2. Dialogues of Plato - Crito

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=H9D> RD8> =:L D:RD8>F O99L =:L 5B7JF 49:96=HJ5 =:L L7849:96=HJ5?

@5JJF 89E59:5 M7JJ 8=CF XSD> >45 E=:C <=: N7JJ D8?X

26? A58F &9<6=>58Q >4=> M7JJ <J5=6JC H5 >45 =:8M56?

&9<? *4=> 78 >6D5Q HD> 8>7JJ - ;7:L M7>4 8D6P6785 >4=> >45 9JL

=6ODE5:> 78F =8 - <9:<57B5F D:84=N5: =8 5B56? .:L - 849DJL J7N5 >9

N:9M @45>456 - E=C 8=C >45 8=E5 9; =:9>456 P69P987>79:V >4=> :9> J7;5F

HD> = O99L J7;5F 78 >9 H5 <475;JC B=JD5LG

26? A58F >4=> =J89 65E=7:8?

&9<? .:L = O99L J7;5 78 5ID7B=J5:> >9 = RD8> =:L 49:96=HJ5 9:5V >4=>

49JL8 =J89G

26? A58F >4=> 49JL8?



&9<? )69E >4585 P65E7858 - P69<55L >9 =6OD5 >45 ID58>79: M45>456 -

9DO4> 96 9DO4> :9> >9 >6C >9 58<=P5 M7>49D> >45 <9:85:> 9; >45

.>45:7=:83 =:L 7; - =E <J5=6JC 67O4> 7: 58<=P7:OF >45: - M7JJ E=N5 >45

=>>5EP>Q HD> 7; :9>F - M7JJ =H8>=7:? *45 9>456 <9:87L56=>79:8 M47<4

C9D E5:>79:F 9; E9:5C =:L J988 9; <4=6=<>56F =:L >45 LD>C 9; 5LD<=>7:O

<47JL65:F =65F - ;5=6F 9:JC >45 L9<>67:58 9; >45 EDJ>7>DL5F M49M9DJL H5 =8 65=LC >9 <=JJ P59PJ5 >9 J7;5F 7; >45C M565 =HJ5F =8 >45C

=65 >9 PD> >45E >9 L5=>4V =:L M7>4 =8 J7>>J5 65=89:? SD> :9MF 87:<5

>45 =6ODE5:> 4=8 >4D8 ;=6 P65B=7J5LF >45 9:JC ID58>79: M47<4 65E=7:8

>9 H5 <9:87L565L 78F M45>456 M5 84=JJ L9 67O4>JC 57>456 7: 58<=P7:O 96

7: 8D;;567:O 9>4568 >9 =7L 7: 9D6 58<=P5 =:L P=C7:O >45E 7: E9:5C

=:L >4=:N8F 96 M45>456 M5 84=: :9> L9 67O4>JCQ =:L 7; >45 J=>>56F >45:

L5=>4 96 =:C 9>456 <=J=E7>C M47<4 E=C 5:8D5 9: EC 65E=7:7:O 4565

ED8> :9> H5 =JJ9M5L >9 5:>56 7:>9 >45 <=J<DJ=>79:?

26? - >47:N >4=> C9D =65 67O4>F &9<6=>58Q 49M >45: 84=JJ M5 P69<55LG

&9<? /5> D8 <9:87L56 >45 E=>>56 >9O5>456F =:L L9 C9D 57>456 65;D>5

E5 7; C9D <=:F =:L - M7JJ H5 <9:B7:<5LQ 96 5J85 <5=85F EC L5=6 ;675:LF

;69E 65P5=>7:O >9 E5 >4=> - 9DO4> >9 58<=P5 =O=7:8> >45 M78458 9;

>45 .>45:7=:83 ;96 - =E 5K>65E5JC L58769D8 >9 H5 P568D=L5L HC C9DF HD>

:9> =O=7:8> EC 9M: H5>>56 RDLOE5:>? .:L :9M PJ5=85 >9 <9:87L56 EC

;768> P987>79:F =:L L9 C9D6 H58> >9 =:8M56 E5?

26? - M7JJ L9 EC H58>?

