ;Lk ÷ lzIFf ÷ of]Uotf;+u gldNbf] /f]huf/ ePsf JolQmx?
g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df !% aif{ jf ;f] eGbf dflysf] pd]/sf cfly{s ?kn] ;lqmo hg;+Vofdf >dsf] cNkpkof]u b/ #) k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . h;dWo] a]/f]huf/ @=! k|ltzt, cw{a]/f]huf/ ^=& k|ltzt,ckof{Kt sdfO{ ePsf *=! k|ltzt tyf cfkm\gf] lzIFf ;'xf“pbf] k]zf gePsf !#=@ k|ltzt /x]sf5g\ . o;n] xfd|f] d'n"sdf a]/f]huf/Lsf] l:ylt lgs} ulDe/ /x]sf] b]vfpFb5 .
o; k|sf/sf] pRr a]/f]huf/L b/ d'n"ssf] ljBdfg ul/aLsf] k|d"v sf/0f xf] . a]/f]huf/ JolQmx?;+ucfly{s ;fwg gx'g] jf lgs} sd dfq x'g] l:ylt /xG5 . kmn:j?k pgLx?n] Hofb} Go"g dfqfdfhLjgsf cfwf/e"t cfjZostfx? k'/f ug{ ;s]sf x'G5g\ . xfn d'n"sdf ljBdfg r/d a]/f]huf/Lsfk|d"v sf/0fx?df cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf] Go"g :t/ Pj+ Go "g ult, phf{;+s6, k F"hLsf] cefj cflb x'g .
-@_ ;'zf;gsf] cefjM
;'zf;gsf] cefj klg ul/aLsf] Pp6f dxTjk'0f{ sf/0f xf] . ;'zf;gsf] nflu ;xeflutfd'ns
zf;g k|0ffnL, kf/blz{tf, sfg"gL zf;g, hjfkmb]lxtf cflb cfjZos kb{5g\ . oL s'/fx?sf]
cefjdf /fHosf tkm{jf6 sfo{fGjog ul/g] ljleGg sfo{qmdx? lgik|efjL aGg hfG5g\ . ul/a
nlIft sfo{qmdx?df x'g] clgoldttf klg ;'zf;gsf] cefjn] ubf{ g} ePsf] xf] . ct M g]kfnn]
klg ;'zf;gnfO{ Jojxf/df ptfg'{ h?/L 5 . tfls cy{tGq ;xL tl/sfn] rNg ;sf];\ / cfly{s
j[l4 Pj+ ljsf;sf] ult klg j9f];\ . To;f] ePdf gofF /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x? ;[hgf x'g] Pj+ ul/aL
36\g] l:ylt k}bf x'G5 .
-#_ pRr d'b|f:kmLlt b/M
d'b|f:kmLlt eGgfn] ;fdfGo d"No:t/ (General Price Level) df cfpg] lg/Gt/ j[l4 eGg] a'lemG5 .cyf{t\ of] d'n"sdf pkof]u ul/g] ljleGg j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] cf};t d"Nodf j[l4 x'g] l:ylt xf] .
137
d'n"ssf ljleGg ;d:ofx? dWo] Pp6f k|d'v ;d:of pRr d'b|f:kmLlt b/ klg xf] . tflnsf g+= !n] d'n"ssf] d'b|f:kmLltsf] af/]df hfgsf/L lbG5 .
Tfflnsf g+= ! M cf};t d'b|f:kmLlt b/M
;do -O{=;+=_ cf};t d'b|f:kmLlt b/ -Ü_!(&%÷&^–!(*$÷*% &=$^
!(*%÷*^–!(($÷(% !!=$#!((%÷(^–@))$÷)% %=&*@))%÷)^–@)!)÷!! *=&@!(&%÷&^– @)!)÷!! *=#!
>f]tM cfly{s ;j]{IF0f, @)!!÷!@, cy{dGqfno, g]kfn ;/sf/ .
o;k|sf/ ;g\ !(&%÷&^ b]lv @)!)÷!! ;Ddsf] tYof+s x]bf{ d'n"sdf d'b|f:kmLltsf] b/ t'ngfTds?kdf a9L g}+ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . of] b/ cf};tdf pQm ;dodf *=#! k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ctMg]kfndf d'b|f:kmLlt Ps k|d'v Macroeconomic Problem sf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . d'b|f:kmLltn] dflg;sf]qmo zlQmnfO{ 36fpFb5 . hlt a9L d'b|f:kmLlt /x\of] Tolt g} a9L dfqfdf qmo zlQm 36\b} hfG5 .o;n] klg ul/aL a9fpgdf of]ubfg ul//x]sf] x'G5 . Psftkm{ cfly{s pkfh{gsf >f]tx? lgs} sdx'g' tyf csf]{lt/ d'b|f:kmLlt tLa| x'g'n] ubf{ dflg;x?sf] hLjg:t/df gsf/fTds c;/ k/]sf] s'/f;xh} cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 .
-$_ /fhg}lts cl:y/tfM
d'n"s /fhg}lts ?kn] lgs} t/n cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5 . lj=;+ @)$^ ;fnsf] kl/jt{g kl5 d'n"sn]/fhg}lts ?kdf l:y/tf dx;'z ug{ ;s]g . lj=;+= @)^@÷^# sf] hgcfGbf]ng kl5 t d'n"s/fhg}lts ?kn] ;+qmd0fsfnLg l:yltaf6 u'lh|/x]sf] 5 . /fhg}lts cl:y/tfn] d'n"sdf cfly{scl:y/tf k}bf u/]sf] 5 . cfly{s cl:y/tf ;+u} cfly{s j[l4 Pj+ ljsf;sf d'2fx? cf]em]n k/]sf 5g\ .d'n"sdf nufgLsf] pko'Qm jftfj/0f aGg ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . kmn:j?k /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x? Hofb} ;Lldt dfqfdf pknAw 5g\ . h;n] ubf{ a]/f]huf/L 36fpg lgs} ;d:of kl//x]sf] 5 . kmn:j?kul/aL lgjf/0f sfo{ lgs} r'gf}ltk"0f{ aGb} uO{/x]sf] 5 .
-%_ s[lif If]qdf ck]Iffs[t ;'wf/ x'g g;Sg'M
xfn d'n"sdf /f]huf/ JolQmx? dWo] &#=( k|ltzt s[lif If]qdf ;+nUg 5g\ . oBkL of] If]qdf >dsf]
138
pTkfbsTj lgs} sd 5 . o;sf] k|d'v sf/0f s[lif If]qdf cfw'lgsLs/0fsf] ult lgs} sd x'g'xf] . k/Dk/fut s[lif k|ljwLsf] pkof]u, k/Dk/fut s[lif afnLsf] pTkfbg, l;+rfO{sf] cefj, ahf/lj:tf/df tLa|tf cfpg g;Sg', cflb sf/0fx?n] ubf{ s[ifsx?sf] cfDbfgLdf pNn]Vo dfqfdf j[l4 x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . ctM pTkfbgzLn hg;+Vofsf] 7"nf] lx:;fsf] cfDbfgLdf ck]Iffs[t ;'wf/ x'g;s]sf] 5}g . s[lif sfo{df ;+nUg dflg;x? d"ntM u|fdL0f If]qdf a;f]af; ub{5g\ . ul/aL klg u|fdL0f If]qdf a9L b]lvG5 . ctM s[lif If]qdf ;'wf/ gNofpGh]n;Dd ul/aL lgoGq0f sfo{ s7Lg g} x'g] b]lvG5 . ;fy} s[lif If]qdf /x]sf] >dsf] clws lge{/tfnfO{ 36fpg' klg lgs} h?/L b]lvG5 .o;sf] nflu cf}Bf]lus lj:tf/ Pj+ ;]jf If]qsf] lj:tf/df hf]8 lbg' cfjZos 5 .
-^_ ;fdflhs ;'/Iff of]hgfx? (Social Security Schemes) sf] ckof{KttfM
/fHon] ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf of]hgfx?sf] kof{Kt dfqfdf Joj:yf ug'{ kb{5 . a]/f]huf/, ckfË, Go"gcfo ePsf JolQmx?, a[4a[4fx?, cflb dflg;x?sf] nflu kof{Ktdfqfdf vr{ ug'{kb{5 . cfly{spkfh{g ug{ g;Sg] dflg;x?df g} ul/aLsf] ;a}eGbf a9L k|efj kg]{ x'gfn] oL dflg;x?sf] nflu;/sf/n] Go"gtd hLjg:t/ hLpg ;Sg] l:ylt l;h{gf ul/lbg' kb{5 . cfly{s ?kn] sdhf]/dflg;x?nfO{ lzIff, :jf:Yo cflb ;]jfx? lgMz'Ns k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf sfod ul/lbg' kb{5 .
-&_ ef}lts k"jf{wf/x?sf] oy]i7 ljsf; x'g g;Sg'M
ef}lts k"jf{wf/x?df d"ntM /fHon] nufgL ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . of] If]qdf lghL If]qsf] cfsif{0f lgs} sdx'g] ub{5 . oBkL xfd|f] h:tf] sd ljsl;t d'n"sdf lghL If]q cfkm}df sdhf]/ x'g] ub{5 . ctM o;If]qdf nufgL ug]{ k|d'v bfloTj ;/sf/s} xf] . oBkL s]xL If]qdf ;/sf/L–lghL ;fem]bf/L cGtu{tklg nufgL eO{/x]sf] b]lvG5 . h] xf];\ k"jf{wf/sf] cefjdf d'n"ssf] ljsf; ;+ej x'b}g . :jb]zL Pj+ ljb]zL h'g;'s} k|sf/sf] nufgLsf] nflu klg k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; x'g h?/L x'G5 . d'n"ssf] cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf] :t/ Pj+ ult Go"g x'gsf k5fl8sf] Pp6f k|d'v sf/0f oxL g+} xf] . pBf]uwGbfsf] kof{Ktljsf; x'g g;Sbf /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/df pNn]Vo ;'wf/ x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . h;n] ubf{ ul/aL36fpg] sfo{df ck]lIft ;kmntf k|fKt ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g .
-*_ >f]t Pj+ ;fwgsf] c;dfg ljt/0fM
d'n"sdf If]qLo c;dfgtfsf] hh{/ l:ylt /x]sf] 5 . ;lbof}+ b]lvsf] s]Gb|Ls[t zf;g k|0ffnLn] ubf{klg ;Gt'lnt If]qLo ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffn] d "t{ ?k k|fKt ug{ ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . tYof+sut ?kdf x]bf{ lxdfnL e]udf ;a}eGbf a9L u/LaL $@=@& k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . To;}u/L of] b/ kxf8L tyf t/fO k|b]zdf qmdzM @$=#@ / @#=$$ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . To;}u/L, ljsf; If]qut ?kdf x]g]{ xf] eg];jf{lws ul/aL /x]sf] If]q ;'b"/klZrdf~rn ljsf; If]q xf] hxfF ul/aL $%=^! k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .
139
:d/0f /xf];\ g]kfnsf] cf};t ul/aL b/ @%=!$ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . of] tYof+sn] klg s] b]vfpFb5
eg] If]qLo ?kdf cfly{s c;dfgtf d'n"ssf] Pp6f k|d'v ;d:of /x]s]f 5 . lxdfnL k|b]z Pj+;'b"/klZrdf~rn ljsf; If]qdf /fHosf] k|efjsf/L cfly{s pkl:ylt x'g ;s]s]f cfefif To; If]qsf hgtfn] kfpg g;sL/x]sf] jt{dfg l:ylt 5 . o;nfO{ hlt;Sbf] rfF8f] ;Daf]wg ul/g' h?/L 5 .
-(_ ul/a nlIft sfo{qmdsf] Go"g k|efjsfl/tfM
xfn;Dd d'n"sn] ul/aL lgjf/0f sfo{qmddf 7"nf] dfqfdf vr{ u/L/x]s]f 5 . ljleGg cfjlwsof]hgfx?df ul/aL lgjf/0f Pp6f k|d'v p2]Zosf] ?kdf /xb} cfPsf] klg 5 . oBkL oL ljljwk|of;x?sf afjh'b klg ul/aL pRr b/df ljBdfg 5 . ;fy} d'n"ssf] k|ltJolQm cfo, cfly{sa[l4b/ cflbdf klg ck]lIft ;'wf/ x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . ctM ul/Af nlIft sfo{qmdx?sf] k|efjsf/Ltf j[l4 ug'{ clt g} cfjZos /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
-!)_ cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df Go"g k|lt:kwf{Tds IfdtfM
cfd gful/sx?sf] hLjg:t/ psf:b} ul/aL lgjf/0fsf k|of;x? ;kmntfk"j{s ;DkGg ug{ 3/]n' pTkfbgdf j[l4 cfjZos 5 . jt{dfg ;do cGt/f{li6|o Jofkf/sf] ;do xf] . xfdLn] cfkm"n] pTkfbgu/]sf j:t'dfq geO{ ljb]zL j:t' klg pkef]u ub{5f} . cGo d'n"sx?n] klg ToxL ub{5g\ . oBkLcfGtl/s Pj+ afx\o b'j} ahf/df kx'+r lj:tf/ ug{ k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf lj:tf/ ug'{ h?/L 5 .To;sf nflu pTkfbg nfut 36fpg] tyf u'0f:t/df j[l4 ug'{ cfjZos 5 . oBkL xfd|f pTkflbta:t' tyf ;]jfx?n] cGt/f{li6\o ahf/df k|lt:kwL{ x'g g;Sbf xfdLn] xfd|f a:t' tyf ;]jfx?sf] cGt/f{li6«o ?kdf ahf/ lj:tf/ ug{ ;ls/x]sf 5}gf} . kmn:j?k /f]huf/L ;[hgf Pj+ ul/aL lgjf/0fsf k|of;x?df gsf/fTds c;/ kl//x]sf] 5 .
-!!_ :j/f]huf/sf sfo{qmdx?nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{ g;Sg'M
/fHon] :j/f]huf/sf sfo{qmdx?nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{ g;Sg' klg ul/aLsf] Pp6f k|d"v sf/0f xf] . cfddflg;x?nfO{ pBdzLntfsf] af/]df hfgsf/L u/fpg] Pj+ :j/f]huf/sf sfo{qmdx?df ;+nUg x'g rfxg]x?nfO{ ;x'lnot b/df C0f pknAw x'g] l:ylt ;[hgf ug'{ h?/L 5 . ;fy} /f]huf/L clej[l4sfxfn;Ddsf sfo{qmdx?sf] pko'Qm d"Nof+sg x'g' klg h?/L 5 . tfls d'n"ssf] sdhf]/Lsf] jf/]df
hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ ;lsof];\ .
-!@_ hg;+Vofsf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg x'g g;Sg'M
d'nsn] hg;+Vofsf] k|efjsf/L ?kdf Joj:yfkg ug{ ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . hg;+Vofsf] pko'Qm ?kdfJoj:yfkg ug{ ;s]df ul/aL 36fpgdf s]xL ;xof]u cjZo ldNg] b]lvG5 .
140
-!#_ dfgjLo k"FhL lgdf{0f Go"g x'g'M
dfgjLo k F"hL lgdf{0fsf] ult Go"g x'g' klg ul/aLsf] Pp6f sf/0f xf] . dfgjLo kF"hL lgdf{0fsf] nflulzIff, ;Lk Pj+ :jf:Yodf ;'wf/ Nofpg h?/L x'G5 . xfdLn] d"ntM k|fljlws lzIFfdf hf]8 lbg' lgs}dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . xfn d'n"ssf] ljb]zL d'b|f cfh{g ug{ Pp6f k|d'v >f]t a}b]lzs /f]huf/L /x]sf]5 . olb k|fljlws ?kn] bIf hgzlQm tof/ ug{ ;s]df pgLx?n] ljb]zdf klg /fd|f] cfo cfh{gsf]cj;/ k|fKt ug{ ;Sb5g\ . kmn:j?k ul/aL lgjf/0fdf ;s/fTds k|efj kb{5 .
g]kfndf ul/aLsf] ljBdfg cj:yf
g]kfndf s]lGb|o tYof+s ljefu - s]= t= lj=_ n] ljleGg ;dodf ul/aLsf] dfkg ub}{ cfO{/x]sf] 5 .
o;sf nflu pQm ;+:yfn] ;j]{If0f ljwL ckgfpFb} cfPsf] 5 . ul/aLsf] dfkgsf ;Gbe{df ul/Psf]
clGtd ;j]{If0f – g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f – t];|f] @)^^÷^& xf] . oxfF ;f]xL g]kfn hLjg:t/
;j]{If0f – t];|f] @)^^÷^& - s]= t= lj= _ nfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ g]kfndf ljBdfg ul/aLsf] cj:yfjf/]
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
g]kfndf ul/aLsf] dfkg kfl/jf/Ls pkef]u vr{sf] cfwf/df ul/b} cfO{Psf] 5 . xfn g]kfndf
cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf vfB tyf u}/ vfB j:t'x? pkef]u ug{sf] nflu cfjZos Go'gtd vr{
k|lt JolQm aflif{s ? !(,@^! /x]sf] 5 . ct Mg]kfndf xfn ul/aLsf] /]vf k|ltJolQm jflif{s ?=
!(,@^! lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . vfB ul/aLsf] /]vf ?=!!,(@( tyf u}/ vfB ul/aLsf] /]vf ? &,##@
/x]sf] 5 . To;}u/L, d'n"ssf] ljleGg If]qx?sf] nflu ul/aLsf] /]vf b]xfojdf]lhd 5 .
tflnsf g+=@ M ul/aLsf /]vfx?
If]q ul/jLsf] /]vf -?=_lxdfn !(,*%(sf7df8f} pkTosf zx/ $),(##cGo kxf8L zx/ !(,%&&t/fO{ zx/ @!,!##u|fdL0f k"jf{~rn kxf8 !^,%%!u|fdL0f dWodf~rn kxf8 !*,^*(u|fdL0f klZrdf~rn kxf8 !*,$@*u+|fdL0f ;'b"/÷dWoklZrdf~rn kxf8 !^,#%%u|fdL0f k"jf{~rn t/fO{ !^,*%^u|fdL0f dWodf~rn t/fO{ !&,%$)u|fdL0f klZrdf~rn t/fO{ !%,((*u+|fdL0f ;'b"/÷dWoklZrdf~rn t/fO{ !&,#!(g]kfn !(,@^!
;|f]t M g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f –t];|f] @)^^÷^&, s]= t= lj=, sf7df8f} .
141
xfn g]kfndf ul/aLsf] dfkg ug{sf nflu lgDglnlvt tLg ;'rsf+sx? k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 M
� Head Count Index � Poverty Gap Index � Squared Poverty Gap Index
Head Count Index
Head Count Index n] ul/aLsf] l:ylt dfkg ub{5 . cyf{t\ o;n] ul/aLsf] /]vfd'gLsf] hg;+Vofsf]
k|ltztnfO{ b]vfpFb5 . g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f –t];|f] @)^^÷^& sf cg';f/ jflif{s ?= !(,@^!
eGbf sd pkef]u vr{ ePsf JolQmx? ul/a dflg;x? x'g . xfn g]kfndf ljBdfg ul/aLsf]
/]vfd'gLsf] hg;+Vof b]xfojdf]lhd 5 M
tflnsf g+= # M ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lgsf] hg;+Vof
If]q Ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lgsf] hg;+Vof -Ü _zx/L If]q !%=$^u|fdL0f If]q @&=$#lxdfn $@=@&kxf8 @$=#@t/fO{ @#=$$k"jf{~rn @!=$$dWodf~rn @!=^(klZrdf~rn @@=@%dWoklZrdf~rn #!=^*;'b"/klZrdf~rn $%=^!g]kfn @%=!^
;|f]t M g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f –t];|f] @)^^÷^&, s]= t= lj=, sf7df8f} .
ul/aL dfkgsf] of] ;"rsf+s pkof]u ug{ ;xh Pj+ a'‰g klg ;xh 5 . t/ klg o;n] ul/ax? slt
ul/Af 5g\ Pj+ pgLx?aLr slt c;dfgtf 5 eGg] s'/f dfkg ub}{g .
t'ngfTds ?kdf u|fdL0f If]qdf ul/aL Af9L dfqfdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L, ;'b"/klZrdf~rn ljsf;
If]qdf ul/aLsf] l:ylt uDeL/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . d'n"se/Lsf] ul/ax?sf] hg;+Vof dWo] sl/j cfwf
142
hg;+Vof ;'b"/klZrdf~rndf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;n] s] b]vfpFb5 eg] cem} klg ;'b"/klZrdf~rn
ljsf; If]q /fHosf] pk]Iffdf k/L/x]sf] 5 . of] s]Gb|sf] 5fofFdf k/]sf] 5 .
Poverty Gap Index
of] ;'rsf+sn] ul/aLsf] ljifdtf ( Poverty Gap ) dfkg ub{5 . o;n] ul/a dflg;x? cf}iftdf
ul/aLsf] /]vfjf6 slt k|ltzt 6f9f 5g\ eGg] s'/f dfkg ub{5 . xfn g]kfndf ul/aLsf] ljifdtf
b]xfocg';f/ /x]sf] 5 M
tflnsf g+= $ M ul/aLsf] ljifdtf
If]q ul/jLsf] ljifdtf -Ü_zx/L If]q #=!(u|fdL0f If]q %=(^lxdfn !)=!$kxf8 %=^(t/fO{ $=%@k"jf{~rn #=*!dWodf~rn $=(^klZrdf~rn $=@&dWoklZrdf~rn &=&$;'b"/klZrdf~rn !)=&$g]kfn %=$#
;|f]t M g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f – t];|f] @)^^÷^&, s]= t= lj=, sf7df8f} .
tflnsf g+= $ cg';f/ lxdfnL If]q Pj+ ;'b"/klZrdf~rn If]qsf ul/j dflg;x? t'ngfTds ?kn]
ul/aLsf] /]vfjf6 lgs} 6f9f 5g\ . :d/0f /xf];, ul/jL dfkg ug]{ of] ljwLn] ul/jx?aLr /x]sf]
c;dfgtfnfO{ eg] ul/jLdfkgsf] k|s[ofdf ;+nUg u/fpFb}g .
Squared Poverty Gap Index
of] ;'rsf+sn] ul/aLsf] uxgtf - Squared Poverty Gap ) dfkg ub{5 . o;n] ul/aL dfkgdf
ul/ax?aLr /x]sf] c;dfgtfnfO{ klg ;+nUg u/fpFb5 . of] Weighted Sum of Poverty Gaps xf] .
143
ctM o;n] ul/aLsf] ljifdtf dfkg ubf{ ul/jx?AfLr /x]sf] c;dfgtfnfO{ klg dWogh/ ub{5 .
xfn g]kfndf ul/jLsf] uxgtf b]xfo jdf]lhd 5 M
tflnsf g+= % M ul/jLsf] uxgtf
If]q Ul/jLsf] uxgtf -Ü_zx/L If]q !=)!u|fdL0f If]q @=))lxdfn #=%$kxf8 @=)(t/fO{ !=#!k"jf{~rn !=)!dWodf~rn !=&^klZrdf~rn !=#*dWoklZrdf~rn @=^(;'b"/klZrdf~rn #=&&g]kfn !=*!
;|f]t M g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f –t];|f] @)^^÷^&, s]= t= lj=, sf7df8f} .
Tflnsf g+= % cg';f/ lxdfnL k|b]z Pj+ ;'b"/klZrdf~rn ljsf; If]qdf ul/aLsf] uxgtf t'ngfTds
?kdf al9 /x]sf] b]lvG5 . lxdfnL If]qdf ul/jLsf] uxgtf d'n"ssf] cf}ift ul/jL !=(^ u'0ffn] a9L
ePsf] b]lvG5 eg] ;'b"/klZrdf~rn ljsf; If]qdf of] d'n"ssf] cf}ift eGbf @=)* u'0ffn] a9L /x]sf]
b]lvG5 .
ctM ;+If]kdf eGg'kbf{, d'n"ssf] ul/aL lxdfnL If]q Pj+ ;'b"/klZrdf~rn ljsf;If]qdf s]lGb|t /x]sf]
b]lvG5 . t'ngfTds ?kdf ;'b"/klZrdf~rn ljsf; If]qdf ul/aLsf] l:ylt ljs/fn ?kdf /x]sf]
b]lvG5 . o;nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{sf] nflu ;dod} k|efjsf/L sbd rflng' cfjZos 5 .
ax'kIfLo ul/jL ;"rfsf+s (MPI) tyf g]kfn
ax'kIfLo ul/aL ;"rfsf+ssf] cjwf/0ff ;g\ @)!) h'nfO{ !$ df UNDP tyf Oxford University n] ;+o'Qm ?kdf NofPsf x'g\ . of] ;"rsf+s Sabina Alkire tyf James Foster n] ljsf; u/]sf]ljwLdf cfwfl/t 5 . MPI n] dflg;n] ;fdgf ug'{ k/]sf cefjx?sf] dfkg ub{5 . of] ;a}eGbfeofjx l:ylt ePsf dflg;x?sf] klxrfg ug{, pgLx?n] s'g – s'g s'/fdf cefjsf] dx;'z u/]sf5g\ eGg] yfxf kfpg Pj+ ljleGg cefjx? AfLrsf] cGt/;DaGw kQf nufpg ;xof]uL 5 . of];'rfsf+s ;j{k|yd ;g\ @)!) df UNDP n] dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bg dfkm{t ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] xf] .
144
MPI n] ul/aLsf tLgj6f dxTjk"0f{ kIfx?÷cfofdx? M lzIff, :jf:Yo tyf hLjg:t/sf] af/]dfdfkg ub{5 . o;sf] nflu !) j6f ;"rsx? (Indicators) k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . h;nfO{ b]xfo adf]lhdb]vfpg ;lsG5 (OPHI,2011) M
!= lzIff
� ljBfno lzIFf lnPsf] aif{ (Years of Schooling)
� afnaRrfsf] :s"ndf pkl:ylt (Child School Attendance)
@= :jf:Yo
� afn d[To' (Child Mortality)
� kf]if0f (Nutrition)
#= hLjg:t/
� ljB't (Electricity)
� lkpg] kfgL (Drinking Water)
� ;/;kmfO{ (Sanitation)
� 3/sf] ;tx (Flooring)
� Vffgf ksfpg] OGwg (Cooking Fuel)
� ;DklQ (Assets)
OPHI Country Briefing 2011 sf cg';f/ M
� g]kfnsf] MPIÖ )=#%)
� MPI Poor - slDtdf ## k|ltzt ;"rsx?df a+lrt ePsf] hg;+Vof_ cyf{t\ ul/aLsf]cj:yf (Incidence of Poverty _ Ö ^$=& k|ltzt
� cf};tdf ljleGg ;'rsx?df MPI Poor al~rt ePsf] k|ltzt (Average Intensity Across the Poor) Ö %$ k|ltzt
� MPI sf ljleGg ;'rsx? dWo] cf};tdf %) k|ltzt eGbf a9L ;"rsx?df al~rt
145
ePsf] hg;+Vof (Severe Poverty) Ö #&=! k|ltzt
ul/aLsf] rqm jf ul/jLsf] b'irqm
ul/aLsf ljleGg sf/0fx? 5g\ . ljleGg d'n"sdf ul/aLsf ljleGg sf/0fx? x'g ;S5g . oBkL
g]kfn h:tf clt sd ljsl;t d'n"sx?df ul/aLsf sf/0fx?df s]lx ;dfgtf eg] cjZo klg 5g\ .
tL dWo] s]lx k|d"v sf/0fx?sf] jf/]df dfly rrf{ ul/;lsPsf] 5 . t/ klg ul/aLsf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{
sf/0f ul/aL cfkm} xf] . To;}n] cy{zf:qdf Pp6f egfO{ 5 M
A poor is poor because he is poor
ul/a dflg;x?sf] cfo sd x'G5 . h;n] ubf{ pgLx?sf] jrt klg sd x'G5 . jrt sd x'gfn]
pgLx?sf] ef}lts, dfgjLo Pj+ k|fs[lts k"FhLdf nufgL sd x'G5 . kmn:j?k pgLx?sf] pTkfbsTj
sd x'g uO{ cfodf x'g] j[l4 sd x'G5 . h;n] ubf{ pgLx? k'gM ul/aLdf /xg afWo x'G5g .
o;k|sf/sf] l:yltnfO{ ul/aLsf] b'irqm elgG5 . ul/aLsf] b'irqm nfO{ b]xfosf] lrqjf6 klg JoQm
ug{ ;lsG5 (Tragakes, 2009) :
sd k|fs[lts kF"hL( Low Natural Capital )
sd jrt(Low Saving)
sd nufgL(Low Investment)
sd ef}lts k"FhL(Low Physical Capital)
sd dfgjLo kF"hL( Low Human Capital )
>d tyf e"dLsf] sd pTkfbsTj(Low Productivity of Labour and Land)
sd cfo j[l4(Low Growth in Income)
sd cfo(Low Income
ul/aLsf] rqmdf k/]sf dflg;x?;Fu ;|f]t Pj+ ;fwg gx'g] jf ePklg Hofb} ;Lldt x'g] cj:yf x'G5 .
o;k|sf/sf] ul/aLsf] rqm s'g} kl/jf/, ;d'bfo, d'n"ssf] s'g} efudf jf ;Dk'0f{ cy{tGqdf b]vf kg{
;Sb5 . ul/aLsf] rqmsf] sf/0fn] ul/aL Ps kL+l9 ( Generation ) af6 csf]{ kL+l9df ;b}{ hfG5 .
146
o;nfO{ tf]8\gsf] nflu ;/sf/n] cfly{s ?kdf x:tIf]k ug'{ kb{5 . cyf{t\ ul/aLsf] rqm x6fpgsf]
nflu ;/sf/n] dfgjLo, k|fs[lts Pj+ ef}lts k"FhLdf nufgL j9fpg' kb{5 . To;}u/L, ;/sf/n]
ul/ax?sf] kx'Fr a+}s C0fdf k'¥ofpg klg ;xof]u ug'{kb{5 . olb ;/sf/ ;+u kof{Kt dfqfdf ;|f]t
Pj+ ;fwg gx'gfn] ul/aLsf] rqm tf]8\gsf] nflu nufgL ug{ g;s]df ;Dk"{0f cy{tGq g+} ul/aLsf]
b'irqmdf km:b5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf b]znfO{ j}b]lzs ;xfotf cfjZostf kb{5 .
s] g]kfn ul/aLsf] b'irqmdf km;]sf] 5 <
s]Gb|Lo tYof+s ljefusf cg';f/ g]kfndf ul/aL qmdzM 3l6/x]sf] 5 . g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f–
klxnf] @)%@÷%# sf cg';f/ g]kfndf ul/aLsf] /]vfd'gLsf] hg;+Vof $!=$^ k|ltzt /x]sf]df g]kfn
hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f–bf];|f] @)^)÷^! df of] 36]/ #)=*% k|ltztdf em¥of]{ . To;}u/L, g]kfn hLjg:t/
;j]{If0f–t];|f] @)^^÷^& sf cg";f/ xfn ul/aLsf] /]vfd'gL sff] hg;+Vof @%=!^ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .
pQm calwdf ul/aLsf] ljifdtf tyf uxgtf klg qmdzM 36\b} uO{/x]sf] l:ylt hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0fn]
b]vfPsf] 5 . ctM ;du|df eGg' kbf{ d'n"s ul/aLsf] b'irqmdf km;]sf] b]lvb}g . oBkL d'n"ssf s]xL
dflg;x?, ;d'bfox? Pj+ lglZrt ef}uf]lns If]qdf a:g] dflg;x? o; k|sf/sf] b'irqmdf km;]sf]
x'g ;Sg] ;+efjgfnfO{ eg] gsfg{ ;lsb}g .
ul/aL lgjf/0fsf pkfox?
g]kfndf ul/aL lgjf/0fsf nflu b]xfosf pkfox? cjnDjg ug{ ;lsG5 M
!_ ul/a–d}qL cfly{s j[l4df hf]8 M o;sf] nflu d"ntM lgDglnlvt s'/fx?df Wofg lbg'kb{5 M
� /fli6«o cfosf] ;dtfd"ns ljt/0fdf hf]8
� Go'g d'b|f:kmLlt
� ul/ax?sf] lzIff tyf :jf:Yodf kx'Fr
� ul/aL 36fpg ;xof]uL ljQLo gLlt df hf]8
@_ s[lif If]qdf ;'wf/ M d'n"ssf] 7'nf] hg;+Vof s[lifdf cfl>t /x]sf]n] s[lifdf ;'wf/ gul/sg ;xh}
ul/aL lgjf/0fsf] nIo xfl;n ug{ ;ls+b}g . o;sf nflu lgDglnlvt s'/fx?df hf]8 lbg' k5{ M
� l;FrfO{ ;'ljwf
� goFf k|ljwLsf] k|of]udf hf]8
� aLp Pj+ dnsf] ;xh pknAwtf
� s[lif cg';Gwfgdf hf]8
147
#_ cfly{s Pj+ ;fdflhs k"jf{wf/x?sf] lgdf{0fdf hf]8
$_ ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf sfo{qmdx?sf] k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfof{Gjogdf hf]8
%_ :j/f]huf/sf sfo{qmdx?df hf]8
^_ ul/a dflg;x?nfO{ cg'bfg Pj+ ;x'lnotk"0f{ C0fsf] Joj:yf
&_ ;'zf;g Pj+ ljs]lGb|s/0f ;DjGwL sfo{qmdx?sf] k|efjsf/L sfo{Gjog
*_ dlxnf, blnt tyf lk5l8Psf] ;d"bfo / If]qsf] nflu cfod"ns sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjog
(_ ul/a nlIft sfo{qmdsf] k|efjsf/L sfo{Gjog
g]kfndf ul/aL lgjf/0fsf If]qdf ePsf k|of;x?
ul/aL lgjf/0f g]kfn ;/sf/sf] Ps k|d'v j[xt\cy{zf:qLo nIo xf] . ljut b]lvg}+ ;/sf/n]
ul/aL lgjf/0fsf lbzfdf ljleGg sfo{qmdx? ub}}{ cfO{/x]sf] 5 . ljleGg cfly{s of]hgfx?n] klg
ul/aL lgjf/0fsf nIo lnPsf 5g . ;du|df eGg'kbf{, d'n"sdf ul/aL lgjf/0fsf] If]qdf ePsf
k|of;x?nfO{ b]xfo jdf]lhd pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M
!_ ;+:yfut Joj:yf M ul/aL lgjf/0f ug]{ p2]Zosf ;fy ljleGg ;+:yfut Joj:yfx? ul/Psf
5g . pbfx/0fsf] nflu M
� ul/aL lgjf/0f sf]ifsf] Joj:yf
� Poverty Mapping ug]{ sfo{qmd
� ul/aL cg'udg k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf
� /f]huf/ k|j4{g af]8{sf] :yfkgf
@_ gLltut Joj:yf M o; cGtu{t ePsf k|of;x?nfO{ b]xfo adf]lhd pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M
� gjf} of]hgf b]lv ul/aL lgjf/0fnfO{ of]hgfut ljsf;sf] s]Gb|df /fvL ul/aL lgjf/0f
;DjGwL ljleGg k|of;x? ul/Psf]
� bL3{sfnLg s[lif gLlt NofO{Psf]
� rfn' -!@ cf}+ _ of]hgfdf ul/aL lgjf/0f ;DjGwL ljleGg Joj:yfx? u/LPsf]
148
#_ sfo{ut Joj:yf M o; cGt{ut ePsf Joj:yfx?nfO{ lgDglnlvt ?kdf pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5
-vgfn, @)^#_ M
s _ ljt/0fd'vL sfo{qmdx? M
� sfdsf nflu vfBfGg sfo{qmd
� vfBfGg cg'bfg sfo{qmd
� le6fldg …PÚ sfo{qmd
v _ nlIft sfo{qmdx?
