< Habits > Modes et vestiaire masculin des XVIIIe et XIXe siècles

7/22/2019 < Habits > Modes et vestiaire masculin des XVIIIe et XIXe sicles

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Hoilslt vlstdedrlhes`ujdkilsSVDDDl ltSDSl sd`jls

i d r l ` t d o k

P l r b l J d e b r l

p c o t o s

B d j j l s H e r t d k - ^ e b l t

^ l k e u i B d r o u x

p r f e ` l

F r i r d q u l ^ o u s s l t - ^ o u v d r l

t l x t l s

E k k l i l Y c o d s y - I e j j l h , ^ h y A l r t k d e k , P l r b l J d e b r l

V d j j e ^ o s l h e d k l

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V d j j e ^ o s l h e d k l , ` l k t r l i t u i l l t i l i d f f u s d o k i u p e t r d h o d k l t l x t d j l

f o k i l k > 7 5 7 Y o u j o k , j d k d t d e t d v l i l @ c r d s t d k l l t P l r b l J d e b r l , p r o i u d t u k l l x p o s d t d o k ` e t e j o b u l p e r

e k . D k i d l k k l s P u n j d h l s , D k i l s , O r d l k t , O ` ` d i l k t i l s S V D D D

l

l t S D S

l

s d ` j l s p r s l k t l e u H u s l i l j e

Y o d j l i l M o u y l t C d s t o d r l ( s ) i l ^ o n l s 5 2 9 7 - 5 3 4 < e u @ c t l e u i l j e Y o u r i E d b u l s , s o k t j l s i l r k d r l s

p r o i u ` t d o k s . L k > 7 5 0 / > 7 5 9 , V d j j e ^ o s l h e d k l s e s s o ` d l e u @ c t l e u i E k s o u d s i e k s j l V e u ` j u s l p o u r u k t r e v e d j

p e t r d h o k d e j e u t o u r i l j e h o i l h e s ` u j d k l i l s S V D D D

l

l t S D S

l

s d ` j l s . L j j l f e d t e p p l j ` o h h l p o u r ` l s

p r ` i l k t s o u v r e b l s , u k t r e v e d j i l ` o j j e n o r e t d o k l k ` r d t u r l .

J l ` c t l e u i E k s o u d s l s t u k j d l u l h n j h e t d q u l i u p e t r d h o d k l p r o v l k e j , d j i o h d k l j e v e j j l i l

j ' E d b u l s i l p u d s j l S

l

s d ` j l . I ' e n o r i f o r t l r l s s l h d j d t e d r l e p p e r t l k e k t e u x @ o h t l s i l F o r ` e j q u d l r p u d s e u x

@ o h t l s i l W r o v l k ` l , d j s ' e b r e k i d t l t s l t r e k s f o r h l e u i n u t i u S V D D

l

s d ` j l , p o u r i l v l k d r u k l i l h l u r l i l

p j e d s e k ` l b r e ` l e u x L s ` e j d s , f e h d j j l e p p e r t l k e k t j e k o n j l s s l p e r j l h l k t e d r l i ' E d x - l k - W r o v l k ` l . E u S V D D D

l

s d ` j l u k l k o u v l j j l f e h d j j l i l p e r j l h l k t e d r l s e d x o d s j u d i o k k l i l k o u v l e u x i ` o r s d k t r d l u r s o b y p s l r d l s l t

t o h l t t l s t h o d b k l k t i l j ' e r t l t i l j e h e k d r l i ' c e n d t l r l k W r o v l k ` l . I u i n u t i u S D S

l

s d ` j l m u s q u ' l k

> 7 7 3 , j e f e h d j j l i l P e n r e k - W o k t l v l s l s t p r s l k t l E k s o u d s . @ l ` c t l e u p r o v l k e j i l v d l k i r e u k ` c t l e u i l

f e h d j j l . . . l t u k l e f f e d r l i l f e h d j j l , d j l s t v l k i u e u x l k ` c r l s l k > 7 7 3 . I l p u d s , B r e r i l t F r i r d q u l

^ o u s s l t - ^ o u v d r l s ' e t t e ` c l k t p o u r s u d v r l j ' o l u v r l i l s b k r e t d o k s p e s s l s . E h o u r l u x i u p e t r d h o d k l ,

p e s s d o k k s p e r j l S V D D D

l

s d ` j l , d j s s ' d k s ` r d v l k t i e k s j e p r s l r v e t d o k i u p e t r d h o d k l , i e k s s e t r e k s h d s s d o k l t

i e k s s o k p e r t e b l . J l @ c t l e u i ' E k s o u d s , ` j e s s h o k u h l k t c d s t o r d q u l i l p u d s 5 4 9 3 , l s t o u v l r t j e v d s d t l .


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Hoilslt vlstdedrlhes`ujdkilsSVDDDl ltSDSl sd`jls

p r s l k t l l k p e r t l k e r d e t

0 i ` l h n r l > 7 5 0 / / 0 m u d k > 7 5 9

Vdjje ^oslhedkl( Y o u j o k )

5 9 m u d k > 7 5 9 / / 5 9 o ` t o n r l > 7 5 9

@ctleu iEksouds ( V e u ` j u s l )

@ o k ` l p t d o k l t ` o h h d s s e r d e t

P l r b l J d e b r l , @ c r d s t d k l J d e b r l ( ` o d f f u r l s )

W r o i u ` t d o k / i d t d o k

V d j j e ^ o s l h e d k l

W r t i l s ` o j j l ` t d o k s t l x t d j l s

Y c d l r r y B u d l k , F r i r d q u l ^ o u s s l t - ^ o u v d r l

V r o k d q u l V e j t o k l t @ c r d s t d e k H o r e k i , @ e r o j d k l ^ d l u