&9<? .65 M5 >9 8=C >4=> M5 =65 :5B56 7:>5:>79:=JJC >9 L9 M69:OF 96>4=> 7: 9:5 M=C M5 9DO4> =:L 7: =:9>456 M=C M5 9DO4> :9> >9 L9

M69:OF 96 78 L97:O M69:O =JM=C8 5B7J =:L L7849:96=HJ5F =8 - M=8 RD8>

:9M 8=C7:OF =:L =8 4=8 H55: =J65=LC =<N:9MJ5LO5L HC D8G .65 =JJ 9D6

;96E56 =LE78879:8 M47<4 M565 E=L5 M7>47: = ;5M L=C8 >9 H5 >469M: =M=CG

.:L 4=B5 M5F => 9D6 =O5F H55: 5=6:58>JC L78<9D687:O M7>4 9:5 =:9>456

=JJ 9D6 J7;5 J9:O 9:JC >9 L78<9B56 >4=> M5 =65 :9 H5>>56 >4=:

<47JL65:G '6 =65 M5 >9 658> =88D65LF 7: 8P7>5 9; >45 9P7:79: 9; >45

E=:CF =:L 7: 8P7>5 9; <9:85ID5:<58 M45>456 H5>>56 96 M9685F 9; >45

>6D>4 9; M4=> M=8 >45: 8=7LF >4=> 7:RD8>7<5 78 =JM=C8 =: 5B7J =:L

L7849:96 >9 47E M49 =<>8 D:RD8>JCG &4=JJ M5 =;;76E >4=>G

26? A58?

&9<? *45: M5 ED8> L9 :9 M69:OG

26? 256>=7:JC :9>?

&9<? (96 M45: 7:RD65L 7:RD65 7: 65>D6:F =8 >45 E=:C 7E=O7:5Q ;96

M5 ED8> 7:RD65 :9 9:5 => =JJG

26? 2J5=6JC :9>?



&9<? .O=7:F 267>9F E=C M5 L9 5B7JG

26? &D65JC :9>F &9<6=>58?

&9<? .:L M4=> 9; L97:O 5B7J 7: 65>D6: ;96 5B7JF M47<4 78 >45

E96=J7>C 9; >45 E=:CV78 >4=> RD8> 96 :9>G

26? (9> RD8>?

&9<? )96 L97:O 5B7J >9 =:9>456 78 >45 8=E5 =8 7:RD67:O 47EG

26? W56C >6D5?

&9<? *45: M5 9DO4> :9> >9 65>=J7=>5 96 65:L56 5B7J ;96 5B7J >9

=:C9:5F M4=>5B56 5B7J M5 E=C 4=B5 8D;;565L ;69E 47E? SD> - M9DJL

4=B5 C9D <9:87L56F 267>9F M45>456 C9D 65=JJC E5=: M4=> C9D =65 8=C7:O?

)96 >478 9P7:79: 4=8 :5B56 H55: 45JLF =:L :5B56 M7JJ H5 45JLF HC =:C

<9:87L56=HJ5 :DEH56 9; P5689:8Q =:L >4985 M49 =65 =O655L =:L >4985 M49

=65 :9> =O655L DP9: >478 P97:> 4=B5 :9 <9EE9: O69D:LF =:L <=: 9:JC

L58P785 9:5 =:9>456F M45: >45C 855 49M M7L5JC >45C L7;;56? *5JJ E5F

>45:F M45>456 C9D =O655 M7>4 =:L =885:> >9 EC ;768> P67:<7PJ5F >4=>

:57>456 7:RD6C :96 65>=J7=>79: :96 M=6L7:O 9;; 5B7J HC 5B7J 78 5B56

67O4>? .:L 84=JJ >4=> H5 >45 P65E785 9; 9D6 =O655E5:>G '6 L9 C9D

L5<J7:5 =:L L7885:> ;69E >478G )96 >478 4=8 H55: 9; 9JL =:L 78 8>7JJ

EC 9P7:79:Q HD>F 7; C9D =65 9; =:9>456 9P7:79:F J5> E5 45=6 M4=> C9D

4=B5 >9 8=C? -;F 49M5B56F C9D 65E=7: 9; >45 8=E5 E7:L =8 ;96E56JCF -

M7JJ P69<55L >9 >45 :5K> 8>5P?

26? A9D E=C P69<55LF ;96 - 4=B5 :9> <4=:O5L EC E7:L?