� hghflt ljsf; sfo{qmd
� b'u{d If]]q ljsf; sfo{qmd
� klZrd t/fO{ ul/aL lgjf/0f sfo{qmd
u_ ;fdflhs kl/rfng sfo{qmd
� dlxnf ljsf;
� Enable State Program
� u}/–;/sf/L ;+:yfx?sf] kl/rfng, cflb
3_ n3' C0f
� ;fgf ls;fg ljsf; sfo{qmd
� k|fyldstf If]q ljsf; sfo{qmd
� u|fdL0f ljsf; j}ssf] :yfkgf, cflb
ª _ ljz]if sfo{qmdx?
� o'jf :j/f]huf/ sfo{qmd
� ul/a;Fu ljZj]Zj/ sfo{qmd
� u|fdL0f :jfanDag sfo{qmd
� cfˆgf] ufFp cfFkm} agfpF sfo{qmd, cflb
r_ dfgj ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx?
� ;fIf/tf j[l4
� tflnd
� :jf:Yo ;]jf
� ;/;kmfO{ tyf vfg]kfgLsf] Joj:yf
5_ hg;+Vof Joj:yfkg ;DjGwL sfo{qmdx?, cflb
149
lgisif{
ul/aL g]kfnsf] Ps k|d'v cfly{s, ;fdflhs Pj+ /fhg}lts ;d:of xf] . d'n"ssf] cfly{s Pj+
;fdflhs ljsf;sf] ultnfO{ tLj|tf lbgsf] nflu ul/aL lgjf/0f ckl/xfo{ 5 . d'n"ssf] pRr b/sf]
ul/aLn] cfly{s j[l4 Pj+ ljsf;nfO{ gsf/fTds c;/ kfl//x]sf] 5 . d'n"ssf] s'n dfudf o;sf]
gsf/fTds k|efj x'G5 . kmn:j?k nufgL Pj+ /fli6«o pTkfbgdf klg o;sf] gsf/fTds k|efj
x'G5 . ul/aL lgjf/0fsf nflu ;/sf/n] cfly{s ?kdf x:tIf]k ug'{kb{5 . lzIff tyf :jf:Yo h:tf
If]qx?df ul/a dflg;x?sf] kx'Fr k'¥ofpg ;s]sf] v08df pgLx?sf] ;Lk Pj+ Ifdtf j[l4 x'g uO{
/f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ k|fKt x'g] cj:yf /xG5 . kmn:j?k pgLx?sf] cfDbfgLdf j[lå eO{ ul/aLsf]
l:yltjf6 jflx/ lg:sg ;kmn x'G5g\ . ;/sf/n] cGo k"jf{wf/x?, h:t} ;8s, l;FrfO{ ;'ljwf cflbdf
klg nufgL a9fpg' h?/L 5 . xfd|f] d'n"sdf hg;+Vofsf] 7"nf] lx:;f ul/aLsf] rk]6fdf k/]sf] 5 .
ul/a dflg;x? d"ntM u|fdL0f If]qsf afl;Gbfx? /x]sf 5g\ . h;sf] d'Vo k];f s[lif xf] . ct M
ul/aL lgjf/0fsf nflu s[lif If]qsf ;'wf/ Nofpg' clt cfjZos 5 . To;}u/L, ul/aLsf] rsf]{ df/df
;'b"/klZrdf~rn ljsf;If]qsf dflg;x? k/]sf 5g . pgLx?sf] l:yltdf ;'wf/ Nofpg To; If]qdf
;/sf/n] ljz]if k|fyldstf lbg' clt g} h?/L 5 . cGoyf To; If]qsf dflg;x?sf] /fHok|0ffnL k|lt
cfqmf]; k}bf x'g] lglZrt 5 , h;n] cGttM d'n"ssf] /fhg}lts Pj+ cfly{s l:y/tfdf k|Zg lrGx
v8f ug]{5 .
;Gb{e u|Gyx?
s]=t=lj= -@)^*_, g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f – t];|f] @)^^÷^&, sf7df8f} .
vgfn, /fhg -@)^# _, ;fj{hlgs gLlt, k|zf;g / Joj:yfkg M ;+lIfKt l6Kk0fL, ;f]kfg dfl;s,
sf7df8f} .
Government of Nepal (2011). Economic Survey 2011/12. Kathmandu : Ministry of Finance.
OECD (2001). The DAC Guidelines: Poverty Reduction. Paris: OECD. Retrieved From http://www.oecd.org/development/povertyreduction/2672735.pdf
Sen, A. (1981). Poverty and Famines. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Tragakes, E. (2009). Economics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) (2011): Country Briefing 2011. Retrieved From http://www.ophi.org.uk
Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia [online]. Retrieved From http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_threshold.
150
pTk|]/0ff / g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf o;sf] cj:yf
6Lsf/fd 9sfn*
;f/f+z…lbof] aln/xg t]n ylk/xg'kb{5Ú eg] em} s'g} sfd ;DkGg ug{sf nflu k|f]T;fxg cfjZos x'G5 . sfd ;DkGGf u/]kl5 k|ltkmn vf]Hg' :jefljs} xf] . t;y{ Joj:yfkg ljwfdf pTk|]/0ffnfO{;ª\u7g tyf dfgj ;+zfwg Joj:yfkgsf] clt ;+j]bgzLn, dfgjLo tyf sfo{ut kIf dflgG5 .sfo{;Dkfbgsf] u'0f:t/ / pTkfbsTjdf sd{rf/L pTk|]/0ffn] k|ToIf c;/ k5{ . ;+u7gsf tLgj6fd"Vo ef}lts, cfly{s / dfgj ;|f]tdWo] klxnf] b'O{j6f ;|f]tx? lghL{j x'g . tL b'j} ;fwgnfO{pTkfbgdf tj dfq kl/0ft ug{ ;lsG5 ha oL b'j} ;|f]tx?df dfgj ;|f]tnfO{ hf]l8G5 . of]dfgj ;|f]t g} o:tf] kIf xf] h;nfO{ pTk|]l/t ug{ ;lsPdf dfq} s'g} klg afl~5t kl/0ffd ;xh?kdf xfl;n ug{{ ;lsG5 . oxL dfgj ;|f]tnfO{ s;/L pTk|]l/t ug{] eGg] ;Gbe{df ePsf ljleGgcg';Gwfgx?sf] kmn:j?k pTk|]/0ff;DjGwL ljleGg l;4fGtx?sf] k|ltkfbg Pj+ ;f]xL l;4fGtx? adf]lhd cEof;sf] k|oTg ;d]t ePsf] 5 . b]zsf] ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] ?kdf /xg] lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{klg o;sf] ckafb dfGg ;lsGg . g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf pTk|]/0ff;DjGwL Joj:yfaf6 ;Gt'i6x'g] cj:yf 5}g . ax' 6«]8 o"lgogsf] cjwf/0ffaf6 k|zf;lgs jftfj/0f b"lift aGg', a[lQ ljsf;sfGo"g cj;/, tna tyf cGo df}lb|s ;'ljwfx? sd x'g' tyf e"d08nLs/0fsf] k|efj cfTdf;ft\ ug{ g;Sg' h:tf ;d:ofx? g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf pTk|]/0ff;DjGwL k|ltlglw ;d:ofx? x'g\ . o:tfkIfdf Wofg lbg ;lsPg eg] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|efjsf/L agfpg] k|of; s]jn k|of;df dfq ;Lldt /xg]5 eGg] s'/fdf b'O{ dt gxf]nf .
* zfvf clws[t, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u
cjwf/0ff
dflg;sf cfjZostfn] ubf{ lglZrt p2]Zo l;h{gf ub{5 / ;f]xL p2]Zo xfl;n ug{sf nflu
dflg;n] sfd ug{] O{R5f k|s6 ub{5 . oxL cfsf+Iffn] g} p2]Zo xfl;n x'G5 / dfq p ;Gt'lnt
cj:yf (State of Homeostasis) df cfOk'Ub5 .
dfgj ;+zfwg g} ;+u7gsf] ;fj{ef}d tTj ePsf] x'gfn] dfgjLo k|of;ljgf ;+u7gsf] p2]Zo xfl;n
x'g c;Dej 5 . dfgjLo ;+zfwg r]tgzLn k|f0fL ePsf]n] p;Fu hf]l8P/ cfpg] ljifo hl6n ;d]t
151
5g\ . o;sf] Jojxf/ cWoog u/]/ sfdk|lt hfu?s, nugzLn / pT;flxt kfg{ g;lsP;Dd sfddf
k|efjsf/Ltf b]lv+b}g h;af6 JolQm cfkm} / ;+u7g b'j}sf] nIo xfl;n x'g ;Sb}g . o; k|lqmofnfO{
lgDgfg';f/ b]vfpg ;lsG5 .
Need(Deprivation)
Drive(Tension or drive
to fullfil need)
Satisfaction(Reducing of the driveand satisfaction of the
original need)
Actions(Tension or drive
to fullfil need)
Figure 1cy{ / kl/efiff
Motivation eGg] zAb c+u|]hL efiffsf] 'Motive' af6 lnO{Psf] xf] . of] zAb k|frLg Nofl6g efiffsf]
'Movere' af6 cfPsf] xf] h;sf] cy{ cu|;/ x'g' cyjf sfo{ ug'{ (To move) eGg] a'lemG5 .
lglZrt nIo jf p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ JolQm ljz]ifåf/f b]vfO{g] tTk/tfnfO{ pTk|]/0ff eGg ;lsG5 .
of] o:tf] cfGtl/s tTj xf] h;n] dflg;nfO{ :jt:km"t{ ?kdf ;DjlGwt sfddf kl/rfng u/fpg]
;fdYo{ /fVb5 . k"lt{ gePsf jf x'g g;s]sf cfjZostfx?n] JolQmsf] dgleq cfGtl/s åGå
l;h{gf ul/lbG5 o;af6 p;df 56k6L z'? x'G5 . cGttM …s]xL u/f}+Ú (Do Something) sf] efjgf
:jt:km't{ ?kdf hfu[t x'G5 .
g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;Gbe{nfO{ x]bf{ pTk|]/0ff (Motivation) nfO{ lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx?sf
cfsf+Iff / cfjZostfx?sf] kl/k"lt{ ub{} ;fj{hlgs p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ ckgfO{Psf] Jojl:yt
k|lqmofsf ?kdf lng ;lsG5 .
pTk|]/0ff;DjGwL s]xL kl/efiffx? o;k|sf/ 5g\ .
ænIo jf k'/:sf/ k|fKt ug{sf nflu zlQmsf] lj:tf/ ug{] tTk/tfsf] ?kdf pTk|]/0ffnfO{ kl/eflift
ug{ ;lsG5 .Æ1
1 "Motivation can be de$ned as a willingness to expand energy to achieve a goal or reward"Dale S.Beach
Satisfaction(Reducing of the driveand satisfaction of the
original need)
152
æpTk|]/0ff eg]sf] Pp6f JolQmn] vf; p2]Zo jf glthf k|fKt ug{sf nflu cfˆgf ;Dk"0f{ k|oTgx?
vlr{g] O{R5f jf tTk/tf xf] .Æ2
ætf]lsPsf] nIo k|flKtsf nflu pBt /xg' jf tTk/tf b]vfpg' pTk|]/0ff xf] . o;n] :j]R5fsf] tof/L
/ ljGb'kysf] em'sfjsf] af/]df ;d]t efj hfx]/ ub{5 .Æ3
pQm kl/efiffx?sf cfwf/df pTk|]/0ffnfO{ sd{rf/Lx?sf] pT;fx, hfFu/ / xf};nfnfO{ lqmofzLn
agfpg] k|lqmofsf ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . pTk|]/0ff JolQmsf] dgf]ut kIf;Fu ;DjlGwt 5 . ljleGg
pTk|]/s tTjx?af6 sd{rf/L pTk|]l/t x'G5 . sfo{;DkfbgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfP/ ;f+u7lgs p2]Zo
xfl;n ug{ ;3fpg] lg/Gt/sf] k|lqmof pTk|]/0ff xf] . o;nfO{ sfo{;Dkfbgsf] zlQm (Power of Performance) sf ?kdf ;d]t lng ;ls|G5 .
pTk|]/0ffsf] cfjZostf / dxTj
lglZrt p2]Zo xfl;n ug{sf nflu ;+u7gsf] ;fj{ef}d ;fwg dfgj ;+zfwgnfO{ ;dofg's"n pTk|]l/t
u/fO{/xg' cfjZos 5 . pTk|]/0ffn] Stimulus sf ?kdf sfo{ ub{5 . ;+u7gfTds / sd{rf/Lsf
lx;fan] pTk|]/0ffsf] dxTjnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .
ü sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ sfdk|lt clek|]l/t u/fpg,
ü tf]lsPsf] jf ;"lDkPsf] sfo{ ;kmntf;fy ;DkGg ug{,
ü u/]sf] sfo{;Dkfbgaf6 cfTd;Gt'li6 k|fKt ug{,
ü ;+u7gk|lt sd{rf/Lx?sf] k|lta4tf / :jfldTjkgf af]w u/fpg,
ü sd{rf/Lx?df ;[hgfTds Ifdtf clea[l4 u/fpg,
ü sd{rf/Lx?sf] dgf]an pRr kf/L pTkfbsTj a[l4 ug{ cflb .
pTk|]/0ff;DjGwL l;4fGtx?
km/s km/s ljifox?nfO{ ljleGg l;4fGtx?df pTk|]/0ffsf sf/s tTjsf ?kdf j0f{g u/]sf] kfO{G5 .
sd{rf/Lx?sf] O{R5f / cfsf+Iff km/s km/s x'g] x'Fbf p;nfO{ pTk|]l/t u/fpg] tTjx? klg km/s
2 "Motivation may be de$ned as the desire and willingness of a person to expend e%orts can be de$nedas a willingness to expand energy to achieve a goal or reward"
-Wendall French3 "Motivation refers to the degree of readiness of an arganism to pursue some designated goals, and
implies to determination of the nature and the locus of the forces, including the degree of readiness"- Encyclopedia of Management
153
km/s x'G5g\ . sd{rf/Lx?sf] dgf]j]u;Fu ;DjlGwt ePsf]n] sfdk|lt cGtd{gaf6} k|]/0ff hufpg] sfo{
cToGt} hl6n sfo{ xf] . ;+u7gsf] sfo{;Dkfbgk|lt s;/L k|]/0ff hufpg ;lsG5 eGg] ;DjGwdf
ljleGg cg';Gwfgx? ;d]t ePsf 5g\ . ;f]xL cg'?k pTk|]/0ff;DjGwL ljleGg l;4fGtx?sf] k|ltkfbg
ePsf] kfO{G5 . pTk|]/0ff;DjGwL l;4fGtx?nfO{ d"ntM b'O{ k|sf/df ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 .
s_ cfjZostf;Fu ;DjlGwt l;4fGt (Need based Theories)v_ k|lqmof;Fu ;DjlGwt l;4fGt (Process based Theories)
s_ cfjZostf;Fu ;DjlGwt l;4fGt (Need based Theories):
!= cfjZostfsf] ;f]kfg l;4fGt (Hierarchy of Needs Theory, 1943)
cfjZostfsf] ;f]kfg l;4fGtsf k|ltkfbs ca|fxd df:nf] x'g\ . df:nf]n] Ps hgf dgf]/f]uLsf]
pkrf/sf l;nl;nfdf o; l;4fGtsf] k|ltkfbg u/]sf] atfpF5g\ . pgsf cg';f/ sd{rf/Lsf ljleGg
lsl;dsf cfjZostfx? x'G5g\ h;nfO{ kfFr txdf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . ha pgLx?sf k|fylds
cfjZostfx? k"lt{ x'G5g\ cyjf hlt ck]Iff a9\b} hfG5, cGo cfjZostfx?sf] >[+vnf ;d]t ylkFb}
hfG5 . dflg;nfO{ :jfefljs ¿kdf ljleGg s'/fx¿sf] cfjZostf x'G5 / tL cfjZostfx¿ k"lt{
ug{ dflg; cfk"mn] ;Sbf] k|of; u5{ . o:tf] cfjZostfsf] ;f]kfg x'G5 / tNnf] txsf] cfjZostf
k"/f ePkl5 To;eGbf dflyNnf] txsf] csf]{ cfjZostfsf nflu dflg;n] k|of; u5{ . o:tf
cfjZostfx?n] g} sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ sfdk|lt pTk|]l/t u/fpF5g\ . hLjg wfGgsf nflu cfwf/e"t
cfjZostfx? k"/f geP;Dd cGo cfjZostfx?n] dflg; pTk|]l/t x'Fb}g . ca|fxd df:nf]åf/f
k|ltkflbt o:tf cfjZostfx?sf] >[+vnfnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 .
zf/Ll/scfjZostf
!
;'/Iffsf]cfjZostf
@
;fdflhs cfjZostf
#
cfTd;Ddfgsf] cfjZostf
$
cfTd;Gt'li6sf] cfjZostf
%
Figure 2ca|fxd df:nf]sf] cfjZostfsf] ;f]kfg l;4fGt
154
@= pTk|]/0ff–cf/f]Uo l;4fGt (Motivation - Hygiene Theory, 1972)
cd]l/sfsf] Ohio University sf Joj:yfkgljb\ Herzberg åf/f k|ltkflbt of] l;4fGt Two Factors Theory sf gfdn] ;d]t kl/lrt 5 . dflg; d"nt b'O{ tTjsf sf/0f pTk|]l/t x'G5 . tL x'g\– cf/f]Uo
tTj (Hygiene Factors) / pTk|]/s tTj (Motivational Factors) . pTk|]l/t ug{] tTjx?nfO{ pTk|]/s
tTj / sfo{:ynsf] jftfj/0fnfO{ cf/f]Uo tTjsf ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . cf/f]Uo tTjx?n] sfdbf/
x?nfO{ cfˆgf] sfdk|lt pTk|]l/t\ ub{}gg\ a? cg'Tk|]l/t x'gaf6 eg] hf]ufpg ;S5g\ .
xh{au{sf b'O{ l;4fGtx?nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ b]vfpg ;lsG5 .
pTk|]/s tTj (Motivational Factors) cf/f]Uo tTj (Hygiene Factors)
� pknAwL � dfGotf � pGglt � pQ/bfloTj � r'gf}tLk"0f{ sfd � ljsf; � sfo{df a[l4
� tna � dof{bf � ;'/Iff � sfo{l:ylt � gLlt÷k|zf;g � ;'kl/j]If0f � JolQmut hLjg � sfo{ jftfj/0f
sfo{;Gt'li6k|f]T;fxg
sfo{c;Gt'li6/f]sfj6
Figure 3
ca|fxd df:nf]sf zf/Ll/s cfjZostfx?nfO{ xh{au{sf] l;4fGtsf] cf/f]Uo tTj (Hygiene Factors) ;Fu t'ngf ug{ ;lsG5 eg] pTk|]l/t tTjnfO{ df:nf]sf ;fdflhs, cfTd;Ddfg / cfTd;Gt'li6sf
cfjZostfx/sf] >]0fLdf /fv]/ x]g{ ;lsG5 . ha JolQm pTk|]l/t x'G5, p;n], a9L lhDd]af/L lng
rfxG5 / To;/L xfl;n u/]sf] lhDd]jf/Laf6 ;Ddfg, pknJwL h:tf pTk|]/s tTj (Motivational Factors) a9]sf] cfTdfg'e"lt ub{5 .
#= X / Y l;4fGt (Theory X and Y)
k|f]= Dofs u|]u/n] dflg;sf pTk|]l/t x'g] ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds ljrf/wf/fx? k|:t't u/L Xtyf Y l;4fGt k|ltkfbg u/]sf 5g\ . hxfF, X l;4fGt gsf/fTds z}nL / Y nfO{ ;sf/fTds
ljrf/z}nLsf ?kdf k|:t't 5g\ . JolQm slxNo} klg :jt:km"t{ eP/ sfdk|lt clek|]l/t x'Fb}g .
:jefj}n] dflg; cN5L x'G5 . cfˆgf] pQ/bfloTj :jLsf/ ub{}g . p;sf] nflu ;+u7gsf] p2]ZoeGbf
JolQmut kmfO{bf g} k|fy{gLo x'G5 . To;}n] 8/, qf;, cfb]z / lgoGq0fsf] dfWodaf6 sfdk|lt
p;nfO{ clek|]l/t u/fpg ;lsG5 eGg] dfGotf X l;4fGtn] /fVb5 . o;nfO{ gsf/fTds pTk|]/0ff
(Negative motivation) sf ?kdf lng ;lsG5 .
155
JolQm ;b}j lqmofzLn /xG5 . p :jlgb{]lzt / :jlgolGqt x'G5 . JolQm ;sf/fTds wf/0ffn] ;w}+
lgod sfg"gk|lt akmfbf/ x'G5 . /fd|f] sfo{ u/]/ k|z+l;t x'g rfxg] :jefj ePsf]]n] Y l;4fGtsf]
k|of]uaf6 sfo{;Dkfbg k|efjsf/L agfpg ;lsG5 eGg] dfGotf o;n] /fVb5 . 5f]6s/Ldf oL b'j}
l;4fGtsf dfGotfnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .
X l;4fGt cfwf/ Y l;4fGt
zlQm Pj+ lgoGq0f Joj:yfkgsf] cfwf/ g]t[Tj
Ps JolQmdf cfwfl/t sd{rf/L dgf]lj1fg ;xeflutfTds
cf1fkfng g}lts dfkg clek|]/0ff
cf1fsf/L sd{rf/L l:ylt ;Nnfxsf/
lgDg:t/Lo sd{rf/L cfk"lt{ pRr:t/Lo
clgR5's kl/jt{g O{R5's
zf/Ll/s÷;'/Iff;DjGwL cfjZostf cfTd;Ddfg
;+u7gfTds nIo JolQmut / ;f+u7lgs nIo PsLs/0f
Figure 4
v_ k|lqmof;Fu ;DjlGwt l;4fGt (Process based Theories)
!= tLg cfjZostfsf] l;4fGt (Three need Theory, 1961)
k|l;4 dgf]lj1fgj]Qf David C. Mcclelland n] JolQm tLgj6f cfjZostfx?sf sf/0fn] dfq sfdk|lt
pTk|]l/t x'G5 eGg] dfGotf cg';f/ of] l;4fGtsf] k|ltkfbg u/]sf 5g\ . tL cfjZostfx? x'g\M
� Achievement
� Affiliation and
� Power
oL cfjZostfx? hGdhft jf k|fs[lts (Innate) eg] xf]O{gg\ . klxnf] cfjZostf s'g} s'/fsf]
k|flKtsf nflu ;DjlGwt 5 . o;df pknJwLsf] cfjZostf cGtu{t tf]lsPsf] :t/ (Standard) cg'?k s;/L ;kmntf xfl;n ug{], pGgtL / ljsf; s;/L ug{] eGg] ljifodf JolQmn] cfkm'nfO{
s]Gb|Lt ub{5 .
bf];|f] cfjZostfn] JolQm ljz]ifn] c?af6 s;/L ;b\efj, k|]d / ;+/If0f k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 eGg]
s'/fdf a9L Wofg lbG5 eGg] ljifosf] kIfkf]if0f ub{5 . s;/L ;'kl/j]Ifs (Superviser), ;]jfu|fxL
5f]6s/Ldf oL ltg cfjZostfx?nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .
» N-ach » N-aff » N-pow
156
/ ;xsdL{x?sf] lk|okfq aGg] eGg] Wo]on] p;nfO{ a]nfa]nfdf 3R3RofO{/xG5 . /fd|f] sfd /
pQ/bfloTj axg u/]/ nf]slk|o aGg] k|of;sf ;fy sfo{k|lt pTk|]l/t eO{/xG5 .
t];|f] cfjZostf zlQm (Power) ;Fu ;DjlGwt 5 . JolQm ljz]ifn] cfˆgf] O{R5f / efjgf cg's"n
;~rfng ug{ rfxG5 . Joj:yfksn] cfˆgf] zlQmnfO{ xltof/sf] ?kdf k|of]u u/]/ sfd ug{ bafa
l;h{gf ub{5 .
@= cl:tTj, ;dflji6 tyf cfTdf]GgtL l;4fGt (ERG Theory of Motivation)
Clayton Alderfer n] ljsf; u/]sf] o; l;4fGtdf klg dflg;sf cfjZostfx?nfO{ tLg txdf
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . oL tLg cfjZostfx?n] ubf{ dflg;nfO{ sfo{If]qdf pTk|]/0ffsf] lglDt k|oTgzLn
/fVb5 .
E (Existence) : cfwf/e"t cfjZostf -zf/Ll/s tyf ;'/Iff;Fu ;DjlGwt_
R (Relativeness) : cy{k"0f{ ;fdflhs tyf cGtj{}olQms ;DjGw;Fu ;DjGwLt cfjZostf
G (Growth) : cfTd;Ddfg / cfTdk"/s cfjZostf
ERG l;4fGtn] JolQmdf Ps} ;dodf PseGbf a9L cfjZostfx? l;h{gf ePsf] x'Fb}g eGg] dfGotf
/fVb5 . JolQmn] dflyNnf] txsf] cfjZostf k|fKt ug{ ;Sof] eg] t ;Gt'li6 k|fKt ul/xfN5 . cys
k|of; ubf{ klg dflyNnf] cfjZostf k|fKt x'g ;s]g eg] p tNnf] txsf cfjZostftkm{ kmls{G5 .
o;nfO{ Frustration - Regression Process elgG5 .
#= pTk|]/0ffsf] ck]Iff;DjGwL l;4fGt (Expectancy Theory of Motivation)
JolQmn] s'g} cfjZostf slt dfqfdf rfxG5 / pQm k|flKtsf nflu lglZrt sfo{;lxtsf] k|of;af6
k|fKt x'g] ;Defjgf slt /x]sf] 5 To;sf] cg'dfg g} ck]Iff xf] . Victor H. Vroom n] pTk|]/0ffsf]
ck]Iff;DjGwL l;4fGtnfO{ lgDg ;dLs/0fåf/f :ki6 kfg{ vf]h]sf 5g\ .
M = V x E
hxfF, M = Strength of drive toward an action
V = Strength of one's desire for something
E = Probability of getting it with a certain action
JolQmn] s'g ljsNk jf sfo{nfO{ a9L k|fyldstf lbPsf] 5 / ;f] k|fKt ug{] ;Defjgf slQsf] ;Dej
5 eGg] cfwf/df s'g} sfd ug{ pT;flxt x'G5 . sfo{sf] dxTj jf k|fyldstf / xfl;n ug{] ck]Iffsf]
;DjGwaf6 JolQmsf] pTk|]/0ffTds zlQm lge{/ x'G5 .
157
$= pTk|]/0ffsf] ;dtf l;4fGt (The Equity Theory of Motivation)
'An individual wants to treat his effort and achievements fairly in relations to others.'
pTk|]/0ff JolQmsf] dgf]ut ljifo;Fu ;DjlGwt ePsf]n] JolQmsf] ;f]rsf] uxg cWoogkl5 kQf
nfu]sf] 5 ls p lgikIf Jojxf/ / Gofo rfxG5 . (Human kinds always strive for justice snd fair behaviour) o;}sf cfwf/df ;dtf ;DjGwL l;4fGtsf] JofVof ePsf] 5 . JolQmn] cfkm'n] u/]sf
sfdx? c?;Fu t'ngf u/]sf] x'G5 / cfkm'n] u/]hlQs} k|oTgdf c?n] slt k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ egL x]g{]
/ ;f] cg'?k cfkm'n] k|fKt u/]sf]÷gu/]sf] af/]df :ki6 x'g rfxG5 . c;dfg ;'ljwf jf k'/:sf/sf]
Joj:yfn] c;Gt'li6 l;h{gf ul/lbG5 eg] ;dfgtfsf] Jojxf/n] yk d]xgtsf nflu pT;fx k|bfg
ub{5 .
pknJwLsf] ljt/0fdf ;dGofosf] l;4fGtnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .
Outcomes by one person =
Outcomes by another
Input by one person Input by another
o; l;4fGtdf ;+u7g / ;+u7gaLr / JolQm JolQmaLr pgLx?n] k|fKt ug{] pknJwL, Ifdtf, ;xsdL{
/ cg'kftsf] ljZn]if0f x'G5 . hxfF lgDg rf/ kIfx? dxTjk"0f{ dflgG5g\ .
a. Input:What an individual brings in organization Education, Skill, Training, Time and Commitment
b.Outcomes:Salary, Fringe benefit, working environment, status & opportunities
Positive
Unconducive working environment, Inconvenient mechanisms/system, etc.
Negative
c. Referents:With whom the comparison has tobe made.
d. Ratio:Outcomes
Inputs
158
dfly plNlnlvt s'g} Ps kIfsf] ljt/0fdf ;dfgtf sfod x'g g;s] c;dfgtf x'G5 h;sf sf/0f
;dGofo (Fair and Justice) sfod x'g ;Sb}g .
dfly plNnlvt l;4fGt afx]s nIo lgwf{/0f l;4fGt (Goal setting Theory), B. F. Skinner åf/f k|ltkflbt ;jnLs/0f l;4fGt (Reinforcement Theory), Ouchi sf] h]8 l;4fGt (Z Theory), sfo{If]qdf JolQmsf] Jojxf/df kl/jt{g u/L pTk|]l/t ug{ k|of]udf cfPsf] Hamner's l;4fGt, cd"s
tl/sfaf6 sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ pTk|]l/t gu/L JolQm ljz]ifsf] O{R5f / cfjZostf cg';f/ pTk|]l/t ug{
;lsG5 eGg] cjwf/0ffsf] Cafeteria Model nufotsf l;4fGtx? klg k|of]udf NofO{Psf dxTjk"0f{
l;4fGtx? x'g\ .
g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf pTk|]/0ffsf] cj:yf
g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jf ;/sf/sf] gLlt tyf sfo{qmdnfO{ hg;dIf k'¥ofO{ ;/sf/sf] pkl:ylt
:yfgLo :t/;Dd ;xh ?kdf k'¥ofO{ lbg] a}wflgstf k|fKt ;+oGq÷;]jf xf] . g]kfndf k|hftGqsf]
:yfkgf cl3sf] lghfdtL ;]jf khgL k|yfdf cfwfl/t ePsf x'gfn] sd{rf/Ldf pTk|]/0ffsf] cj:yf
;d]t cToGt} gfh's ePsf] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . lj ;+ @))& ;fn k5fl8sf] nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf]
u7g, ljleGg P]g / lgodsf] th'{df, k|zf;g ;'wf/ cGtu{t ljleGg k|ltj]bg nufotsf ljleGg
b:tfj]hx?df lghfdtL ;]jfdf pTk|]/0ffsf] kIfnfO{ dxTjsf ;fy p7fpFb} cfPsf] kfO{G5 . Go"g
pTk|]/0ffsf] cj:yf, /fhgLlts x:tIf]k, Go"g tna eQf, cTofwLs o"lgogafb (Unionism),cg'zf;gxLgtf, a9\bf] e|i6frf/ nuffotsf ljleGg b'u'{0fx?n] ljutdf …l;Gb"/sf] dlxdfÚ n] kl/lrt
lghfdtL ;]jfdf jt{dfg cj:yfdf gjo'jfx?sf] cfsif{0f sd x'Fb} uO{/x]sf] cg'ej ug{ ;lsG5 .4
g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf pTk|]/0ffsf] l:ylt ;Gtf]ifhgs 5}g . lghfdtL ;]jf pTk|]/0ffsf]
b[li6sf]0faf6 clxn] Oltxf;s} Go"gtd ljGb'df k'u]sf] 5 eGg] egfO k"0f{tM ;To geP klg o;
;]jfdf pTk|]/0ffsf] cj:yf gfh's /x]sf] s'/fdf eg] b'O{ dt kfOGg . oxFfsf] lghfdtL ;]jf cg'Tk|]l/t
dflgG5 . cGo b]zx?sf] t'ngfdf oxfF pTk|]/0ffsf] dxTjnfO{ uf}0f ?kdf lnO{Psf] 5 . Go"gtd
ljGb'df /x]sf] dflgG5 . ;jf]{Rr kbdf /x]sf tyf s]xL dxTjk"0f{ lgsfodf sfo{/t s]xL sd{rf/L
jfx]s lghfdtL ;]jfsf] 7"nf] lx:;fdf pTk|]/0ffsf] cefj /x]sf] dflgG5 . lghfdtL ;]jfsf] tNnf]
txb]lv pkNnf] :t/;Ddsf sd{rf/Lx? ;d]t cg'Tk|]l/t b]lvG5g\ . g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jf sfg"gL
?kn] /fhkqf+lst / /fhkq cg+lst u/L b'O{ efudf ljeflht /x]sf] eP tfklg jf:tjdf Jojxfl/s
?kn] x]bf{ of] pRr, dWod / lgDg u/L tLg txdf ljeflht /x]sf] b]lvG5 . oL tLg j6} txdf
pTk|]/0ffsf] l:ylt leGgf leGg} b]lvG5 . ax'6«]8 o"lgogsf] cjwf/0ffaf6 k|zf;lgs jftfj/0f b'lift
aGg', a[lQ ljsf;sf Go"g cj;/, tna tyf cGo df}lb|s ;'ljwfx? sd x'g' / e"d08nLs/0fsf]
4 eLdb]j e§M sd{rf/L k|zf;g, >LdtL zzL e§, gy{ Sof/f]nfOgf, cd]l/sf, k[= @$*
159
k|efj cfTdf;ft ug{ g;Sbf / /fhgLlts k|zf;lgs k4ltn] ubf{ lghfdtL ;]jfdf …u|]zD; nÚ sf]
;+s]t b]vf kg{ yfn]sf] 5 .5 al/i7 k|zf;gljbs} olt;Ddsf] s8f ljrf/n] lghfdtL ;]jfdf pTk|]/0ff
t cFWof/f] kIfsf ?kdf /x]sf] s'/f cfFsng ug{ c;xh dfGg'kg{] cj:yf 5}g .
pRr txdf pTk|]/0ffsf] l:ylt s]xL xb;Dd ;Gtf]ifhgs dfGg ;lsG5 . o; txdf s]xL k|ltzt
sd{rf/Lx? jfx]s clwsf+z sd{rf/Lx¿ yf]/} xb;Dd eP klg pTk|]l/t dflgG5g\ . t/ o;sf] ljkl/t
dWod txdf pTk|]/0ffsf] l:ylt leGg} b]lvG5 . o; txdf sfo{/t sd{rf/L dWo] krf; k|ltzt
sd{rf/L klg pTk|]l/t /x]sf] kfO{+b}g . o:t} l:ylt lgDg txdf klg /x]sf] 5 . o; txdf cToGt}
Go"g k|ltzt sd{rf/L dfq pTk|]l/t 5g\ . t/ oxfF pNn]vgLo s'/f s] eg] ;a} txdf pTk|]/0ffsf]
cefjsf sf/0fx? eg] km/s km/s /x]sf 5g\ . ;dli6ut ?kdf eGg ;lsG5 ls lghfdtL
sd{rf/L pTk|]l/t x'g g;Sg'df ljleGg cfGtl/s tyf jfXo jftfj/0fLo sf/0fx? ljBdfg /x]sf
5g\ . cfGtl/s sf/0fx?df s]xL Joj:yfksLo sdhf]/Lx? klg /x]sf 5g eg] s]xL sd{rf/L ju{
:jo+sf] sfd k|lt nufjsf] cefj, k]zfk|lt k|ltj4tfsf] sdL, pQ/bfloTjsf] sdL, ;'ljwfd'vL x'g',
lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ b]z / hgtfsf] ;]jf ug]{ dfWodsf] ?kdf glnO{ cfˆgf] OHht / k|lti7fsf ?kdf
dfq lng', gf]s/Lsf] p2]Zo cfly{s pkfh{g jf JolQmut pGgltdf dfq} ;Lldt /fVg' h:tf sf/0fx?
klg lhDd]jf/ b]lvG5g\ .
sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ pTk|]l/t ug{] ;DjGwdf g]kfndf ul/Psf Joj:yfx?nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{
;lsG5 .
lj=;+= @)!# df sfg"gL ¿kdf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] u7g ePb]lv g} pTk|]/0ffsf] ljifon] pRr k|fyldstf
kfpFb} cfPsf] xf] . lghfdtL ;]jfsf] k|lti7f, ljsf; / ljljw ;'wf/sf nflu ;do ;dodf cfof]u,
sfo{bn, :jb]zL ljb]zL k/fdz{bft[ ;+:yf jf JolQmx?sf] ;xof]u ;'emfj k|fKt ePsf lyP . lj=;+=
@))* df u7g ePsf] Pg=Pd=a'rsf] k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]ub]lv g} lghfdtL ;]jfdf pTk|]/0ff
k|a4{gsf pkfox¿ l;kmfl/; ug]{ yfngL ePsf] xf] .
lghfdtL ;]jfdf of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf] /Iff ug{ nf]s ;]jf cfof]unfO{ ;+j}wflgs k|Tofe"lt k|bfg
ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@% df nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] Joj:yf
ul/Psf] 5 . pQm Joj:yf cg';f/ lghfdtL ;]jfdf pko'Qm pDd]bjf/ ;~rfng ug{ cfjZos
k/LIff ;~rfng u/L sd{rf/Lx? l;kmfl/z ug{], sd{rf/LnfO{ ljefuLo ;hfoFsf] ljifodf g]kfn
;/sf/nfO{ cfjZos k/fdz{ lbg] nufotsf dxTjk"0f{ lhDd]jf/Lx? cfof]unfO{ ;'lDkPsf] 5 .
o;af6 lgikIftfsf] ;'lglZrttf sfod ePsf] 5 eg] ljgfsf/0f sd{rf/LnfO{ ljefuLo sf/jfxL
5 eLdb]j e§M …lghfdtL ;]jfdf 36\bf] cfsif{0fÚ /fli6«o b}lgs uf]/vfkq, @)^% kmfu'g @)
160
u/L ;]jfaf6 x6fpg] ;d]tsf sfo{nfO{ lg?T;flxt kf/L sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jfsf] ;'/Iff sfod ul/Psf]
5 .
