GEK1532 Color Perception Mechanisms and

Binocular Vision

Seeing the light, Fig. 10.11

Thorsten WohlandDep. Of Chemistry

S8-03-06Tel.: 6516 1248

E-mail: chmwt@nus.edu.sg

Textbook

• Color vision: Perspective from different disciplines, Backhaus

• Light Vision Color, A. Valberg

Please read until next week:

Saunders and Brakel:http://www.bbsonline.org/Preprints/

OldArchive/bbs.saunders.html

Japanese Bridge over

Water Lily Pond 1926Japanese Bridge over

Water Lily Pond 1899

House seen from the rose garden 1924

House seen from the rose garden 1924

Retina independent color anomalies

With age the lens of humans becomes more and more yellow (same happens with cataracts).Your brain adapts to that and you still perceive white as white etc.

However, when you paint, the colors you use will contain more yellow (Metamers).

The organization of the retina

Spatial summation

T.N. Cornsweet, Fig. 2.5

1st spot: only few rods on average

2nd spot: smaller than summation area

3rd spot: larger than summation area

Sensitivity constant

Sensitivity decreases

Illuminate spots on the retina of different size and determine the number of photons needed before the spot can be seen

Temporal summation

Adapted form T.N. Cornsweet, Fig. 2.5

time (ms)0 10 20

How many photons have to arrive in a certain time interval so that the eye sees a flash?

time (ms)0 10 20

time (ms)0 10 20

Lateral Inhibition

STL Fig. 7.2

+- -

-

---

-

One ganglion cell receives signal from many receptors, excitatory or inhibitory signals.

+- -

-

---

-

+- -

-

---

- +- -

-

---

-

+- -

-

---

-

One cone/rod can contribute to some ganglion cells excitatory to others inhibitory.

Lateral Inhibition

STL Fig. 7.12

rest

excitation

inhibition

No difference -> rest

Strong excitation

No difference -> rest

Lateral Inhibition

STL Fig. 7.8

Spatial frequency and tilt

If edge information is missing …

AfterimagesYou can have negative and positive afterimages.

The effect comes from the fact that when a cone/rod is stimulated for a long time it “desensitizes”.

1) The cones perceiving the black square are not excited, the cones perceiving the white surrounding are excited and desensitize with time.

2) When looking at the white surface on the right, the desensitized cones are less excited than the rested cones in the middle and thus you see a white square.

Negative after images

rest

excitation

Inhibition or desensitization

STL Fig. 7.12

Inhibition: If an excited cone, i.e. a cone that has absorbed light suppresses signaling, it is called inhibition. The result is a lower frequency of firing of the ganglion cell.

Desensitization: After strong excitation a cone can become less sensitive and cannot react again immediately. In this case there could be as well less firing from this cone.

Negative after images

rest

excitation

Inhibition or desensitization

STL Fig. 7.12

S M L

Cones

Long exposure to white light

No image Long exposure of some cones, image is seen

The exposed cones are desensitized, give lower signal than surrounding rested cones.

Afterimages

Positive afterimages.

You can sensitize your retina by closing your eyes and resting your cones (remember when you close eyes a long time and open them you seem to be blinded first).

When you open your eyes shortly (seconds) and look at some bright object the cones get excited.

When you close your eyes again the cones will not desensitize and will stay stimulated longer and give you a positive afterimage.

See the TRY IT on page 194 of STL.

http://www.michaelbach.de/ot/

Now let’s recall what we know about the CIE system and then let’s see whether there are any facts left

unexplained.

Can we perhaps resolve some of these issues with our new

knowledge of the retina and its organization?

Trichromacy, Tristimulus theory

Sens

itivi

ty

Take one cone; shine light of constant intensity on the cone; measure the light transmitted; calculate absorption

Color mixing

Sens

itivi

ty

x

0

1.0

x: equal excitation of blue and green cone by 30%, no excitation of red

P1: excitation of blue cone by 30%, no excitation of green and red

P1

P2: excitation of green cone by 30%, excitation of red by 80%, no excitation of blue

P2 P3

P3: excitation only of red by 20%.

If P1, P2, and x have same intensity we have too much red.

Since P3 excites the red cone 4 times less P2, we can subtract 4 times P3 to get our mixture:x = P1 + P2 – 4 P3

Negative values: 3 primaries are not enough to mix all colors

3 abstract colors are chosen which then can cover all visible colors with positive values.

These colors do not exist, and some of their mixtures do not give real colors either.

The normalization, the condition that x+y+z=1 allows us then to depict all colors in one graph, but only at constant intensity.

The CIE system

www.adobe.com

Complementary colors are connected by a straight line going through white.

The CIE system

www.adobe.com

Mixtures of colors are easy to find.

Distance from 486 nm point is three times longer than from 545 nm point.

Therefore you need a mixture of 486:545 nm of 1:3.

The CIE system

www.adobe.com

It can be easily found how to construct metamers.

Complementarity

STL, Fig. 9.9

Do all spectral hues have a complementary spectral hue?

Hue discrimination

STL, Fig. 10.4

Remember this?

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Facts not explained by TrichromacyColor naming

Experiment done by asking a person to estimate how much blue, yellow, green, and red is contained in a hue represented by a pure wavelength.

STL, Fig. 10.9

Hue cancellation

STL, Fig. 10.10

Opponent processing

STL: Fig. 7.2

Can we connect the cones in a fashion, so that the signal at the ganglion cells will correspond to the four opponent colors red, green, blue, and yellow?

Possible combinations

S M L

+

Perceived Brightness

ML

-

Red-Green

Possible combinations

Blue - Yellow

+

M L

Yellow

-

S

So we have constructed 3 new signals from the original three cones:

1. Black – White

2. Green – Red

3. Blue – Yellow

… based on 4 colors

Four color opponent model

Seeing the light, Fig. 10.11

CIE and the opponent process

STL, Fig. 10.12

W: all cones are equally excited, therefore the lines dividing the CIE in r, g, b, y regions must cross there.

W: all cones are equally excited, therefore the lines dividing the CIE in r, g, b, y regions must cross there.

Spatial Processing of Color

Double opponencyOne ganglion cell receives signal from many receptors, excitatory or inhibitory signals. - -

-

---

-

+

The combination of both gives double opponency

Opponency of location (inside versus outside)

Opponency of color

Double Opponency

ML

-

Red - Green

1. Individual L and M cone signals are pooled by a ganglion cell to give a Red-Green opponent signal

2. Depending on the position of the cones on your retina the Red-Green opponent signal can work as excitatory (+) some as inhibitory (-) signals.

M L

-

Green - Red

+- -

- -

- -E.g. a red surface

Revision: Spatial Processing of Color

STL, Fig. 10.16

+++++

+

+----

-

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-

--++++

+

Revision: Spatial Processing of Color

STL, Fig. 10.16

00

++0

0

0-

--0

0

Temporal Processing

STL, Fig. 10.19

Benham disk:

White parts excite all three cones. However, the three cones recover from activation differently. When black falls onto the excited cones, some are still stimulated (e.g. the blue one) while others (red and green) have already recovered. Thus one sees blue.

Temporal Processing

STL, Fig. 10.21

S M L

Cones

No excitation, no color perception

Flash of white light

All cone excited, white is seen

Red cone de-excites fast, a blue/green (cyan) color is seen

Green cone de-excites next. Blue is seen

Return to resting state afetr blue cone has de-excited as well

Benham disk, positive afterimages

Summary

• Color Perception Mechanisms• Tristimulus Theory• Color naming, hue cancellation• Opponent processing• Spatial Processing of Color• Temporal Processing of Color