&9<? *45: - M7JJ P69<55L >9 >45 :5K> 8>5PF M47<4 E=C H5 PD> 7: >45

;96E 9; = ID58>79:3 'DO4> = E=: >9 L9 M4=> 45 =LE7>8 >9 H5 67O4>F 96

9DO4> 45 >9 H5>6=C >45 67O4>G

26? +5 9DO4> >9 L9 M4=> 45 >47:N8 67O4>?

&9<? SD> 7; >478 78 >6D5F M4=> 78 >45 =PPJ7<=>79:G -: J5=B7:O >45

P6789: =O=7:8> >45 M7JJ 9; >45 .>45:7=:8F L9 - M69:O =:CG 96 6=>456 L9

- :9> M69:O >4985 M49E - 9DO4> J5=8> >9 M69:OG ,9 - :9> L5856> >45

P67:<7PJ58 M47<4 M565 =<N:9MJ5LO5L HC D8 >9 H5 RD8>G @4=> L9 C9D 8=CG

26? - <=::9> >5JJF &9<6=>58F ;96 - L9 :9> N:9M?

&9<? *45: <9:87L56 >45 E=>>56 7: >478 M=C3 -E=O7:5 >4=> - =E =H9D>

>9 PJ=C >6D=:> \C9D E=C <=JJ >45 P69<55L7:O HC =:C :=E5 M47<4 C9D

J7N5]F =:L >45 J=M8 =:L >45 O9B56:E5:> <9E5 =:L 7:>5669O=>5 E53

X*5JJ D8F &9<6=>58FX >45C 8=CQ XM4=> =65 C9D =H9D>G =65 C9D O97:O HC

=: =<> 9; C9D68 >9 9B56>D6: D8V >45 J=M8 =:L >45 M49J5 &>=>5F =8 ;=6=8 7: C9D J758G ,9 C9D 7E=O7:5 >4=> = &>=>5 <=: 8DH878> =:L :9> H5



9B56>469M:F 7: M47<4 >45 L5<7879:8 9; J=M 4=B5 :9 P9M56F HD> =65 85>

=87L5 =:L 9B56>469M: HC 7:L7B7LD=J8GX @4=> M7JJ H5 9D6 =:8M56F

267>9F >9 >4585 =:L >45 J7N5 M96L8G .:C9:5F =:L 58P5<7=JJC = <J5B56

645>967<7=:F M7JJ 4=B5 = O99L L5=J >9 D6O5 =H9D> >45 5B7J 9; 85>>7:O

=87L5 >45 J=M M47<4 65ID7658 = 85:>5:<5 >9 H5 <=6675L 9D>Q =:L M5

E7O4> 65PJCF XA58Q HD> >45 &>=>5 4=8 7:RD65L D8 =:L O7B5: =: D:RD8>85:>5:<5?X &DPP985 - 8=C >4=>G

26? W56C O99LF &9<6=>58?

&9<? X.:L M=8 >4=> 9D6 =O655E5:> M7>4 C9DGX >45 J=M M9DJL 8=6F X96

M565 C9D >9 =H7L5 HC >45 85:>5:<5 9; >45 &>=>5GX .:L 7; - M565 >9

5KP6588 =8>9:784E5:> => >4576 8=C7:O >478F >45 J=M M9DJL P69H=HJC =LL3

X.:8M56F &9<6=>58F 7:8>5=L 9; 9P5:7:O C9D6 5C583 C9D =65 7: >45

4=H7> 9; =8N7:O =:L =:8M567:O ID58>79:8? *5JJ D8 M4=> <9EPJ=7:> C9D

4=B5 >9 E=N5 =O=7:8> D8 M47<4 RD8>7;758 C9D 7: =>>5EP>7:O >9 L58>69C

D8 =:L >45 &>=>5G -: >45 ;768> PJ=<5 L7L M5 :9> H67:O C9D 7:>9

5K78>5:<5G A9D6 ;=>456 E=6675L C9D6 E9>456 HC 9D6 =7L =:L H5O=> C9D?