;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnon] s]xL ;do cl3 ;~rfng u/]sf] zf;sLo k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ ug]{ sfo{qmdn]
lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;'wf/ ug]{ Wo]on] zf;sLo ;'wf/sf] dfu{lrq agfP/ sfof{Gjog u/]sf] lyof] . of]
dfu{ lrq d"ntM lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;'wf/df s]Gb|Lt lyof] . ;fj{hlgs If]qdf ePsf dfgj ;+zfwg
Joj:yfkgsf] ljsf; tyf ;'wf/sf ;a} k|of;x¿nfO{ pTk|]/0ffsf cfwf/laGb' agfOPsf] b]lvG5 .
g]kfn ;/sf/sf jflif{s ah]6, ;/sf/sf gLlt tyf sfo{qmd, a]nfa]nfsf kl/kq tyf dfu{bz{gx?n]
;d]t sd{rf/Lx?sf] pTk|]/0ffsf ;DjGwdf k|ToIf÷ck|ToIf ?kdf k[i7kf]if0f ul//x]sf 5g\ .
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( / lgodfjnL, @)%) lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx?sf] dfu{bz{g / lgoGq0f ug{]
sfg"gL b:tfj]h x'g\ . o;df ePsf ljleGg lsl;dsf Joj:yfx?n] sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ pTk|]l/t u/fpg]
k|of; u/]sf 5g\ . df}lb|s / u}/ df}lb|s u/L o; P]g / lgodfjnLdf ul/Psf dxTjk"0f{ Joj:yfx?
o;k|sf/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .
df}lb|s pTk|]/0ff u}/ df}lb|s pTk|]/0ff� tnj, eQf / u|]8 yk � sd{rf/L ;~ro sf]ifsf] Joj:yf � cf}ifwL pkrf/ � lgj[lQe/0f÷pkbfg � aLdfsf] Joj:yf � kfl/jfl/s lgj[lQe/0f � bz}+ vr{÷rf8kj{ vr{ � ;GttL a[lQ, z}lIfs a[lQ, Pj+ czQm a[lQ � n'uf eQf, cflb .
� ;?jf, a9'jf / kb:yfkgf � ljleGg k|sf/sf ljbfx? � cfjf; / ;jf/L ;fwg ;'ljwf � ;]jfsf] :yfloTj / ;'/Iff � k|z+;f, k'/:sf/ tyf lhDd]jf/L � tflnd tyf k|lzIf0f � ljb]z e|d0f, cWoog / uf]i7Lx? � b08, ;hfoF / ljefuLo sf/jfxL � clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg, cflb .
Figure 5of]hgfut k|of;x?
g]kfnsf cfjlws of]hgfx?df lghfdtL ;]jf ;'wf/sf ljleGg k|of;x? x'\Fb} cfO{/x]sf 5g\ . sd{rf/L
pTk|]/0ffsf] kIfnfO{ dxTjsf ;fy pQm of]hgfx?df ;dfj]z ul/Fb} cfPsf] kfO{G5 . rfn" cfjlws
of]hgf -lj=;+= @)^&÷)^*—@)^(÷)&)_ df ePsf pTk]|/0ff ;DjGwL Joj:yfx?nfO{ a'Fbfut ?kdf
lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .
161
� sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t cfly{s ;'ljwf k|0ffnL nfu" ug{],
� dfgj ;+zfwg ljsf; u/L sd{rf/Lsf] Ifdtf / bIftf clea[l4 ug{],
� a9'jf k4ltnfO{ of]Uotfdf cfwfl/t agfpg], cflb .
lgjf{xd'vLeGbf klg sd tna ;'ljwf ePsf] / sfo{;Dkfbg;Fu tna ;'ljwfsf] k|ToIf ;DaGw
gePsf]n] hlt;'s} k|of; ul/Psf] b]lvP klg pTk|]/0ffsf pkfox¿n] lghfdtL ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{
vf; pT;flxt agfpg ;s]sf] b]lvGg . tna eQfsf cltl/Qm pTk|]/0ffsf cfly{s tyf u}/cfly{s
k|fjwfgx¿ klg vf; k|efjsf/L ePgg\ . k/Dk/fut 5lj / :j¿k kfPsf] lghfdtL ;]jf cj}olQms
k|s[ltsf] /x]sf] / k]zfut k|0ffnL /x]sf]n] pTk|]/0ffsf cfw'lgs pkfox¿ vf;} k|efjsf/L x'Fb}gg\ eGg]
dfGotf klg sltko cj:yfdf b]lvg] u5{ . t/ cy{ dGqfno nufot cGo sltko ;/sf/L lgsfon]
sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t ;'ljwf, eQf / tna Joj:yf ubf{ pTk|]/0ff clea[l4 eO{ sfo{;Dkfbg /
pTkfbsTj a9]sf] pbfx/0fx¿ 5g\ .6
g]kfndf #% k|ltzt sd{rf/Lx¿n] a}slNks k]zf ckgfPsf 5g\ . !) k|ltzt sd{rf/Lx¿
e|i6frf/df lnKt 5g\ . o; tYof+sn] s] b]vfpF5 eg] s"n sd{rf/Lsf] !) k|ltzt e|i6frf/df
nfu]sf eP klg e|i6frf/af6 cltl/Qm cfDbfgL ug]{ cj;/ k|fKt x'g] kbaf6 cGo kbdf ;?jf
x'g ;Sg] sf/0fn] ubf{ e|i6frf/df ;+nUg ePsf sd{rf/Lsf] k|ltzt !) eGbf a9L x'g ;S5 . !)
k|ltzt sd{rf/Lx¿ bDktLn] g} sfd ug]{ ePsf]n] b'O{ hgfsf] cfDbfgLn] vr{ o]gs]g rn]sf] 5 . %
k|ltzt sd{rf/Lx¿ ;fdflhs k|lti7fsf nflu hflu/ vfPsf] b]lvPsf]n] pgLx¿sf] kl/jf/sf] /fd|f]
cfly{s k[i7e"ldsf sf/0f vf; sl7gfOdf g/x]sf] efg x'G5 . olt x'Fbf klg $) k|ltzt sd{rf/Lx¿
t s'07fdf g} afFlr/x]sf] b]lvG5g\ .7 ha a}slNks pkfo gckgfO{sg ;fdfGo hLjg wfGg sl7gfO{
kg]{ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] tnadfg xF'bf pgLx¿af6 ;'zf;g k|fKt x'g] kl/sNkgf s;/L ug{ ;lsPnf <
pgLx¿ pTk|]l/t x'g cj:yf s;/L aGnf < o:tf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ vf]Hg' h?/L 5 .
;f/f+z
'Everything that is done in the world is done in hope.' -Martin Luther King
JolQm s;/L pTk|]l/t x'G5 eGg] dfgjLo Jojxf/sf] cWoogsf ;DjGwdf y'k|} cg';Gwfgx? ePsf
5g\ . pTk|]/0ff;DjGwL ljleGg l;4fGtx? o;}sf pkh x'g\ . pTk|]/0ff s'g} klg ;+u7gsf] p2]Zo
6 lghfdtL ;]jfdf pTk|]/0ff -;j{]If0f k|ltj]bg, @)^&.)^*_, k[i7 @ k|wfgdGqL tyf dGqLkl/ifbsf] sfof{no
7 lghfdtL ;]jfdf pTk|]/0ff -;j{]If0f k|ltj]bg @)^&.)^*_, k[i7 @^ k|wfgdGqL tyf dGqLkl/ifbsf] sfof{no
162
jf nIo k|flKtsf nflu clgjfo{ zt{ xf] . of] sd{rf/Lsf] dgf]ut kIf;Fu ;DjlGwt 5 . pRrtd
k|ltkmnsf] ck]Iff ug{] t/ pTk|]/0ff;DjGwL ljz]if Joj:yfsf nflu tbf?stf gb]vfpg] k|j[QLdf
;'wf/ geP;Dd Joj:yfkg / sd{rf/L ju{aLrsf] 6s/fjnfO{ sd ug{] k|of;nfO{ ;fy{s ?k lbg
;lsFb}g g t ;du| ;+u7gsf] ;fv g} pFrf] /fVg ;lsG5 . t;y{ ;'wf/sf k|of;x? dflyNnf] :t/af6
x'g' clgjfo{ 5 . /fhg}lts txn] pRr k|zf;lgs txdf pTk|]/0ff hufpg l;Sg'kb{5 . tj dfq pRr
k|zf;lgs txn] qmdzM dWod tyf lgDg txnfO{ pTk|]l/t ug{ ;Sb5 . sd{rf/Lsf] cfjZostf s'g
txsf] 5 eGg] a'emL o;sf] kl/k"lt{ x'g] pkfo cjnDag u/]df dfq sd{rf/LnfO{ sfd k|lt pTk|]l/t
ug{ ;lsG5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df pTk|]/0ff ;DjGwL ;d:ofx?nfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsPdf ;/sf/ /
sd{rf/Lx? aLrdf b]vf k/]sf] dgf]a}1flgs b"/LnfO{ sd ug{ ;lsg] / ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxnfO{
k|efjsf/L agfpg ;lsg] ljZjf; lng ;lsG5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|LM
• e§, k|f= 8f= eLdb]jM sd{rf/L k|zf;g, >LdtL zzL e§, gy{ Sof/f]nfOgf, cd]l/sf
• e§, k|f= 8f= eLdb]jM …lghfdtL ;]jfdf 36\bf] cfsif{0fÚ /fli6«o b}lgs uf]/vfkq, @)^%
kmfu'g @) ut]
• ltjf/L, dw'lglw -kLPr 8L=_M …;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf s]xL kIfx?Ú >LdtL sflGt ltjf/L,
l8NnLahf/, sf7df8f}+
• ============,lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( / lgoddfjnL, @)%), sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt
• ============,lghfdtL ;]jfdf pTk|]/0ff -;j{]If0f k|ltj]bg @)^&.)^*_, k|wfgdGqL tyf
dGqLkl/ifbsf] sfof{no
• ============,g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt
• ============,lqjifL{o cGtl/d of]hgf -@)^&÷)^*—@)^(÷)&)_ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u
• Agrawal, Govinda Ram : Management in Nepal, Curriculum Centre, TribhuvanUniversity, 1980
• Acharya, M. R. (1996): 'Business of Bureaucracy', Nepal Encyclopedia Foundation,Kathmandu.
• Various internet searches
163
n}l·s ;dfgtf tyf dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f M k|lta4tf / k|of;x?
ls/0f hf]zL*
;f/f+zg]kfn ;/sf/åf/f /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o :t/df n}l·s ;dfgtfsf] kIfdf cleJoQm ljleGg k|lta4tfx?nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{] k|of;nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbb} ;/sf/, u}/ ;/sf/L If]q, lghL If]qtyf gful/s ;dfh / bft[ lgsfo ;d]tsf] ;xof]u kl/rfng u/L pNn]Vo sfo{x? ePsf 5g\ .g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,@)^# n] n}l·s dte]b cGTo u/L dlxnfsf nflu ;DkQLdf ;dfg xs / k|hgg xs ;DaGwL xssf] k|Tofe"t ug{] / pgLx?dfly x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf lx+;fhGo lqmofsnfknfO{b08gLo dfg]sf] 5 . dlxnf ju{sf] lzIff :jf:Yo / /f]huf/Lsf] nflu /fHon] ljz]if gLlt lng'kg{]s'/f ;d]t ;+ljwfgdf g} pNn]v 5 . /fHosf ;a} c+ux?df dlxnfx?sf] ;dfg'kflts ;xeflutf;+ljwfgåf/f g} ;'lglZrt ul/Psf] 5 . /fHo ;+oGqdf sDtLdf ## k|ltzt dlxnf k|ltlglwTjsfnflu /fhgLlts ;+sNk JoQm ul/Psf] 5 tyflk ;dfhdf lkt[;tfTds ;f]r cem} sfod /xg',dlxnfx?sf] /fhgLlts cfly{s ;fdflhs, sfg"gL ;zlQms/0fsf k|of;x? km}nfj6 / u'0f:t/sfb[li6n] ck|ofKt x'g', ;z:q åGå n}l·s lx+;f, dfgj j]rlavg tyf ul/aLsf] k|efj dlxnfdf a9g' h:tf ;d:ofx? cem} ljBdfg /x]sf]n] dlxnfsf] d'ne"t tyf ;dfg clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ub}{ ;d'Ggt Gofok"0f{ n}l·s ?kn] ;dfj]zL / ;dtfd'ns gof“ g]kfn lgdf{0f ug{] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] bL3{sfnLg;f]rnfO{ ;fsf/ agfpg' ckl/xfo{ 5 .
* zfvf clws[t, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno
n}lËs ;dfgtf
of] Pp6f o:tf] cj:yf xf] hxfF dlxnfx¿dfly s'g} klg k|sf/sf] lje]b gePsf] cj:yfnfO{
a'emfpF5 . o;n] o:tf] cfbz{ cj:yfnfO{ O+lut ub{5 hxfF dlxnf / k'?ifsf] ;dfg clwsf/, cj;/,
164
kx'Fr, lgoGq0f / cl:tTj Pj+ klxrfg ePsf] x'G5 . dlxnf / k'?ifnfO{ ;dfg:t/, ;dfg cj;/,
;dfg clwsf/, ;dfg lhDd]jf/L, ljsf;sf] ;|f]t Pj+ k|ltkmndf ;dfg kx'Fr, ;dfg ;xeflutf,
gLlt lgdf{0f tyf lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;dfg dtnufotsf kIfx¿ n}lËs ;dfgtfsf cfwf/e"t tTjx¿
x'g\ . n}lËs ;dfgtf sfod /x]sf] s'g} klg ;dfhdf dlxnfx¿ jl~rsLs/0fdf /xg' kb}{g . n}lËs
;dfgtfnfO{ cf}krfl/s ;dfgtf, ;+/If0ffTds ;dfgtf, ;'wf/fTds ;dfgtf / ;f/jfg ;dfgtf
u/L rf/ efudf ljefhg ul/G5 .
• World Economic Forum n] n}lËs ;dfgtf dfkgsf nflu lgDg 9fFrfx¿nfO{ tf]s]sf] 5M
- Economic Opportunity, Economic Participation, Political Participation, Health andWell-being, Educational Attainment
• xfn;Dd :jL8]g, gj]{, cfO;NofG8, 8]gdfs{ / lkmgNofG8 h:tf b]zx¿sf] n}lËs ;dfgtf
;"rsf+s pRr :yfgdf /x]sf] kfOG5 .
dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f
;zQmLs/0f JolQmsf] zlQm;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . zlQm lgDg k|sf/n] k|of]u x'g ;S5M–
- Power too -s]xL ug{ ;Sg] zlQm_, Power with -;+o'Qm zlQm_, Power within -d leqsf]
cfTdzlQm ;Ddfg_, Power over -c¿dfly lyrf]ldrf] ug]{ zlQm_ .
dlxnfx¿ k'?ifsf] t'ngfdf w]/} kl5 k/]sf 5g\ egL dlxnfnfO{ k'?if ;/x agfOg'kb{5 eGg] ljleGg
k|of;x¿dWo] dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f ;a}eGbf kl5Nnf] ;g\ !(() sf] bzslt/ k|rngdf cfPsf] Ps
d'Vo /0fgLlt xf] . n}lËs ;dfgtf xfl;n ug'{ clGtd nIo xf] eg] dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f o;df
;xof]u k'¥ofpg] dfu{ jf k|lqmof xf] . dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f o:tf] dfWod xf] h;af6 dlxnfn] cfkm\gf]
ljifodf cfkm+} lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf / cfTdljZjf;sf] k|j4{g x'G5 . cfkm\gf] hLjgsf af/]df
:jlg0f{o ug{ cled'v u/fpg] /0fgLlt xf] . :jo+leq /x]sf] cfGtl/s zlQm -ljj]s, efjgf, wf/0ff
rfxgf cflb_ sf] k|of]u ug{ ;Ifd agfpg] dfWod g} dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f xf] .
Karen Mason -!(*^_ n] dlxnf ;zQmLs/0fsf $ j6f cfofd 5g\ egL JofVof u/]sf 5g\ .
– cfly{s cfofd,;fdflhs cfofd,dgf]j}1flgs cfofd,/fhgLlts cfofd
dlxnf ;zQmLs/0fsf] k|lqmof ;a} 7fpF, hfthflt, ;d'bfo, wd{, ;+:s[lt, pd]/ / :t/df ;dfg
x'Fb}g .
165
• dlxnf ;zQmLs/0fsf] nIo Ps}k6s xfl;n ug{ ;lsFb}g . dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f ug{sf nflu
kfFrj6f tx;lxtsf] 9fFrf k|of]u ul/G5 . h;cg';f/M
!= sNof0fsf/LM dlxnf ;zQmLs/0fsf] klxnf] :t/M
– o;df dlxnfn] ef]u]sf] tTsfnLg ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu sNof0fsf/L sfo{x¿ kb{5g .
– tTsfnLg ef}lts cfjZostf kl/k"lt{ ug]{ sfo{qmdx¿, ljleGg sNof0fsf/L ;'ljwfx¿M
lzIff, :jf:Yo, oftfoft, 3/fo;L sfo{df cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf dfWodaf6 sfo{ ;/nLs/0f
tyf pTkfbgzLn If]qdf ;+nUgtfsf nflu cfjZos nufgL tyf jftfj/0fsf] s]xL ;/n
Joj:yf ul/G5 .
@= kx'FrM
– of] :t/df s'g} klg ;|f]t, ;fwg cj;/ tyf ;"rgfdfly dlxnfx¿sf] k'?if;/x kx'Fr a9]sf]
x'G5 .
– dlxnfx¿sf] Ifdtf, 1fg ljsf; ug]{ cj;/, plrt :jf:Yo ;]jf, ;xh ¿kdf C0f ;'ljwf
tyf ljQLo ;xof]u k|fKt ub{5g\ .
– dlxnf lzIffsf] ;dfg cj;/, ;dfg sfdsf] cj;/ k|fKt u/L ljleGg lgsfox¿df
dlxnfx¿sf] kx'Fr a9]sf] x'G5 .
#= ;xeflutfM
– of] :t/df dlxnfx¿ n}lËs e]befj klxrfg ug{ ;Sg] cj:yfdf x'G5g\ .
– ;dfhdf ePsf n}lËs lje]bdf cfnf]rgfTds l6Kk0fL u/L ltgsf] lg/fs/0fsf nflu
;fd"lxs kxn ug{ / n}lËs e]b x6fpg ;lsg] ljifo xf] eGg] s'/fdf dlxnfx¿sf] a'emfOsf]
ljsf; eO;s]sf] x'G5 .
$= ;r]tgfM
– of] :t/df dlxnfx¿ ;fdflhs / ;+:yfut n}lËs lje]b x6fpg ljleGg If]qdf ;+nUg x'g
yfNb5g\ .
– cfjZos ;"rgf k|flKt, cjnDag ug'{kg]{ pkfox¿sf] klxrfg tyf kfl/jfl/s, ;fdflhs
tyf ljsf;fTds lqmofsnfkdf ;xeflutf ;dfg ¿kdf ug{ ;Ifd x'G5g\ .
166
%= lgoGq0fM
– of] :t/df dlxnfx¿ cfkm\gf] cfocfh{gdf k"0f{tof lgoGq0f /fVg ;Ifd x'G5g\ .
– 3/fo;L lg0f{o k|lqmof, ;DkQL / cGo ;|f]t ;fwgdfly k'?if;/x lgoGq0f sfod ePsf]
x'G5 .
– dlxnfx¿df ;fdflhs tyf 3/fo;L lx+;flj?4 n8\g] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; eO{ To:tf
;d:ofx¿af6 d'Qm x'G5g\ .
– lgoGq0fsf] :t/df k'u]kl5 dlxnf / k'?ifaLr n}lËs ;dfgtf sfod x'G5 .
– n}lËs ;dfgtf tyf dlxnf ;zQmLs/0fM k|lta4tf / k|of;x¿ .
!= /fli6«o:t/sf] k|of;
• lj=;+= !(&& df ;tL k|yfsf] cGTo ->L # rGb|zdz]/_
• lj=;+= @)@) ;fnsf] d'n'sL P]gn] n}lËs ;dfgtfaf/]df 5nfª df/]sf] .
• lj=;+= @)!% / @)!( sf] ;+ljwfgdf dlxnf xslxtsf af/]df n]lvPsf] .
• lj=;+= @)#$ ;fndf ;fdflhs ;]jf /fli6«o ;dGjo kl/ifb\sf] :yfkgf .
• lj=;+= @)#& df :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno cGtu{t dlxnf ljsf; zfvf :yfkgf .
• lj=;+= @)%@ df dlxnf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfnosf] :yfkgf .
• lj=;+= @)%* df /fli6«o dlxnf cfof]u u7g .
• lj=;+= @)^) df dlxnf ;DaGwL /fli6«o sfo{gLlt kfl/t .
• lj=;+= @)^! df n}lËs ;dfgtf tyf dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f / ;antf ;DaGwL sfo{gLlt
tof/ .
• lj=;+= @)^& df dlxnf lx+;flj?4 /fli6«o sfo{of]hgf agfO{ sfof{Gjogdf nluPsf] .
@= ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf
• dlxnf–k'?ifaLr ;dfg kfl/>lds
• 5'§} sfg"g agfO{ ljz]if Joj:yf ug{ ;lsg]
167
• wf/f @) cg';f/ dlxnfsf] xssf] Joj:yf
• ;DkQLdf ;dfg xssf] Joj:yf
• ;fdflhs Gofosf] xssf] Joj:yf
• /fHosf gLltx¿ cGtu{t dlxnf xs;DaGwL ljljw Joj:yf u/L lzIff, :jf:Yo / /f]huf/L
h:tf /fli6«o ljsf;sf sfo{x¿df ;xeflutf u/fpg] k|fjwfg ul/Psf]
• cfly{s, ;fdflhs, z}lIfs b[li6n] kl5 /x]sfnfO{ ljz]if sfg"g agfO{ ;dfj]zLs/0f ug]{
gLlt cjnDag u/]sf]
• ;+ljwfg;efdf ;dfj]zL k|ltlglwTj /x]sf] .
#= sfg"gL Joj:yf
• d'n'sL P]gdf ;+zf]wg u/L lgDg Joj:yf ;dfj]z u/]sf] kfOG5M–
– k}t[s ;DkQLdf dlxnfsf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt x'g]
– !@ xKtf;Ddsf] ue{ktg ug{ kfOg] cfwf/ tf]s]sf]
– ;DaGw ljR5]bkl5 c+z lng / ljwjfn] nf]Ug]sf] c+zdf clwsf/ lng kfpg] .
• :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% cg';f/ uflj; / gu/kflnsfsf j8fx¿df clgjfo{
dlxnf k|ltlglw /xg] Joj:yf u/]sf] .
• lghfdtL ;]jf P]g tyf lgodfjnLdf ljz]if Joj:yf u/L a9'jf, cfGtl/s k|lt:kwf{df !
jif{ sd, k/LIf0fsfn ^ dlxgf sd nufotsf Joj:yf ul/Psf] P]gsf] bkmf & cg';f/
v'nf kbdWo] $% k|ltzt sf]6f 5'6\ofO{ ;f] kbnfO{ ztk|ltzt dfgL ## k|ltzt dlxnfsf
nflu cf/If0fsf] k|fjwfg /fv]sf] .
• /fli6«o dlxnf cfof]u P]g, @)^# .
• dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/ lgoGq0f P]g, @)^$ tyf lgodfjnL .
• 3/]n' lx+;f -s;"/ tyf ;hfo_ P]g, @)^^ .
168
$= gLltut Joj:yf
• 5}6f}+ of]hgfM s[lifdf pTkfbsTj a9fO{ tflnd k|bfg u/L dlxnfsf] ljsf; ug]{ .
• ;ftf}+ / cf7f}+ of]hgfM dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf a9fpg], cfly{s ;|f]t ;fwgdf kx'Fr lbnfpg] .
• gjf}+ of]hgf M n}lËs e]befj x6fO{ ;zQmLs/0fsf] dfWodåf/f d"nk|jfxdf ;dflxt ug]{ .
• b;f}+ of]hgfM n}lËs d"nk|jfxLs/0f, n}lËs ;dfgtf, dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f ug]{ tyf ;f]sf]
cg'udg d"Nof+sg ug]{ .
• cGtl/d of]hgfM dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f / n}lËs ;dfgtf;DaGwL 5'§} Joj:yf u/]sf] .
• lqjifL{o of]hgfM n}lËs ;dfgtf / dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f;DaGwL 5'§} Chapter /fvL
dlxnfx¿sf] ;zQmLs/0f ub}{ pgLx¿sf] e"ldsfnfO{ ;zQm agfpg] n}lËstfdf cfwfl/t
lx+;f Pj+ lje]b cGTo ug]{nufotsf gLltut Joj:yf .
• 5fpk8L k|yf pGd"ng lgb]{lzsf, @)^$ .
%= ;+:yfut Joj:yf
• dlxnf afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno, dlxnf ljsf; ljefu, &% lhNnfdf
dlxnf ljsf; zfvfsf] :yfkgf .
• /fli6«o dlxnf cfof]usf] :yfkgf .
• x/]s dGqfno÷ljefudf Gender Focal Point sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] .
• cy{dGqfnodf Gender Responsive Budget Committee u7g eO{ sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] .
• dlxnf ;dGjo ;ldlt / r]nLa]6L a]rlavg lgoGq0f ;ldlt /x]sf] -@^ lhNnfdf r]nLa]6L
lgoGq0f sfo{;ldlt /x]sf]_
^= sfo{ut Joj:yf
• dlxnf ljsf; ;DaGwL 5'§} sfo{of]hgf, dlxnf lx+;flj?4 /fli6«o sfo{of]hgf hf/L .
• dlxnf;DaGwL ;fs{:t/Lo ;GwLdf x:tfIf/ .
• dlxnf hfu[lt cfocfh{g sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
169
• g]t[Tj ljsf; tflndsf] gofF Joj:yf .
• ljwjf / j[4 eQfsf] Joj:yf .
• Gender Responsive Budget tof/ x'g yfn]sf] .
• c;xfosf nflu lgMz'Ns sfg"gL, ;xfotfsf] Joj:yf .
&= cGo Joj:yf
• ljleGg u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿af6 dlxnf ljsf; tyf pTyfg;DaGwL sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng
eO/x]sf .
• ;fd"lxs tyf JolQmut C0fsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] .
• lzIff P]g cg';f/ k|To]s k|fylds ljBfnodf Pshgf dlxnf lzIfssf] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .
• lzIff ;ldltdf dlxnf /xg] Joj:yf .
• g]kfn k|x/Ldf dlxnf ;]nsf] u7g .
• Gender Management Information System sf] Joj:yf .
n}lËs ;dfgtf tyf dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f;DaGwL ;d:ofx¿
• GDP df dlxnfsf] of]ubfgsf] Plsg ug{ g;lsPsf]÷gul/Psf] .
• dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f / ;dfgtf;DaGwL cfGbf]ngdf 6f7faf7fx¿sf] af]njfnf /x]sf] .
• k/Dk/fut d"No / dfGotfsf] k|efj pRr g} /x]sf] .
• dlxnf ;xeflutfsf] sdL /x]sf] .
• ljleGg lgsfox?af6 k|bfg ul/g] sfo{qmdx¿df bf]xf]/f]kgf cfpg] u/]sf] .
• GMIS sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog x'g g;s]sf] .
• cem;Dd klg dlxnfnfO{ ljsf;sf] lgliqmo pkef]Qmfsf ¿kdf dfq lng] u/]sf] .
• /fhgLltdf sd k|ltlglwTj / ;xeflutf /x]sf] .
• dlxnfx¿sf] ;+:s[lt, wf/0ff, afgL Jojxf/n] ubf{ :jo+ pgLx¿n] n}lËs ;dfgtf / ;zQmLs/0fdf
afws /x]sf] kfOG5 .
170
n}lËs ;dfgtf tyf dlxnf ;zQmLs/0fsf nflu k|efjsf/L /0fgLlt / pkfox¿
/0fgLlt
• n}lËs d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug]{
• dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f ug]{
• n}lËs dfj]zLs/0f ug]{
• Gender Responsive Budget nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg]
• ;a} k|sf/sf n}lËs c;dfgtf, n}lËstfdf cfwfl/t lje]b / lx+;fsf] cGTo ug]{ .
pkfox¿
• dlxnf ;xeflutfdf j[l4 ug]{
• dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f ug]{
• dlxnf d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug]{
• n}lËs e]befj x6fpg]
• ;+:yfut ;'wf/ ug]{
• gLltut ;'wf/ ug]{
• sfg"gL ;'wf/ ug]{
• dlxnfsf] kx'Fr a9fpg]
• /fhgLlts txdf k|lta4tf hfx]/ ug]{
• k|efjsf/L cg'udg / d"Nofª\sg ug]{ .
cGt/f{li6«o dlxnf ;Dd]ngx¿ (International Women Conferences)
dlxnf ljsf; n}lËs ;dfgtf / dlxnf ;zQmLs/0fsf nflu ljutdf eP u/]sf k|of;sf] ;+lIfKt
emns ljleGg ;dodf ;DkGg u/]sf ljZj dlxnf ;Dd]ngaf6 cjut ug{ ;lsG5 . ;fy} ;g\ !(&@
df dlxnf;DaGwL ljleGg ljifonfO{ lnP/ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n] cGt/f{li6«o dlxnf jif{ dgfpg] 3f]if0ff
u¥of] . kmn:j¿k UNO sf] cfx\jfgdf ;g\ !(&% nfO{ æcGt/f{li6«o dlxnf jif{Æ 3f]if0ff ul/Psf]
171
lyof] . pQm dlxnf jif{df dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f;DaGwL ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿ ljZjel/ g} ;~rfng
ul/Psf lyP . o; l;nl;nfdf ;g\ !(&% b]lv ePsf cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ngx¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\M–
!= k|yd ljZj dlxnf ;Dd]ng, !(&%
• ;g\ !(&$ sf] UNO dxflwj]zgdf dlxnf;DaGwL k|yd ljZj ;Dd]ng, !(&% df ;DkGg
ul/g] dt}Sotf;lxt UNO n] o; ;DaGwdf ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ff u¥of] .
• of] ;Dd]ng ;g\ !(&% sf] h"g !( b]lv h'nfO{ @ ;Dd d]lS;sf] ;x/df ;DkGg eof] .
• of] k|yd ljZj dlxnf ;Dd]ngn] ;dfgtf, ljsf; / zflGtsf] gf/f;lxt ;g\ !(&^ b]lv !(*%
;Dd ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dlxnf bzssf ¿kdf dgfpg] 3f]if0ff u/]sf] lyof] .
• of] ;Dd]ngdf g]kfn nufot ljZjsf !#) d'n'ssf k|ltlglwx¿ ;xefuL lyP .
• of] ;Dd]ngdf dlxnfsf] e"ldsf / ljsf;df dlxnfsf] k|of;af/] 5nkmn ul/Psf] lyof] .
• ljz]ifu/L k|yd ljZj dlxnf ;Dd]ngkl5 dlxnf la?4sf zf]if0f, bdg / ;a} lsl;dsf
e]b\efj x6fpg dxf;lGwsf] cfjZostf af]w ul/of] .