W e t r d ` d e ^ d v d r l , @ c r d s t d k l l t P l r b l J d e b r l

e s s o ` d e t d o k V d j j e ^ o s l h e d k l

W e r t l k e d r l s

V d j j l i l Y o u j o k

@ o k s l d j B k r e j i u V e r

@ c t l e u i E k s o u d s

^ l h l r ` d l h l k t s

j l s h l h n r l s l t n k v o j l s i l j e s s o ` d e t d o k V d j j e ^ o s l h e d k l

j l s i o k e t l u r s l t p r t l u r s b r e ` d l u x i l s ` o j j l ` t d o k s

j l s e u t l u r s i l ` l t o u v r e b l p o u r j l u r p r ` d l u s l ` o k t r d n u t d o k

B d j j l s H e r t d k - ^ e b l t , p c o t o b r e p c l , p o u r j e ` o k s t e k ` l

i l s o k d k v l s t d s s l h l k t e r t d s t d q u l

p u n j d ` e t d o k r e j d s l j o ` ` e s d o k i l j l x p o s d t d o k ( s )

:cendts;


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sohhedrl

3 prfe`l F r i r d q u l ^ o u s s l t - ^ o u v d r l

5 5 evekt-propos P l r b l J d e b r l

SVDDDl sd jl

5 > hoils hesùjdkls, dkfjulk`ls, lhprukts lt syklrbdl P l r b l J d e b r l

5 9 c e n d t j e f r e k e d s l

> 7 c e n d t i l m o u r , c e n d t i l ` o u r

> 6

jepperetil jdktdhdtou jeronl il `cehnrlhesùjdkliu tlhpsil sespjlkilur E k k l i l Y c o d s y - I e j j l h

0 7 j l " k b j d b " e u S V D D D

l

s d ` j l

0 6 c e n d t s u s u l j s s o u s j E k ` d l k ^ b d h l

9 7 idstdk`tdoks, orklhlktsòqulttlrdls hesùjdkls euSVDDDl sd`jl P l r b l J d e b r l

9 6 ^ o y e j d s t l s l k i l u d j i l J o u d s S V D

< 9 i l j e ^ v o j u t d o k f r e k e d s l j L h p d r l

SDSl sd jl

6 > ^ l s t e u r e t d o k

6 3 Iekiyshl, jlsevodr-trl òhhl ensoju ^ h y A l r t k d e k

2 7 i e k i y r o h e k t d q u l

2 3 bdjltseuSDSl sd`jlou j'jbek`l eu hesùjdk P l r b l J d e b r l

3 9 P l ` o k i L h p d r l

4 9 N l j j l p o q u l

5 7 9 j'cohhlhoilrkl = `revetls, òjslt hek`clttls P l r b l J d e b r l

5 7 3 j e h o i l l k f e k t d k l

5 5 7ndnjdobrepcdlsjl`tdvl


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E k k l i l Y c o d s y - I e j j l h ( e u t l u r )

l s t ` o k s l r v e t r d ` l i u W e t r d h o d k l , l j j l e l x l r ` p l k i e k t

v d k b t e k k l s i e k s i d f f r l k t s h u s l s i l F r e k ` l , i o k t i d x

e k s j e i d r l ` t d o k i u h u s l i l j e Y o d j l i l M o u y , M o u y -

l k - M o s e s , o l j j l e p u i v l j o p p l r s l s ` o k k e d s s e k ` l s l k

h e t d r l i l t l x t d j l s l t i l ` o s t u h l s . D k t r l s s l p e r j e

r l ` c l r ` c l ` o k ` l r k e k t ` l s i o h e d k l s , h l h n r l i u @ l k t r l

D k t l r k e t d o k e j i t u i l s i u Y l x t d j l E k ` d l k ( @ D L Y E ) l t i l

j E s s o ` d e t d o k F r e k e d s l i L t u i l s i u Y l x t d j l ( E F L Y ) , l j j l

p u n j d l r b u j d r l h l k t s u r j l s u m l t j e n o r i e k t p e r j l n d e d s i l

` o k f r l k ` l s l t i t u i l s p o k ` t u l j j l s v d e i l s ` e t e j o b u l s

i l x p o s d t d o k , i l s o u v r e b l s l t i l s r l v u l s s p ` d e j d s l s .

^ h y A l r t k d e k ( e u t l u r )

C d s t o r d l k i l j E r t , s p ` d e j d s i e k s j l s e r t s i ` o r e t d f s , d j l s t

` o h h d s s e d r l i l p j u s d l u r s l x p o s d t d o k s t e k t p o u r j l s H u s l s

i l H e r s l d j j l q u l i e k s j e ^ b d o k . E ` l t d t r l , d j ` r d t i l

k o h n r l u x e r t d ` j l s p o u r j l s r l v u l s s p ` d e j d s l s l t ` e t e j o b u l s

i l x p o s d t d o k l t i o k k l i l k o h n r l u s l s ` o k f r l k ` l s . L k > 7 7 0

d j p u n j d l ` c l z E u n e k l j u k l t u i l s u r J l n d m o u x W r o v l k e j

. W e r e j j j l h l k t , d j l k s l d b k l j C d s t o d r l i u @ o s t u h l l t j e

P o ` d o j o b d l i l j e H o i l J D . \ . Y . i E d x l k W r o v l k ` l l k J d ` l k ` l

C e n d j j l h l k t , h o i l , t l x t d j l B l s t d o k l t i v l j o p p l h l k t

i l s p r o i u d t s i l j e h o i l .