&=C M45>456 C9D 4=B5 =:C 9HR5<>79: >9 D6O5 =O=7:8> >4985 9; D8 M49

65ODJ=>5 E=667=O5GX (9:5F - 849DJL 65PJC? X'6 =O=7:8> >4985 9; D8

M49 65ODJ=>5 >45 8C8>5E 9; :D6>D65 =:L 5LD<=>79: 9; <47JL65: 7:

M47<4 C9D M565 >6=7:5LG @565 :9> >45 J=M8F M49 4=B5 >45 <4=6O5 9;

>478F 67O4> 7: <9EE=:L7:O C9D6 ;=>456 >9 >6=7: C9D 7: ED87< =:L

OCE:=8>7<GX %7O4>F - 849DJL 65PJC? X@5JJF >45:F 87:<5 C9D M565 H69DO4>

7:>9 >45 M96JL =:L :D6>D65L =:L 5LD<=>5L HC D8F <=: C9D L5:C 7: >45

;768> PJ=<5 >4=> C9D =65 9D6 <47JL =:L 8J=B5F =8 C9D6 ;=>4568 M565

H5;965 C9DG .:L 7; >478 78 >6D5 C9D =65 :9> 9: 5ID=J >56E8 M7>4 D8Q:96 <=: C9D >47:N >4=> C9D 4=B5 = 67O4> >9 L9 >9 D8 M4=> M5 =65

L97:O >9 C9D? @9DJL C9D 4=B5 =:C 67O4> >9 8>67N5 96 65B7J5 96 L9 =:C

9>456 5B7J >9 = ;=>456 96 >9 C9D6 E=8>56F 7; C9D 4=L 9:5F M45: C9D

4=B5 H55: 8>6D<N 96 65B7J5L HC 47EF 96 65<57B5L 89E5 9>456 5B7J => 478

4=:L8GV C9D M9DJL :9> 8=C >478G .:L H5<=D85 M5 >47:N 67O4> >9

L58>69C C9DF L9 C9D >47:N >4=> C9D 4=B5 =:C 67O4> >9 L58>69C D8 7:

65>D6:F =:L C9D6 <9D:>6C =8 ;=6 =8 7: C9D J758G .:L M7JJ C9DF '

P69;58896 9; >6D5 B76>D5F 8=C >4=> C9D =65 RD8>7;75L 7: >478G +=8 =

P47J989P456 J7N5 C9D ;=7J5L >9 L78<9B56 >4=> 9D6 <9D:>6C 78 E965 >9 H5

B=JD5L =:L 47O456 =:L 49J756 ;=6 >4=: E9>456 96 ;=>456 96 =:C

=:<58>96F =:L E965 >9 H5 65O=6L5L 7: >45 5C58 9; >45 O9L8 =:L 9; E5:

9; D:L568>=:L7:OG =J89 >9 H5 899>45LF =:L O5:>JC =:L 65B565:>JC

5:>65=>5L M45: =:O6CF 5B5: E965 >4=: = ;=>456F =:L 7; :9> P568D=L5LF

9H5C5LG .:L M45: M5 =65 PD:7845L HC 456F M45>456 M7>4 7EP6789:E5:>

96 8>67P58F >45 PD:784E5:> 78 >9 H5 5:LD65L 7: 87J5:<5Q =:L 7; 845

J5=L8 D8 >9 M9D:L8 96 L5=>4 7: H=>>J5F >47>456 M5 ;9JJ9M =8 78

67O4>Q :57>456 E=C =:C9:5 C75JL 96 65>65=> 96 J5=B5 478 6=:NF HD>

M45>456 7: H=>>J5 96 7: = <9D6> 9; J=MF 96 7: =:C 9>456 PJ=<5F 45 ED8>

L9 M4=> 478 <7>C =:L 478 <9D:>6C 96L56 47EQ 96 45 ED8> <4=:O5 >4576

B75M 9; M4=> 78 RD8>3 =:L 7; 45 E=C L9 :9 B79J5:<5 >9 478 ;=>456 96

E9>456F ED<4 J588 E=C 45 L9 B79J5:<5 >9 478 <9D:>6C?X @4=> =:8M5684=JJ M5 E=N5 >9 >478F 267>9G ,9 >45 J=M8 8P5=N >6DJCF 96 L9 >45C :9>G



26? - >47:N >4=> >45C L9?