• UNO sf] ;fwf/0f;efn] !* l8;]Da/ !(&( df dlxnf pk/ x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd"ng
;DaGwL dxf;lGw kfl/t u/L # ;]K6]Da/ !(*! b]lv nfu" u¥of] .
• k|yd ljZj dlxnf ;Dd]ngsf # k|d'v p2]Zox¿ b]xfocg';f/ 5g\M–
– n}lËs e]befjsf] pGd"ng u/L k"0f{¿kdf n}lËs ;dfgtf :yfkgf ug]{ .
– ljsf;df dlxnfnfO{ ;dflxt u/L pgLx¿nfO{ ljsf;df k"0f{¿kn] ;xefuL u/fpg] .
– ljZj zflGtdf dlxnfsf] of]ubfgsf] clej[l4 ug]{ .
• oL p2]Zox¿ k"/f ug{ o; ;Dd]ngn] ljZj sfo{ of]hgf cjnDag u/]sf] lyof] .
• pQm sfo{of]hgfn] lzIff, /f]huf/, /fhg}lts ;xeflutf, :jf:Yo ;]jf, cfjf;, kf]if0f tyf
kl/jf/ lgof]hgdf dlxnfsf] ;dfg kx'Frsf] nIo tf]sL pQm nIo ;g\ !(*) ;Dd ;xefuL
d'n'sx¿n] k|fKt ug'{kg]{ lgb]{zg lbPsf] lyof] .
172
@= bf];|f] ljZj dlxnf ;Dd]ng, !(*)
• bf];|f] ljZj dlxnf ;Dd]ng 8]gdfs{sf] /fhwfgL sf]kgx]ugdf ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] .
• o; ;Dd]ngn] cGt/f{li6«o dlxnf bzssf] cw{bzs k|ult ;dLIff u/]sf] lyof] .
• of] ;Dd]ngn] ljsf;df dlxnfsf] ;xeflutfsf nflu clwsf/, pQ/bfloTj / cj;/sf] ;dfgtf
k|bfg ug]{ / ;f] cj;/af6 k|fKt nfe klg dlxnfn] g} kfpg'kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf] lyof] .
• of] ;Dd]ngn] sfg"gL ;dfgtf, k|To]s txdf x'g] bdg, zf]if0f / lje]bsf sf/s tTj vf]Hg]
k|oTg u/]sf] lyof] .
• sf]kgx]ug ;Dd]ngn] dlxnfsf] ;DkQLsf] :jfldTj / lgoGq0f, k}t[s ;DkQLdflysf] dlxnfsf]
clwsf/, afnaflnsfsf] cleefjs aGg ;Sg] clwsf/ tyf /fli6«otfsf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug{
;zQm kxn ug'{kg]{ lgSof}{n u¥of] .
• of] ;Dd]ngn] k|yd ljZj ;Dd]ngn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf nIo k|flKtsf nflu cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfon]
rfn]sf sbdx¿ ;/fxgLo ePsf] lgisif{ klg lgsfn]sf] lyof] .
#= t];|f] ljZj dlxnf ;Dd]ng, !(*%
• s]Gofsf] /fhwfgL g}/f]aLdf ;g\ !(*% h'nfO{ !% b]lv @^ ;Dd ljZjsf !%& d'n'ssf
k|ltlglwx¿sf] ;xeflutfdf of] ;Dd]ng ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] .
• o; ;Dd]ngn] dlxnf ljsf;sf nflu ckgfPsf /0fgLltx¿M ;dfgtf, ljsf;, zflGt, ljz]if
;/f]sf/sf ljifox¿, cGt/f{li6«o If]qLo ;xof]u cflb lyP .
• o; ;Dd]ngn] ;dfgtf, ljsf; / zflGt h:tf cGt/f{li6«o dlxnf bzssf nflu to ul/Psf
p2]Zox¿dfly k'g/fjnf]sg tyf d"Nofª\sg;d]t u/]sf] lyof] .
• t];|f] ljZj ;Dd]ngn] tof/ u/]sf dlxnf ljsf;sf sfo{of]hgf tyf lg0f{ox¿ b]xfocg';f/
5g\M–
– dlxnfx¿nfO{ k'?if ;/x lzIff k|bfg ug]{
– dlxnfx¿sf] :jf:Yo cj:yfsf] ;'wf/ ug]{
173
– sfg"gdf /x]sf n}lËs e]befj x6fpg]
– dlxnfx¿nfO{ /f]huf/Lsf] If]qdf k|fyldstf -hf]8_ lbg] .
• ;g\ @))) ;Dddf lg/If/tf pGd"ng ug]{ / dlxnfx¿sf] cf};t cfo' sDtLdf ^% jif{;Dd
k'¥ofpg] Pj+ cfTdlge{/ x'g], /f]huf/sf] cj;/ pknAw u/fpg] lg0f{odf klg ;xdlt ePsf]
lyof] .
• log} lg0f{ox¿nfO{ g}/f]aL cu|ufdL /0fgLlt (Nairobi Forward Looking Strategy) sf] gfd
lbOof] .
$= rf}yf] ljZj dlxnf ;Dd]ng, !((%
• rLgsf] /fhwfgL a]Olhªdf ;g\ !((% sf] ;]K6]Da/ $–!% ;Dd of] ;Dd]ng eof] . h'g
xfn;Dds} ;a}eGbf 7"nf] lyof] .
• ljZje/sf !*( /fi6«sf ^ xhf/ k|ltlglw, $ xhf/ u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf k|ltlglw, $ xhf/
kqsf/ / cGo s}of}+ ljleGg JolQmx¿ ;d]t ;xefuL ePsf lyP .
• of] ;Dd]ngdf o;eGbf klxn] ;DkGg ePsf tLgj6f ljZj dlxnf ;Dd]ng nufot dlxnf
;DaGwL /fi6«;+3Lo ljleGg 3f]if0ffkq Pj+ dxf;lGwx¿sf] k'g/fjnf]sg ul/Psf] lyof] .
• o; ;Dd]ngn] lgDg k|sf/sf b:tfj]hx¿ tof/ kf/]sf] lyof]M–
– a]Olhª 3f]if0ffkq
– a]Olhª sfo{d~r
– gfh's ;/f]sf/sf If]qx¿
– /0fgLlts nIo tyf sfo{x¿
dlxnflj?4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd"ng ug]{ dxf;lGw, !(&( / ;f]sf] OR5fwLg cfn]v, !(((
(CEDAW)
dlxnflj?4 /x]sf ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd"ng ug]{ ;DaGwdf ;g\ !(^& df cGt/f{li6«o ;xdlt
sfod eP tfklg ;f]sf] !@ jif{kl5 ;g\ !(&( l8;]Da/ !* df UNO sf] dxf;efåf/f pQm
dxf;lGw kfl/t ePsf] xf] / To;sf] sl/a b'O{ jif{kl5 ;g\ !(*! ;]K6]Da/ # b]lv nfu" ePsf]
174
xf] . dlxnf la?4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf] e]befj pGd"ng ug]{ dxf;lGw dlxnfx¿sf] dfgj clwsf/
;+/If0f ug]{ cGt/f{li6«o clwsf/ kqsf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . o; dxf;lGwn] dlxnf lj?4 x'g] e]befj
pGd"ng ug]{ / dlxnf / k'?ifaLr ;dfgtf sfod ug]{ d'Vo Wo]o /fv]sf] 5 . o; dxf;lGwdf #)
j6f wf/f /x]sf 5g\ . xfn;Dd o; dxf;lGwnfO{ ljZjsf !() j6f /fi6«x¿n] cg'df]bg ul/;s]sf
5g\ . g]kfnn] sl/a b; jif{kl5 @@ clk|n !((! df lagf ;t{ of] ;lGw cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5 .
o; dxf;lGwn] dlxnfsf ;Dk"0f{ dfgj clwsf/x¿nfO{ sfg"gL dfGotf lbO{ To:tf clwsf/x¿sf]
;+/If0f ug]{ sfg"gL bfloTj dxf;lGw cg'df]bg u/]sf /fHox¿nfO{ tf]s]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;lGw P]gn]
g]kfnn] cg'df]bg u/]sf jf g]kfn kIf ePsf ;a} ;lGwx¿ g]kfnsf] /fli6«o sfg"g x'g] tyf /fli6«o
sfg"g / To:tf ;lGwx¿ k/:k/ aflemPdf ;lGwsf] k|fjwfg nfu" x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ctM
;lGwn] l;h{gf u/]sf bfloTjx¿ k"/f ug'{ ;/sf/sf] ;+j}wflgs Pj+ sfg"gL st{Jo xf] . To;}n] o;
dxf;lGwsf Joj:yfx¿ g]kfn /fHoleq g]kfnsf] sfg"g;/x dfGo x'G5g\ . o; dxf;lGwn] cGo
dxf;lGwx¿n] h:tf] lnËsf cfwf/df x'g] c;dfg Jojxf/nfO{ dfq e]befjsf ¿kdf kl/eflift
gu/L e]befjsf] lj:t[t kl/efiff u/]sf] 5 .
a]Olhª sfo{d~r, !((%
;g\ !((% sf] ;]K6]Da/ $ b]lv !% ;Dd rLgsf] a]Olhªdf ;~rfng ePsf] rf}yf] ljZj dlxnf ;Dd]ngdf
dlxnfx¿sf ;d:of tyf n}lËs c;dfgtf, dlxnf ljsf;sf afwfx¿ lgd"{n ug]{ k|lta4tfsf ;fy
dlxnfx¿sf /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, dgf]j}1flgs, wfld{s, ;f+:s[ltsnufot ;a} kIfdf
kl/jt{g u/L dlxnf / k'?ifaLr n}lËs ;dfgtf sfod ug]{ k|lta4tf ;lxtsf] 3f]if0ffkqnfO{ g}
a]Olhª 3f]if0ffkq elgG5 . o; ;Dd]ngdf ;xefuL /fi6«k|d'v tyf k|ltlglwx¿n] dlxnfx¿sf]
ljsf; ug{ cfkm\gf] k|lta4tf hfx]/ ub}{ dlxnfx¿sf] xs / lxtsf nflu #* a'Fb] a]Olhª 3f]if0ffkq
hf/L u/] . h;cg';f/M–
– ljZjsf ;Dk"0f{ dlxnfx¿sf] pGgltsf nflu ;dfgtf, ljsf; / zflGtsf] nIo k"/f ug]{ .
– ul/aL g} dlxnfx¿sf] pTyfgsf lglDt 7"nf] afwssf ¿kdf /x]sf] x'Fbf o:tf cj/f]wnfO{
x6fO{ dlxnfsf] df}h'bf kl/l:yltdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] .
– /fi6«;+3åf/f 3f]lift dfgj clwsf/, dlxnflj?4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj lgd"{n ug]{
dxf;lGw, afn clwsf/, dlxnflj?4sf] lx+;f / ljsf;;DaGwL clwsf/ cg'¿k sfo{qmd
;~rfng ug]{ .
– dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f u/L dfgjtfsf cfwf/df ;dfhdf dlxnfx¿sf] lg0f{o ug]{ k|lqmof
nufot ;Dk"0f{ ljsf;df ;xeflutf u/fpg] .
175
– dlxnfx¿nfO{ ;zQmLs/0f ug{sf nflu k|hftflGqs clwsf/ lbnfpg] .
– dlxnf clwsf/ g} dfgj clwsf/ x'g] eGg] h:tf s'/fsf] af]w u/fpg] .
– lbuf] cfly{s ljsf;sf cfwf/df ;fdflhs ljsf;, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f, ;fdflhs Gofo
OToflb s'/fdf dlxnfsf] ;dfg ;xeflutf h'6fpg] .
– rf}yf] ljZj dlxnf ;Dd]ngaf6 kfl/t sfo{d~r sfof{Gjog ug]{ / ;a} txdf dlxnfx¿sf]
k"0f{ ;xeflutf / of]ubfg h'6fpg] .
– dlxnf / afnaflnsfn] dfgj clwsf/ cg'¿k :jtGqtfk"j{s hLjg JotLt ug]{ s'/fdf
lnË, hfthflt, pd]/, efiff, ;f+:s[lts k/Dk/f tyf wd{sf cfwf/df e]befj ug{ gx'g] .
– a]Olhª 3f]if0ffkq dlxnfx¿sf] ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts tyf cfly{s ;zQmLs/0f ug]{
k|of;df ljZjsf ;a} /fi6«x¿sf] ;femf dfu{bz{s /x]sf] 5 .
– o; ;Dd]ngn] klxrfg u/]sf !@ ;/f]sf/sf If]qx¿ (12 Critical Areas of Concern) ;d]6L /fli6«o sfo{of]hgf tof/ ug]{;d]t ;xdlt ePsf] lyof] .
– ;/f]sf/sf If]qx¿df cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfo, gful/s ;dfh, u};; / lghL If]qn] ;d]t sfo{
u/L n}lËs ;dfgtf sfod ug{ k'?if klg ;xefuL x'g'kg]{ s'/f a]Olhª sfo{d~rdf pNn]v
5 .
– pk/f]Qm a]Olhª 3f]if0ffkqsf a'Fbfx¿df pNn]lvt s'/f k"/f ug]{ ;Gbe{df ;3fp k'¥ofpgsf
nflu n}lËs ;dfgtf;Fu ;DalGwt lgDg k|sf/sf !@ j6f ;/f]sf/sf If]qx¿ /x]sf 5g\M–
!= dlxnf / ul/aL
• ljBdfg P]g, sfg"g tyf k|zf;lgs k|lqmofnfO{ ;dLIff u/L dlxnf lxtcg's"n agfpg],
• cfly{s gLlt tyf ljsf;;DaGwL ;dLIff ub}{ dlxnfsf] pTyfg cg's"n agfpg] k|of; ug]{,
• dlxnfx¿sf] ul/aLsf] ;DaGwdf dlxnf / k'?ifaLrsf] leGgtfnfO{ dWogh/ u/L dlxnf
la?4sf] ul/aL lgjf/0f ug{ ;xof]u ug]{ .
@= dlxnf / lzIff tyf tflnd
• dlxnf lg/If/tf pGd"ng ug]{,
• dlxnfx¿nfO{ lzIffsf] ;dfg cj;/ lbnfpg],
176
• Jofj;flos tflnd, lj1fg / k|ljlwdf dlxnfnfO{ cj;/ k|bfg ug]{,
• dlxnf / afnaflnsfnfO{ hLjg ko{Gt lzIff / tflndsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .
#= dlxnf / :jf:Yo
• dlxnfsf] k|hgg clwsf/ ;'/lIft ug]{,
• u'0ffTds :jf:Yo x]/rfxsf ;"rgf / ;DalGwt ;]jfx¿ dlxnfx¿nfO{ pknAw u/fpg],
• dlxnfsf] :jf:Yosf nflu cfly{s ;|f]t a9fpg] / lgoldt cg'udg ug]{,
• dlxnfx¿sf] :jf:Yo l:ylt;DaGwL cg';Gwfg ug]{ .
$= dlxnf lj?4 lx+;f
• dlxnflj?4 x'g] ck/fw lgd"{n ug{ PsLs[t pkfo cjnDag ug]{,
• dlxnfnfO{ ljb]zdf nuL a]rlavg ug]{ sfo{ sd ug{ / ;f] sfo{ ug{ lg?T;flxt kfg{]
cleofg rfNg] .
%= dlxnf / ;z:q ;+3if{
• zflGtsf lgldQ ;f+:s[lts ¿kdf dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf a9fpg],
• xftxltof/sf] lj/f]w ug]{ ljifodf lg0f{o lng] 7fpF / cf]xbfdf dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf j[l4
ug]{,
• lx+;f / ljgf;sf] lj/f]w ug]{ kl/kf6LnfO{ k|j4{g ug]{ lg0f{o lnOPsf 5g,
• pklgj]z tyf :jzf;g gePsf d'n'ssf dlxnfnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{,
• ;z:q ;+3if{ tyf åGåsf qmddf :jb]zL tyf ljb]zLx¿sf] lgoGq0fdf /x]sf dlxnfnfO{
;'/Iff ug]{ .
^= dlxnf / cy{tGq
• dlxnfnfO{ cfly{s clwsf/ / :jtGqtf k|bfg u/L /f]huf/ pknAw u/fpg],
• k];fut /f]huf/Ldf e]befj x6fpg],
• kfl/jfl/s sfo{ / pQ/bfloTj axg ug]{ l;nl;nfdf dlxnf / k'?ifsf] ;DaGw k|j4{g ug]{ .
177
&= zlQm / lg0f{o k|lqmofdf dlxnf
• zlQm / ;+/rgf tyf lg0f{o k|lqmofdf dlxnfsf] ;dfg kx'Fr / k"0f{ ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt
ug]{,
• /fli6«o lgsfo / cGo ;/sf/L lgsfox¿df dlxnfnfO{ lg0f{ostf{sf ¿kdf ;xefuL
u/fpg ;xof]u ug]{,
• g]t[Tj Pj+ lg0f{osf] txdf ;xeflutfsf nflu dlxnfsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ .
*= dlxnf ljsf;sf nflu ;+:yfut ;+/rgf
• dlxnf ljsf;sf nflu :yflkt ;+/rgfnfO{ ;'b[9 / ;Ifd agfpg],
• of]hgf th'{df, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg / d"Nofª\sg ubf{ / tYof+s ;+sng ubf{ n}lËs
b[li6sf]0f ckgfpg],
• n}lËs b[li6sf]0fnfO{ ljwflosf, Gofokflnsf, /fli6«o gLlt / sfo{qmddf PsLs[t ug]{ .
(= dlxnf / dfgj clwsf/
• dlxnfsf] dfgj clwsf/af/] r]tgf hfu/0f ug]{ / lzIf0f, k|lzIf0f ug]{,
• dlxnfsf] dfgj clwsf/ ;+/If0f tyf dlxnf zf]if0fsf] cGTo ug]{,
• dlxnfsf] ljZjJofkL dfgj clwsf/ ;'lglZrt u/L ;dtfd"ns ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug]{,
• dlxnfsf] ;jf{ª\uL0f ljsf;sf nflu dlxnfsf] dfgj clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug]{,
• dlxnf / k'?ifsf] ;dfg e"ldsfaf/] r]tgf j[l4 u/L Jojxf/df kl/jt{g Nofpg],
• dlxnfsf] dfgj clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrt ug{ cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg k4ltsf] ljsf; ug]{ .
!)= dlxnf / ;~rf/
• ;~rf/ / ;~rf/df gofF k|ljlw nufot lg0f{o lng] tyf cleJolQm ug]{ sfo{df dlxnfsf]
kx'Fr / ;xeflutf j[l4 ug]{,
178
• ;~rf/sf If]qdf n}lËs ;dfgtf ;'lglZrt ug]{,
• ;~rf/df k|:t't ul/g] dlxnfsf] k/Dk/fut 5ljnfO{ xtf]T;flxt u/L ;Gt'lnt / ;sf/fTds
5lj k|:t't ug]{ .
!!= dlxnf / jftfj/0f
• jftfj/0fsf] ;+/If0fdf dlxnfsf] e"ldsfaf/] r]tgf clej[l4 ug]{ / ;xeflutf a9fpg],
• jftfj/0f ;DaGwL gLlt lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog k|lqmofdf dlxnf ;xeflutf j[l4 ug]{ / lbuf]
ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ gLlt tyf sfo{qmddf n}lËs b[li6sf]0f ckgfpg],
• ljsf; / jftfj/0f;Fu ;DalGwt gLltx¿sf] dlxnfdfly kg]{ k|efjsf] d"Nofª\sg ug]{
;+/rgf :yfkgf ug]{ .
!@= aflnsf
• aflnsf lj?4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj cGTo ug]{,
• aflnsf lj?4sf ;f+:s[lts Jojxf/ lg/fs/0f ug]{,
• aflnsf lj?4sf lx+;f x6fpg],
• :jf:Yo / kf]if0fdf aflnsflj?4sf] e]befj x6fpg],
• aflnsfsf] lzIff, ;Lk, tflnd cflb ljifodf ;dfg clwsf/ :yflkt ug]{,
• aflnsfsf] l:ylt ;'wf/ ug{ kfl/jfl/s e"ldsf ;'b[9 ug,]{
• afn>d zf]if0fsf] lg/fs/0f ug]{ / >d zf]if0faf6 aflnsfnfO{ ;+/If0f ug]{,
• aflnsfx¿ k|ltsf] /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s Jojxf/af/] :jo+ pgLx¿nfO{ ;r]t
u/fpg] .
dlxnf clwsf/sf] P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld / cGt/f{li6«o k|of;
dfgj clwsf/sf] cjwf/0ffleq} dlxnf xs clwsf/sf] ljifo klg ;dflxt ePsf]n] dfgj clwsf/sf]
cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; ;Fu;Fu} dlxnf xs clwsf/sf] cjwf/0ffsf] klg ljsf; ePsf] dfGg ;lsg]
179
eP tfklg dlxnf clwsf/sf] ljifodf ;+:yfut k|of; @) cf}+ ztfAbLsf] k|f/De;Dd x'g ;s]sf]
kfOFb}g . @) cf}+ ztfAbLdf cfP/ dfq k'?if;/x dlxnfn] klg cfly{s, ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts, z}lIfs
nufotsf /fli6«o hLjgsf ;du| If]qdf ;xefuL x'g] ;dfg cj;/ k|fKt ug{ kfpg'kb{5 egL
cf}krfl/s ¿kdf dlxnf clwsf/sf] ;DaGwdf k|of;sf] k|f/De ePsf] dfGg ;lsG5 . ;g\ !($%
df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 :yfkgf x'Fbf tof/ ePsf] a8fkqdf cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfoaf6 dlxnf / k'?ifaLr
;dfgtf Pj+ dfgj clwsf/k|lt ;Ddfg sfod x'g'kb{5 eGg] pNn]v 5 . o;nfO{ ;g\ !($* sf]
dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkqn] cem ;zQm t'Nofof] . dlxnf ju{sf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s Pj+
/fhgLlts l:yltdf ;'wf/ ug]{ p2]Zon] ;g\ !($^ df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n] dlxnfsf] l:ylt ;DaGwL
cfof]u (Commission on the Status of Women) sf] u7g u¥of] . ztfAbLof}+b]lv ljBdfg dlxnf /
k'?if sfdbf/sf] aLrsf] c;dfg Hofnf ;DaGwL k|yf x6fpg] p2]Zon] ;g\ !(%! df lagf e]befj
dlxnf / k'?ifnfO{ ;dfg Hofnf lbg'kb{5 eGg] 3f]if0ffsf;fy ;dfg Hofnf ;DaGwL dxf;lGw, !(%!
cGt/f{li6«o >d ;Ë7gåf/f kfl/t eof] .
dlxnfsf] /fhgLlts ;xeflutfnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ ;g\ !(%@ df dlxnfn] dt lbg kfpg] /fhg}lts
clwsf/ ;DaGwL dxf;lGw ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3af6 kfl/t eof] . To:t} u/]/ dlxnfsf] gful/stf kl/jt{g
ug]{ ;DaGwdf Joj:yf ug{ dlxnfsf] gful/stfsf] clwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw, !(%) hf/L ul/of] .
;g\ !(^) df dlxnfdfly x'g] u/]sf] /f]huf/L / k];fut e]befjnfO{ pGd"ng ug]{ ;DaGwdf
cGt/f{li6«o >d ;Ë7gåf/f k];f / /f]huf/Lsf] e]befj pGd"ng ;DaGwL dxf;lGw kfl/t ul/of] .
o;sf] b'O{ jif{kl5 ;g\ !(^@ df ljjfx, ljjfxsf] nflu Go"gtd pd]/ tyf ljjfx btf{;DaGwL
dxf;lGw kfl/t eof] .
dlxnfdfly x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf] e]befj pGd"ng ug]{ ;DaGwdf ;g\ !(^& df cGt/f{li6«o ;xdlt
sfod eof] . dlxnfsf] pTyfg / ljsf; ;DaGwdf hf]8 lb+b} ;g\ !(&% df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n] ;g\
!(&% nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o dlxnf jif{sf] ¿kdf dgfpg] 3f]if0ff u¥of] . o;}sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k ;g\ !(&%
df klxnf]kN6 d]lS;sf]df cGt/f{li6«o dlxnf ;Dd]ngsf] cfof]hgf u/L To;} ;Dd]ngn] ;dfgtf,
ljsf; / zflGtnfO{ d"n gf/fsf] ¿kdf kfl/t ub}{ ;g\ !(&^ b]lv !(*% sf] bzsnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o
dlxnf bzs dgfpg] lg0f{o ;d]t u¥of] .
;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] dxf;efåf/f dlxnf lj?4sf ;a} e]befj lgd"{n ug]{ ;DaGwdf cGt/f{li6«o ;xdlt
ePsf] !@ jif{ k5fl8 ;g\ !(&( df dlxnflj?4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd"ng ug]{ ;DaGwL
dxf;lGw kfl/t eof] . k|yd k6s cGt/f{li6«o dlxnf bzs dgfpg] lg0f{o ul/Psf] ;g\ !(&^—
!(*% sf] dWofjlw ;dLIff ug]{ p2]Zon] ;g\ !(*) df 8]gdfs{sf] sf]k]gx]ugdf bf];|f] cGt/f{li6«o
dlxnf ;Dd]ng cfof]hgf ul/of] . ljsf;sf lgldQ ;fdflhs, /fhg}lts, cfly{s nufotsf ;Dk"0f{
If]qdf dlxnfnfO{ ;lqmo ;xefuL u/fpFb} dlxnf ;zQmLs/0fsf] cleofg k|f/De ug'{kg]{ s'/fdf
180
hf]8 lb+b} ;g\ !(($ df OlhK6sf] sfo/f]df hg;+Vof / ljsf; ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ngsf]
cfof]hgf eof] . dlxnf clwsf/ ;DaGwL kl5Nnf] dxTjk"0f{ cleofgsf] ¿kdf ;g\ !((% df rLgsf]
a]Olhªdf rf}yf] ljZj dlxnf ;Dd]ngsf] cfof]hgf eof] / pQm ;Dd]ngn] dlxnf ;zQmLs/0fsf
nflu sfo{qmd nfu" ul/g'kg]{ !@ j6f If]qnfO{ d'Vo ;/f]sf/sf If]qsf] ¿kdf klxrfg u/L sfo{of]hgf
tof/ ug]{ lgb]{z u¥of] .
g]kfndf dlxnfsf] l:ylt
ljut !# jif{df g]kfnL dlxnfsf] l:yltdf Jofks kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 . dlxnfsf] lzIff, /f]huf/L
tyf :jf:Yosf] If]qdf pNn]vgLo k|ult ePsf] 5 . dlxnfsf] klxrfgdf hft, ju{ / hftLo
cfofdx¿af6 o:tf] kl/jt{gsf] lj:tf/ tyf :jefjdf cem k|efj k/]sf] 5 . To;f] eP tfklg
k'?ifsf] t'ngfdf ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts, cfly{s tyf sfg"gL If]qdf ;Lldt cj;/ / clwsf/sf
sf/0f dlxnfnfO{ ;fdflhs k|lti7fsf] ;f]kfgdf tNnf] txdf /x]sf] b]vfPsf] 5 . o;n] dlxnf
/ k'?ifaLr ljBdfg km/s / e]befjk"0f{ oyfy{tf bzf{pg] c;dfg n}lËs ;DaGwnfO{ cem a9L
phfu/ u/]sf] 5 . o;n] dlxnflj?4 x'g] k/Dk/fut k"jf{u|xsf] hfgsf/L lbG5 / cfly{s, ;fdflhs
tyf /fhg}lts ;Gbe{df kl/jt{gsf gofF cj;/sf] vf]hLsf] nflu 7fpF k|bfg ub{5 / o;sf ;fy}
e]befjsf gofF :j¿ksf] phfu/ klg u/]sf] 5 .
jf:tjdf eGg] xf] eg] dlxnf lj?4sf] e]befjn] ubf{ pgLx¿ cfkm\gf] cj:yf / l:yltdf ;'wf/ u/L
;dfhdf ;'vL hLjg latfpg P]ltxfl;s ¿kn] g} pk]lIft /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfndf 3/]n' lx+;fnfO{
lgoGq0f tyf ;hfo ug]{ kof{Kt sfg"gsf] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ 5 / dlxnfsf] ;DkQLdflysf] clwsf/
s]xL dfqfdf ;Lldt g} /x]sf] 5 . dfgj ljsf;;DaGwL n}lËs e]befjsf kl/;"rsn] lnËdf cfwfl/t
jf:tljs lje]bnfO{ oyfy{ ¿kn] lrq0f u/]sf] 5 / of] lrq0f k'?ifdf eGbf dlxnfdf 68\sf/f] ¿kdf
b]vf kb{5 .
o;n] ;fdfGo hLjg latfpgsf] nflu cfjZos cj;/df klg kIfkft 5 eGg] s'/fsf] lrq0f ub{5 .
xfnsf] ;lqmo hg;+VofdWo] dlxnfsf] ;+Vof k'?ifsf] eGbf a9L 5 t/ pgLx¿sf] cTolws ;do
sd pTkfbgzLn lqmofsnfk / 3/]n' sfddf laTg] ub{5 . o;sf cltl/Qm dlxnf hg;+Vofsf] 7"nf]
lx:;fnfO{ sfg"gaf6 k"0f{ ;+/lIft gul/P;Dd pgLx¿nfO{ cgf}krfl/s If]qsf] clen]vdf pNn]v
gx'g] HofnfljxLg kfl/jfl/s sfdbf/af6 dfly p7fpg / j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿ lj:tf/
ug{ cTofjZos 5 .
zf]if0faf6 ;+/If0f ug]{ qmddf obfsbf dlxnfsf] gful/s :jtGqtf ;DaGwL clwsf/df s6f}tL
x'g uO{ dlxnfn] /f]huf/L / ultzLntfdf k'?if;/x ;dfg cj;/af6 jl~rt /xg'kg]{ l:ylt /x]
181
tfklg o:tf] cj:yf dlxnf ;zQmLs/0fsf] qmddf x6]/ hfg] s'/f lglZrt 5 . blIf0f Pl;ofsf
cGo d'n'ssf] t'ngfdf g]kfnsf] ;fIf/tf b/ ;a}eGbf sd 5 – k|To]s kfFr hgf jo:s dlxnfdWo]
Ps hgf ;fIf/ 5g\ . ;fIf/tf b/ k'?ifsf] ^%=)* k|ltzt / dlxnfsf] s]jn $@=$( k|ltzt 5 .
-/fli6«o hgu0fgfM @)%*M s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu_ lk5l8Psf] u|fdL0f If]qdf 5f]/L eg]sf] cflv/
csf{sf] 3/ hfg] hft g xf], eg]/ 5f]/Lsf] nflu lzIffnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] u/]sf] kfOFb}g . ;fIf/tf
tyf v'b :s'n egf{ ;+Vofsf] lx;fan] n}lËs c;dfgtf blIf0f Pl;ofnL If]qd} ;jf{lws 5 . alnof]
sfg"gL k|fjwfg /xFbf /xFb} klg s]6Lx¿sf] ljjfx sd pd]/df ul/g] k|rng cfh klg /x]sf] kfOG5 .
g]kfndf dft[ d[To'b/ ljZjd} ;a}eGbf a9L 5 M– k|lt !,)),))) hLljt hGddf %$) hgf, !)
k|ltzteGbf sd hGddf dfq tflnd k|fKt :jf:Yo sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf k'Ub5 / %)–^) k|ltzt;Dd
ue{jtL dlxnfdf /QmcNktf 5 / %) k|ltzt dft[d[To', cj}w / c;'/lIft ue{ktgsf sf/0fn]
x'g] u/]sf] 5 -If]qLo dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bg, @))# M o"Pg8LkL_ . oL ;a} kl/;"rsx¿n] ljleGg
k|sf/sf ;fdflhs jl~rltk|lt Wofg cfs[i6 ub{5 h;n] g]kfnL u[x:yLdf dlxnfsf] hLjg hf]xf]sf]
ljsNknfO{ uDeL/ ¿kn] s6f}tL ub{5 .
dlxnfsf] k/lge{/tf ;fj{hlgs 7fpF, ahf/ / ;d'bfosf cGo If]qdf klg b]Vg ;lsG5 . lnËdf
cfwfl/t 3/]n' lx+;f, z+[vnfa4 3/]n' lx+;fsf] sf/0f ;[lht anfTsf/, r]nLa]6L a]rlavgsf]
;d:ofnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ ;/sf/ lg/Gt/ ¿kdf k|oTgzLn /lxcfPsf] 5 . ;/sf/L gLlt / sfg"gL
Joj:yfdf ;'wf/ ug{ cfjZos x'Fbfx'Fb} klg k|rlnt sfg"g tyf gLltsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog x'g
g;s]sf sf/0fn] klg dlxnfsf] ;'/Iff / cGo df}lns dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / kl/k"lt{ jfl~5t
¿kdf x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g .
;fdfGotM dlxnfn] ;DkQL, shf{, lzIff / /f]huf/L h:tf 7f]; ef}lts ;fwg tyf ;"rgf, ;fd'bflos
g]6js{, /fhg}lts kx'Fr tyf g]t[Tj cflb h:tf ;fdflhs ;|f]tdf cfˆgf] kx'Fr k'¥ofpg y'k|} afwf–
Jojwfgx¿sf] ;fdgf ub}{ cl3 a9\g k|oTg ug'{kb{5 . lzIff, /f]huf/L, lghfdtL ;]jf tyf /fhg}lts
k|0ffnLdf dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf;DaGwL ul/Psf] ;fgf] ;dLIffn] :ki6l;t lk/fld8 9fFrfnfO{ k|blz{t
ub{5, h;df lszf]/L, dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf ;+:yfut ;+/rgfsf] lkFwdf /x]sf] kfOG5 . /fli6«o /
3/]n':t/df dlxnfsf] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg 5Fbf5Fb} klg dlxnfn] u/]sf] sfo{ gb]lvg', lghL tyf
;fj{hlgs If]qsf] gLlt lgdf{0f tyf lg0f{o ug]{ ;+/rgf / k|lqmofdf dlxnfsf] ;Lldt k|ltlglwTj,
;xeflutf / g]t[Tj x'g' h:tf s'/fx¿n] dlxnf / k'?ifsf nflu km/s–km/s kl/0ffd lbg] ;Gbe{df
lje]bk"0f{ n}lËs cfbz{ / o;sf] ef}lts cleJolQmnfO{ g} 6]jf k'u]sf] 5 .