B d j j l s H e r t d k - ^ e b l t ( p c o t o b r e p c l )

l s t E r j s d l k i l s o u ` c l , H e r s l d j j e d s i e i o p t d o k , p e s s d o k k

p e r j e h l r . D j l s t e u m o u r i c u d u k i l s p r d k ` d p e u x

p c o t o b r e p c l i u h o k i l i l j e v o d j l e u k d v l e u

d k t l r k e t d o k e j . E u t l u r o u ` o e u t l u r i l k o h n r l u x j d v r l s i e k s

` l i o h e d k l , d j ` o j j e n o r l e v l ` j l s p j u s b r e k i s h e b e z d k l s

s p ` d e j d s s l k F r e k ` l l t j t r e k b l r . D j k e ` l p l k i e k t

m e h e d s ` l s s i l p c o t o b r e p c d l r j e W r o v l k ` l , s e r b d o k

k e t e j l , e v l ` u k d k t r t p j u s p e r t d ` u j d l r p o u r s l s p e y s e b l s ,

s l s t r e i d t d o k s l t s o k e r t i l v d v r l . E u t l u r i l p j u s d l u r s

o u v r e b l s s u r j l s u m l t , d j p o r t l u k d k t r t t o u t p e r t d ` u j d l r

e u x ` o s t u h l s e k ` d l k s q u d j p c o t o b r e p c d l r b u j d r l h l k t

j o ` ` e s d o k i l s b r e k i l s f t l s p r o v l k e j l s . D j e k d h l p e r

e d j j l u r s j e b e j l r d l J D h e b l l k W r o v l k ` l s d t u l s u r j l

V d l u x W o r t i l H e r s l d j j l .

w w w . h e r t d k - r e b l t . ` o h l t w w w . p r o v l k ` l - d h e b l s . ` o h

P l r b l J d e b r l ( ` o k ` l p t d o k l t i d r l ` t d o k i d t o r d e j l )

l s t ` o j j l ` t d o k k l u r i l t l x t d j l s l t i l ` o s t u h l s e k ` d l k s

i l p u d s u k l t r l k t e d k l i e k k l . E k ` d l k i e k s l u r ` j e s s d q u l i u

N e j j l t i l H o k t l - @ e r j o , d j e t d h h l r b t r s t t i e k s u k

u k d v l r s e r t d s t d q u l l t ` r e t d f . E s s d s t e k t i l ^ o j e k i W l t d t , d j e

l u j o p p o r t u k d t i l s l k o u r r d r e u q u o t d i d l k e u p r s

i L i h o k i l @ c e r j l s - ^ o u x , M e k l N d r a d k , ^ u i o j p c K o u r l l v ,

o u i l i ` o u v r d r j u k d v l r s f e s ` d k e k t i T v l s P e d k t - J e u r l k t l t

i l M l e k @ o ` t l e u . D j t r e v e d j j l i l p u d s 5 4 4 6 s u r j e ` o k ` l p t d o k

l t j ` r d t u r l i l x p o s d t d o k s s p ` d e j d s l s s u r j l ` o s t u h l .

H l h n r l i u @ l k t r l D k t l r k e t d o k e j i ' L t u i l s i u Y l x t d j l

E k ` d l k ( @ D L Y E ) , P l r b l J d e b r l l t s o k p o u s l @ c r d s t d k l

f o k i l k t l k > 7 5 7 j e V d j j e ^ o s l h e d k l , u k l b e j l r d l

l k t d r l h l k t ` o k s e ` r l e u x t l x t d j l s e k ` d l k s .

w w w . v d j j e - r o s l h e d k l . ` o h

ndobrepcdls


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prfe`l

F r i r d q u l ^ o u s s l t - ^ o u v d r l

M l s u d s l x t r h l h l k t c l u r l u s l i l p r f e ` l r j l ` e t e j o b u l i l j ' l x p o s d t d o k ` o k s e ` r l e u x

Hoils ltvlstdedrl hes ujdk ils SVDDDl lt SDSl sd jls

. M l p l u x e d k s d r l k i r l u k c o h h e b l t o u t p e r t d ` u j d l r P l r b l

J d e b r l q u d e ` o k u ` l t t l l x p o s d t d o k e v l ` j e h o i l s t d l q u d j l ` e r e ` t r d s l 1 t h o d b k l r i l j ' l k b e b l h l k t ` o h h u k

i l t o u s ` l u x q u d o k t p e r t d ` d p ` l t t l e v l k t u r l 1 e f f d r h l r q u l ` ' l s t j e p e s s d o k q u d k o u s r u k d t 1 l x p r d h l r h e

f d l r t i l p o u v o d r o f f r d r u k j d l u ` l t t l l x p o s d t d o k .

@ o h h l k t ` j n r l r ` l t t l c d s t o d r l q u d k o u s ` o k ` l r k l t o u s , s d ` l k ' l s t l k j u d i o k k e k t u k ` r d k b e r k d i l

h l u n j l s l t i ' o n m l t s p o u r h l t t r l l k s ` k l ` l s q u l j q u l s p d ` l s o r d b d k e j l s . \ k l l x p o s d t d o k p o u r j l p j e d s d r i l s

y l u x l t i l j ' l s p r d t . E j o r s q u l j e f t l ` o h h l k ` l !