&9<? *45: >45 J=M8 M7JJ 8=C3 X29:87L56F &9<6=>58F 7; >478 78 >6D5F

>4=> 7: C9D6 P6585:> =>>5EP> C9D =65 O97:O >9 L9 D8 M69:O? )96F

=;>56 4=B7:O H69DO4> C9D 7:>9 >45 M96JLF =:L :D6>D65L =:L 5LD<=>5LC9DF =:L O7B5: C9D =:L 5B56C 9>456 <7>7^5: = 84=65 7: 5B56C O99L

>4=> M5 4=L >9 O7B5F M5 ;D6>456 P69<J=7E =:L O7B5 >45 67O4> >9 5B56C

.>45:7=:F >4=> 7; 45 L958 :9> J7N5 D8 M45: 45 4=8 <9E5 9; =O5 =:L

4=8 855: >45 M=C8 9; >45 <7>CF =:L E=L5 9D6 =<ID=7:>=:<5F 45 E=C O9

M4565 45 PJ5=858 =:L >=N5 478 O99L8 M7>4 47EQ =:L :9:5 9; D8 J=M8 M7JJ

;96H7L 47E 96 7:>56;565 M7>4 47E? .:C 9; C9D M49 L958 :9> J7N5 D8

=:L >45 <7>CF =:L M49 M=:>8 >9 O9 >9 = <9J9:C 96 >9 =:C 9>456 <7>CF

E=C O9 M4565 45 J7N58F =:L >=N5 478 O99L8 M7>4 47E? SD> 45 M49 4=8

5KP5675:<5 9; >45 E=::56 7: M47<4 M5 96L56 RD8>7<5 =:L =LE7:78>56

>45 &>=>5F =:L 8>7JJ 65E=7:8F 4=8 5:>565L 7:>9 =: 7EPJ75L <9:>6=<>

>4=> 45 M7JJ L9 =8 M5 <9EE=:L 47E? .:L 45 M49 L789H5C8 D8 78F =8 M5

E=7:>=7:F >467<5 M69:O3 ;768>F H5<=D85 7: L789H5C7:O D8 45 78

L789H5C7:O 478 P=65:>8Q 85<9:LJCF H5<=D85 M5 =65 >45 =D>4968 9; 478

5LD<=>79:Q >476LJCF H5<=D85 45 4=8 E=L5 =: =O655E5:> M7>4 D8 >4=> 45

M7JJ LDJC 9H5C 9D6 <9EE=:L8Q =:L 45 :57>456 9H5C8 >45E :96 <9:B7:<58

D8 >4=> 9D6 <9EE=:L8 =65 M69:OQ =:L M5 L9 :9> 6DL5JC 7EP985 >45EF

HD> O7B5 47E >45 =J>56:=>7B5 9; 9H5C7:O 96 <9:B7:<7:O D8Q >4=> 78 M4=>

M5 9;;56 =:L 45 L958 :57>456? *4585 =65 >45 896> 9; =<<D8=>79:8 >9

M47<4F =8 M5 M565 8=C7:OF C9DF &9<6=>58F M7JJ H5 5KP985L 7; C9D

=<<9EPJ784 C9D6 7:>5:>79:8Q C9DF =H9B5 =JJ 9>456 .>45:7=:8?X &DPP985 -

=8NF M4C 78 >478G >45C M7JJ RD8>JC 65>96> DP9: E5 >4=> - =H9B5 =JJ9>456 E5: 4=B5 =<N:9MJ5LO5L >45 =O655E5:>? X*4565 78 <J5=6 P699;FX

>45C M7JJ 8=CF X&9<6=>58F >4=> M5 =:L >45 <7>C M565 :9> L78PJ5=87:O >9

C9D? '; =JJ .>45:7=:8 C9D 4=B5 H55: >45 E98> <9:8>=:> 6587L5:> 7:

>45 <7>CF M47<4F =8 C9D :5B56 J5=B5F C9D E=C H5 8DPP985L >9 J9B5?

)96 C9D :5B56 M5:> 9D> 9; >45 <7>C 57>456 >9 855 >45 O=E58F 5K<5P>

9:<5 M45: C9D M5:> >9 >45 -8>4ED8F 96 >9 =:C 9>456 PJ=<5 D:J588 M45:

C9D M565 9: E7J7>=6C 856B7<5Q :96 L7L C9D >6=B5J =8 9>456 E5: L9?