182
lgZsif{
g]kfn ;/sf/n] 5}6f}+ of]hgf cjlw -@)#&–@)$@_ b]lv dlxnf ljsf;nfO{ / To;kl5sf cfjlws
of]hgfx?df dlxnf ;zlQms/0f / n}lËs ;dfgtf tyf ;dtfsf] ljifonfO{ ljz]if Wofg lbb} cfPsf]
5 . ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 nufot ;fs{:t/Lo / /fli6«o:t/df ePsf dlxnf ljsf;, dlxnf ;zlQms/0f /
n}lËs ljifosf dxf;lGw tyf 3f]if0ffsf k|fjwfgx? nfu" ug{ bzf{Psf] k|ltj4tf cg';f/ sfg"g tyf
gLltx?df yk ;'wf/ ub{} sfo{qmdx? sfof{Gjog ul/b} cfPsf] 5 tyflk k|lta4tf k"/f u/L dlxnfsf]
xs clwsf/ / n}lËs ;dfgtf ;'lglZrt ug{ g]kfnsf /fhg}lts bnx?, g]kfn ;/sf/, u}/ ;/sf/L
If]q, gLlh If]q bft[ lgsfo nufotn] cem w}/} sfo{x? ug{ afFsL /x]sf] 68\sf/f] cg'ej ul/Psf] 5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L M
� g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# ,g]kfn sfg"g Joj:yf lstfa ;ldlt, sf7df08f}+ .
� lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$(, g]kfn sfg"g Joj:yf lstfa ;ldlt, sf7df08f}+ .
� >d P]g,@)$*, g]kfn sfg"g Joj:yf lstfa ;ldlt, sf7df08f}+ .
� lq–jifL{o of]hgf @)^&÷^*–@)^(÷&), /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] ;lrjfno, sf7df08f}+ .
� www.mowcs.gov.np sf] web site .
� www.nwc.gov.np sf] web site.
� www.dow.gov.np sf] web site.
� cGt/f{li6«o dlxnf ;Dd]ngx?sf b:tfj]hx? .
183
ljsf;df hg;xeflutf / g]kfndf o;sf] k|of]uwf]ns/fh 9sfn*
;f/f+zs'g} kIf jf JolQm ljz]ifsf] c?;“u ldn]/ sfd ug]{ cj;/ jf clwsf/nfO{ hg;xeflutfelGfG5 . ;dfh / /fi6«sf] ljsf;df hgtfx?sf] ;xeflutf g} hg;xeflutf xf] . t;y{h'g;'s} ljsf;sf] nIo k|flKtsf] lgldQ ul/g] k|oTgdf ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] ;lqmo ;xeflutf x'g'kg]{ dfGotfsf cfwf/df hg;xeflutfsf] l;4fGt k|fb'ef{j ePsf] xf] . k|:t't n]vdf hg;xeflutfsf]oxL kIfnfO{ k|i6 kfg]{ k|of; ePsf] 5 .
* zfvf clws[t, ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno
kl/ro tyf kl/efiff M
'When you want to know if the plumbing works ask the occupant"
;fdfGo cy{df hg;xeflutf hgtfn] cfkm";Fu ;/f]sf/ ePsf] s'g]} klg ljifodf efu lng] jf ;l/s x'g] k|s[of jf cj:yfnfO{ hgfpg] zAb xf] . hg;xeflutfnfO{ lju|x ubf{ hg±;xeflutfx'g cfpF5 h;af6 klg xfdL ;f]em} cg'dfg ug{ ;S5f} ls s'g} klg ljifodf hgtfsf] ;xeflutf g} hg;xeflutf xf] .
hg;xeflutsf] vf;u/L b'O{ cy{ 5g j[xt\ / ;+s'lrt= . ;+s'lrt cy{df o;n] s'g} gful/sn]cfkm\gf] lglZrt p2]Zo k'/f ug{ s'g} ;fj{hlgs dfdnfdf cfkm\gf] ;+nUgtf hgfpg] lglZrt sfo{ xf] eg] j[xt cy{df o;n] x/]s gful/snfO{ l;h{gfTds ;fj{hlgs sfo{df s'g]} k|zf;lgs jf Joj:yfksLo lgsfo;Fu cfa4 geO{ ;lqmo ?kdf ;xefuL x'g] cj;/ k|bfg ug]{ sfo{nfO{ hgfpF5 .hg;xeflutf s] xf] eGg] ;DaGWfdf s'g} :ki6 / ;j{dfGo kl/efiff ljsl;t ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g .vf; u/L hg;xeflutf ljsf;sf] ;Gbe{df g} hf]l8P/ cfPsf] x'G5 oBkL cGo k|zf;lgs tyf Joj:yfksLo ultljwLdf k|of]u gx'g] zAb eg] xf]Og . hg;xeflutfsf] ;Gbe{df UN publication n] o;/L kl/efiff u/]sf] 5 M People participation means mass sharing of benefit of development, mass contribution to development and mass involvement in decision making process as three basic ingredients.
184
s'g} klg /fHon] ug]{ ljsf;sf pkef]Qmf tyf ;h{s b'j} dflg; g} x'g\, t;y{ dflg; g} ljsf; lqmofsnfk ;~rfng tyf pkef]u ug]{ Psdfq ljj]szLNf PJf+ r]tgzLNf k|f0fL ePsf] tYo k|frLgsfn b]lv g} :yflkt x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo dxf;lrj sf]kmL cGgfgn] klgdflg;sf] dxTjnfO{ dgg ub}{ jt{dfg ;Gbe{Dff h'g;'s} sfo{ ubf{ klg "We must put people at thecentre" egL pb\3f]if u/]sf lyP .
hg;xeflutfsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;g\ !(^) sf] bzsb]lv g} rrf{df NofO{Psf] xf] . hg;xeflutfnfO{cjwf/0ffsf] ?kdf k|:t't ug]{ klxnf JolQmTj k|mfG;sf /fhgLlt1 tyf bfz{lgs Alexis De Tocquevelle x'g . UNO sf] cfx\jfgdf ;g\ !(&) sf] bzsdf vf; u/Lsg ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«sf]u|fdL0f ljsf;sf] l;nl;nfdf hg;xeflutf nfu' ug{ ljz]if hf]8 lbO{Psf] lyof] . t/ u|fdL0f:t/df/x]sf ;d'bfon] ;f]eGbf klxn] klg cfkm\g} :YffgLo :f|f]t ;fwg h'6fO{ cfkm'nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog ub}{ cfPsf lyP . hg;xeflutf sfo{qmdnfO{ ;+:yfut lx;fan] cl3 a9fpg;g\ !(&# df UNO sf] Economic and social council n] Pp6f k|:tfj kfl/t u¥of] . h;df lGfDgs'/f pNn]lvt lyof] . The Government of state member of the United Nations should encourage wide popular participation and coordination in the development process in setting the goals, implementing the plans and enjoing the benefit of Development. o;} 3f]if0ff kZrft g} ljleGg;+3:f+:yfx?n] hg;xeflutfnfO{ ljsf;sf] k"Jfzt{sf] ?kdf lng yfn] h;af6 of] ljifo ljZjJofkL ?kdf rlr{t x'g k'Uof] .
t;y{ dflysf] 5nkmn / kl/efiffaf6 xfdL s] eGg ;S5f} eg] hgtfs]f lxt Pj+ sNof0fsf lgldQ;~rfng ul/g] ljsf; lqmofsnfksf] th'{dfb]lv sfof{Gjog ;Ddsf of]hgf rqmdf ;/f]sf/jfnf ju{sf] ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt u/L plgx?nfO{ ljsf; k|s[ofdf ;xefuL u/fpg] / To;af6 k|fKtk|ltkmnsf] ljt/0fdf ;dtf tyf ;dfgtf emNsfpg] sfo{ g} hg;xeflutf xf] .
hg;xeflutf k|fKt ug]{ tl/sf
hg;xeflutf :j]lR5s / :JftM:km"t{ 9+un] a9\g] k|s[of ePtf klg o;sf nflu ;DalGwt ;/sf/Ltyf ;+:yfut :t/af6 cfjZos jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug'{klg cfjZos b]lvG5 . o;sf nflu;DalGWt /fi6«, ;+:yfn] JolQmsf] dg lhTg ;Sg'k5{ h;sf nflu ;~rfng ul/Psf] kl/of]hgf, of]hgf, ljsf; lqmofsnfk, ljifo jf sfo{ nf]slk|o Pj+ cTolws JolQmnfO{ nfe lbg] vfnsf] x'g'k5{o;sf ;fy} b]xfosf] a'Fbfdf Wofg lbg' cfjZos b]lvG5 M
Ø of]hgf th'{df, ljsf; lgdf{0f tyf lg0f{o k|s[ofsf x/]s r/0fdf ;/f]sf/jfnf ju{sf] ;+nUgtf ;'lglZrt ug]{,
185
Ø hg;xeflutf k|j{4g x'g] vfnsf P]g, lgod, gLlt tyf lgb]{lzsfx?sf] lgdf{0f tyf sfof{Gjog ug]{,
Ø cd's lhNnf, gu/ tyf ufpFx?df eP ul/Psf /fd|f sfdx?sf] cjnf]sg u/fpg],
Ø ljleGg ;Nnfxsf/ ;ldlt, pkef]Qmf ;ldlt cflbsf] dfWodaf6 sfo{x? u/fpg],
Ø ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{sf] l;nl;nfdf s]xL cfly{s cyjf ef}lts ;xfotf cfjZos kg{ uPdf ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L ;+u7g cyjf cGo s'g} ;|f]taf6 o:tf] /sd jf ;fdfu|L pknAw u/fpg],
Ø ljsf; lgdf{0fsf nflu hg>dbfg u/]afkt ljleGg cfly{s Hofnf jf vfBfGGf lbP/ hgtfnfO{ cfs[i6 ug]{,
Ø cTolws hg;xeflutf h'6fO{ cfkm\gf] If]qsf] ljsf; pGgltdf pbfx/0f k]z ug]{ ufpF jf lhNnfnfO{ k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yf ug]{,
Ø hgtfsf] ;+nUgtfdf ul/Psf ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] lznfGof;, lgl/If0f cjnf]sg pb\3f6g ljlzi6 JolQmTjaf6 u/fpg],
Ø of]hgf th'{df s]Gb|Lo:t/df gu/L tNnf] txdf ug]{,
Ø k|zf;g, /fhgLlt, lzIff, :jf:Yo ;a]} If]qdf sfo{/t lgsfon] hgr]tgf clej[l4 ug]{ af/] ;femf k|oTg hf/L /fVg],
hg;xeflutsf k|s[ofx?
hg;xeflutf k|fKt ug]{ dfly pNn]lvt tl/sfx?sf cltl/Qm of] h'6fpg] lglZrt / ;j{dfGok|s[ofx? klg klxrfg ul/Psf 5g\ h;nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M
1= ;'rgfsf] k|jfx ug]{,
2= 5nkmn÷cGt{lqmof ug]{
3= glthfsf] lglDt ;xsfo{ ug]{
4= ;zlQms/0f ug]{
5= hg;xeflutf kl/rfng ug]{
6= ;dGjo / ;dLIff ug]{
186
hg;xeflutfsf cfwf/
ljsf; sfo{x?df ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] ;xeflutfnfO{ ;lqmo, l;h{gzLn / ;fy{s t'Nofpg] s]xLcfwf/x? x'G5g\ . hgtfsf] lg0f{o lgdf{0fdf kx'Fr, ;fj{hlgs ;"rgfdf kx'Fr / Gofodf kx'Fr;xeflutfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] o:tf cfwf/x? x'g .
-s_ lg0f{o lgdf{0fdf kx'Fr M
Ø clVtof/jfnfn] lg0f{o ug'{eGbf cl3sf] cj:yf M
� ;Nnfx ;'emfj / ;xof]u k|bfg u/]/,
� ljz]]if1sf] ?kdf ;xeflutf hgfP/,
� kl/of]hgfdf hf]8 lbP/
Ø lg0f{o ul/;s]kl5sf] cj:yf M
� lg0f{o sfof{Gjog u/]/,
� sfof{Gjogsf] qmddf cfjZos lgoGq0f u/]/,
-v_ ;fj{hlgs ;'rgfdf kx'Fr M
Ø cfkm\gf] ;/f]sf/sf] ;"rgfdf hgtfsf] kx'Fr / ;xeflutf x'g],
Ø of]hgf ;DalGWf lr7\7Lkq, dfOGo"6, k|ltj]bg, ;Demf}tf, ah]6 ;DalGWf ljifo cflbdf ;xh kx'Fr x'g],
Ø hgtfn] cfkm\gf egfO{, k|ltlqmof, ;'emfj /fVg kfpg] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{,
-u_ Gofodf kx'Fr M
Ø ljsf;sf] k|ltkmn Gofof]lrt ljt/0fsf] ;'lglZrttf x'g'kg]{,
Ø ljsf; Joj:yfkgdf ;dfj]zL gLltsf] cjnDAfg ul/g'kg]{,
Ø ljsf; lqmofsnfkaf6 x'g;Sg] b'ik|efjaf6 pGd'lQm kfpg Goflos pkrf/sf] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{,
187
hg;xeflutfsf] k|sf/
hg;xeflutfsf k|sf/nfO{ ljleGg ljåfgx?n] ljleGGf 9+un] pNn]v ug]{ u/]sf] kfO{G5 . oBlkljsf;sf] ;Gbe{Dff eGg'kbf{ hg;xeflutfsf lgDglnlvt k|sf/ x'G5g eGg ;lsG5 M
-!_ lgliqmo ;xeflutf M
Ø gfddfqsf] ;xeflutf xf] .
Ø hgtfnfO{ s] x'Fb}5 jf s] eO{;Sof] eGGf] hfgsf/L dfq lbO{G5,
Ø pgLx?n] nfeflGjt ;d"xsf ?Kfdf s]jn nfe k|fKt ub{5g / nfe k|fKtu?Gh]n;Ddsf nflu dfq ;xeflutf hgfpF5g,
Ø kl/of]hgf Joj:yfkgn] pgLx?;Fu k/fdz{ ub}{g,
Ø ;"rgfsf] cfbfg k|bfg s]jn ljsf; Joj;foLx?aLr dfq x'G5 .
-@_ of]ubfgsf/L ;xeflutf M
Ø lgliqmo eGbf cln:t/Lo hg;xeflutf,
Ø hgtfn] kl/of]hgfsf nflu ;"rgf, ;|f]t;fwg tyf pgLx?sf] >dsf] of]ubfg u/]/ ljsf; lqmofsnfkdf ;xeflutf hgfpF5g, t/ kl/of]hgfsf] l8hfOgdf pgLx?sf] guGo e"ldsf /xG5 .
Ø o;df vf;u/L gful/sx?n] cg';Gwfgstf{ / kl/of]hgf k|aGWfsx?n] l8hfOgu/]sf k|Zgx?sf] hjfkm lbg] sfo{ ub{5g\ t/ cuf8Lsf] k|lqmofdf pgLx?sf] ;+nUgtf jf k|efj /xFb}g .
Ø hgtfn] ;|f]t ;fwg pknAw u/fpF5g t/ kl/of]hgf lqmofsnfkdf pgLx?sf] ;xeflutf /xFb}g .
-#_ k/fdz{bfoL ;xeflutf M
Ø o;df ;/f]sf/jfnfx?;Fu ;DalGwt If]qsf ;d:of tyf cj;/x?sf af/]df /kl/of]hgf l8hfOgsf af/]df k/fdz{ lnO{G5 t/ kl/of]hgf l8hfO{gsf af/]sf] lg0f{odf eg] pgLx?sf] s'g} xft /xFb}g ,
188
Ø hgtfaf6 lnO{Psf] k/fdz{x?nfO{ :JfLsf/ jf OGsf/ ug'{ kl/of]hgfJoj:yfkgsf] :j]R5fdf e/ k5{ ,
-$_ sfo{ut ;xeflutf M
Ø o;k|sf/sf] hg;xeflutfdf ;/f]sf/jfnfx? kl/of]hgfsf k"j{lgwf{l/t p2]Zox? k'/f ug{ ljleGg ;d"xx? lgdf{0f u/]/ ;xeflu x'G5g,
Ø pgLx?sf] ;xeflutf d'Vo lg0f{ox? e};s]kl5 kl/of]hgfsf] clGTfd r/0flt/ dfq} x'g] u5{ .
Ø ;du| lg0f{o k|s[ofdf ;+nUg x'b}gg .
Ø o;nfO{ sfof{Gjogdf ;xeflutf klg elgG5 .
-%_ cGt/lqmofTds ;xeflutf M
Ø o;df hgtfx? ljsf; Joj;foL ;+u;Fu} ljZn]if0f / of]hgfdf ;lqmo ?kdf;xefuL x'G5g\ .
Ø :yfgLo lg0f{o lgdf{0fdf ;+nUGf x'G5g .
Ø ;/sf]sf/ jfnfx?n] lg0f{o lgdf{0fdf ;d]t k|efj kfg]{ x'Fbf o; lsl;dsf] ;xeflutfnfO{ lg0f{o lgdf{0fdf ;xeflutf klg elgG5 .
-^_ cfTdkl/rfng ;xeflutf M
Ø ;a}eGbf pGgt l;h{gzLn / ;lqmo lsl;dsf] ;xeflutf xf] .
Ø o; k|sf/sf] hg;xeflutfdf afx\o ;+:yfaf6 :JftGq /xL cfkm\g} k|of;df ljsf;sf sfo{x?df ;xefuL x'G5g .
Ø pgLx?n] ljsf; sfo{qmdx?df Joj;foLx?sf] ;xof]u lng ;S5g\ t/ ;Dk"0f{ k|lqmof eg] pgLx?sf] lgoGq0fdf x'G5 .
Ø o;k|sf/sf] ;xeflutfdf hgtfn] pgLx?sf] cfjZostf cg';f/ ljBdfg k|0ffnLsf] kl/jt{g ug{ ;S5g . To;}n] o;nfO{ ?kfGt/0fsf/L ;xeflutf klgelGfG5 .
189
hg;xeflutfsf] cfjZostf / dxTj M
hg;xeflutfn] lg0f{odf hgtfsf] cfjZostf / cfsf+Iff k|ltlalDat x'g] cj:yfsf] l;h{gf u5{/ hgtfx?nfO{ ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{x?sf] ;+/If0f ug{Dff pTk|]l/t ub{5 . ;~rflnt ljsf;sfo{df lbuf]kgf sfod u/fpg tyf ;f] k|lt hgtfsf] :JffldTj :yflkt u/fpg cfjZos b]lvPsf] hg;xeflutsf] cfjZostf / dxTjnfO{ a'Fbfut ?kdf o;/L pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M
Ø ;Lldt ;|f]tsf] k|fyldstf ;lxt ;jf]{QDf pkof]u ug{,
Ø sfof{Gjogdf cfjZos kg]{ ;|f]t tyf ;fwgsf] cefj k"lt{ ug{,
Ø ;fd"lxs hjfkmb]lxtf k|j{4g ug{,
Ø cfof]hgf sfo{qmddf :jfldTj af]w u/fpg,
Ø nfut s6f}tL ug{ / k|ltkmndf a[l4 ug{,
Ø ljjfbsf] lg?k0f ug{,
Ø ;dGoflos ljt/0f k|0ffnL :yflkt u/fpg,
Ø sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogdf kf/blz{tf k|j{4g ug{,
Ø k|fljlws ;LKf / bIftf j[l4 ug{,
Ø sfo{qmddf lbuf]kg sfod ug{,
Ø ;fd"lxs lg0f{o k|0ffnL k|j{4g ug{,
Ø hgtfsf] k[i7kf]if0f k|fKt ug{ tyf cg'udg d"Nof+sgsf] qmddf x'g] ;"rgfsf] cj/f]wnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{,
Ø ;fj{Hflgs j:t'x?sf] k|of]udf j[l4 ug{ d2t k'¥ofpg,
Ø hgtfsf] jf:tljs cfjZostf klxrfg ug{,
Ø /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ l;h{gf / u/LaL Go"gLs/0fdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg,
Ø ljsf;df >dd"ns / jftfj/0fd}qL k|ljlwsf] cjnDAfg ug{,
Ø :yfgLo txdf k|hftflGqs cEof;, g]t[Tj ljsf;, ;+:yfut Ifdtf clej[l4 / ;fdflhs;f}xfb{tfnfO{ an k'¥ofpg,
Ø :yfgLo:t/b]lv g} clwsf/df cfwfl/t cjwf/0ffsf] k|j{4g ug]{ jftfj/0f tof/ ug]{,
190
g]kfndf hg;xeflutf M
g]kfndf hg;xeflutfsf] kl/rfng k|ToIf k/f]If 9+un] ljutb]lv g} x'Fb} cfPsf] Joxf]/f ;j{ljlbt} 5 . ;/sf/n] ufpF3/df k|ToIf ;]jf k'¥ofpg g;s]sf sf/0f :yfgLo jfl;Gbfx?n] ;fd"lxs lg0f{ou/L cfkm\gf cfjZostf k"lt{ ub}{ cfPsf pbfx/0f ljutsf] Oltxf;n] 5n{Ë kf/]sf] 5 . h]7f a'9fsf];Nnfx, k~renfb\dLsf] lg0f{onfO{ ;jf]{k/L dfGg] rng ufpF3/df jt{dfg ;dodf klg kfO{G5 .3f]s nufP/, s6'jfn s/fP/ hg;xeflutf h'6fpg] k|yf klg ufpF3/df nf]k e};s]sf] 5}g .ufFp3/df ;~rflnt af6f] uf]/]6f], d7dlGb/, s'nf]gx/, kf6Lkf}jf, :s"n cflb ;fgf 7"nf ljsf; sfo{df hg;xeflutf h'l6g} /x]5 . o;sf] u}/pkl:yltdf ufpF3/sf] b}lgs hLjg cuf8L a9fpg]kl/sNkgf g} ug{ ;lsGg .
g]kfndf ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] cfx\jfg kl5 ;/sf/n] hg;xeflutf kl/rfng sfo{df cu|;/tf b]vfPsf] xf] . vf; u/L ljZj vfB ;+u7gaf6 æsfdsf nflu vfBfGGfÆ sfo{qmd cGtu{t pknAwu/fO{Psf] ;xof]uaf6 u|fdL0f tyf lhNnf:t/Lo ;8s lgdf{0fdf 7'nf] ;3fp k'u]sf] 5 . o;sf ;fy}g]kfn ;/sf/n] ufpF kms{ /fli6«o cleofg, PsLs[t u|fdL0f ljsf; sfo{qmd cflbsf gfddf ljsf; sfo{qmddf hg;xeflutf kl/rfng ug]{ gLlt cjnDag u¥of] . lqe'jg ljZjljBfnon] ;~rfngu/]sf] /fli6«o ljsf; ;]jfdf klg Jofks ?kdf hg;xeflutf kl/rfng ul/of] . t/, s]Gb|Lo;dGjosf] cefj, sfo{qmdn] lg/Gt/tf kfpg g;Sg', ;/sf/L k|lta4tfsf] sdL / cGo sltkosf/0fn] ubf{ To;a]nf sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf rlr{t sfo{qmd ;d]t :yug ul/P .
o;/L ;g\ !(^) kZrft g]kfndf hg;xeflutf sfo{qmdn] h'g ultdf pFEff] km8\sf] df/]sf] lyof],;Q/Lsf] bzsdf ;f] x'g ;s]g . olt dfq xf]Og, ;g\ c:;Lsf] bzsdf o;df x«f; b]vf kg{ uof] .hgtfn] cfkm\gf] cu|;/tfdf ;fgf ltgf ljsf; sfo{ ;~rfng u/]tf klg ;/sf/L cfx\jfgdf ;f] x'g ;s]g . hg;xeflutfsf] gfddf cfkm' 7luPsf] pgLx?n] dxz'; u/] . kmntM g]kfndf hg;xeflutfkl/rfng ug]{ p2]Zon] h] hlt sfo{qmd yfngL ul/Psf lyP tL dWo] clwsf+z kl/If0fd} ;Lldt /x] . t/ xfn cfP/ km]/L o;nfO{ gLltut ?kdf ;an agfpg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 ,h;df sfof{GjogkIf k|efjsf/L x'g'kg]{ 68\sf/f] dxz'; ul/Psf] 5 .
g]kfndf hg;xeflutf k|j{4gsf nflu ljBdfg sfg"gL Joj:yf M
Ø g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
Ø :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%%
Ø ;fj{Hflgs vl/b P]g, @)^#
191
Ø ;'zf;g -;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkg_ P]g, @)^$
Ø :yfgLo :JffoQ zf;g lgodfjnL, @)%^
Ø ;fj{Hflgs vl/b lgodfjnL, @)^$
Ø ;'zf;g -;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkg_ lgodfjnL, @)^%
Ø :yfgLo lgsfo -cfly{s k|zf;g_ lgodfjnL, @)^$
Ø lqjifL{o of]hgfsf] cfwf/kq @)^&÷)^*–@)^(÷&)
hg;xeflutf kl/rfngdf ;+nUg lgsfout Joj:yf M
Ø :yfgLo lgsfo M :yfgLo :JffoQ zf;g P]g adf]lhd :yflkt :yfgLo:t/df ljsf; lgdf{0f/ ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ sfo{df lqmofzLNf :yfgLo :JffoQ zf;g ;DaGwL lgsfo cyf{t ufpFljsf; ;ldlt, gu/kflnsf tyf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt .
Ø ljifout sfof{nox? M g]kfn ;/sf/sf ljleGg ljifout dGqfno cGtu{t ul7t lhNnfl:ytsfof{Nfo tyf l8lehg sfof{nox? .
Ø cfof]hgf lgdf{0f ;~rfng, Joj:Yffkg / dd{t ;Def/ ug{sf nflu ul7t pkef]Qmf;ldltx? .
Ø :yfgLo lgsfo;Fu ;DfGjo /fvL sfo{;~rfng ug]{ :yfgLo txdf lqmofzLNf u}/;/sf/L;+:yf tyf ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx? .
hg;xeflutf kl/rfng ;DaGwL ljBdfg d'Vo d'Vo Joj:yf M
g]kfndf ljBdfg sfg"gL Joj:yfn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf hg;xeflutf j[l4sf k|of;nfO{ a'Fbfut ?kdf lgDg cg';f/ pNN]fv ug{ ;lsG5 M
� cfly{s ;fdflhs jf z}lIfs b[li6n] kl5 k/]sf dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghftL, dw]zL ;d'bfo, pTkLl8t ju{, u/La ls;fg / dhb'/nfO{ ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df/fHosf] ;+/rgfdf ;xefuL u/fpg] .
� :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf] dfWodåf/f hgtfnfO{ clwsflws dfqfdf ;lDdlnt x'g] cj;/ k|bfg ug]{ .
192
� :yfgLo :t/b]lv g} hgtfsf] ;fj{ef}d:fQf k|of]u ug]{ cg's'n jftfj/0f agfO{ d'n'ssf] zf;g Joj:yfdf hgtfsf] a9LeGbf a9L ;xeflutf k|j{4g ug]{ .
� :YffgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]gsf] k|:tfjgfdf ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] dfWodåf/f hgtfnfO{ zf;g k|s[ofdf clwsflws dfqfdf ;lDdlnt u/fO{ ljsf; k|s[ofnfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{ s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] .
� :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf] l;4fGt tyf lgtLn] hgtfsf] ;xeflutfdf cfwfl/t gful/s ;dfhsf] :yfkgf ug]{tkm{ pGd'v u/fpg] .
� :yfgLo lgsfon] of]hgf 5gf}6 ubf{ sd nfut / a9L hg;xeflutfdf ;+rfng x'g]of]hgfnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'kg]{ .
� s'g} lgdf{0f sfo{ u/fpFbf jf ;f] ;DaGwL ;]jf k|fKt ubf{ ldtAolotf, u'0f:t/Lotf jf lbuf]kg clej[l4 x'g] ePdf jf kl/of]hgfsf] d'Vo p2]Zo g} /f]huf/Lsf] l;h{gf ug]{ /nfeu|fxL ;d'bfonfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg] ePdf pkef]Qmf ;ldlt jf nfeu|fxL ;d'bfonfO{ tf]lsPsf] sfo{ljlw k'/f u/L To:tf] sfo{ u/fpg jf ;]jf lng ;lsg] .
� ^) nfv ;DDf nfut ePsf] / hl6n k|fljlws kIf ;dfj]z gePsf] sfo{ pkef]Qmf ;ldltdfkm{t ;~rfng ug{ k|fyldstf lbg'kg]{ .
� g]kfn ;/sf/n] s'g} kl/of]hgf jf cfof]hgf hgtfsf] k|ToIf ;xeflutf / :jfldTjdf;+rfng x'g] Joj:yf ldnfpg ;Sg] .
� :yfgLo:t/df sfo{;Dkfbg ug]{ sfof{Nfo k|d'vn] cfkm" axfn /x]sf] sfof{nosf] sfd sf/jfxL :JfR5, kf/bzL{, j:t'lgi7 agfpg k|To]s rf/ dlxgfdf ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ ug]{ .
� ;]jfu|fxLn] cfkm'n] k|fKt u/]sf] ;]jf ;DaGWfL s'g} u'gf;f] u/]df ;f]sf] Joj:Yffkg ug{ gf]8n clws[tsf] Joj:Yff ug]{ .
� :yfgLo lgsfon] cfly{s jif{ ;dfKt ePsf] rf/ dlxgfleq cfkm"n] jif{e/L u/]sf] cfly{s sf/f]af/sf] ;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0f u/fpg] .
� ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] dfWodåf/f :YffgLo hgtf / lgsfosf] k|ToIf ;+nUgtfdf ;|f]t ;fwg ;LKftyf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u ub}{ /fi6«sf] ;jf{lË0f ljsf;sf] cfwf/zLnf tof/ ug]{ .
193
g]kfndf hg;xeflutf kl/rfng ;DaGWfdf b]lvPsf ;d:of M
'Participation is a plant that does not grow easily in the human environment"
g]kfnsf] ljsf; sfo{df hg;xeflutf ;'lglZrt agfpgsf] lglDt xfn;DDf ePsf ;/sf/L k|oTgaf6 ck]lIft kl/0ffd k|fKt x'g ;s]sf] cg'ej eg] clxn];DDf klg x'g ;s]sf] kfOFb}g . ck]Iffcg'?k hg;xeflutf a9\g g;Sgfsf] k5fl8 s]xL cfwf/e"t sf/0f / ;d:ofx? /x]sf] b]lvG5 . tL;d:ofx? lgDg 5g M
§ hg;xeflutf kl/rfng ug]{ ;+:sf/sf] cefj x'g' .
§ ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] r]tgfsf] :t/ Go"g x'g .
§ of]hgf rqmdf hg;xeflutf clej[l4 ug]{ k|of; gx'g' .
§ Top to Bottom of]hgf k|0ffnL sfod /xg',
§ hg;xeflutf clgjfo{ x'g'kg]{ sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] cefj,
§ hg;xeflutsf] :j?k / k|s[lt lglb{i6 gul/g] of]hgf th'{df k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yfljBdfg x'g',
§ hg;xeflutf kl/rfng ul/g] ljZjfl;nf] ;+oGqsf] cefj x'g' ,
§ :yfgLo ;fwg / ;|f]t cfFsng ug{ ;Ifd ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] cefj x'g' ,
§ ;/f]sf/jfnfju{df lhDd]jf/L axg ug]{ rfxgf / TfTk/tf Go"g x'g',
§ ;fd'bflos ljsf;sf lgldQ eGbf ;/sf/L ljsf;k|lt cfZj:t x'g] kl/kf6L sfod x'g',
§ zflGt ;'/Iffsf] c;xh Joj:yf x'g' ,
§ hg;xeflutf kl/rfngdf bnLo :jfy{ xfjL x'g',
§ pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf] u7g / kl/rfngdf k|efjsf/Ltf / :ki6tf gx'g',
§ hgtfsf] rfxgf / cfjZostfsf] ljljwtf, Ifdtfsf] k[ystf, c:jefljs ck]Ifftyf :Jffy{sf] åGå h:tf sf/0fn] Joj:yfkg hl6n aGb} hfg' ,
§ ;xeflutfsf] k|s[ofdf :yfgLo 7'nfa8f / 6f7faf7fsf] jr{:j sfod x'g',
§ ;xeflutfdf x'g] of]ubfgsf] clen]vf+sg gx'g',
§ pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf] ;+u7g Ifdtf tyf Joj:yfkg bIftf kof{Kt gx'g' .
194
;d:ofn] kf/]sf k|efjx? M
pNNf]lvt ;d:ofaf6 lgDg lsl;dsf k|efj k/]sf 5g\M
� >f]t ;fwgsf] k|of]udf ldtJooLtf sfod ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g .
� hjfkmb]xL ;+oGqsf] cefj v8\lsg] u/]sf] 5 .
� cfof]hgf sfo{qmddf :jfldTj hfu[t u/fpg ;lsPsf] 5}g .
� of]hgfsf] nfut jif]{lkR5] a9\bf] 5 .
� ljsf;sf] k|ltkmn ;DfGoflos ?kdf ljt/0f ug{ ;lsPs]f 5}Gf .
� e|i6frf/ clgoldttf tyf ;fwgsf] b'?kof]u a9]sf] 5 .
� agfO{Psf] ljsf; lgdf{0f 5f]6f] ;dosf nflu x'g] u/]sf] / dd{t ;Def/ gx'Fbf k'gMplx cljsf;sf] l:yltdf d'n's k'u]s]f 5 .
� cg'udg / d"Nof+sg nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;lsPsf] 5}Gf .
;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfo M
pNNf]lvt ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ lgDg pkfox? cjnDAfg ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 M
� cfof]hgfsf] z'?b]lv g} hgtfsf] ;+nUgtf ;'lglZrt ug'{kg]{,
� Bottom up approach cg';f/ of]hgf th'{df tyf sfof{Gjog ug]{ tyf Top down approachdf hg;xeflutf kl/rfngsf] pko'Qm k4lt :yfkLt ub} hfg'kg]{,
� nfut sd ePsf], l56f] ;DkGg x'g] / a9L k|ltkmn lbg] of]hgf th'{df tyf sfof{Gjogul/g'kg]{,
� lg0f{o k|lqmofdf hgtfsf] efjgf tyf ljrf/sf] ;Ddfg tyf sb/ ul/g'kg]{,
� hg;xeflutf :JftM:km"t,{ :Jf]lR5s / a9L nrstf x'g] u/L cfjZos dfkb08, sfo{ljlw/ k|s[of lgwf{/0f ul/g'kg]{,
� :yfgLo :f|f]t ;fwgsf] k|of]u, >dd"ns k|ljlw cjnDag / /f]huf/L s]lGb|t k2lt cjnDagul/g'kg]{,
� pkef]Qmfx?df hjfkmb]xLk"0f{ :JffldTjsf] ljsf; ul/g'kg]{,
� k|lqmofTds kf/blz{tf, ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ / ;fdflhs kl/If0fsf] ;+:yfut Joj:Yfful/g'kg]{,
� k|ltkmnsf] pkof]udf ;dfg kx'Frsf] ;'lglZrttf ul/g'kg]{,
195
� ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts tyf jftfj/0fLo kIfx?k|lt kof{Kt Wofg lbOg'kg]{ .