L t j e f t l e i m ` o h h l k ` E k s o u d s , l k ` l i n u t i u h o d s i l k o v l h n r l , p e r u k h e t d k t r o p p r o ` c l i l

J e Y o u s s e d k t p o u r q u l j l s o j l d j s o d t u k l b k l p o u r j ' o l d j l x p l r t i u p c o t o b r e p c l , B d j j l s H e r t d k - ^ e b l t , q u d l s t j

l t q u d e t t l k i j ' e r r d v l i l s h e k k l q u d k s c e n d j j s p e r P l r b l . Y r l k t l h e k k l q u d k s s u r j e t l r r e s s l i u ` c t l e u . J l s

p r s l k t e t d o k s s o k t f e d t l s , j l ` e i r l ` c r o k o j o b d q u l s ' d h p o s l , i l s t c h l s e p p e r e d s s l k t l t u k l ` o c r l k ` l

k ` l s s e d r l s ' d k s t e j j l . @ l j e k l f e d t p j u s e u ` u k i o u t l , e u m l u i u p e r e t r l j l s c o h h l s v e j l k t n d l k u k l

l x p o s d t d o k !

C d s t o d r l i l h o i l s , c d s t o d r l s i ' c o h h l s . L j b e k ` l , j u x l l t f e k t e d s d l . . . I l k t l j j l s , n r o i l r d l s , h o t d f s l t

` o u j l u r s , s o d l , j e d k l o u ` o t o k . E k s o u d s s ' d h p e t d l k t l . . . E j o r s , e j j o k s i e k s j ' l k f d j e i l , e t t e r i o k s - k o u s i e k s j l

P e j o k N r u y r l , p o u r d k s t e j j l r i l v e k t j e n d n j d o t c q u l , u k c e n d t r e y . L k d b h e t d q u l s r e y u r l s , t e k t t h p r d s l s ,

t e k t t e i u j l s , p c k o h k l i l s o ` d t q u d f l r e ` r d r l J o u d s - P n e s t d l k H l r ` d l r l k 5 2 3 5 , i e k s s o k Y e n j l e u i l

W e r d s =

Youtls jls toffls sokt reyls 1 jls cendts, bdjlts rlsslhnjlkt je pleu iu nlj okebrl, jlscohhlsmlukls ou vdlux sokt lk reyurls ils pdlis je ttl

. E E k s o u d s , ` ' l s t j l r v o j u t d o k k e d r l q u d s l v l u t l k

r e y u r l s ` e r i u r e k t ` l t t l p r d o i l j e r e y u r l i l v d l k t p o j d t d q u l l t i d i e ` t d q u l , r l t o u r k o k s e u H u s l @ e r k e v e j l t

p o u r v o d r j l p o r t r e d t i l ^ o n l s p d l r r l , p l d k t p e r u k e k o k y h l , l t s d n d l k i ` r d t p e r u k ` o k t l h p o r e d k =

Jl tldkt

pjl, jls ylux vlrts, cendtil kekadkvlrt, bdjlt reynjlu, `revetl njek`cl, toumourspouir . P e ` o q u l t t l r d l i e k s s l s l x ` s l s t i l v l k u l j b l k i e d r l .

H o k t o k s j ' L r h d t e b l r l t r o u v l r j ' d k t d h d t k e d s s e k t l q u d ` e r e ` t r d s l j e f d k i u S V D D D

l

s d ` j l , l t j e d s s o k s i e k s

j l n o u i o d r ` o h h l d j s l i o d t , u k l t l k u l i ' d k t r d l u r , e u i o u x k o h l x o t d q u l i l n e k y e k . D k v d t e t d o k e u v o y e b l ,

j " O r d l k t p o r t l r i l h e d k . K l p e s t o u ` c l r , h e d s r l b e r i l r .

W o u r t e k t j e t l k t e t d o k l s t b r e k i l i ' e v e k ` l r j e h e d k p o u r p r o j o k b l r j l p j e d s d r .


11/1164

@ctleuiEksouds

J e h d s l l k s d t u e t d o k s l p o u r s u d t , t o u m o u r s t r o d s p d ` l s p o u r ` l s t l k u l s h e s ` u j d k l s , ` c l h d s l , v l s t l , l t

` u j o t t l , h e d s m e h e d s j l s h h l s f o r h l s , e d k s d j e v l s t l i l v d l k t b d j l t , l j j l p l r i s l s h e k ` c l s , l t h h l i l s e

c e u t l u r . K l k b j d b l o k s p e s j l s i t e d j s , p r l k o k s j l t l h p s i l r l ` c l r ` c l r j e n o k k l p o s t u r l q u d h o k t r l r e j e

i j d ` e t l s s l i ' u k n o u t o k , j l h o u v l h l k t i ' u k l p o ` c l , j ' l x u n r e k ` l i ' u k l n r o i l r d l . W r l k o k s - j l s ` o h h l i l s

p o r t l u r s i l h l s s e b l s . H e d s j , d j f e u t v l k d r ! E k s o u d s v o u s e t t l k i . . . J l t l h p s i ' u k t , h e d s e v e k t ` l s l r e

Y o u j o k , j e V d j j e ^ o s l h e d k l p o u r q u l j q u l s h o d s . I u f d j j ' t o f f l , i l j ' t o f f l j ' c e n d t , u k l f o u j l i ' e k o k y h l s

o k t o l u v r p o u r r p o k i r l e u x ` e p r d ` l s i l j e h o i l . K l j l s o u n j d o k s p e s ! @ e r d j s ' e b d t n d l k i l ` e p r d ` l s ,

k ' l s t - ` l p e s H o k s d l u r i l H o k t l s q u d l u =

Ml trouvl jls èprd ls il je hoil `clz jls Frekeds tokkekts. Djs okt ounjd òhhlkt djs tedlktcendj js`lt t1 djs dbkorlktlkòrl pjus òhhlkt djsjlslrokt`ltcdvlr (...)

