工業力学 I(第 1 回) - KIT PML HP...工業力学 I(第 1 回) 本日の予定 Statics I...

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工業力学 I(第 1 回) 本日の予定 Statics I (1) Force (2) Moment / Torque (Vector Operations) Definition of Force(p.2) Force is the action of one body on another. tends to move a body in the direction of its action. characterized by its magnitude the direction of its action its point of application Vector quantity

Transcript of 工業力学 I(第 1 回) - KIT PML HP...工業力学 I(第 1 回) 本日の予定 Statics I...

Page 1: 工業力学 I(第 1 回) - KIT PML HP...工業力学 I(第 1 回) 本日の予定 Statics I (1)Force (2)Moment / Torque (Vector Operations) Definition of Force(p.2)

工業力学 I(第 1 回)

本日の予定

Statics I(1) Force (2) Moment / Torque

(Vector Operations)

Definition of Force(p.2)

Force is the action of one body on another.

tends to move a body in the direction of its action.

characterized by

✴ its magnitude ✴ the direction of its action ✴ its point of application

Vector quantity

Page 2: 工業力学 I(第 1 回) - KIT PML HP...工業力学 I(第 1 回) 本日の予定 Statics I (1)Force (2)Moment / Torque (Vector Operations) Definition of Force(p.2)

Principle of Transmissibility(p.18)

Fig. 2.2

Internal effect を無視できる場合 力の作用点はどこでもよい

treated as a sliding vector

not as a fixed vector

(注) 数学では free vector として扱う

classification of vectors(p.3)

Fig. 2.3(p.19)

Vector Addition

Parallelogram Lawconcurrent

force

Triangle Law

危険!

作用線が 違う!

Resultant

Page 3: 工業力学 I(第 1 回) - KIT PML HP...工業力学 I(第 1 回) 本日の予定 Statics I (1)Force (2)Moment / Torque (Vector Operations) Definition of Force(p.2)

Fig. 2.3(p.19)

Vector Addition

Parallelogram Lawconcurrent

force

Triangle Law

危険!

作用線が 違う!

Resultant

Fig. 2.4(p.20)

Fig. 2.3 (e)(p.19)

Components & Projections(p.20)

F1, F2: components Fa, Fb: projections

直交する2方向を取ると等しくなる

F = Fx i + Fy j +Fzk( )

i, j, k: x, y, z 方向の単位ベクトル

(   )2.2; p.21 2.11; p.37

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Fig. 2.3 (e)(p.19)

Components & Projections(p.20)

F1, F2: components Fa, Fb: projections

直交する2方向を取ると等しくなる

F = Fx i + Fy j +Fzk( )

i, j, k: x, y, z 方向の単位ベクトル

(   )2.2; p.21 2.11; p.37

F = Fx2+ Fy

2+ Fz2

Fx = F cosθxFy = F cosθyFz = F cosθz

Fig. 2.16(p.37)

各軸の正の部分から測る (正値なので向きはなし)

0≤θ≤π

(2.11; p.37)

Spherical Polar Coordinates(p.38)

Fig. 2.18(p.38)

φ

X

0≤φ≤π (方向なし)

−π≤θ≤π(CCW)

Fx = F cosθsinφ

Fy = F sinθsinφ

Fz = F cosφ

⎪⎪⎪⎪

⎭⎪⎪⎪⎪

・polar coordinates(2D) ・cylindrical coordinates(3D)

Page 5: 工業力学 I(第 1 回) - KIT PML HP...工業力学 I(第 1 回) 本日の予定 Statics I (1)Force (2)Moment / Torque (Vector Operations) Definition of Force(p.2)

Dot Product(p.38)

Fig. 2.19 (b)

F の n 方向成分は F と n のスカラー積

Fn =F ⋅n= Fx l+ Fy m+ Fz n

ここでn= l i+m j+ nk

l, m, n: direction cosines (方向余弦; p.5)

l= cosθx m= cosθy n= cosθz

angle between two vectors

θ= cos−1 F ⋅nF⎛

⎝⎜⎜⎜

⎠⎟⎟⎟⎟ (2.13; p.68)

F·n = 0 → F⊥n

Sample Problem 2.1(p.23)

The forces F1, F2, and F3, all of which act on point A of the bracket, are specified in three different ways. Determine the x and y scalar components of each of the three forces.

✴ 記号を用いること! ✴ 方向余弦で!

θ1x

θ3x

θ2x

F1x = F1 cosθ1x = 600×cos 35!( )= 491.491

F1y = F1 cosθ1y = 600×cos 90!−35!( )= 344.146

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Moment / Torque

A force can also tend to rotate a body about an axis.(p.26)

Fig. 2.8(a)(p.26)

Moment / Torque

M = F d

Scalar?

(2.5)

Moment Vector

Fig. 2.8 (b)(p.26)

M= r×F

順番も重要! (交換法則 NG)

M = r×F

= F r sinα= F d

(2.6)

(2.7)

Page 7: 工業力学 I(第 1 回) - KIT PML HP...工業力学 I(第 1 回) 本日の予定 Statics I (1)Force (2)Moment / Torque (Vector Operations) Definition of Force(p.2)

Cross Product(p.41)

Fig. 2.22(p.42)

点 O 回りのモーメント

=

i j krx ry rzFx Fy Fz

=ry rzFy Fz

i+rz ryFz Fy

j+rx ryFx Fy

k

= Mxi+ Myj+ Mzk

MO = r×F (2.14)

(2.15)

= ryFz−rzFy( )i+ rzFx−rxFz( )j+ rxFy−ryFx( )k

Varignon’s Theorem(p.27)

Fig. 2.9(p.28)

MO = r×R & R= P+Q

MO = r× P+Q( )= r×P+r×Q

The moment of a force about any point is equal to the sum of the moments of the components of the force about the same point.

MO =−Rd / MO = pP−qQ

(2.8 Rev.)

Page 8: 工業力学 I(第 1 回) - KIT PML HP...工業力学 I(第 1 回) 本日の予定 Statics I (1)Force (2)Moment / Torque (Vector Operations) Definition of Force(p.2)

Varignon’s Theorem(p.27)

Fig. 2.9(p.28)

MO = r×R & R= P+Q

MO = r× P+Q( )= r×P+r×Q

The moment of a force about any point is equal to the sum of the moments of the components of the force about the same point.

MO =−Rd / MO = pP−qQ

(2.8 Rev.)

Fig. 2.24(p.43)

MO = r×F( )∑ = r×R (2.18)(p.43)

concurrent なら 3D でも成り立つ

Sample Problem 2.5(p.29)

Calculate the magnitude of the moment about the base point O of the 600-N force in five different ways.

F

MO = Fd MO = F1d1 + F2d2

d1

d2MO = F1d1

MO = F2d2

MO = r × F= −2610k [N ⋅m]

Page 9: 工業力学 I(第 1 回) - KIT PML HP...工業力学 I(第 1 回) 本日の予定 Statics I (1)Force (2)Moment / Torque (Vector Operations) Definition of Force(p.2)

Sample Problem 2.5(p.29)

Calculate the magnitude of the moment about the base point O of the 600-N force in five different ways.

次回の予定

Statics II(1) Couple (2) Force - Couple System (3) Resultant