� cg'udg / d"Nof+sg kIf ;zQm / k|efjsf/L agfOg'kg]{,
� pkef]Qmfx?nfO{ lgu/fgLstf{sf] ?kdf :yflkt ug]{ tyf ;dGjo / ;xsfo{NffO{ k|a{4gul/g'kg]{,
� ;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{ of]ubfgsf] cfwf/df k|ltkmn pknAw u/fO{g'kg]{,
� ljBdfg P]g, lgod gLltsf] k|efjsf/L 9+un] kfngf u/fpg],
;'emfj sfof{Gjogsf] sfo{of]hgf M
Dffly pNn]lvt ;'emfjx? sfof{Gjogsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/, :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno nufot hg;xeflutf kl/rfngdf k|ToIf ?kn] ;xefuL x'g] lgsfox?n] b]xfo adf]lhd ;do;fl/0fL ;lxtsf] :ki6 sfo{of]hgf agfO{ ;f]sf] k|efjsf/L 9+|un] sfof{Gjog ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .
lg/Gt/ jf tTsfn dWosfn bL3{sfn
v lg0f{o k|lqmofdf hgtfsf] efjgftyf ljrf/sf] ;Ddfg tyf sb/ ul/g'kg]{,
v :yfgLo :f|f]t ;fwgsf] k|of]u, >dd"ns k|ljlw cjnDag //f]huf/L s]lGb|t k2lt cjnDag ul/g'kg]{,
v pkef]Qmfx?nfO{ lgu/fgLstf{sf] ?kdf :yflkt ug]{ tyf ;dGjo / ;xsfo{NffO{ k|a{4g ul/g'kg]{,
v ljBdfg P]g, lgod gLltsf] k|efjsf/L 9+un] kfngf u/fpg],
v cg'udg / d"Nof+sg kIf ;zQm/ k|efjsf/L agfOg'kg]{,
v cfof]hgfsf] z'?b]lvg} hgtfsf] ;+nUgtf ;'lglZrt ug'{kg]{,
v hg;xeflutf :JftM:kmt{ :Jf]lR5s / a9L nrstf x'g] u/LcfjZos dfkb08, sfo{ljlw /k|s[of lgwf{/0f ul/g'kg]{,
v pkef]Qmfx?df hjfkmb]xLk"0f{ :JffldTjsf] ljsf; ul/g'kg]{,
v k|ltkmnsf] pkof]udf ;dfg kx'Frsf] cj;/ ;'lglZrttf ul/g'kg]{,
v ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts tyf jftfj/0fLo kIfx?k|lt kof{Kt Wofg lbOg'kg]{ .
v Bottom up approach cg';f/of]hgf th'{df tyf sfof{Gjog ug]{ tyf Top down approach df hg;xeflutf kl/rfngsf] pko'Qm k4lt :yflkt ub{} hfg'kg]{,
v nfut sd ePsf], l56f] ;DkGg x'g] / a9L k|ltkmn lbg] of]hgfth'{df tyf sfof{Gjog ul/g'kg]{,
v k|lqmofTds kf/blz{tf, ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ / ;fdflhs kl/If0fsf];+:yfut Joj:Yff ul/g'kg]{,
v ;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{ of]ubfgsf] cfwf/df k|ltkmn pknAw u/fO{g'kg]{,
196
lgisif{ M
hg;xeflutf ljsf; k|zf;gsf] ljljw pkfud dWo] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ pkfud xf] . of] s;}sf]s/sfk / cfb]zdf ;+rfng x'g] geO{ :j]lR5s / :JftM:km"t{ 9+Ufn] cl3 a9\g] k|lqmof xf] . ljsf;sf]jf:tljs pkef]u ug]{ ju{sf] ;xeflutfdf ljsf; sfo{ cuf8L a9fpFbf jf:tljs ljsf;sf] ck]Iffk'/f x'g], sfof{Gjogsf] r/0fdf tLgsf] efjgfTds / ef}lts lqmofzLntf clej[l4 x'g], cg'udg/ lgoGq0f k|lqmof nfut k|efjL eO{ ;~rfng kl5sf of]hgfdf ;d]t lbuf]kgf sfod x'g] x'Fbfhg;xeflutf ljgfsf] ljsf; lqmofsnfk k|foM c;kmn x'g] / To:tf sfo{qmddf ePsf] nufgLafn'jfdf kfgL xfn] ;/x x'g] ;Defjgf klg Tolts} x'G5 . g]kfndf hg;xeflutf k|j{4gsf] nfluljutb]lv ljleGg k|of;x? eP . ljleGg gLltut / ;+:yfut k|of;sf jfjh'b hg;xeflutfn]ck]lIft ult lng g;s]sf] oyfy{ xfdL;fd' 5n{Ë 5 . t;y{ jt{dfg ;dodf g]kfndf hg;xeflutfkl/rfngsf nflu dfly pNn]lvt sfo{of]hgf cg';f/sf] sfo{qmd to u/L ;f]xL adf]lhd gLltut tyf ;+:yfut Joj:yf u/L ljBDffg gLltx?sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog x'g] xf] eg] lglZRft ?kdf hg;xeflutf k|j{4g eO{ hgtfn] ljsf; sf] k|ltkmn ;dGoflos ?Kfdf xfl;n ug{ ;S5g .
;Gbe{ ;fdfu|LM
Ø e§, eLdb]j M ljsf; k|zf;g,
Ø kf08], o'j/fh M ljsf; k|zf;g
Ø bfxfn, k|sfz M ljsf; k|zf;g, ljs]Gb|Ls/0f / :yfgLo ;/sf/
Ø hf]zL, l;4/fh M zfvf clws[t d"n k/LIff bk{0f
Ø g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
Ø :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% / :yfgLo :JffoQ zf;g lgodfjnL, @)%^
Ø ;fj{Hflgs vl/b P]g, @)^# / ;fj{Hflgs vl/b lgodfjnL, @)^$
Ø ;'zf;g-;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkg_ P]g, @)^$ / ;'zf;g-;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkg_lgodfjnL, @)^%
Ø :yfgLo lgsfo-cfly{s k|zf;g_ lgodfjnL, @)^$
Ø lqjifL{o of]hgfsf] cfwf/kq @)^&÷)^*–@)^(÷&)
Ø :6fkm sn]h tyf ljleGg tflnd sfo{qmddf ljtl/t ;fdfu|L
Ø ;f]kfg, rnfgL tyf cGt//fi6«Lo d~rsf ljleGGf c+sx?
197
g]kfndf gof“ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] cfjZostf Pj+ r'gf}tLx?
dx]z kf08]*
;f/f+zzf;sLo :j?kdf cfPsf gof“ gof“ l;4fGt, cjwf/0ff Pj+ d'No dfGotfx?n] sd{rf/LtGqsf] cfsf/, sfo{z}nL / cfbz{nfO{ abNb} uPsf] 5 . ljleGg sf]0fx?af6 eO/x]sf] cfnf]rgf,k|:tfljt ljsNk, ;fdflhs lj1fgsf cGo ljwfx? /fhgLltzf:q, cy{zf:q, gLlt lj1fg /sfg"gsf] ;]kaf6 arfp“b} sd{rf/LtGqn] ;fj{hlgs sfo{sf] Joj:yfkg / zf;sLo Joj:yfsf] d'Vokfqsf] ?kdf cfkm"nfO{ :yflkt ul//x]sf] 5 . sd{rf/LtGqn] cfh nf]stflGqs d"No dfGotfx?sf]hu{]gf ub{} hgtf;“u} /x]/ sfd ug'{kg{] bjfj kl//x]sf] 5 . cfk"mnfO{ ;]js xf]Og zf;s 7fGg]ljutsf] h:tf] sfo{z}nLdf cfd'n kl/jt{g cfO{ Put the people at the centre sf] dfGotf adf]lhd Joaxf/ ug'{ ckl/xfo{ ePsf] 5 . PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] z'?jftb]lv g} ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ahf/Ls/0f ug{] cjwf/0ffn] gful/sx?sf] x}l;otnfO{ gh/ cGbfh ub{} u|fxssf] ?kdf lnPsf]egL s8f cfnf]rgf x'g k'Uof] . gof“ ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgsf sdhf]/Lx?sf] k|ltlqmof :j?kgof“ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfn] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] If]qdf k|efj kfg{ yfNof] . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf]cWoogdf tYonfO{ dfq xf]Og d"Nox?k|lt ;+j]bgzLn x'g'kg{], JolQmut dfgjLo Jojxf/nfO{j:t'ut Jojxf/eGbf a9L k|fyldstf lbg'kg{] / jf:tljs hgtf;“usf] ;DaGwdf dfgjLo ;+j]bgf,efjgf Pj+ dgf]lj1fgnfO{ a9L Wofg lbg'kg{] eGg] Post Modern Public Administration sf]cjwf/0ff gof“ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] ;}4flGts ;f/ aGof] / ;g\ @))@ b]lv o;nfO{ cjnDagul/of] . k|:t't n]vdf gof ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] cfjZostf Pj+ r'gf}tLx?jf/] rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
* zfvf clws[t, g]kfn ;/sf/
198
! ljifo k|j]z / kl/efiff
gof“ ;Fj{hlgs ;]jf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] IF]qdf cfPsf] Pp6f gof“ cjwf/0ff xf] . o;nfO{ ;g\@))@ b]lv ljåfg\ Janet V. Denhardt and Robert B. Denhardt n] k|of]udf NofPsf x'g\ . vf;u/Lo;sf] cjwf/0ff :s]l08g]leog d'n'sx?af6 cfPsf] xf] .
gof“ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfn] hgtfnfO{ u|fxs xf]Og, gful/ssf] ?kdf Jojxf/ ug'{k5{ eGg] d"n cf;onfO{ cfTd;ft u/]sf] 5 .
New Public Administration
New Public Management
Responsive Governance
New Public Service
"Public servants do not deliver customer service they deliver democracy" Denhardt and Denhardt.
NPS sf d"n ljz]iftfx?M
� nf]stflGqs d"Nox?k|lt k'glj{Zjf; .
� ahf/ k|lt:kwf{ / u|fxssf] ;§f nf]stGq, gful/s / uj{ -pride_ df ljZjf; .
� ;/sf/ Joj;fo xf]Og .
� hgtfnfO{ ;'gfpg] xf]Og hgtfsf] ;'Gg] .
� lbUbz{g xf]Og ;]jf ug{] .
� gful/s ;+nUgtf / nf]stflGqs ;'zf;g .
gof“ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfn] k|zf;sx?sf] e"ldsfnfO{ jf:tljs ?kd} ;DalGwt lgsfo / hgtfk|lt
199
pQ/bfoL eO{ gful/s d"Nox?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ub{} kof{Kt / lgikIf ?kdf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] ;xeflutf;'lglZrt ug{] lbzfdf s]lGb|t u/]sf] 5 .
NPS sf k|d'v l;4fGtx?
!= Serve rather than streer : gof“ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gn] ;/sf/ / k|zf;sx?n] lbUbz{gug{] xf] 8'+uf lvofpg] xf]Og eGg] egfO k|:t't u/]sf] lyof] . t/ gof“ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfn];/sf/L sd{rf/Lx?n] lgoGq0f / lbUbz{g ug{] xf]Og ls gful/sx?nfO{ pgLx?sf] ;femfd"Nox? / :jfy{x? k|fKt ug{df ;3fpg' kb{5 . sd{rf/Lx?n] ;fj{hlgs ;|f]tsf] /vaf/Lub{} hgtfsf] ;]jf ug{] lhDd]jf/L lnPsf] ;To e'Ng ldNb}g eGg] o; cjwf/0ffsf] ts{ 5 .
@= Seek the public interest : k'/fgf] k|zf;lgs cjwf/0ffdf ;fj{hlgs :jfy{sf] klxrfg lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglwx?af6 x'G5 t/ gof“ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf ;dfhsf OR5f / dfux?sf]cleJolQm hgk|ltlglw jf sd{rf/Lx?sf] lhDd]jf/L ePsf] dflgb}g . lgjf{lrt / lgo'Qm x'g]logLx?sf] sfd eg]sf] j[xt ;fj{hlgs ;+jfb / ax;nfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofp“b} ;femf d"Nox?lglZrt u/fpg'df Wofg lbg' xf] .
#= Think strategically act democratically : gof“ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfn] hgtfsf] cfjZostfnfO{ ;Daf]wg x'g] u/L gLlt tyf sfo{qmd lgdf{0f u/L sfof{Gjogdf gful/s ;+nUgtf / ;d'bfo lgdf{0fdf hf]8 lbG5 . o;n] hgtf;“u} sfd ug{] k|zf;g dfq casf]nf]stflGqs o'udf ;kmn x'g] dfGotf /flvPsf] b]lvG5 . sfof{Gjog kIfdf dfq xf]Og gLltlgdf{0fdf ;d]t gLlt ;+hfn dfkm{t\ gful/sx?n] cxd\ e"ldsf v]Ng] ub{5g\ .
$= Serve citizens not customers: nf]stflGqs ;dfhdf gful/sx? u|fxs pkef]Qmf jf ;]jfu|fxL dfq xf]Og pgLx? t dflns x'g\ . To;}n] gful/sx?nfO{ gful/s h:t} Jojxf/ul/g'k5{ . lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] hgtfsf dfux? ;Daf]wg ug{] dfq xf]Og pgLx? aLr;fd~h:otf, ljZjf; / ;f}xfb{k"0f{ ;DaGw :yflkt ug'{kb{5 eGg] gof“ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf]dfGotf /x]sf] 5 .
%= Accountablity is not simple : gof“ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfn] ;/sf/, ;/sf/L lgsfo / o;sf clwsf/Lx? pgLx?sf clGtd :jfdL gful/sx?k|lt a9L pQ/bfoL x'g'kg{]dfGotf /fVb5 . o;sf nflu nf]stflGqs cfbz{x?, ;j}wflgs sfg"g, ;fd'bflos gd{;/ g}lts dfkb08k|lt sd{rf/Lx? k|ltj4 /xg' k5{ . cfhsf sd{rf/Ln] Multiple lines of accountability df sfd ug'{k5{ .
200
^= Value people, not just productivity : gof“ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfn] ;/sf/L sd{rf/L eg]sf ahf/sf v]nf8L dfq xf]Ogg\ pgLx?sf] e"ldsf / k|of;n] c?x?sf] hLjg:t/dfpNn]Vo kl/jt{g Nofpg ;Sb5g\ eGb} sd{rf/LtGqsf] e"ldsfnfO{ g} k'gMkl/eflift ug{ hf]8 lbPsf] b]lvG5 . ;fj{hlgs :jfy{ / lxtnfO{ k|a4{g ug{ k|zf;g, gful/s nufot;a}n] ;fem]bf/sf] ?kdf sfd ug'{kg{] / Ps csf{sf] /fd|f] Pj+ k|lti7fk"0f{ cl:tTj :jLsfg'{k5{ eGg] o; cjwf/0ffsf] hf]8 5 . nf]stGqdf hgtf ;jf{]k/L x'g] x'“bf pgLx?nfO{ cfb/ug{], ljZjf; ug{] / ;f] cg'?k Jojxf/ ug{ clgjfo{ x'G5 .
&= Value citizenship and public service above entrepreneurship : Reinventinggovernment df slx klg ;dtf, Gofo, gful/s / gful/stfsf] rrf{;Dd ul/Psf] kfOb}g .gof“ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfn] ;a} k|zf;lgs / cGo zf;sLo Joj:yfkgsf k|lqmofx?df gful/ssf]cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutf x'g'kg{] ts{ cufl8 NofPsf] 5 . gful/sx?nfO{ ljleGg d~r / k|lqmofdfcfj4 u/fpg ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO,{ gful/s ;j{]If0f, of]hgf af]8{, ;fd'bflos ;d"x h:tf gof“ gof“ tl/sfsf] canDag x'g' kb{5 / oL ;a}sf] nflu k|zf;sx?n] lzIffk|b e"ldsfv]Ng'kg{]df hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .
clxn]sf] o'u nf]stflGqs o'u xf] . o:tf] /fhgLlts Joj:yfdf lgjf{lrt k|ltlglw x'g jf sd{rf/Lx'g nf]stflGqs d"Nok|lt k|ltj4 x'g} k5{ . nf]stflGqs d'Nok|ltsf] a9\bf] cfsif{0fn] klg o; gof“cjwf/0ffn] nf]stflGqs elgg] b]zx?df /fd|f] k|efj kfb{} hfg]df ljZjf; ug{ ;lsG5 . ;j{;Qfjfbjf s'g} klg ?ksf] tfgfzfxL Joj:yfdf dfq o;n] k|ltkfbg u/]sf l;4fGtx? c;fGble{s x'g;Sb5g\ .
@= ;fj{hlgs If]qsf ;d:ofx?
g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs If]q laleGg ;d:ofx?af6 u|l;t 5 / hgtf g} zlQmsf k|d'v ;|f]t x'g eGg]s'/fnfO{ ;+ljwfgdf g} pNn]v ul/P klg ;f] cg'?k Jojxf/ x'g] u/]sf] 5}g . /fHosf ljleGgIf]qx?df ;dfj]zL k|0ffnL cjnDag ug{ vf]lhP klg nlIft ju{;Dd kx'+r k'Ug ;s]sf] 5}g .hgtfn] a'em\b}gg\ / To;}n] 8fS6/sf] h:t} pgLx?sf] /f]usf] lgbfg klg xfdLn] g} ug'{k5{ eGg]sd{rf/LtGqsf] dfgl;stfn] nf]stflGqs ;'zf;gnfO{ k|j4{g ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgsIf]q ;Ifd, ;jn Pj+ k|efjsf/L gx'gdf lgDg ;d:ofx? cGt/lglxt /x]sf 5g\ M
� k|zf;goGq cem} klg dflnSofO{ k|j[QLaf6 u'h|L/x]sf] .
� sd{rf/LtGq ;+ljwfg, nf]stflGqs d"No / o;sf d'Vo kfq gful/sx? k|lt pQ/bfoLx'g g;s]sf] .
201
� hgtfn] ;/sf/sf] k|ToIf cg'e"lt ug{ g;s]sf] .
� /fHosf ljleGg ;+oGqx?aLr k|efjsf/L ;dGjo x'g g;s]sf] .
� hgtfsf cfjZostfdf Wofg lbg'sf] ;f6f] JolQm, ;d"x / /fhg}lts bnsf :jfy{;+uuf“l;Psf ljifonfO{ af/Daf/ cufl8 NofP/ hgdtnfO{ j]jf:tf ug]{ ul/Psf] .
� ;/sf/L If]qn] gful/s ;dfhnfO{ k"0f{ ?kdf ljZjf; ug{ g;s]sf] / gful/s ;dfhhgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL x'g g;s]sf] .
� b08lxgtfsf] k|j[QL df}nfpb} uPsf] .
� /fHo ;+rfngsf x/]s If]qdf /fhgLlts/0f xflj ePsf] .
� sd{rf/L x'g' eg]sf] /ftf/ft wgf9\o x'g' xf] eGg] ljs[t dfgl;stfn] w]/}df k|efj kf/]sf] .
� hgtfnfO{ gful/ssf] ?kdf geO{ ;]jfu|fxL, dtbftf jf u|fxssf] ?kdf dfq Jojxf/ ug]{ k|j[QL sfod} /x]sf] .
� ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ ;/n, l56f] 5l/tf] Pj+ u':t/Lo agfO{ nf]stflGqs Joj:yfnfO{ ;'b[9 agfpg g;lsPsf] .
#= g]kfndf gofF ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] nflu ePsf Joj:yfx?
k|ToIf?kdf gof ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] cjwf/0ff cjnDjg gul/Psf] eP klg ;+ljwfg tyf cGo P]g,sfg"gdf ePsf lgDg Joj:yfn] gof“ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] cfzonfO{ k|i6 kfb{5 M
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
� k|:tfjgf M k|lt:kwf{Tds ax'bnLo nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yf, gful/s :jtGqtf, df}lnsclwsf/, dfgj clwsf/, jflnu dtflwsf/, cfjlws lgjf{rg, k"0f{ k|]; :jtGqtf, :jtGq Gofokflnsf tyf sfg"gL /fHosf] cjwf/0ff nufot nf]stflGqs d"No / dfGotfk|ltsf] k"0f{k|ltj4tf JoQm u/]sf] .
� g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf / /fhsLo ;Qf g]kfnL hgtfdf lglxt /x]sf] .
202
;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;+rfng_ P]g, @)^$
� k|:tfjgf M d'n'ssf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ hgd'vL, hjfkmb]xL, kf/bzL{, ;dfj]zL tyfhg;xeflutfd'ns agfO{ To;sf] k|ltkmn ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ pknAw u/fpg] k|lta4tf hgfPsf] .
� P]gn] k|zf;lgs sfo{ ;+rfngsf cfwf/, lg0f{o ubf{ kf/blz{tf canDag ug'{kg{], kbLo pQ/bfloTjsf] lgjf{x, gful/s a8fkq /fVg'kg{], hgtfsf] ;xeflutf / :jfldTj, u'gf;f]Joj:yfkg, ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ h:tf k|fjwfg pNn]v u/]sf] .
� lghfdtL ;]jf P]g @)$( sf] bf];|f] ;+zf]wg @)^$ n] lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpgcf/If0fsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] .
� la=;+=@)%^ b]lv nfu" eO{ sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] gful/s a8fkq gof“ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf]nflu Ps alnof] sf]z]9'+uf ePsf] .
� lqjifL{o of]hgf -@)^&÷^*–@)^(÷&)_ n] ;dfj]zL tyf ;dGoflos ljsf; u/L ;'zf;gsf]clej[l4 dfkm{t hgtfnfO{ k'¥ofpg] ;]jf ;'ljwf u'0f:t/o'Qm agfO{ ;'ky d"Nodf ;dod} pknAw u/fpg hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .
� ah]6 -@)^(÷)&)_ n] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ ;]jfu|fxL d}qL agfp“b} nUg Ifltk"lt{ ;lxtsf] gful/s ;]jf k|jfxsf] Joj:yf nfu" ul/g] s'/f pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .
� hgu'gf;f] Joj:yfkg lgb{]lzsf @)^& nfu" eO{ sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] 5 .
$= g]kfndf gofF ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] cfjZostf÷dxTj
g]kfn h:tf] ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sdf gof“ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfn] cToGt} dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng ;S5 .sd{rf/LtGqsf] xfnsf] ;+:s[ltdf kl/jt{g NofO{ hgtfnfO{ u|fxs xf]Og gful/ssf] ?kdf Jojxf/ ug{ o;sf] cfjZostf 5 . gof“ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] cfjZostfnfO{ lgDg a'“bfx?af6 pNn]v ug{;lsG5 M
� g]kfn ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqdf k|j]z ul/;s]sf]n] o;nfO{ d"t{?k lbg gof“ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf pkof]uL b]lvG5 .
� gful/sx?nfO{ gLlt tyf lg0f{o lgdf{0fdf ;+nUg u/fO{ Owner sf] ?kdf dfGotf k|bfg ug{ .
203
� sd{rf/LtGqsf] sfo{ ;+:s[ltdf kl/jt{g NofO{ zf;ssf] ?kdf xf]Og ls ;]jssf] ?kdf k|lt:yfkg ug{ .
� Working with the people eGg] dfGotfnfO{ Jojxfl/s ?kdf sfof{Gjog ug{ .
� :jtGqtf, ;dfgtf, ;dtf, Gofo, k|ltlglwTj / ;xeflutf h:tf nf]stflGqs d'Nox?sf]k|j4{g ug{ .
� JolQmut 5gf]6nfO{ xf]Og ls ;femf :jfy{ / ;femf lhDd]jf/Lsf] ;[hgf ug{ .
� ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Lx?nfO{ gful/s÷;]jfu|fxLx?k|lt k|ToIf ?kdf pQ/bfoL u/fpg .
� ;dfj]zL ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffdfkm{t hgtfnfO{ ljsf;sf laleGg r/0fdf k|ltlglwTj u/fO ;DalGwt au{, If]q, hflt / ln+usf] d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug{
� gful/s a8fkqnfO{ Aoaxfl/s?kdf sfof{Gjog u/L hgtfdfem ;/sf/sf] k|ToIf cg'e"lt u/fpg
� ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf gof“ d"Nox?sf] k|j4{g u/L ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] IF]qdf k|j]z ug{cfsif{0f a9fpg .
� ;fj{hlgs lgsfox?df ;]jfu|fxL hgtfx?sf] kx'“r j[l4 u/L ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ r':t, b'?:t, u'0f:t/Lo Pj+ hgd}qL u/fpg .
� ;Gt'lnt ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cfTd;ft ub{} lk5l8Psf] ju{sf] d'n k|jfxLs/0f dfkm{t ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"tL lbg .
%= gofF ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ Jofjxfl/s ?kdf canDag ug{ ckgfpg' kg{] pkfox?
gof“ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf Ps gof“ cjwf/0ff xf] . o;n] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] If]qdf ;sf/fTds k|efjkfg{] lglZrt 5 . ;fj{hlgs If]qdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx?sf] plrt ;dfwfg ub}{ o;sf] k|efjsfl/tfdfa[l4 Nofpg lgDg kIfdf ;'wf/ ug'{ kb{5 M
!= lzi6 / gd| Jojxf/ ;]jfu|fxLsf] clwsf/Ú eGg] gf/fsf] sfof{Gjog M lghfdtL ;]jf lbj;@)^& sf] d"n gf/fsf] ?kdf ;f] gf/fnfO{ lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] Jojxfl/s ?kdf sfof{Gjog ug'{kb{5 . ;]jfu|fxLn] ;f]w]sf pQ/ ;/n efiffdf lbg], ;xof]u Jojxf/ k|bz{g ug{], vfnL
204
d]rdf a:g cfu|x ug{], x'g] sfd tTsfn} ul/lbg], kfn} kfnf] ;]jf lbg] nufotsf ;fdfGo lgod kfngf ubf{ klg ;]jfu|fxLdf lzi6 / gd| Jojxf/sf] cfef; k'Ub5 .
@= lkk'N; af]g; l;i6dÚ nfu" ug{] M hd{gLn] nfu" u/]sf] o; l;:6d cg';f/ ;]jf k|bfg ug{] sd{rf/LnfO{ u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf k|bfg u/] jfkt ;]jfu|fxL :jo+n] k'/:s[t ub{5g\ . o;af6 ;]jfk|bfg ug{]sf] pQ/bfloTj :jtM ;]jfu|fxLk|lt /xg k'Ub5 .
#= u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg M ;fj{hlgs lgsfox?df ;]jfu|fxLsf] u'gf;f] ;'Gg] 5'§} clws[t, 5'§}8]:s / 5'§} sfo{ljlw tf]lsg' kb{5 . k|fKt u'gf;f] pk/ u'gf;f] ;'Gg] clws[tn] s'g sfo{k|lqmofåf/f ;f] u'gf;f]sf] ;dfwfg u/L ;]jfu|fxLn] ck]Iff u/] cg';f/sf] ;]jf k|fKt ug{ ;S5g\, o;sf] ;'lglZrttf x'g' h?/L 5 .
$= kl/jt{g pGd'v ;f]r M PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLdf pkef]Qmf ?kL hgtfnfO{ ;]jf k'¥ofpg' ;xh5}g . x/]s ;/sf/ ;dofg's"n kl/jt{g pGd'[v ;f]rdf bQlrQ /xg' k/]sf] 5 . h;sfnflu ljleGg b]zn] k|of]udf NofPsf street bureaucracy, vision twenty h:tf cjwf/0ff canDag u/L sfo{z}nLdf kl/jt{g Nofpg' k5{ .
%= pRr g}ltstf M k|zf;lgs sf}zntfsf] k|f0f g} pRr g}ltstf xf] . Tof] JolQm dfq cfbz{x'g ;S5 h;df pRr g}ltstf x'G5 . Joj:yfksLo g}ltstf cGtu{t lgDg kIfdf Wofglbg' kb{5 M
� dftxt sd{rf/LnfO{ ;dfg Jojxf/ ug'{k5{ .
� sfdsf] pQ/bfloTj :ki6 x'g'k5{ .
� ;'wf/k|ltsf] k|ltj4tf x'g'k5{ .
� nf]e, l/;, lg/fzf Pj+ s'07faf6 pGd'Qm x'g'k5{ .
^= ;fdflhs Gofo M /fHosf] k|d'v bfloTj dWo] ;fdflhs Gofo klg Ps xf] . ;fdflhsljljwtfsf] ;Ddfg, JolQmsf] :jtGqtfsf] /Iff, df}lns tyf dfgj clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt,;+/If0f / ;Da4{g, lk5l8Psf] ju{, If]q / cNk;+Vosx?sf] xslxtsf] ;+/If0f h:tf;fdflhs Gofosf ljifonfO{ jt{dfg zf;sLo Joj:yfn] ;Daf]wg ug'{k5{ .
&= sd{rf/Lsf] dgf]andf j[l4 Nofpg] M hgtfdfem lgs6 /xL ;]jf k'¥ofpg] sd{rf/Ln] ;/sf/ /hgtfsf] k'nsf] ?kdf sfd ub{5g\ . sd{rf/Lsf] dgf]andf j[l4 geP;Dd h:tf ;'s} /fd|fcjwf/0ff NofP klg tL sfdofjL x'g ;Sb}gg\ . To;}n] sd{rf/Lsf] dgf]andf j[l4 Nofpg
205
df}lb|s Pj+ u}/ df}lb|s tTjx?sf] plrt Joj:yf ug'{k5{ .
*= k|ToIf pQ/bfloTj canDag ug{] M cfk"m eGbf dflysf clwsf/Lk|lt pQ/bfoL eP k'Ug] k'/fgf] loop model of accountability n] ca sfd ug{ ;Sb}g . To;}n] ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Lx?;|f]t / zlQm lbg] gful/sk|lt ;a} sd{rf/L k|ToIf pQ/bfoL x'g'k5{ .
(= gful/s lzIffsf] k|j4{g ug{] M nf]stflGqs Joj:yfsf] ;+rfng, ljsf; / lbuf]kgf sfod ug{gful/s lzIff ckl/xfo{ 5 . nf]stflGqs zf;gsf] lbuf] kgfsf nflu gful/s lzIff dfk{mtgful/snfO{ zf;sLo Joj:yfsf x/]s c+u tyf k|lqmofdf ;lqmo ;xefuL u/fpg gful/s lzIffsf] k|j4{g ug'{ kb{5 .
!)= ;/sf/L lgsfox?df gful/ssf] kx'“r j[l4 ug{] M nf]stflGqs ;'zf;gsf] k|j4{gsf nflu xfd|f;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfx? oL ;+:yfx?sf] ;+u7gfTds ;+/rgf / k|lqmof, sfo{ljlwx?gful/ssf] kx'“rsf nflu afws t 5}gg\ < ;dLIff ug'{k5{ . oL ;+:yfsf ;+/rgf leqg} gful/sx?sf] k|ltlglwTj u/fpg ;lsG5 ls jf xfd|f ljBdfg k|lqmof ;+zf]wg u/]/k|lqmofsf] kf/bzL{tfsf] Uof/]G6L ug]{ / k|lqmofdf g} hgtfx?sf] ;+nUgtf x'g] Joj:yfug'{kb{5 .
cGo pkfox?
� d':sfg ;lxtsf] Gofo ;]jf canDag ug{] .
� ;xeflutfd"ns sfo{ z}nLsf] cjnDag / ljsf;df hgtfsf] ckgTj efj ;[hgf ug]{ .
� ;/f]sf/jfnfx?aLrsf] ;dGjo sfod ug{] .
� nf]stflGqs ;'zf;gdf hf]8 lbg] .
^= r'gf}tLx?
gofF ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf Joaxfl/s?kdf cjnDag ug]{ qmddf lgDgadf]lhd r'gf}tLx? ;[hgf x'g ;S5g\ M
� sd{rf/Lx?n] Multiple lines of accountability df sfd ug'{ .
� ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{ nf]stflGqs Joj:yfnfO{ ;'b[9 kfg'{ .
� gful/s a8fkqsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug'{ .
206
� sd{rf/LtGqsf] dgf]andf j[l4 Nofpg' .
� ;DalGwt lgsfo, ;+:yf tyf JolQmx?af6 hgtfnfO{ k|bfg ug'{kg{] ;a} k|sf/sf ;]jfx? lgoldt, ;/n, ;'ne / ;xh ?kdf k|jfx ug'{ .
� ;]jf k|bfos lgsfodf sfo{/t JolQmx?df ;sf/fTds ;f]rsf] ;[hgf ug'{ .
� kl/nlIft p2]Zox?sf] glthfd'ns tyf ;xeflutfd'ns cg'udg / d"Nof+sg ug'{ .
� cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] kl/sNkgf u/] adf]lhd ;'zf;g sfod ug'{ .
� ;d'bfoleqsf ljifdtfnfO{ ;Daf]wg u/L ;dGoflos glthf Nofpg] .
� ;/sf/L ;+:yfx?sf] :j?k, ;+/rgf, sfo{ljlw / k|lqmofdf ;]jfu|fxLsf] kx'“r j[l4 ug'{ .
� nf]stflGqs d"Nox?sf] ;+/If0f / k|j4{g ug'{ .
&= cj;/x?
g]kfn zflGt k|lqmofdf k|j]z ul/;s]sf] jt{dfg cj;/df gof“ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf cjnDag ug{ lgDg cj;/ Pj+ ;Defjgfx? b]lvPsf 5g\ M
� b]z ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqdf k|j]z ul/;s]sf] .
� ;]jfu|fxLx?n] cfÎgf xs clwsf/ / ;]jf ;'ljwfk|lt ;r]t /xL ;'zf;gk|lt rf;f] b]vfPsf] .
� :yfgLo :t/df NGO, INGO tyf CBO x?sf] pkl:yltn] gful/s ;xeflutf / ;+nUgtfdfhf]8 lbPsf] .
� ;dfj]zL ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffn] u|fxotf kfpb} uPsf] .
� b]zdf ePsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{n] bLuf] zflGt :yfkgf tkm{ ;+s]t u/]sf] .
*= lgisif{
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] If]qdf k|ltkflbt gof“ gof“ l;4fGt, cjwf/0ff Pj+ d"No dfGotfx?n] gful/sx?nfO{ cfkmgf] x}l;ot lbg g;s]sf] kl/k|]Iodf canDag ul/Psf] gof“ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfn] hgtfnfO{ s]jn u|fxs, dtbftf geO{ gful/ssf] ?kdf Jojxf/ ug'{kg{] pb\3f]if u¥of] . hgtfnfO{zf;g Joj:yfsf] s]Gb|ljGb'df /fv]/ Jojxf/ ug'{kg{] ;fy} ;'zf;gsf ;a} kIf, ;+:yf, k|lqmof Pj+
207
;+/rgfx?df gful/ssf] cosmetic participation ge} authentic and extensive ;+nUgtf x'g'kg{] gof“ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] hf]8 5 .
g]kfn ax'hftLo, ax'eflifs, ax'wfld{s, ax';f+:s[lts ljz]iftfo'Qm d'n's ePsfn] xfd|f] h:tf] ljljwtfo'Qm ;dfhdf gof F ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|efjsf/L x'G5 . nf]stflGqs d"No / dfGotfx?sf]k|j4{g ub{} b]z / hgtfsf] kIfdf pQ/bfoL x'g] sd{rf/LtGq clxn]sf] cfjZostf xf] . ;fj{hlgskbflwsf/LnfO{ pQ/bfoL agfpg] hgtfsf ljleGg kmf]/dx? h:t} Social audit, accountability centres, citizen charter cflbsf] Jojxfl/s cEof; u/L ;]jfsf] jl/kl/ hgtf xf]Og ls hgtfsf] jl/kl/ ;]jf k'¥ofpg]lt/ ;Da4 ;a}sf] Wofg hfg' h?/L 5 .