J l t t r l s W l r s e k l s , j l t t r l S @ D S , 5 2 > 3


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evekt-proposP l r b l J d e b r l

Y r l k t l h e k k l q u d k s r l s t d t u s p e r t d r i l v t l h l k t s l x ` j u s d v l h l k t e k ` d l k s , p e r ` o u r l k t j c d s t o d r l i l j e

h o i l h e s ` u j d k l s u r i l u x s d ` j l s . F r e ` , s o j d t e d r l , ` e r h e b k o j l , n e k y e k o u e u t r l s r l i d k b o t l s s o k t j p r s l k t s ,

s o u s v o s y l u x , ` o h h l e u t e k t i l h d r e ` j l s q u l j l t l h p s e u r e p e r b k s .

J c e n d t i c o h h l i l h l u r l s o u v l k t p j u s s d b k d f d e k t q u l j l v t l h l k t f h d k d k . P d j l s l k s i u p e r e t r l l s t

r ` u r r l k t ` c l z j l s i l u x s l x l s , j l h o n d j l k l s t p e s j l h h l ` c l z j c o h h l . J C e n d t ` o j j l j e ` t u e j d t , p e s j e

h o i l h e d s j c d s t o d r l . D j e j e v e k t e b l i l k o u s t r e k s p o s l r i d r l ` t l h l k t e u ` u r i l s v e j l u r s i l j e s o ` d t .

E u s s d j l v l s t d e d r l h e s ` u j d k v o j u l j l k t l h l k t s u r j e p r d o i l , l t s d j l s ` o j d f d ` c l t s s o k t u k f e d r l v e j o d r p o u r j e

k o n j l s s l i l s S V D D

l

l t S V D D D

l

s d ` j l s , j l s ` o i l s n o u r b l o d s i u s d ` j l s u d v e k t v o k t r i u d r l j c e n d t s e p j u s s t r d ` t l

s o n r d t . W j u s l k ` o r l q u l j l f h d k d k , j l ` o s t u h l h e s ` u j d k s d b k l s o k t l h p s , d j l s t j e s t r d ` t l t r e k s p o s d t d o k i l

` o i l s s o ` d e u x l t ` o k o h d q u l s .

H e d s j e f l h h l l s t n d l k p r s l k t l e u s s d , ` l s t c l u r l u x l t h o d k s h o k o t o k l . @ c e q u l f o d s i e k s j c d s t o d r l

q u l j l v t l h l k t s l s d h p j d f d l , o u q u u k l p r e t d q u l s p o r t d v l r l k t r l i e k s j l s h u r s f h d k d k s , j e h o i l l h p r u k t l

e u h e s ` u j d k . N r e k i l n o u r b s j e c u s s e r i l , W d l r r o t j E k b j e d s l , r o n l r l i d k b o t l , e u t r l s s p l k ` l r s o u s d h p j l h l k t

E h e z o k l s , s o k t e u t e k t d k s p d r s i u r p l r t o d r l s p o r t d f q u l h d j d t e d r l .

N r l f ! L v d t o k s j l s p o k ` d f s , d j s e b d t i l k l p e s l k k u y l r h e d s i l s u n j d h l r ` l q u l j l h d r e ` j l i u t l h p s

n d l k v o u j u k o u s t r e k s h l t t r l @ l t t l t o f f l , j e p j u s f r e b d j l i l t o u t l j l s h e t d r l s , i l v d l k t ` l j j l i u c r o s q u e k t

e u t r e v l r s i u k s d h p j l h e k k l q u d k h o u j l t r l t e d j j , k e t u k l s d j c o u l t t l ` l j j l i u k b l k t d j c o h h l i u

S V D D D

l

s d ` j l o u ` l j j l i l f d b u r l s ` j n r l s d k s p d r l s i l s b r e k i s c o h h l s d ` k l s i l k o t r l C d s t o d r l .

^ l s d t u o k s j l x l r ` d ` l . J o n m l ` t d f k l s t - d j p e s i l v u j b e r d s l r e u s l k s k o n j l ? I l r l s t d t u l r l k s o h h l u k l

f d ` t d o k p r o ` c l i u k ` l r t e d k V r d s h l ? O u i l p r t l x t l r u k l s d t u e t d o k p o u r m o u l r i l j d k s t e k t e v l ` i l s

v t l h l k t s s o u v l k t n d ` l k t l k e d r l s ? J e d s s o k s ` c e ` u k r p o k i r l l t l x p r d h l r s o k r l s s l k t d J l r s u j t e t l s t j ,

p o r t l i l h e d k , l t ` o k s t d t u l j l t r e v e d j i u k l s o h h l i h o t d o k s . E u - i l j i l j e i h e r ` c l ` r e t d v l , d j e f e j j u

e p p r o f o k i d r , f e d r l e p p l j i l s e r t d s t l s , i l s s p ` d e j d s t l s l t ` o k s l r v e t l u r i u p e t r d h o d k l p o u r u k ` j e d r e b l

c d s t o r d q u l l t j d t t r e d r l p j u s p l r t d k l k t , h e d s e u s s d p o u r k o u s f e d r l r f j ` c d r s u r j d i l k t d t h e s ` u j d k l , i o k t o k

p e r j l t e k t e u m o u r i c u d t r e v l r s j e t c o r d l i u b l k r l

L t p u d s d j y e E k s o u d s , j l ` c t l e u q u l j o k e n d l k ` o k k u i e k s u k l v d l e k t r d l u r l l t q u d e u m o u r i c u d

e ` ` o h p e b k l j l p r o m l t s o u s j d j n d l k v l d j j e k t i l B r e r i l t F r i r d q u l ^ o u s s l t - ^ o u v d r l .