(96 4=L C9D =:C <D67987>C >9 N:9M 9>456 &>=>58 96 >4576 J=M83 C9D6

=;;5<>79:8 L7L :9> O9 H5C9:L D8 =:L 9D6 &>=>5Q M5 M565 C9D6 58P5<7=J

;=B967>58F =:L C9D =<ID758<5L 7: 9D6 O9B56:E5:> 9; C9DQ =:L >478 78

>45 &>=>5 7: M47<4 C9D H5O=> C9D6 <47JL65:F M47<4 78 = P699; 9; C9D6

8=>78;=<>79:? Z9659B56F C9D E7O4>F 7; C9D 4=L J7N5LF 4=B5 ;7K5L >45

P5:=J>C => H=:784E5:> 7: >45 <9D685 9; >45 >67=JV>45 &>=>5 M47<4

65;D858 >9 J5> C9D O9 :9M M9DJL 4=B5 J5> C9D O9 >45:? SD> C9D

P65>5:L5L >4=> C9D P65;5665L L5=>4 >9 5K7J5F =:L >4=> C9D M565 :9>

O675B5L => L5=>4? .:L :9M C9D 4=B5 ;96O9>>5: >4585 ;7:5 85:>7E5:>8F

=:L P=C :9 658P5<> >9 D8F >45 J=M8F 9; M49E C9D =65 >45 L58>69C56Q =:L

=65 L97:O M4=> 9:JC = E7856=HJ5 8J=B5 M9DJL L9F 6D::7:O =M=C =:L

>D6:7:O C9D6 H=<N DP9: >45 <9EP=<>8 =:L =O655E5:>8 M47<4 C9D E=L5 =8 =

<7>7^5:? .:L ;768> 9; =JJ =:8M56 >478 B56C ID58>79:3 .65 M5 67O4> 7:

8=C7:O >4=> C9D =O655L >9 H5 O9B56:5L =<<96L7:O >9 D8 7: L55LF =:L :9>7: M96L 9:JCG -8 >4=> >6D5 96 :9>GX +9M 84=JJ M5 =:8M56 >4=>F 267>9G



ZD8> M5 :9> =O655G

26? *4565 78 :9 45JPF &9<6=>58?

&9<? *45: M7JJ >45C :9> 8=C3 XA9DF &9<6=>58F =65 H65=N7:O >45

<9B5:=:>8 =:L =O655E5:>8 M47<4 C9D E=L5 M7>4 D8 => C9D6 J578D65F :9>7: =:C 4=8>5 96 D:L56 =:C <9EPDJ879: 96 L5<5P>79:F HD> 4=B7:O 4=L

85B5:>C C5=68 >9 >47:N 9; >45EF LD67:O M47<4 >7E5 C9D M565 =>

J7H56>C >9 J5=B5 >45 <7>CF 7; M5 M565 :9> >9 C9D6 E7:LF 96 7; 9D6

<9B5:=:>8 =PP5=65L >9 C9D >9 H5 D:;=76? A9D 4=L C9D6 <497<5F =:L E7O4>

4=B5 O9:5 57>456 >9 /=<5L=5E9: 96 265>5F M47<4 C9D 9;>5: P6=785 ;96

>4576 O99L O9B56:E5:>F 96 >9 89E5 9>456 +5JJ5:7< 96 ;9657O: &>=>5?

@4565=8 C9DF =H9B5 =JJ 9>456 .>45:7=:8F 855E5L >9 H5 89 ;9:L 9; >45

&>=>5F 96F 7: 9>456 M96L8F 9; D8 456 J=M8 \;96 M49 M9DJL J7N5 =

&>=>5 >4=> 4=8 :9 J=M8G]F >4=> C9D :5B56 8>7665L 9D> 9; 4563 >45 4=J>F

>45 HJ7:LF >45 E=7E5LF M565 :9> E965 8>=>79:=6C 7: 456 >4=: C9D

M565? .:L :9M C9D 6D: =M=C =:L ;968=N5 C9D6 =O655E5:>8? (9> 89F

&9<6=>58F 7; C9D M7JJ >=N5 9D6 =LB7<5Q L9 :9> E=N5 C9D685J; 67L7<DJ9D8

HC 58<=P7:O 9D> 9; >45 <7>C?