;Gbe{ ;"rL
� Janet V. Denhardt and Robert B. Denhardt, (2003), The New Public Service, Serving not Streering, Armonk, NewYork, London.
� Hugh T. Miller, Charles J. Fox (2007), Post Modern Public Administration, New Delhi : Prentice Hall of IndiaPvt. Ltd.
� CAMAD Vol. 12, No. 2, 23 Oct. 2010.
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AbstractThe way that the members of an organiza!on or a group feel and behave towards thework or the task required for fulfilling the objec!ve and the responsibility of that groupor the organiza!on is called the 'work-culture' of that par!cular group or organiza!on.Organiza!on culture as a pa#ern of basic assump!ons, invented, discovered anddeveloped by a group as it learns to cope with its problems. There may be differenttypes of cultures in an organiza!on, like- work culture, communica!on culture,disciplinary culture, people/client-friendly culture, business culture, etc. If the membersof the organiza!on are not people/customer-friendly or if the communica!on systemof the organiza!on is weak, the organiza!on cannot perform its work effec!vely. Publicadministra!on o%en is recognized as having different characteris!cs that can be regardedas the diff erent dimensions of the administra!ve culture. The organiza!on helps itsnew employees to adopt its culture. This adapta!on process is called socializa!on.Socializa!on is conceptualized mainly as a process. Selec!on of entry-level personnel,placement on the job, job mastery- extensive and carefully reinforced experience,measuring and rewarding performance, adherence to important values, reinforcingthe stories and folklore, recogni!on and promo!on, etc. are the important steps in theprocess of socializa!on. The measures such as assessment of the exis!ng culture, se&ngrealis!c goals that impact on bo#om-line, recrui!ng outside personnel with relatedexperience, making changes from the top and deliver a consistent message from allmanagement team members should be followed while changing the work culture.
* Former Secretary, Government of Nepal
Work Culture and Nepalese Civil ServiceYuba Raj Pandey*
Introduction
The term "work culture" is made by the combination of two words - work and culture.Thus, the combination of the meaning of work and meaning of culture can be expected to give the meaning of the term 'work culture'.
The term 'work' refers to the job/task of an individual or a group. The duties thatan individual or an organization has and the activities that the organization or the
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individual has to do or considered as the part of a job or work or that organization orthe individual. An individual receives regular payment for his/her job or work.
The term 'Culture' refers to the customs and beliefs, way of life and social organizationof a particular country or group. Thus, the beliefs and attitudes about somethingthat people in a particular group or organization share is called the culture of thatorganization or group.
The term 'attitude' refers to the way that an individual or a group behaves towardssomebody/something that shows how that individual or group thinks and feels.
Keeping in mind the meanings of the terms-work culture, we can formulate the general meaning of this term that people in a particular group or organization thinkand feel about their work in the organization or group can be called the work cultureof the particular organization or group. In other words, the way that the members ofan organization or a group, feel and behave towards the work or the task required forfulfi lling the objective and the responsibility of that group or the organization is calledthe 'work-culture' of that group or the organization.
Work-culture and Organization Culture
The work required for achieving the objective or the mission of an organization or agroup is the basic identity of that group or organization. Therefore when people thinkabout an organization or a group, they immediately remember the mission or the taskof that organization or group. If seen in this way, work culture or organization culturecan be seen and used in same meaning . That is why, when management thinkers andadministrative thinkers use the term organization culture, they generally are supposedto mean the work culture of that organization. In this context, It is appropriate tomention the defi nition of organization culture given by Edgar Schein. according tohim, "organization culture is a pattern of basic assumptions invented, discovered,or developed by the given group as it learns to cope with its problem of external adaptation and internal integration- that has worked well enough to be considered valuable, and therefore, to be taught to new members as correct way to perceive, think and feel in relation to these problems" (Cited by Fred Luthans, 1998, 449).
The above defi nition of organization culture defines organization culture as a patternof basic assumptions, invented, discovered and developed by a group as it learns tocope with its problems.
The task or work of an organization can be taken as the problem of that organizationto be solved. In this sense, organization culture and work culture give same meaning.
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But if people try to defi ne the term 'work' of an organization as one of the manyfeatures of that organization, the term 'work culture' can also be defined narrowly tomean only a single dimension of the broad organization culture. Then the feelings orthe behavior of the members of that organization towards their duty, and their feelingtowards the clients or ordinary people may be taken as two separate dimensions or the organization culture.
Internal communication system within the organization also can be looked as theseparate dimension of the organization culture. Looked in this way, we can identifydifferent types of cultures in an organization like- work culture, communicationculture, disciplinary culture, people or client friendly culture and business culture etc. But as the communication system, disciplinary system, system of treating or behaving with the clients or people etc are closely related with the overall mission or that task of the organization. If the members of the organization are not peopleor customer friendly or if the communication system of the organization is weak,the organization cannot perform its work effectively. In other words, the feelingsor behavior of the organization members towards their client or ordinary people,communication system within the organization, dress, norms and code of ethics ofthe organization, pay systems, token and argons only understood by insiders andteam orientation in performing work, etc., all have direct or indirect effect upon thework performance of the organization. Argued in this way, organization culture andwork culture can be used in the same meaning. This author also believes that defi ning'work culture' in a broader meaning to mean as the term organization culture meansis the appropriate way to defi ne this term. Then the characteristics of the organizationculture also become the characteristics of the work culture and the term 'work culture' itself termed organization culture. Therefore these two terms are used interchangeablyin this article.
Characteristics of Organization Culture/Work Culture
There seems to be a wide agreement that organization culture or the work culture refersto a system of shared meaning held by members that distinguishes the organizationfrom other organizations. This system of shared meaning in closer examination, canbe defi ned as a set of key characteristics or properties that the organization values.But acknowledgement that organization culture or the work culture has some specificcharacteristics does not mean however that there can not be any subcultures within any given culture. Most large organizations have a dominant culture and numeroussets of subcultures (Stephen P. Robbins, 2003). A dominant culture expresses the corevalues shared by the majority members of the organization. When we talk about the
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culture of an organization, we refer to the dominant culture of that organization. Thedominant culture of an organization is not other than the macro-view of the Culturethat gives the organization its distinct personality. Subcultures land to be developedin large organizations. Such subcultures reflect the common problems and situationsthat members face. Any specifi c departments of an organization's or the office unitsof the organization that are geographically separated from the main separations of theorganization may have their own subcultures. The subculture of such departments oroffi ce units will include the core values of the dominant culture plus the additionalvalues unique to the members of those departments or units.
The organization culture or work culture of an organization have following differentcharacteristics:
I) Observed Behavioral Regularities: The language organization membersuse, the customs and traditions they have developed and the rituals they employ in specifi c situations.
II) Norms/Group Norms: Standards of behavior that exist in organizationmembers for example, members of many organizations are found to havedeveloped a work norm- "neither do too much nor do too little".
III) Exposed values: There are some values that organization advocates andexpects that the participants share-high product quality and high effi ciencycan be taken as the examples of such values.
IV) Organizational Philosophy: The broad policies and organizationalprinciples that guide the actions of the organization towards stakeholders,employees and customers;
V) Rules of the Game: The implicit rules and guidelines related to getting along in the organization;
VI) Organization Climate: The overall 'feeling' that is conveyed by the physicallayout and the way the employees or the members of the organization treatsuch other customers and outsiders;
VII) Embedded Skills: The special competencies that organization membersdisplay in accomplishing certain talks are often transferred from generation to generation without necessarily being documented in written form;
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VIII) Innovation and Risk Taking Tendency: Certain organizations encouragemembers to take risks and perform innovative works. in comparison of certain other organizations.
IX) Outcome Orientation: The degree to which management focuses on results or outcomes may differ in different organizations
X) Team Orientation: Work activities are more organized around teams incertain organizations while in some other organizations such activities oreorganized around individual employees or members.
XI) Attention to Detail: Organization members are expected to exhibit more orless i.e. different level of precision, analysis and attention to detail.
XII) Orientation towards the people within the organization: the degree towhich management expresses its concern on the effect of outcomes onpeople within the organization.
XIII) Aggressiveness towards the task: The degree to which people are aggressive rather than easy going towards the task differs in organizations
XIV) Status-quo or the Stability: The degree to which organization emphasizeson status-quo in contrast to growth differs in organizations.
XV) Habits of Thinking, Mental Models and Linguistic Paradigms: The members of specifi c organizations share some specific cognitive formerthat guide their thought, perceptions and the language. New members become familiar with such perceptions, thought and languages in the early socialization process.
XVI) Shared Meanings: The emergent understandings that are created by organization members as they interact with each other also may differ inorganizations.
XVII) "Root metaphors" or integrating symbols: The groups or organizationsdevelop specifi c ideas, feelings, and images to characterize themselves.Such ideas, feelings and images are embodied in buildings, offi ce layoutand various other artifacts of the organization.
These various characteristics provide a specific identification to the organization.As the administrative mechanism of a country itself represents an organization, italso has developed its own culture.
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Public administration often is recognized as having following different characteristics that can be regarded as the different dimensions of the administrative culture.
i. Administration is characterized by the hierarchical arrangement of offi ces each with its own authority
ii. There is division of labour based on the hierarchy and in functional specialization.
iii. Offi cials are expected to be appointed generally on the basis ofobjective qualifi cations and competitive and fair examinations
iv. Offi cials are completely repeated legally from the means ofadministration
v. Activities are regulated by formal rules and procedures
vi. Organization is expected to follow the philosophy of impartialityin decision making. Offi cials are expected to fulfill their duties ina spirit of impersonality without any kind of partiality towards tothe people.
vii. Public administration is often recognized as the organization notfriendly towards innovation and charge. These organizations areoften blared as organizations that adhere unduly to traditions andprefer maintaining status-quo to avoid uncertainty.
viii. Principle of 'do not do too much and do not do too little" in found to work largely as the working norm of the people in public organizations
ix. Respect and facility including the salary is often based on the hierarchy. High level officials enjoy higher level of facilities andorganizational and social respect.
x. Top-down communication prevails more,
xi. More loyalty is seen in offi cials towards a part of the organizationrather towards the whole organization. Officials express theirloyalties to specifi c departments and office units in which they
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work. Administrative organization is characterized by subcultureswithin it .
xii. People often recognize public offi ces as offices that exhibitexcessive formality and do not take decisions on time or take decisions very late.
xiii. Large power distance in found to exist in public administration .People are often blamed as found is worship power rather than the personal qualities and competencies of the individuals.
xiv. Administration is expected and also often is blamed to maintain unnecessary secrecy in different matters.
xv. People outside the administration organization often considerthemselves superior to other people.
xvi. Public administration is regarded as an important arm of the government. Administration is considered responsible to carry out the policies and programs of the political leaders in government.
Socialization
The organization helps its new employees to adopt its culture. This adaptation processis called socialization. Socialization is conceptualized mainly as a process made up offollowing three stages:
a) Pre-arrival- In this stage, learning occurs before a niw member joins the groupor the organization.
b) Encounter- In this second stage, the new employee sees and recognizes whatthe organization is really like. The employee knows about the reality andevaluates it with his pervious expectations.
c) Metamorphosis- Relatively long- lasting charges take plac3e in this third stage. The employee masters the skills required to perform the job and successfully performs the required roles. The employee makes the adjustments of individual values and norms with the group values and norms.
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The followings are the important steps in the process of socialization (Fred Luthens, 1998):
i) Selection of entry-level personnel
ii) Placement on the job
iii) Job mastery- extensive and carefully reinforced experience
iv) Measuring and rewarding performance
v) Adherence to important values
vi) Reinforcing the stories and folklore
vii) Recognition and promotion
Guidelines to Change The Organization Culture
Following are some ways to be followed to change the culture of and organization(Luthans, 1998):
i) Assessment of the existing culture
ii) Setting realistic goals that impact on bottom-line
iii) Recruiting outside personnel with related experience
iv) Making Changes from the top and deliver a consistent message from allmanagement team members
v) Including employees in the charge process, especially in making charges in rules and procedures
vi) Taking out all trappings that remind. The previous culture
vii) Expecting to have some problems and preparing to take necessary steps to solve those problems. Finding people who would rather leave the organization rather than change with the culture.
viii) Moving decisively and quickly to build momentum and to diffuse any resistance to the mew culture.
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ix) Stay the course by being persistent. For the process of cultural charge to be started, the organization must at first feel the need of such charge.Management.
Commitment also is a must. All the concerned people must have a clearunderstanding about where the organization was trying to go and what that meantto their individuals roles. Thus the organization should develop a clear mindset ofits people. All employees working in the organizations are required to be involvedin the process if making the charge a reality. Organization needs to provide focusedtraining to adequately prepare its people to as well as for change. Monitoring and evaluation system as well as the accountability system need to be developed to monitor and evaluate the performance of the people and reward or punish them on the basis of performance evaluation.
Opportunities of Change
Because of the emergence of new theories on management and administration, relatively the favorable opportunity has been created in recent times to initiate the process of cultural change in organization.
Democratic and pluralistic systems provide better opportunities for hard-working and better performing. In this context people and government organizations alsohave begun to feel the need of innovation and risk taking.
Reference:
� Denhardt, R.B. and Denhardt J.V. (2009), Public Administration, CengugeLearning
� Luthons, F. (1998), Organizational Behaviour, Irwin/Mc-Graw Hill
� Robbins S.P.(2003), Organizational Behaviour, Pearson Education
� kf08] o'j/fh -@)^*_, ljsf; Joj:yfkg, ljBfyL{ k':ts e08f/ .
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Managing Work Effi ciency:Tools and Techniques
Hari Da! Pandey*
AbstractEmployees need to be ‘happy, healthy and, at work, in order to deliver first rateservices. That is the best way to posi!on organiza!ons to be#er deliver corefunc! ons. Managing sickness absence improves efficiency and delivery. Managersacross the public sector are star!ng to recognize the link between sicknessabsence, efficiency and produc!vity. There is already a lot of good prac!ce goingon. Governments and public at large worldwide are now showing increasingconcerns and interests in the "results" of the public programmes/projects.Expenditures on the public services is rapidly increasing, however, the publiccon!nues to complain about the unreliability, inadequacy and unsa!sfactorynature of the public services. Thus, demands for sa!sfactory results by the peoplehave necessitated the need for the accountable management. Consequently,governments of the developing countries are making vigorous a#empts toimprove their public services using various tools and techniques. They are alsoemphasizing innova!ons so that they could enhance the work efficiency of theirorganiza!ons and the people working with them. Organiza!onal efficiency liesin the fact that an organiza!on can essen!ally use effec!veness to measure itsproducts and services. Efficiency and effec!veness are highly dependent on theability of the organiza!on to adjust itself to rapid changes in its environment,resources or technology.
Both the efficiency and effec!veness are central terms in assessing organiza!onalperformance, yet the challenge for organiza!ons is to balance efficiency witheffec!veness. The efficiency and effec!veness of the organiza!on depend greatlyon how well the social and technical systems are designed with respect to eachother and also with respect to the demands of the external environment .Thereshould be a 'fit' between various design elements and the external environment.If there is a change in the external environment, resources or technology, theorganiza!on has to respond through appropriate structural changes and if it isthe public sector organiza!on it also needs to take into account the impact onpublic sector values such as equity, access to services, and the quality of services.
* Joint Secretary, Public Service Commission
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Background
Public organizations in developing nations have heavily been facing the pressure ofinnovation, globalization, international competition, adaptability, alternate productsand services since the last quarter of the twentieth century. Efforts ensuring increasedresults orientation, such as budget practices and procedures and performance measurement arrangements; provisions that increase flexibility including devolutionof functional and fiscal responsibilities from central to local agencies, public-private partnership, intra-governmental coordination, human resource management arrangements and e-government; methods for strengthening competitive pressures through privatization and other approaches; and right sizing the bureaucracy,inclusive public service, the extent and nature of unionization and the attractiveness of the public sector have been practiced by these countries. Thus, it seems than the governments of the developing countries are making vigorous attempts to improve their public services with the application of above mentioned tools and techniques. However, most of them are still unable to gain the trust of their people regarding theeffi ciency of their public service organizations.
Obviously, governments and public at large worldwide are now showing increasingconcerns and interests in the "results" of the public programmes/projects. Whereas public expenditures on the services is continued to rise, the public continues to complain about the unreliability, inadequacy and unsatisfactory nature of the publicservices. Demands for satisfactory results by the public have therefore, necessitated the need for accountable management. As used by the Fulton Report (1966-68: 150), the term accountable management means, "holding individuals and units responsible for performance measured as objectively as possible. Its achievement depends upon identifying or establishing accountable units within government departments/units where output can be measured against costs or other criteria and where public employees can be held personally responsible for their performance. In order to makemanagement accountable various tools were used in different times.
Project management was conceived as entailing activities organized on the basis ofan organization's current mission, allocating leadership roles on the basis of expertise,and adopting multi-disciplinary approach to problems of project implementation.
In the same vein, Management-by-Objectives (M BO) was described as "identifying goals and objectives defi ning managerial responsibility in terms of expected results,and measuring performance and achievement against those goals and objectives.
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Likewise, Programme and Performance Budgeting, or Programming, Planning and Budgeting System (PPBS) is a budgetary system which provides a means of comparinginputs. Its emphasis is on planning and forecasting. In sharp contrast to the line-item incremental budgeting system which focuses attention on inputs only, PPBS focuseson both inputs and outputs.
Organizational Effi ciency
Organizational efficiency is the organization's ability to implement its plans usingthe smallest possible expenditure of resources. It is an important factor in the organizational effectiveness, this being the ease and degree of success with whichthe organization is able to accomplish its aims. Efficiency can be defined as costsper unit of output. The measurement of effi ciency requires quantitative informationon costs (or physical inputs) and outputs of organization's service provision. Ideally,this requires an accrual accounting system that registers costs rather than cash flows.Likewise, the measurement of outputs should ideally capture both quantitative and qualitative aspects of the products/services provided. The latter is especially diffi cultin the public sector since a large bulk of the services provided are typically intangible,e.g. policy advice. These measurement diffi culties are even more pronounced forcross-country comparisons, although they are possible to overcome for some sectors.
For an organization to succeed at accomplishing its aims, it must be able to create theright plans needed to accomplish those aims, pull together the resources needed to implement those plans, and then use resources (financial, human, etc.) in the actualimplementation of those plans.
Organizational efficiency essentially denotes how well an organization uses itsresources. In public organizations, organizational efficiency lies in their ability toproper utilization of resources to achieve defi ned goals/objectives within the set time-frame. Regularly monitoring organizational efficiency can help organizations preventmisuse of resources. Some scholars opine that return on investment (ROI) constitutes a good measure of organizational effi ciency.
Organizational Effectiveness
Organizational effectiveness has a very broad and often vague definition so thatmost sources explain the concept by example rather than defi nition. Basically, theeffectiveness of an organization constitutes its ability to perform a function withoptimal levels of input and output. Organizations use their effectiveness to measure
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their products and services, from the relationship between employee performance and achievement of organizational objectives/goals. Since there are no set parametersand formula each organization creates its own method of measuring effectiveness.Measuring effectiveness can help an organization without the ability to absorbineffective processes modify its approach to avoid loss.
Fundamental Differences between Organizational Effi ciency andOrganizational Effectiveness
The most basic fundamental difference between organizational effectiveness andorganizational efficiency lies in the fact that an organization can essentially usethe former to measure anything, while the latter pertains exclusively to financialeffi ciency. For instance, effectiveness could measure how effectively the employeesof an organization waste time as easily as it could how effectively employees use anorganization’s assets. Furthermore, organizational efficiency constitutes a concretemeasurement, while organizational effectiveness is abstract; it exists in the conceptualrealm and relates more directly to business theory than business practice. Effectivemanagement is not the same thing as effi cient administration. As Viswasan (1975)concluded recently, "…the latter may lead to the former, but not necessarily".
According to Barnard (1938:2) "Organizational effectiveness is the degree to whichoperative and operational goals have been attained while the concept of effi ciencyrepresents the cost/benefi t rate incurred in the present of these goals.
In the words of Jackson et al (1986: 24), "Effectiveness is commonly referred to as the degree to which predetermined goals are achieved. Effi ciency refers to the economicalmanner in which goal-oriented operations are carried out-something of an output/input ratio."
Thus, a business enterprise is said to be effective if it is able to attain the desiredvolume of sales (sales goal), but it will be called effi cient if it can produce goodsat a low cost. the distinction between effectiveness and efficiency is very importantto explain why some organizations are effective but highly inefficient, or highlyeffi cient but ineffective. Effectiveness is a multidimensional concept which cannotbe measured by a single criterion whereas efficiency can be measured by the ratio ofoutput to input. In other words, effi ciency considers the issue of how much input isnecessary to attain a given level of output.
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Organizational Performance
Effi ciency and effectiveness are central terms in assessing organizational performance,yet the challenge for organizations is to balance efficiency with effectiveness. Empiricalresearch in this area indicates that organizations often fail to achieve differentiationand innovation in their surrounding service networks, through dealing with effi ciency and neglecting effectiveness. Because of low productivity problems manyorganizations focus on issues of competitive advantage through value appropriationrather than on issues of creating new growth opportunities in their networks. They are solely addressing their operational effi ciency and neglecting effectiveness in theirservice networks. Therefore, organizations need emphasize the importance of linkingeffi ciency and effectiveness.
What is performance Measure ?
A performance measure is a numeric description of an organization’s work and theresults of that work. Performance measures are based on data, and inform whether anorganization or activity is achieving its objectives and if progress is being made towardattaining policy or organizational goals. In technical terms, a performance measure isa quantifiable expression of the amount, cost, or result of activities that indicate howmuch, how well, and at what level, products or services are provided to customers during a given time period. Performance measures indicate managers somethingimportant about the organizations products, services, and the processes. Measures are atool to help understand, manage, and improve organizations products, services, and theprocesses. Effective performance measures can let the manager monitor performanceto judge how well the employees are doing, know if the organization is meeting itsgoals and if the service seekers are satisfi ed, take action to affect performance orimprove effi ciency if improvements are necessary. In short, performance measuresprovide data and information necessary to make informed decisions. Performancemeasures provide a snapshot of current performance capabilities and track whetheractual performance is getting better, staying the same, or getting worse over time.
The best performance measures start conversations about organizational priorities, theallocation of resources, ways to improve performance, and offer an honest assessmentof effectiveness. Good performance measures should be relevant, understandable,timely, comparable, reliable and cost effective. Useful measures help employeesdoing the work understand what is happening with their work process, and how to get better results for clients/service seekers.
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Major Factors Affecting Effi ciency
The major sets of variables that potentially have their infl uence on efficiency areshown in Exhibit-1:
Exhibit-1: Major Factors Affecting Efficiency
1. Organizational characteristics 2. Environmental characteristics
StructureSpecializationFormalizationDecentralizationSpan of controlSize of organizationTechnologyOperation Materials Knowledge
ExternalComplexityStabilityUncertaintyInternalAchievement orientationEmployee centerednessSecurity of jobOpenness vs. Defensiveness
3. Employee characteristics 4. Managerial policies and practices
Organizational attachmentAttractionRetentionCommitmentJob performanceMotives, goals and needsAbilitiesRole clarity
Strategic goal settingResource acquisition and utilizationLeadership and decision makingOrganization adaptation and innovationCreating a performance environment
Obstacles in the Way of Work Efficiency
In the context of public organizations like in Nepal, there are a large number of factorswhich come in the way of enhancing work effi ciency. Some of the factors are listedbelow:
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� Lack of well defi ned job responsibilities, lack of well designed performancestandards, etc.
� Diffi cult to evaluate social cost and social benefit
� Diffi cult to identify task environment and contextual environment
� Lack of defi nite structure
� Lack of effective management system
� Administrative procedures not updated
� Lack of administrative capability in personnel
� Lack of effective leadership
� Lack of effective logistic support
� Ineffective decision making/ Centralized decision making
� Lack of adequate information
� Reward and punishment not tied up with performance
� Low motivation
� Inadequate occupational health and safety
Techniques of Managing Work Efficiency
In order to effectively manage work effi ciency, an organization should pay attentionto the following techniques:
Institutional capability Enhancement
� Managing organizations and people effectively- Who, What, and Why?
� Taking a strategic approach to efficiency and improvement
� Human Resource development
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� Strengthening internal communication.
� Updating group email lists to ensure key project players are never left offmessages, and peripheral players can limit their exposure to daily or weekly digests.
� Interlocking systems of an organization: Technical system, social system,administrative system, and strategic system.
� Planning, developing and utilizing human resources: Rightsizing the human resource, motivating outstanding talents, retaining trained and experienced human resource
� Understanding groups and developing effective teams
� Institutionalizing a calendaring system with transparent free/busy time thatlets colleagues book appointments on one another’s calendars, circumventingthe need to share suggested times back and forth.
� Applying a text-expansion tool that can speed up routine tasks by pasting orloading a favorite website with just a few keystrokes.
� Institutionalizing a central file repository for sharing the latest companymemos, scripts, and graphics.
� Institutionalizing a public knowledgebase to let clients help themselves.
� Introducing a case ticketing system to keep track of service issues and featurerequests.
Performance Management
� Managing resources in a ! ght financial climate
� Regularly reviewing services
� Engaging with staff and workforce planning
� Using con!nuous improvement method
� Engaging with service users
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� Ensuring ownership of the efficiency strategy
� Evaluating performance through control systems (Understanding how MIS is changing control systems.)
� Applying Client Relationship Management (CRM) tool for tracking all clients' interactions.
Organization Development
� Welcoming to the changing world of work (managing change)
� Suppor! ng innova!on and learning
� Assessing the environment, identifying the major sources of environmental uncertainty, identifying the ethical issues in environment scanning, formulating and implementing strategies for managing the environment.
� Internalizing the signifi cance of Organiza!onal development (OD): OD arises inthe context of changes in technology, knowledge, product and services, and thesocial system. This involves changes in beliefs, a&tudes, values and structure.
� Socio-technical systems approach to organiza!on re-design
» Defi ning the scope of the system to be re-designed
» Determining the environmental demands
» Creating a vision statement
» Educating organizational members why planned change is necessary in the organization
» Creating the change structure
» Conducting socio-technical analysis
» Formulating re-design proposals
» Implementing recommended changes
» Evaluating changes
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Decision making
� Making effective decisions
Introducing appropriate technology and the designing work processes
Planning system
� Making best use of collaboration and joint working arrangements
� Using benchmarking to identify potential effi ciencies
� Planning in an uncertain environment, defi ning organization's purpose,creating and implementing strategies, being familiar with ethics of strategy,making assumption how far is too far.
Organizational culture
� Creating and sustaining the organization's culture, identifying threats todiversity, downsizing the strong culture, and introducing effective techniquesfor managing sound and conducive organizational culture
Human Behaviour
� Understanding the basics of human behavior, classifying individual differences,interpreting the World around vs. Expectations, attitudes, learning: how peopleadapt.
Habits needed to be developed by a manager/leader for increasing efficiencyin the organization
Leadership in every organization is important. The support of leaders is vital forpushing the implementation of organizational reforms. Leaders have an important roleto play in their development. Strong leadership can create momentum and impetus for change and help to overcome organizational resistance. Undoubtedly, many scholarsstressed the importance of strong leadership at all levels of organizations. In order toincrease effi ciency in the organization, the manager/leader must develop the followinghabits:
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Try to correct the behaviour of team members
It can be believed that pointing out a mistake invariably includes some degreeof ridicule. However, correcting someone without being animatedly angry,making defamatory remarks or hurting sentiments constitutes rectifi cation.
Appreciate and Reward
People entrusted with leadership positions often forget to encourage their team members. The biggest way of boosting tempo of an employee/team member is to appreciate his or her efforts. Appreciation in person can work wondersto uplift an employee or the entire team. It is the biggest psychological stimulus a person needs to continue working hard. If along with appreciation,a manager/leader can combine some sort of reward, no matter how small, theappreciation is further driven home. Management scholars often quote the examples of iron-fi sted leaders who put forth incredibly-high incentives. Thisensures that a team member has the biggest motivation to accept the hierarchyand work better, i.e., money.
Lead by Setting Examples
People often question how to establish authority and ensure that people look up to the manager/leader. Perhaps, the easiest way of doing so is leading byexample. This is the easiest form of leadership since an active and capable manager/leader does not need to explain much. His/her actions alone prove his/her credibility.
Be Proud not Egoistic
Managers/Leaders need to have a commanding aura, clearly establishingthat they are in control. Having self-confi dence and some degree of prideare associated with most managers/leaders. However, this blend of qualitiesshouldn’t include ego. When a person becomes egoistic, his/her leadershipstarts oscillating between arrogance and being smug with authority. None ofthese traits are liked by people. If the manager truly wants to become a leader,he/she needs to gain a bigger understanding on issues. This means looking atthings from somebody else’s perspective too but an egoistic person is incapableof doing so. A proud manager/leader can still maintain an open mind and gainadvice from others. An egoistic manager/leader is prone to distancing himself
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from his./her well-wishers as he/she cannot digest the smallest bit of ridicule. Once a person loses that vital vibe of understanding with his/her inner circleof confi dantes, his/her leadership becomes short-lived
Communicate with Transparency
Communication is the biggest tool that a manager can use to turn into aneffective leader. Being a leader does not mean being born with extraordinaryskills. A leader too needs to commit mistakes, pay his/her dues and learn alongthe way. If a manager is open to honest conversations, including giving &receiving feedback, he/she qualifi es as an upfront and capable individual—an impressive trait that would make people trust him/her with responsibility.Many employees complain about their team leaders or managers not being sensitive to their problems. Even worse are instances when managers seem aloof and unapproachable. These are all examples of managers/leaders who have poor communication skills.
Conclusion
The organization has to be both effective and efficient to achieve its goal. Organizationaleffi ciency refers to the amount of resources an organization uses in order to producea unit of output. Efficiency and effectiveness are highly dependent on the ability ofthe organization to adjust itself to rapid changes in its environment, resources ortechnology.
Organizations have to function in consonance with its external environment, whichincludes other organizations,ecology,governmentpolicies,tradesystems,technologicalenvironment, cultural beliefs and other factors. Likewise, the functional and political decentralisation (i.e. spending responsibility) to local agencies also seems benefi cialfor effi ciency. In principle, devolution of functional responsibilities, if accompaniedby appropriate fiscal and political decentralisation, provides incentives for localgovernment institutions to deliver locally preferred services more effi ciently, as theburden and the benefi ts of public service delivery both accrue in the communities.
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Similarly, human resource management practices also matter a great deal. The softaspects of human resource management, such as employee satisfaction and morale, are considered to be the most important drivers of performance. While salary and other financial benefits are important for staff, non-monetary incentives are also essential.
Last but not least, the leadership competency is a must for achieving organizationaleffi ciency and effectivenes as strong leadership can creat momentum and impetus forchange and help to overcome organizational resistance.
ReferencesBarnard, C. I., (1938), The Functions of the Executive, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.
Burns, J. M., (1978), Leadership, New York: Harper and Row.
Belbin, R. M. (1997), Changing the Way We Work, Butterworth - Heineman.
Bennis, W. and Nanus, B. (1985), Leadership: Strategies for Taking Charge, New York: Harperand Row.
Bennis, W. (1999), The leadership advantage, Leader to Leader, 12, Spring.
Conger, J. A. and Kanungo, R. N. (1998), Charismatic Leadership in Organizations, ThousandOaks, CA: SAGE.
Fayol, H., (1974), General and Industrial Management, Sir Issac Pitman and Sons Ltd.
French R. P. and Raven, B.H. (1959), “the Bases of social Power”, in D. Cartwright (ed.), Studiesin Social Power, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, pp. 150-167.
Galbraith, J. K., (1983), The Anatomy of Power, Houghton: Miffl in Co.
Griffi n, R. W. (2007), Management (Eighth Edition), Biztantra, New Delhi.
Hicks, H. G. and Gullet, C. R., (1981), Management, McGraw-Hill, Aukland, 1981, p.333.
Hayes, J. (2007), The Theory and Practice of Change Management (Second Edition), New York:Palgrave Macmillan.
Jackson, J. H., Morgan, C.P., and Paolillo, J.G., (1986), Organization theory: A Macro Perspectivefor Management, Prentice-Hall, Rnglewood Cliffs, New Jersy, p.24.
The Civil Service. Vol. 1. Report on the (Fulton) Committee, 1966—68 Cmnd 3638, HMSO
London, Para. 150.
Viswasan, C. (1975), "Modern Management Techniques" , Paper presented at the All NigeriaConference of Secondary School Principals" Workshop, Faculty of Education, University of Ife,21 August, 1975 (mimeographeds:9 pp).
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Administrative Reforms and Bureaucratic Commitment An Analytical Discussion
Bharat Gautam, PhD*
AbstractThe words reform and change have widely been used for explaining reform phenomena inthe context of public administra!on. Reform is a delibera!ve a#empt of changes made bypoli! cal and administra!ve leaders in structural and cultural features of an organiza!on.Change is what actually happened in the structure and culture of the organiza!on. Reformin an organiza!on is also necessary for its adapta!on in the changed environment. It is acon!nuous process and undertaken in order to work effec!vely in the changed context and!me taking public aspira!on into considera!on. Reform is also a means to make administra!vesystem more effec!ve instrument for making economic growth in the country and for bringingjus!ce in the society. There may be a number of factors that may have numerous effects inreform process in the public sector. Among them bureaucra!c commitment is one of themajor factors for making reform agenda of the government more effec!ve and successful.But, it may be more complex ques!on is that how to measure commitment of bureaucratsworking at the different levels of reform process. In the case of the Nepalese Civil Service,the role of non-gaze#ed staff, sec!on officers, under-secretary, joint secretary, and secretarylevel officials is perceived important to implement reform programs of the governmentin their capacity of comple!ng their roles and responsibili!es in the reform process. Thesecretaries who are the chiefs of the bureaucra!c actors have their decisive role in reformpolicy decision and implementa!on in bureaucracy. Therefore, their commitment has greatereffects for making reform program successful in the ministries and their line agencies.
The commitment of bureaucra!c actors is also shaped by the administra!ve culture of thebureaucra!c system of the organiza!on and it affects the execu!on of reform policies to a greatextent. Administra!ve culture where the percep!on and understanding between junior andsenior level employees is also one of the cri!cal factors for making reform programs effec!veas a whole is an important variable. The interpersonal rela!onship between senior andjunior level employees that reflects the level of power distance between them is importantfor execu!ng reform agenda of the government in bureaucracy. Those bureaucra!c systemswhere power distance is low between the lower and upper level employees, wide range ofconsulta!on between them takes place while introducing and execu!ng reform agenda. Insuch organiza!ons, implementa!on of reform agenda would be more effec!ve.