L ` r d k i u k t c t r l k e t u r l j , i d v d k l h l k t r l s t e u r , j l @ c t l e u i E k s o u d s o u v r l j l n e j p o u r k o u s r l s t d t u l r

` l s s d j c o u l t t l s c e n d t l s q u d s d k s p d r l k t k e t u r l j j l h l k t i l s f d b u r l s h e s ` u j d k l s i l k o t r l d k ` o k s ` d l k t ` o j j l ` t d f

M l e k - M e ` q u l s ^ o u s s l e u , H e x d h d j d l k i l ^ o n l s p d l r r l , j l B k r e j N o k e p e r t l l t C l k r d i l Y o u j o u s l - J e u t r l ` ,

p e r h d i e u t r l s , v o u s s e j u l k t H l s i e h l s , p o u r j l p j e d s d r i l t o u s j l s s l k s .


14/1165 >

hoils hesùjdklsdkfjulk`ls, lhpruktslt syklrbdl


J l S V D D D

l

l t S D S

l

s d ` j l v o d l k t u k l j l k t l l t p r o b r l s s d v l s d h p j d f d ` e t d o k i l j e h o i l v l s t d h l k t e d r l

h e s ` u j d k l . L k ` l s t l h p s e k ` d l k s , j c o h h l l s t e u t e k t p e r , s d ` l k l s t p j u s , q u l j e f l h h l , l t

j o r k l h l k t e t d o k n e r o q u l p u d s ^ o ` o ` o v d s d n j l i e k s j l s e r t s i l j e f d k i u S V D D

l

s d ` j l J o u d s - q u e t o r z d l k , t r o u v l

u k l ` j e t e k t l ` o r r l s p o k i e k ` l i e k s j e h o i l h e s ` u j d k l . J l v t l h l k t ` o j j l j c d s t o d r l , j e p o j d t d q u l l t

d k v l r s l h l k t .

Ml `rods vodr je hoker cdl i rodtrlhlsurlqul jls vlstls re`òur dsslktlt sl `cekblktlkbdjlt

k o u s i d t B e n r d l j P k e ` i l H l d j c e k i e k s j L h d b r l k 5 2 4 2 .

J l ` j n r l t r o d s p d ` l s h e s ` u j d k e p p e r e t ` l p l k i e k t t r s t t s o u s J o u d s S D V j e f d k i u S V D D

l

s d ` j l l t

j c e n d t i d t j e f r e k e d s l , e v l ` s l s n e s i l s o d l l t e u t r l s o r k l h l k t s , r l s t l r e i o k ` s y k o k y h l i u f e s t l

f r e k e d s i u b r e k i s d ` j l .

@ l q u d i l v d l k i r e j l ` o h p j l t v l s t o k i u i n u t i u S S

l

s d ` j l , s d k t d t u j e d t e j o r s e u S V D D D

l

s d ` j l , ` u j o t t l ,

v l s t l l t m u s t e u ` o r p s p o u r j q u d v e j l k t i u p e k t e j o k , b d j l t l t r l i d k b o t l u k s d ` j l p j u s t e r i . J v o j u t d o k i l s

f o r h l s i l h l u r l ` l p l k i e k t t r s j l k t l l t F r e k o d s i l B e r s e u j t i e k s j E r t i u t e d j j l u r , p e r u l k 5 2 6 4 , k o t l

l k ` o r l

djye im jokbtlhps quok er dlk `cekbjlsslktdlj il jcendtòhpjltfrekods .

J l m u s t e u ` o r p s ( v t l h l k t i l i l s s u s ) i l v d l k t f d k e j l h l k t j c e n d t s o u s J o u d s S V D , p u d s r l i d k b o t l ` o j

r e n e t t u s o u s j e ^ v o j u t d o k d k s p d r i l j e k b j e d s r d i d k b ` o e t ( v t l h l k t i q u d t e t d o k ) . I l s s o u s , u k l v l s t l q u d

p l r i r e s l s h e k ` c l s j e f d k i l r b k l i l J o u d s S V , p o u r s l r e ` ` o u r ` d r l t p r l k i r l j l k o h i l b d j l t q u d k e p p e r e t

q u l t e r i d v l h l k t i e k s j l i d ` t d o k k e d r l l k 5 6 6 9 . W j u s s y h p t o h e t d q u l l k ` o r l , j e ` u j o t t l , s y h n o j l i l j o r i r l

e k ` d l k , v e s e j j o k b l r l t s o k e k t d t c s l , j l s e k s - ` u j o t t l o u f u t u r p e k t e j o k l s t , r e p p l j o k s j l , j l v t l h l k t i u

j e n l u r l k o p p o s d t d o k j o d s d v l t r o y e j d s t l . J c e n d t , s o u s j d h p u j s d o k r v o j u t d o k k e d r l , v e d k v l r s l h l k t s l

r e ` ` o u r ` d r l t i l v l k d r ` e r h e b k o j l , t o u m o u r s i e k s j l s l k s i u k l p j u s b r e k i l e d s e k ` l i l h o u v l h l k t , j e f o d s j d

e u x d i l s i l j d n l r t , h e d s e u s s d i s 5 2 2 7 j d k f j u l k ` l e k b j e d s l o j l s p r e t d q u l s s p o r t d v l s ( i o k t j q u d t e t d o k )

s o k t p j u s i v l j o p p l s q u l k F r e k ` l . J e ^ v o j u t d o k f r e k e d s l d h p o s l i o k ` i l k o u v l e u x ` o i l s v l s t d h l k t e d r l s

l t r l i f d k d t l k ` l s l k s j e h e s ` u j d k d t e v l ` i l s v t l h l k t s p j u s p r t i u ` o r p s q u d , ` o k m u b u s j E k b j o h e k d l ,

v o k t i u r e n j l h l k t h e r q u l r u k l s d j c o u l t t l h e s ` u j d k l p j u s j e k ` l , s p o r t d v l l t e i e p t l e u q u o t d i d l k i u f u t u r

c o h h l h o i l r k l .