X)96 RD8> <9:87L56F 7; C9D >6=:8O6588 =:L 566 7: >478 896> 9; M=CF

M4=> O99L M7JJ C9D L9F 57>456 >9 C9D685J; 96 >9 C9D6 ;675:L8G *4=>

C9D6 ;675:L8 M7JJ H5 L67B5: 7:>9 5K7J5 =:L L5P67B5L 9; <7>7^5:847PF 96

M7JJ J985 >4576 P69P56>CF 78 >9J56=HJC <56>=7:Q =:L C9D C9D685J;F 7;

C9D ;JC >9 9:5 9; >45 :57O4H967:O <7>758F =8F ;96 5K=EPJ5F *45H58 96

Z5O=6=F H9>4 9; M47<4 =65 M5JJVO9B56:5L <7>758F M7JJ <9E5 >9 >45E =8

=: 5:5ECF &9<6=>58F =:L >4576 O9B56:E5:> M7JJ H5 =O=7:8> C9DF =:L=JJ P=>679>7< <7>7^5:8 M7JJ <=8> =: 5B7J 5C5 DP9: C9D =8 = 8DHB56>56

9; >45 J=M8F =:L C9D M7JJ <9:;76E 7: >45 E7:L8 9; >45 RDLO58 >45

RD8>7<5 9; >4576 9M: <9:L5E:=>79: 9; C9D? )96 45 M49 78 = <966DP>56 9;

>45 J=M8 78 E965 >4=: J7N5JC >9 H5 <966DP>56 9; >45 C9D:O =:L

;99J784 P96>79: 9; E=:N7:L? @7JJ C9D >45: ;J55 ;69E M5JJV96L565L

<7>758 =:L B76>D9D8 E5:G =:L 78 5K78>5:<5 M96>4 4=B7:O 9: >4585 >56E8G

'6 M7JJ C9D O9 >9 >45E M7>49D> 84=E5F =:L >=JN >9 >45EF &9<6=>58G

.:L M4=> M7JJ C9D 8=C >9 >45EG @4=> C9D 8=C 4565 =H9D> B76>D5 =:L

RD8>7<5 =:L 7:8>7>D>79:8 =:L J=M8 H57:O >45 H58> >47:O8 =E9:O E5:G

@9DJL >4=> H5 L5<5:> 9; C9DG &D65JC :9>? SD> 7; C9D O9 =M=C ;69E

M5JJVO9B56:5L &>=>58 >9 267>9e8 ;675:L8 7: *4588=JCF M4565 >4565 78

O65=> L7896L56 =:L J7<5:85F >45C M7JJ H5 <4=6E5L >9 4=B5 >45 >=J5 9;

C9D6 58<=P5 ;69E P6789:F 85> 9;; M7>4 JDL7<69D8 P=6>7<DJ=68 9; >45

E=::56 7: M47<4 C9D M565 M6=PP5L 7: = O9=>8N7: 96 89E5 9>456 L78OD785F

=:L E5>=E96P4985L =8 >45 ;=8479: 9; 6D:=M=C8 78V >4=> 78 B56C

J7N5JCQ HD> M7JJ >4565 H5 :9 9:5 >9 65E7:L C9D >4=> 7: C9D6 9JL =O5

C9D B79J=>5L >45 E98> 8=<65L J=M8 ;69E = E7856=HJ5 L58765 9; =

J7>>J5 E965 J7;5G #564=P8 :9>F 7; C9D N55P >45E 7: = O99L >5EP56Q

HD> 7; >45C =65 9D> 9; >5EP56 C9D M7JJ 45=6 E=:C L5O6=L7:O >47:O8Q C9D

M7JJ J7B5F HD> 49MGV =8 >45 ;J=>>5656 9; =JJ E5:F =:L >45 856B=:> 9;

=JJ E5:Q =:L L97:O M4=>GV 5=>7:O =:L L67:N7:O 7: *4588=JCF 4=B7:O O9:5=H69=L 7: 96L56 >4=> C9D E=C O5> = L7::56? .:L M4565 M7JJ H5 C9D6 ;7:5