* Dr. Gautam is Joint Secretary at the Legistative Parliament Secretariat
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1. Introduction
&e main objective of this article is to discuss relationship between administrativereforms and bureaucratic commitment. Probably, in many cases of reforms, we maygenerally have seen the comments like, 'reform program was comprehensive, butit could not be implemented e%ectively, simply because lack of commitment'. &iskind of comment mainly comes from politicians and bureaucrats. It may also comefrom civil society and donor agencies as well. Political leaders may charge lack ofcommitment on the side of bureaucrats to carry out the reform agenda. Vice versa,bureaucrats may charge lack of commitment/will on the part of political leadership ofthe government towards the reform programs. In the reforms in public administrationas well as in other policies of the state, both the political and bureaucratic actors arethe most important agents that they have great in'uence in the whole policy processand implementation. However, this paper only discusses on the relationship betweenadministrative reforms and bureaucratic commitment. &e discussion goes througha number of units of analysis. &e article $rst discusses on the meaning of reformsin the context of public administration. &en the article explains the meaning ofbureaucracy and its commitment in the context of reforms. &e article then analyzesthe relationship between administrative reforms and bureaucratic commitment in thecontext of Nepalese civil service. &en the article highlights the discussion on $ndingsand presents its conclusion.
2. Meaning of Reforms in Public Administration
&e words reform, transformation, modernization, innovation, and revolution havegenerally been used in the process of change in an organization, in an establishedsystem, in an idea, and in an existing practice. In speci$c, reform is a process of changefor the betterment of organizational performance. Transformation is a path of changefrom one state or form, or phase to another. &e word modernization is also a processof change where obsolete things have been deleted and modern ways, ideas, and styleshave been adopted. Innovation is also a process of change where new things have beenintroduced instead of established things, systems, and ideas. Finally, revolution is atotal form of change where the existing structures and systems have been replaced bynew one that we can also de$ne sweeping change (answers.com).
&e words reform and change have widely been used for explaining reform phenomenain the context of public administration. Reform is a deliberative attempt of changesmade by political and administrative leaders in structural and cultural features of
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an organization. Change is what actually happened in the structure and culture ofthe organization (Christensen et al., 2007:122). Pollitt and Bouckaert (2004:8) alsoview that public management reforms as deliberative changes to the structures andprocesses of public sector organizations with the objective of running them better.In reform phenomena structures, processes, and ideologies are shaped by the changeagents and altered in order to operate organization more functionally and e!ciently(Brunsson and Olsen, 1993:1). Public administration is the principal state machinerythat implements public policies and carries the activities of national development.&erefore, an e!cient, competent, and e%ective public administration can only workto achieve a larger goal of the national development. However, public administrationis generally criticized for being more bureaucratic, rigid, ine!cient, and incompetent.Jamil, (2007:49) commented that “bureaucrats are criticized for buck passing, sitting on$les, delaying in decisions making, and excessively adhering the rules and regulations.”Olsen, in his article '…to rediscover bureaucracy' (2005:1), remarked that 'bureaucracy'is an organizational dinosaur helplessly involved in its death struggle as an undesirableand unviable form of administration. &erefore, there is a need to continue reforms inbureaucracy to overcome its ine!ciency. According to Pollitt and Bouckaert (2004:6),reform is necessary for improving quality of public services, making operation ofgovernment more e!cient, and implementing public policies e%ectively.
Reform in an organization is also necessary for its adaptation in the changedenvironment. It is a continuous process and undertaken in order to work e%ectivelyin the changed context and time taking public aspiration into consideration. Reformis also a means to make administrative system more e%ective instrument for makingeconomic growth in the country and for bringing justice in the society (Turner andHulme, 1997:106). &ere may be widespread agreement among the governmentsregarding the need to reshape public administration in order to increase e!ciencyand improve public service delivery (Brunsson and Olsen, 1993:27). Reform in publicadministration is initiated from those people who work with the bureaucracy i.e.politicians and administrative leaders because they see the shortcomings in existingadministrative system (Schedler and Proeller, 2002:177). Reforms in an organizationmay also be triggered from lower echelons and sometimes from the pressure of thegeneral public (Brunsson and Olsen, 1993:2).
Public administration in the 1970s was sharply criticized for being complex, rigid,cost consuming, rule oriented, and poor performing institution. Bureaucratic meansof service delivery was rated as ine!cient and ine%ective state machinery (Dawsonand Dargie, 2002:34). Bureaucratic actors were blamed for maximizing their own
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needs rather than the needs of the organization and citizens. &erefore, reform inpublic administration is necessary for bringing changes in the established bureaucraticstructures, practices, mindsets, and behaviors for organizational e%ectiveness and betterservice delivery. Above all, the commitment of the bureaucratic actors is perceived asan important factor for making reform agenda of the government successful. However,what does bureaucratic commitment mean, how it exists, and how can we measure thecommitment of employees in the process of reforms in public administration are theimportant aspects of the discussion. &erefore, the following section discusses on thebureaucratic commitment in the context of administrative reforms.
3. Bureaucratic Commitment
The word 'bureaucracy' is desived from 'bureaux' which means public offi ces.Max Weber describes bureaucracy is an administrative body of appointed officials(Lakshmanna and Rao, 1994:79-80). The offi cial/s working in an administrative bodyis/are known as bureaucrat/s or bureaucratic actor/s. The word "commitment" denotes a state of being bound to a certain course of action. It is willingness to work andto take ownership to the jobs to be done. Commitment is also some sort of pledge to do something and is manifested to actor's disposition. Disposition is the mental positioning of the actor that could be negative and positive. Commitment with positive disposition is a mental faculty of dedication to complete particular task withpreference where a sense of relying is existed in the jobs (answers.com). Commitmentis also a philosophy of mind and it is associated with positive thought for functioningtasks effectively. It is about to take responsibility in order to accomplish assigned jobs.Commitment is also viewed as an intention that refl ects in the behavior through whichwe can predict whether policy implementers implement a policy proposal effectivelyor not. In sum, commitment is the state of actor's mind and quality of being dedicated to a certain course action. It is also known as pledge for undertaking the jobs to bedone.
In an organizational context, commitment is associated with a course of actiongenerated by position, assurance, and obligation. Commitment in the context of publicadministration is associated with the disposition of policy implementers. Bureaucraticcommitment in the case of administrative reforms is a pledge made by employeesfrom the top to bottom of the organization in the change process. Bureaucraticcommitment is also associated administrative culture where employees’ dispositionand behavior have an e%ect in executing organizational decisions. In general policyscience, a"er the policy decision, the next step is its implementation, which is the main
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task of bureaucracy. In modern policy science, bureaucratic actors are also engagedin analyzing public policies, in taking policy decisions, and in implementing publicpolicies in a large scale. &erefore, bureaucratic agencies and actors working di%erentlevels of government have been involved in the whole process of decision making ingeneral and in implementing public policies in particular. Bureaucratic actors, each ofthem have their own interests, ambitions, thoughts, traditions, and behavior that a%ectthe implementation process and in'uence the outcomes of reform agenda (Howlettand Ramesh, 2003:187) which are guided by their level of commitment.
4. Relationship between Reforms and Bureaucratic Commitment
&ere may be a number of factors that may have numerous e%ects in reform process inthe public sector. Among them bureaucratic commitment is one of the major factorsfor making reform agenda of the government more e%ective and successful. But, it maybe more complex question a that how to measure commitment of bureaucrats workingat the di%erent levels of reform process. In the case of the Nepalese Civil Service(NCS), the role of non gazetted sta%, section o!cers, under-secretary, joint secretary,and secretary level o!cials is perceived important to implement reform programsof the government in their capacity of completing their roles and responsibilitiesin the reform process. &e secretaries, chiefs of the bureaucratic actors, have theirdecisive role in reform policy decision and its implementation through bureaucracy.&erefore, their commitment has greater e%ects for making reform program successfulin the ministries and their line agencies. &e joint secretary level employees have anin' uential role in decision making and their implementation in the civil service.Mid-career level employees i.e., under-secretary and section o!cer, also have a greatin' uence mainly in executing reform program e%ectively in the civil service. &erole of non-gazetted sta%s as the frontline executors of reform activities dependingupon the types of reform is important to achieve the targets and objectives of reformprograms. &erefore, the commitment of bureaucratic actors working at any level oforganization is of vital importance for making reform agenda e%ective. In the processof reforms, a series of policy decisions need to be taken and procedures need to bemodi$ed while implementing reform activities by the bureaucratic actors. &erefore,there is a relationship between bureaucratic commitment and administrative reformswhich are the most important factors for the execution of reform policies e%ectively inpublic administration.
&e following table 1 shows the level of relationship between bureaucratic commitmentand administrative reforms in NCS. &e table re'ects the relationship by survey datawhich was conducted with the 200 respondents in 2009. &e employees working
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di% erent levels of their position in the civil service represented from the PrimeMinister O!ce and Ministry of General Administration known as reform leadingand co-coordinating organizations. Likewise, employees from the Ministry of Financeknown as $nance regulating organization in the reform process were also included inthe survey. Similarly, the survey was also conducted in the Ministry of Agriculture,Ministry of Health, and Ministry of Education known as development and servicerendering organizations which were $rst piloted in the Governance Reform Programin 2001-2005 and its extended period up to June 2007 for the execution of performanceimprovement plan (PIP). &e table below shows the respondents' opinion on therelationship between bureaucratic commitment and reforms on "Disagree" and "Agree"statements in the percentage form.
Table 1Opinion on the Relationship between Bureaucratic Commitment and Reforms
AdministrativeReforms
Relationship Bureaucratic CommitmentTotal Number N(Responses Received)
Disagree AgreeDisagree 85% 48%
Agree 15% 52%N=33 N=166 199
Source: Questionnaire Survey, 2009, SPSS Cross Tabulation, Fraction % is Adjusted
Question: Here is a question statement, "!ere is a relationship between bureaucraticcommitment and reforms in civil service". Would you agree completely, agree partly,disagree partly or disagree completely?
Among the four choices of the answer on the above question, the survey data onagree completely and agree partly were merged in the Agree form and the surveydata on disagree partly and disagree completely were merged in the Disagree formwhile processing the data in the SPSS1 cross tabulation. &e data has revealed thatadministrative reform in the civil service is highly a%ected by the bureaucraticcommitment. In the table, out of total 199 respondents, 166 in number or 83% ofthem are in Agree column, while 33 in number or 17% of them are only in Disagreecolumn. If we look at the fourth quadrant, out of respondents who agreed, 52% ofthem have both agreed that there is a strong positive relationship between bureaucraticcommitment and administrative reforms in the civil service. Out of the respondents
1 SPSS- Statistical Program for Social Science
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who disagreed, only 15% of them in the third quadrant have not agreed that there is apositive relationship between bureaucratic commitment and administrative reforms.If we compare the data of the fourth and third quadrant, the value of di%erence ismore by 37% in the forth Agree/Agree quadrant which entails that there is highlypositive relationship between bureaucratic commitment and administrative reformsin the Nepalese civil service.
5. Discussion: Commitment Requires for Executing Reform Agenda
&e study found that there is highly positive relationship between administrativereforms and bureaucratic commitment. &e inference is that commitment ofbureaucratic actors has a great in'uence for the execution of reform programs in thecivil service. &e survey inference also corresponds with the theoretical literature onpolicy implementation. &e literature on policy implementation argues that there isa relationship between policy implementers' disposition from where commitmentgenerates and it positively a%ects the policy execution. In the case of reform, dispositionof implementers/bureaucratic actors that determines their responses on the proposedreform policy and program. Committed disposition is also re'ected in their willingnessto carry out the implementation of reform policies. Policy implementers’ cognition,their direction, and intensity of responses have an e%ect on the policy execution.
Policy implementers may fail to execute policies faithfully because they may rejectthe goals contained in the proposed policies. Conversely, acceptance level of policyimplementers towards policy standards and objectives enhances successful executionof public policies (Van Horn and Van Meter, 1974:473). In addition, intensity level ofacceptance also a%ects reform policy implementation. Similarly, positive and negativeattitude that has an e%ect on generating commitment in policy implementers. &osewho hold negative attitude that leads low level of commitment and resulted theexecution of reform policies less e%ective. &ose who hold positive attitude that leadsto high level of commitment and contributes to execute reform policies e%ectively.&erefore, it is argued that the commitment of reform policy implementers’ is shapedby their disposition that could be positive and negative towards the whole range ofreform agenda. For example, those organizations where the performance basedincentive is applied such as Tax and Custom O!ces, and also in the Department ofCivil Service Records, employees working there shared their positive disposition.Employees in these organizations during the interviews with them claimed that theyare more committed to execute their reform agenda e%ectively compared to thoseorganizations where the application of performance based incentive is not applied.
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The commitment of bureaucratic actors is also shaped by the administrative culture of the bureaucratic system of the organization and it affects the execution ofreform policies to a great extent. Administrative culture where the perception andunderstanding between junior and senior level employees is also one of the critical factors for making reform programs effective as a whole is an important variable. Theinterpersonal relationship between senior and junior level employees that refl ects thelevel of power distance between them is important for executing reform agenda of the government in bureaucracy. Those bureaucratic systems where power distanceis low between the lower and upper level employees, wide range of consultation between them takes place while introducing and executing reform agenda. In such organizations, implementation of reform agenda would be more effective.
Those bureaucratic systems where power distance between senior and junior level employees is high and lower level are less consulted in the reform process. There, reform agenda of the government may not be effectively implemented. However,relationship between senior and junior level employees is considered high power distance and less interactive in introducing and executing reform policies in the Nepalese civil service. Junior level employees during the interviews with them commented that they were consulted very little while introducing new reform agenda in the civil service. Consequently, junior level employees opined that theycould not develop highly positive disposition and commitment while implementing proposed reform agenda. Therefore, it can be argued that the least consultation withlower echelons of organization also hinders for developing positive disposition andcommitment in implementing proposed reforms effectively in the bureaucracy.
Bureaucratic actors also link their positive and negative disposition towards thereform agenda with their interest. If they see the proposed reform agenda serves theirinterest they build positive disposition and would be committed for the execution ofsuch reform agenda. Adversely, if they do not see the reform agenda in favor of theirinterest, they may develop negative disposition to implement the reform agenda of thegovernment and consequently their commitment will be low. For example, in the caseof performance based incentive in the Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Health,and Ministry of Education under the GRP, 2001-2005 and its extended period 2007,the $eld level employees were positive to implement their performance improvementplan (PIP). However, the employees working at the center were not really interested inimplementing PIP. &e reason was that the proposed incentive package was set for the$eld level employees, not for the employees working at the center. &erefore, employees
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at the center might not have been committed to apply PIP e%ectively. In other words,bureaucratic actors working at the center i.e. Ministries and Departments could havelost their interest to apply and monitor performance based incentive package in the$eld level organizations.
6. Conclusion
Reforming public organization is an ongoing policy agenda of the government acrossthe world. &e main essence of reform is to bring changes in organizational structure,practice, and behavior of the employees. To bring change in these aspects of anorganization is highly in'uenced by the commitment of the employees working in it.De$ning and measuring commitment of bureaucratic actors in the context of reforms isa di!cult task. However, we can de$ne employees' commitment as pledge and measureit through their ownership taken for executing reform programs. &e commitment isalso manifested with the positive or negative disposition which is a mental positioningof the employees towards reform policies and programs of the organization. &e studyshows that there is a strong relationship between commitment of bureaucratic actorsand administrative reforms in NCS. It concludes that the commitment with positivedisposition of bureaucratic actors working at di%erent levels of bureaucracy has agreat in'uence for brining change in organizations through implementation of reformpolicies introduced by the government. &erefore, the message is that organizationalleadership also needs to work for developing commitment with positive dispositionof the employees through incentives, consultation, and other viable measures if theywant to see their reform agenda is e%ectively implemented in the civil service.
ReferencesBrunsson, N. & Olsen, J. P. (1993). The reforming the organization. Norway:Fagbokforlaget.
Christensen, T., Lagreid, P., Roness P. G & Rovik, K. A. (2007). Organization theoryand the public sector: Instrument, culture and myth. London and New York: Routledge.
Dawson, S. & Dargie, C. (2002). New public management: A discussion with specialreference to UK health. In K. Mclaughlin, S. P. Osborne, & E. Ferlie (Eds.), New publicmanagement: Current trends and future prospects (pp.34-56). London: Routledge.
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Government of Nepal. (2001-2005). Governance reform program. Policy document. Kathmandu, Nepal.
Hill, M. & Hupe, P. (2002). Implementing public policy. New Delhi: SAGEPublications.
Howlett, M. & Ramesh, M. (2003). Studying public policy: Policy cycle and policy sub-systems (2nd ed.). New York, USA: Oxford University Press.
Jamil, I. (2007). Administrative culture in Bangladesh. Dhaka, Bangladesh: A. H.Development Publishing House.
Lakshmanna, C. & Rao, A.V.S. (1991). Maxweber. In D. Ravindra Prasad, V.S. Prasad,P. Satyanarayana (Eds.). Administrative Thinkers (pp.76-90). New Delhi: Sterling Publishers Private Limited.
Olsen, J. P. (2005). May be it is time to rediscover bureaucracy. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory. Advance Access Publications, March, 1-24.
Pollitt, C. & Bouckaert, G. (2004). Public management reform: A comparativeanalysis. New York: Oxford University Press.
Schedler, K. & Proeller, I. (2002). The new public management: A perspective frommainland Europe. In K. Mclaughlin, S. P. Osborne, & E. Ferlie (Eds.), New public management: Current trends and future prospects (pp.163-180). London: Routledge.
Turner, M. & Hulme, D. (1997). Governance, administration and development: Making the state work. UK:Macmillan Press Ltd.
Van Meter, D. S. & Varn Horn, C. E. (1975). The policy implementation process: Aconceptual framework. In Administration and Society. Vol. 6, No.4, February, 445-487.
www.answers.com
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A Study of Relationships betweenHuman Capital Development and
Foreign Direct InvestmentChet Nath Dahal*
AbstractOver the last decade an increasing number of emerging market economies have opened theircountries to FDI, and have made a#rac!ng FDI an integral component of their developmentstrategies. The level of economy growth is likely depends on volume of inflows FDI for exampleChina and India and other emerging economy countries. As a result, FDI is now more likelyto finance a large ini!al surge in capital goods imports, bringing advanced technology, know-how an organisa!onal technique. However, FDI causing to a race to the top as governmentsrecognize the need for an educated workforce. The possibility that FDI is contribu!ng towidening wage and income inequali!es has revealed an important but rela!vely unexploredlink with human capital and human capital policy, educa!on and training. On the demandside, as mul! na!onal affiliates u!lize firm-specific knowledge assets and invest in physicalcapital they raise demand for skilled workers. All this may also occur in domes!c firms inhost countries if these knowledge assets are somehow transferred, but evidence on this —par! cularly for externality spillovers — is rather mixed. On the supply side, mul!na!onalscan raise the supply of skilled workers both at the micro-level of individual affiliates trainingworkers in-house and via interac!ons with host country educa!on and training ins!tu!ons.They can also do this at the macro-level through channels such as helping to raise and stabilizeoutput decisions. Two areas in par!cular on this interac!on between mul!na!onals andskill upgrading may merit closer analysis. Furthermore, examining the rela!onship betweenhuman capital and FDI, which could be extremely frui1ul for both poli!cal scien!sts andpolicy makers. In par!cular, we need to know more about such mechanisms and the ways inwhich policies can support them.
* Mr.Dahal is working in Inland Revenue Department
Introduction:
Over the last twenty years, globalisation has become a contentious issue. Much of thedebate has focused on the role of capital infl ows and foreign direct investment (FDI).There is substantial evidence that short-term capital flows, and portfolio capital inparticular, increase the susceptibility of developing countries to financial crises, whileFDI appears to be more stable and less subject to reversal and rapid outfl ows. Overthe last decade an increasing number of emerging market economies have opened
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their countries to FDI, and have made attracting FDI an integral component of their development strategies.
The level of economy growth depends on volume of infl ows FDI for example Chinaand India and other emerging economy countries. The majority of FDI from developed countries to developing countries now goes into services, rather than manufacturing and natural resource production. This change of composition has been accompanied by a change in purpose. As a result, FDI is now more likely to finance a large initial surgein capital goods imports, bringing advanced technology, know-how an organisationaltechnique. However, FDI causing to a race to the top as governments recognize theneed for an educated workforce. The possibility that FDI is contributing to widening wage and income inequalities has revealed an important but relatively unexplored link with human capital and human capital policy, education and training.
Furthermore, it is needed to find out the relationship between human capital and FDI,which could be extremely fruitful for both political scientists and policy makers. In particular, we need to know more about such mechanisms and the ways in whichpolicies can support them. The paper examines the literature about links between FDI and Human Capital Development policy which helps to policy makers for formulating economic and fi scal policy in our country.
Skills Upgrading and Spillovers' Effects
When analyzing level of skills of labour demand and supply of both outfl ows of FDIand host countries. Each side of labour market also need to analysis. On the demand side, the academic literature suggests several channels by which inward FDI stimulates demand for skilled workers in host countries. These include technology transfer to host country affi liates; technology flows-both market-mediated and via spillovers —to host country firms; and investments in physical capital related to new technologies.There is compelling evidence on the importance of within-fi rm technology transferand capital investment as modes of boosting host country demand for skilled workers. The evidence is much more mixed on technology flows to domestic firms, particularlyvia spillovers. But contrary, one can argue that a lack of spillovers is not necessarilya bad thing in light of the stronger evidence on the significant roles played by within-firm technology transfer and capital accumulation.
On the supply side, the question of how inward FDI infl uences the development ofhuman capital is much more diffi cult to answer. This link is, correctly, at the centreof this discussion, as not a lot is known about it. One involves short-term, firm-levelactivities by which individual firms interact with host country labour markets through
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on-the-job training, support for local educational institutions, and the like. The other involves long-term, country-level activities by which collectively contribute to an overall macro environment where fiscal policy can support and drive education policy.To the extent that FDI contribute to a good macro environment in host countries-through raising worker productivity, providing a relatively stable source of foreigncapital, paying host country taxes — they contribute to the ability of host countriesto fund education. Even if at this point generalizations of successful firm-leveleducational initiatives are hard to come by, as these efforts continue sight should notbe lost of the Country-level contributions.
Skills Human Resource Demand side Analysis
Theoretical Links
There is widespread agreement among researchers in many fields that a distinguishingfeature of these firms is their possession of knowledge assets — patents, proprietarytechnology, trademarks, etc. — that can be deployed in affiliates outside the parentcountry. This knowledge intensity is important for understanding the nature ofFDI labour demand in host countries. From an industrial-organization perspective (Dunning, 1981):
a. First is the ownership advantage, i.e. the ownership of a fi rm specific asset,b. Second is the location advantage, i.e. it must be more cost efficient for the firm to
exploit that asset abroad than in just the home country andc. Third is the internalization advantage, i.e. the firm must be better off using its
asset itself rather than contracting with another fi rm.
The vertical FDI view is that multinationals arise when firms want to take advantageof international factor price differences. These firms generally engage in twoactivities: headquarter services to develop and maintain the firm’s knowledge assets,and production of output. Headquarter services are intensive in physical and humancapital, while production is intensive in manual labour. When factor prices differacross countries, firms become multinational by locating production in countrieswhere manual-labour costs are relatively low and headquarters in countries where skilled-labour costs are relatively low. Even though the production activities may below-skill intensive relative to headquarter services, for host countries they likely will be skill intensive relative to their initial activity mix.
The horizontal FDI view is that multinationals arise because trade barriers makeexporting costly. The formal setup is one in which firms have high fixed cost
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headquarters and one or more production plants. When trade costs are low, a firmproduces all output in domestic plants and serves foreign consumers through exports. When trade costs are high, a firm becomes multinational by building productionplants both at home and abroad, each serving only local consumers. This type of FDI is called horizontal because the multinational has the same activities in all countries.
Technology Transfer
The MNE use of knowledge assets often entails the transfer of technology from parentsto affi liates. Inward FDI, then, can mean new production technologies for the hostcountry, which in turn can boost demand for more skilled labour within host countryaffi liates to the extent that the innovations are skill biased. This can occur whetherthe inward FDI is horizontal or vertical in nature.A second demand channel is thatthese new technologies may also reach domestically owned firms in host countries.New technologies may also reach domestic firms to “productivity spillovers” via non-market channels.
Spillovers of knowledge
From affi liates to domestic firms is an often-claimed benefit of inward FDI, so it isworth outlining possible spillover channels. The general idea that interaction among firms can generate spillovers had an early and ongoing interest in analyzing thispossibility of multinationals interacting with host country fi rms.
Theoretical work on the mechanics of spillovers ranges from general discussions, often leavened with anecdotes, to formal general-equilibrium models. Broadly speaking, spillovers are commonly hypothesized to fall along industry or regional lines. An example, it is often hypothesized that domestic firms learn from affiliates in thesame industry via a range of informal contacts: e.g. trade shows; supplier/distributordiscussions; exposure to affi liate products, marketing, and patents; technical supportfrom affi liates; and reverse engineering. Depending on how narrowly or broadlyindustries are defi ned, if the key contacts are between suppliers and/or distributors,then spillovers may be classifi ed as intra-industry or inter-industry.
Other spillover mechanisms may operate along regional lines. Some of the knowledge particular to foreign affi liates is embodied in their labour force, then as affiliateemployees leave to work for domestic fi rms this knowledge may move as well.
A third channel for boosting host country skilled labour demand, for both foreignand domestically owned firms alike, is capital investments. Implementing new
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technologies often entails making new capital investments. To the extent that capitaland skills are complements in the factor demands of firms, skill upgrading may arisenot only directly from new technologies but also indirectly from the capital investments induced by these new technologies.
Empirical Evidence and Policy Implications
There is compelling evidence that affi liate demand for skilled labour is stimulated bytheir receipts of parent technology and their investments in physical capital. Through acompositional shift, then, more inward FDI can raise host country demand for skilled workers. The evidence is mixed, however, for determining whether affiliates alsostimulate this host country demand via technology transfer to domestic competitors.The ambiguous evidence, at best, on knowledge spillovers from foreign to domestic firms may strike some as unfortunate. Such spillovers are an often touted benefit ofinward FDI. It is important to emphasize, however, that externalities of this kind are,by defi nition, market failures. In theory, if profit maximizing MNEs are aware of theirability to generate spillovers, then their operational decisions may be endogenous to this possibility and thus may try to minimize spillover benefi ts to local competitors.
They argue that when firms vary in their inherent technological abilities and othermeasures of firm performance, then these firms differ in the net benefits they realizefrom agglomerating near each other. “Best practice” firms have the least to gain andthe most to lose from clustering: few other firms can offer them new ideas, yet theirgood ideas can benefi t a large number of other firms. Thus, with heterogeneous firmsagglomeration may be characterized by adverse selection, where the firms with themost to offer by clustering have the least incentive to do so.
Put differently, there is compelling evidence that inward FDI brings new technologyand capital investment to host countries within the boundaries of affi liate operations.The evidence that this technology spills over to domestic firms is much more mixed.But one should not automatically assume that more of the latter would be better,because in general equilibrium it may come at the cost of less of the former. Policymakers need to keep this in mind. If policy makers care only about raising aggregate productivity, then they should be indifferent about the nationality of ownership oftheir more productive fi rms.
The global presence of Information, Communication and Technology (ICT) industriesinvolves not just high-income but many middle- and low-income countries as well. The McGraw Hill Companies et al.(2000) reports that in many central ICT industries,many countries such as Mexico, Malaysia, Philippines, and South Korea are large
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exporters running net trade surpluses. This is consistent with global production networks in which these countries tend to import ICT intermediates, add value tothese intermediates, and then export them on to other countries.
It is also important to emphasize that for many producers of ICT products, foreigncustomers may be served much more effectively through foreign affiliates than throughexports. This may be particularly true for ICT services, many of which require firms tointeract on-site with customers. Affi liates of MNEs, then, can also figure prominentlyin terms of serving foreign markets.
Skills Human Resource Supply side Analysis
Short-Term, Firm-Level Supply of Labour
MNEs can facilitate investments in skilled labour through the short-term, firm-levelactivities in which individual firms interact with host country labour markets, suchas on-the-job training, support for local educational institutions, and the like. MNEs might directly affect labour supplies, as their transferred knowledge might boostthe skills of their employees (and, with spillovers, the skills of local employees as well). They might also indirectly affect labour supplies, for example, by influencingthe educational infrastructure of host countries in terms of curriculum choices and vocational training.
There is recurring discussion of the “skills gaps” multinationals encounter in host country labour markets. Knowing how individual firms try to overcome these gaps mayhold lessons for the educational initiatives of host country governments. While others may be more familiar with real world cases and can better discuss these approaches and policy lessons, there are two related points.
a. First, in the training literature it is well documented that educational initiatives by firms tend to be for firm-specific skills, not general skills. This focus on firm-specifi c skills is understandable in light of the inability of firms to capture thereturns on investment in general skills.
b. Second, the knowledge of MNEs is often of competitive value. Government initiatives to have this information flow beyond affiliates may have unintendedconsequences.
Taken together, these two points are not meant to say that individual MNEs cannotengage the institutions of host country labour markets to help build skills. But they do mean to say that the methods of MNE human capital development are often likely to be firm-specific rather than aimed at developing general human capital skills such asnumeracy, literacy, and problem solving.
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Long-Term, National Supply of Labour
The MNEs can facilitate human capital development is through long term, country-level activities that collectively contribute to the overall macro environment. Even if at this point generalizations of successful firm-level educational initiatives are hardto come by, as these efforts continue sight should not be lost of the country levelcontributions that MNEs can make to human capital development in developing countries. This is particularly true for policy aimed at longer time horizons. High MNE wages as an important labour market signal, higher and more stable macroeconomic growth and tax revenue: through all these channels MNE affi liates can stimulate long-term skills acquisition in host countries in fiscal policy can support education policy.To the extent that MNEs contribute to a good macro environment in host countries,they contribute to the ability of host countries to fund education.
a. First, MNEs foster skills acquisition economy-wide to the extent that their affi liate activities of technology transfer and capital investment boost demand and thus wages for skilled workers. If MNEs contribute to rising demand and wagesfor skilled workers economy-wide, then over the long run they contribute to the general-equilibrium incentive of individuals in host countries to acquire skills through education and/or training. If individuals in host countries have access to these methods of skills acquisition, then they should respond to the price signals coming from the labour market.
� Second, the rise in economic activity from MNE affi liates means a rise in hostcountry tax revenue (whether taxes are levied on labour, capital, or both). Thisbroadening of host country tax bases can allow greater government investment in education and training. Of course, FDI output and the tax revenues this generates do not automatically imply greater investment in human capital. But FDI output and tax revenues there from do free up budget constraints and thereby make possible these greater investments. This broadly accords with the findings of Dollar and Kray (2000) who document for a large setof developing countries that overall economic growth tends to coexist with growth in incomes for these countries’ poorest groups.
� Third, FDI infl ows can improve not just the level of host country economicactivity but also reduce its volatility. Many developing countries rely onforeign capital to help fund domestic investment opportunities. One prominentfact is the declining relevance of offi cial aid flows, whose share of the totalfell from nearly 60 per cent in 1990 to under 20 per cent in 1999. A second
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prominent fact is that within private flows, FDI has grown in both absoluteand relative importance. By 1999 FDI accounted for about two-thirds of total capital infl ows and nearly 80 per cent of a notable feature of FDI relativeto other forms of capital flows is its low volatility. All this means that overtime, for many countries a rising share of their total international capitalinfl ows has been made up of relatively stable FDI. From the standpoint ofmacroeconomic policy, stable capital inflows are much easier to manage.Accordingly, these FDI inflows help foster macroeconomic stability in whicheducational investments can better flourish. Again, macro stability - like taxrevenue growth - may not be a sufficient condition for FDI to stimulate humancapital development, but it may, again, be a necessary condition.
� Afourth issue is that FDI inflows can inhibit “brain drain”. In many developing countries an ongoing policy concern is the loss of highly educated natives to employment opportunities abroad (either as these people get education locally and then emigrate or as they get education abroad and then do not return home). To the extent that FDI inflows bring those attractive employmentopportunities to host countries, they can inhibit brain drain. Again, consider the example of Ireland. The 1990s boom, due in large part to the inwardFDI surge, is widely perceived as having boosted demand for skilled Irish workers- with a resulting surge in labour supply driven largely by reverse migration of young Irish back into the country from locations like England and the United States. Over the 1990s the Irish labour force rose by about 60 per cent, with a commensurate rise in the population from 2.8 million in 1961to 3.8 million (Brumley, 2001). For several decades before the 1990s, annualnet emigration out of Ireland was about 35 000 per year. During the 1990s thisreversed to net immigration of about 45 000 per year, of which the majoritywere Irish returnees. Of course, the Irish experience may be somewhat unique and not representative of developing countries, but it exemplifi es well thegeneral idea of the interaction between inward FDI and reverse migration. To sum up, even if at this point generalizations of successful firm-leveleducational initiatives are hard to come by, as these efforts continue sightshould not be lost of the country level contributions that MNEs can make to human capital development in developing countries. This is particularly true for policy aimed at longer time horizons. High MNE wages as an important labour market signal, higher and more stable macroeconomic growth and tax revenue, and reduced emigration incentives: through all these channels MNE affi liates can stimulate long-term skills acquisition in host countries.
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Conclusion
This paper has examined how multinational firms affect both the demand for andsupply of skills in host country labour markets. On the demand side, as multinational affi liates utilize firm-specific knowledge assets and invest in physical capital they raisedemand for skilled workers. All this may also occur in domestic firms in host countriesif these knowledge assets are somehow transferred, but evidence on this - particularlyfor externality spillovers - is rather mixed. On the supply side, multinationals can raisethe supply of skilled workers both at the micro-level of individual affi liates trainingworkers in-house and via interactions with host country education and training institutions. They can also do this at the macro-level through channels such as helping to raise and stabilise output decisions. Two areas in particular on this interactionbetween multinationals and skill upgrading may merit closer analysis. On the demand side, understanding how these firms control the within-firm and cross-firm flows ofinformation may be important for understanding how broadly these knowledge assets spread within host countries. At this point, there simply is not a large, systematic bodyof evidence on knowledge flows into FDI host countries. This is in part because datarequirements for distinguishing alternative stories identifying and analyzing. FDIand HCD issues will largely depend on which countries will be able to provide the necessary data to permit that learning. On the supply side, an ongoing issue is obtaining a clearer understanding of effective micro-level policies for fostering private-publicskills building.
Last but not least, In our country specifi c case, we are also FDI importing country andthere is hard to find any research documentation in the following including this one,not late to include our policy agenda that can help to understand the pros and con of FDI. The research agenda are:
a. implications of FDI for skill demand and supply;b. the interaction between FDI promotion policy and human capital;c. reviewing the relationship between domestic policy, FDI and human capital ; andd. Reviewing the literature on human capital spillovers.
References:
� Slaughter M.J. (2002); Skill Upgrading in Developing Countries: Has inwardForeign Direct Investment Played a Role? Paris, Working Paper No.192; OECDDevelopment Centre.
� Inter Economic (2012); Challenges Facing European Labour Markets: Isa SkillUpgrade the Appropriate Instruction, Belzime, EU Publishing House.
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