15/1165 0

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musqu' je ttl lt sd ukl ilhd-iouzedkl i'edbudjjlttls kl suffdt pes

pour ette`clr uk ceut-il-`ceussl ? ;Jls ^uneks il @jektl ieks j'Everl il Hojdrl. E`tl 5, s`kl < (5663)


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52


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5 6

E u S V D D D

l

s d ` j l , j o p u j l k ` l l x t r d l u r l i l s c e n d t s i e p p e r e t ` e ` c e d t s o u v l k t u k e s s l h n j e b l l t u k h o k t e b l

h i d o ` r l s r e j d s s p e r t d r i l t d s s u s p j u s e k ` d l k s , l t ` l h h l p e r h d j l s j d t l s , j l s t o f f l s i l q u e j d t ` o t e k t

f o r t ` c l r . P l u j s j l s v t l h l k t s p j u s f o k ` t d o k k l j s l t i l s t d k s t r l j e v s , t e d l k t ` o u s u s p j u s s o j d i l h l k t t l j

q u l j l s ` c l h d s l s . J e f e n r d ` e t d o k i l s v t l h l k t s t e d t c d s t o r d q u l h l k t r b d l p e r j l s ` o r p o r e t d o k s . J e p j u s

e k ` d l k k l , ` l j j l i l s t e d j j l u r s , ` o h p o s l u k d q u l h l k t i c o h h l s , ` o u p e d t l t h o k t e d t l s s l k t d l j j l h l k t c e n d t s

h e s ` u j d k s , ` o r p s n e j l d k l l t t l k u l s i l ` o u r . J e u t r l ` o r p o r e t d o k , ` l j j l i l s ` o u t u r d r l s , q u d o n t d k t p e r j l t t r l

p e t l k t l i l 5 2 3 5 j b e j d t i l s i r o d t s f e ` l e u x t e d j j l u r s , h o i d f d e e d k s d s u n s t e k t d l j j l h l k t j l s h o i l s

v l s t d h l k t e d r l s v l r s u k l v d s d o k p j u s f h d k d k l .

J e s d h p j d f d ` e t d o k i l j e h o i l p o u r j l s c o h h l s s e ` ` j r l e v l ` j e k e d s s e k ` l i l j e ` o r p o r e t d o k i l s

h e r ` c e k i s i l h o i l j e f d k i u S V D D D

l

q u d , e v l ` j l s e b r h l k t s i l r o n l s ( f e j n e j e s ) , ` o k s e ` r l j e f l h h l e u

` l k t r l i l t o u t l s j l s e t t l k t d o k s . W e r h d j l s p j u s ` j n r l s ` d t o k s ^ o s l N l r t d k ,

Hdkdstrl ils Hoilsi l H e r d l

E k t o d k l t t l , o u l k ` o r l J o u d s C y p p o j d t l J l r o y p o u r j d h p r e t r d ` l M o s p c d k l . D j s s o k t j l s i d b k l s p r ` u r s l u r s i l s

b r e k i s ` o u t u r d l r s i u S S

l

s d ` j l q u d r s l r v l k t j e h o i l j e b l k t f h d k d k l .

J e f d k i u S V D D D

l

s d ` j l l t j l s p r o f o k i s ` c e k b l h l k t s i l j e s o ` d t , f d x l k t i u r e n j l h l k t i l k o u v l e u x

u s e b l s v l s t d h l k t e d r l s i k u s i l s j o u r i l u r s i l j e k ` d l k r b d h l . I s j l r b k l i l J o u d s S V D , j l s r e y u r l s l t j l s

h o t d f s b o h t r d q u l s r l h p j e ` l k t s o u v l k t j l s f j l u r s . J e k b j o h e k d l l t j l b o t p o u r j l k e t u r l j l t j l s j d b k l s

k o ` j e s s d q u l s , f e v o r d s l k t , e v l ` j l s f r e ` s , r l i d k b o t l s l t e u t r l s b d j l t s ` o u p l i r o d t l , u k v l s t d e d r l h e s ` u j d k p j u s

i ` o h p j l x , l t h h l d k s p d r e t l u r i l s h o i l s f h d k d k l s . O k v o d t j l s j b e k t l s i u I d r l ` t o d r l o u i l j L h p d r l s l

p e r l r i l ` o j s

je Cusseril, i l n r e k i l n o u r b s , o u l k ` o r l r e i e p t l r i l s ` o u p l s h e s ` u j d k l s t l j q u l j l s r o n l s

r l i d k b o t l o u j l s s p l k ` l r s , d k d t d e j l h l k t j e k ` p e r J o r i B l o r b l P p l k ` l r ( 5 2 < 3 - 5 3 0 9 ) q u d ` o u p e j l s n e s q u l s i l

s o k h e k t l e u . J l s l x l h p j l s l k ` l s l k s k l h e k q u l k t p e s , t o u t ` o h h l j l s h e k ` c l s j e H e h l j o u a d k s p d r l s

i l s ` e v e j d l r s b y p t d l k s d k t b r s j e r h l K e p o j o k d l k k l . I l h e k d r l b k r e j l , p j u s j l s p r e t d q u l s s p o r t d v l s

e u b h l k t l k t i e k s j e s o ` d t , p j u s j l s v t l h l k t s r ` j e h e k t i l j e d s e k ` l l h p r u k t l k t j l u r ` o u p l e u v l s t d e d r l

h e s ` u j d k . J l x l h p j l j l p j u s p r o n e k t r l s t e k t j l s t l k u l s i e h e z o k l s o u j l s p r l h d l r s l k s l h n j l s i l n e d k j e f d k

i u S D S

l

s d ` j l .