85:>7E5:>8 =H9D> RD8>7<5 =:L B76>D5 >45:G &=C >4=> C9D M784 >9 J7B5

;96 >45 8=N5 9; C9D6 <47JL65:F >4=> C9D E=C H67:O >45E DP =:L

5LD<=>5 >45EV M7JJ C9D >=N5 >45E 7:>9 *4588=JC =:L L5P67B5 >45E 9;

.>45:7=: <7>7^5:847PG -8 >4=> >45 H5:5;7> M47<4 C9D M9DJL <9:;56

DP9: >45EG '6 =65 C9D D:L56 >45 7EP658879: >4=> >45C M7JJ H5 H5>>56

<=65L ;96 =:L 5LD<=>5L 4565 7; C9D =65 8>7JJ =J7B5F =J>49DO4 =H85:>;69E >45EQ ;96 >4=> C9D6 ;675:L8 M7JJ >=N5 <=65 9; >45EG ,9 C9D

;=:<C >4=> 7; C9D =65 =: 7:4=H7>=:> 9; *4588=JC >45C M7JJ >=N5 <=65 9;

>45EF =:L 7; C9D =65 =: 7:4=H7>=:> 9; >45 9>456 M96JL >45C M7JJ :9>

>=N5 <=65 9; >45EG (=CQ HD> 7; >45C M49 <=JJ >45E85JB58 ;675:L8 =65

>6DJC ;675:L8F >45C 8D65JC M7JJ?

X/78>5:F >45:F &9<6=>58F >9 D8 M49 4=B5 H69DO4> C9D DP? *47:N :9> 9;

J7;5 =:L <47JL65: ;768>F =:L 9; RD8>7<5 =;>56M=6L8F HD> 9; RD8>7<5

;768>F >4=> C9D E=C H5 RD8>7;75L H5;965 >45 P67:<58 9; >45 M96JL

H5J9M? )96 :57>456 M7JJ C9D :96 =:C >4=> H5J9:O >9 C9D H5 4=PP756 96

49J756 96 RD8>56 7: >478 J7;5F 96 4=PP756 7: =:9>456F 7; C9D L9 =8

267>9 H7L8? (9M C9D L5P=6> 7: 7::9<5:<5F = 8D;;5656 =:L :9> = L956 9;

5B7JQ = B7<>7EF :9> 9; >45 J=M8F HD> 9; E5:? SD> 7; C9D O9 ;96>4F

65>D6:7:O 5B7J ;96 5B7JF =:L 7:RD6C ;96 7:RD6CF H65=N7:O >45 <9B5:=:>8

=:L =O655E5:>8 M47<4 C9D 4=B5 E=L5 M7>4 D8F =:L M69:O7:O >4985 M49E

C9D 9DO4> J5=8> >9 M69:OF >4=> 78 >9 8=CF C9D685J;F C9D6 ;675:L8F C9D6

<9D:>6CF =:L D8F M5 84=JJ H5 =:O6C M7>4 C9D M47J5 C9D J7B5F =:L 9D6

H65>465:F >45 J=M8 7: >45 M96JL H5J9MF M7JJ 65<57B5 C9D =8 =: 5:5ECQ

;96 >45C M7JJ N:9M >4=> C9D 4=B5 L9:5 C9D6 H58> >9 L58>69C D8? /78>5:F

>45:F >9 D8 =:L :9> >9 267>9?X

*478 78 >45 B97<5 M47<4 - 855E >9 45=6 ED6ED67:O 7: EC 5=68F J7N5

>45 89D:L 9; >45 ;JD>5 7: >45 5=68 9; >45 EC8>7<Q >4=> B97<5F - 8=CF

78 4DEE7:O 7: EC 5=68F =:L P65B5:>8 E5 ;69E 45=67:O =:C 9>456? .:L -

N:9M >4=> =:C>47:O E965 M47<4 C9D M7JJ 8=C M7JJ H5 7: B=7:? A5> 8P5=NF

7; C9D 4=B5 =:C>47:O >9 8=C?

26? - 4=B5 :9>47:O >9 8=CF &9<6=>58?

&9<? *45: J5> E5 ;9JJ9M >45 7:>7E=>79:8 9; >45 M7JJ 9; 09L?

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2. Dialogues of Plato - Crito

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