P d , p e r e d j j l u r s , j l s v e j l u r s n o u r b l o d s l s i u S D S

l

s d ` j l q u d f e v o r d s l k t j o r i r l , j p e r b k l l t j l h r d t l , s o k t

l k r u p t u r l e v l ` j o d s d v l t i u s d ` j l p r ` i l k t , l j j l s v o k t i f d k d t d v l h l k t s t r u ` t u r l r j l s ` o i l s v l s t d h l k t e d r l s

h e s ` u j d k s i l h e k d r l n l e u ` o u p p j u s s t r d ` t s . C o r h d s q u l j q u l s ` e s p e r t d ` u j d l r s ` o h h l j l I e k i y s h l j p o q u l

^ o h e k t d q u l , j d i l k t d t h e s ` u j d k l e u S D S

l

s d ` j l s l ` r d s t e j j d s l s o n r l h l k t e u t o u r i l ` o u j l u r s f o k ` l s l t n d l k

s o u v l k t l k k o d r , s y k o k y h l i ' e u t o r d t . P o u s j l s l ` o k i L h p d r l , j l s ` o i l s n o u r b l o d s d k t l r i d s e k t j c o h h l i l

p e r e t r l , s l u j l j e f l h h l l k s l d b k l i l j c o h h l t r e v l r s s l s t o d j l t t l s , p l u t t r l , j e r l p r s l k t e t d o k i l j e

r u s s d t l i l s o k h e r d .


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5 2


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5 3


21/116

5 4

Cendti'epperet

vlstl lt musteu`orpslkiehesil sodl lt jedkl `rhl

iounjurl lk teffltes vlrtnoutokslt bejoksil

pesslhlktlrdl `ekkltdjjlltfdjltl erblkt

5267 / 5227


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> 7

cendtilmourcendtil òur

: Wlkiekt `ls rvojutdoks,uk sd`jl s'lst òuj qud e hds toutls

`ls perurls eu rekb ils `cosls pessls

lt qud kl sokt pjus 1 je hoil ejors

je pjus ùrdlusl lt qud fedt jl pjusil pjedsdr vodr,

`'lst je pjus ek`dlkkl. ;"Jls @ere`trls ou jls holurs

il `l sd`jl" Mlek il je Nruyrl (5633)


23/116

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24/116


25/116

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5227 / 5237

Cendtilmourpoqul JoudsSVD

musteuòrpslk teffltes padkvlrtpdkeri,meukl, `rhl lt kodrnoutoksil ùdvrllt teffltes lk perldjbdjlt nesqul lk setdk`rhlnroi il fjlurs pojy`crohlseu keturljùjottl lk setdk kodr


26/116

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Cendtil òurpoqul JoudsSVD

musteuòrpslk vljoursèkklj

`dsljvlrt`jeiok lt roudjjlnoutokslk jeh èkkltdjjpedjjlt erblkt

bdjltlk setdk padk `rhlltnroilrdlseufdji'erblkt

(pedjjoks, èkkltdjjlslt sodlpojy crohl)

ùjottl lk setdk dvodrlpettlsèkkltdjjlslt pedjjltls

vlrs 5377

5227 / 5237


27/116

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> 6

P o u s j E k ` d l k ^ b d h l l k L u r o p l , j l s e p p l j j e t d o k s v e r d l s i s d b k e k t j l s r o n l s i d k t r d l u r s o k t

r v j e t r d ` l s s o d t i l j o r d b d k l i l s t d s s u s i o k t l j j l s s o k t f e d t l s , s o d t i u h o i l i u t d j d s e t d o k i l ` l s r o n l s . L k

F r e k ` l , j l t l r h l r o n l i l ` c e h n r l q u d f e d t r f r l k ` l j u s e b l i l ` l v t l h l k t , r b u j d r l h l k t p r s l k t

i e k s j e j d t t r e t u r l

5

l t j l s d k v l k t e d r l s i l s b e r i l - r o n l s e u S V D D

l

l t e u S V D D D

l

s d ` j l , l s t ` l j u d q u d s l h n j l j l p j u s

e p p r o p r d . I e k s t o u t j l r o y e u h l , j e r o n l i l ` c e h n r l i l v d l k t p l u p l u j u k l i l s p d ` l s d h p o r t e k t l s i u

v l s t d e d r l h e s ` u j d k . Y e k i d s q u l j u s e b l s l k r p e k i e u ` o u r s i u S V D D

l

s d ` j l , j l s d ` j l i l s J u h d r l s v e

q u e s d h l k t j d h p o s l r t o u t ` l q u d f e d t f d b u r l i j d t l = r d ` c d s s d h l s n o u r b l o d s , e r d s t o ` r e t l s ` u j t d v s , e r t d s t l s j e

h o i l , s e v e k t s i d s t d k b u s , p l k s l u r s l t ` r d v e d k s ` j n r l s .

H e j b r j l p l u i l ` o k s d i r e t d o k q u o k t p u p e r f o d s d k s p d r l r ` l s p d ` l s t l x t d j l s , p r o t e b o k d s t l s i l j e v d l

q u o t d i d l k k l v o d r l d k t d h l i l ` l u x q u d j l s p o r t e d l k t , v d ` t d h l s i l j l u r s u ` ` s p e r u k p o r t e n u s d f l k t r e k e k t

j u s u r l , u k k o h n r l i l x l h p j e d r l s k o k k b j d b l e n j l l k s u n s d s t l i e k s j l s ` o j j l ` t d o k s p u n j d q u l s l t p r d v l s l k

L u r o p l l t e u x L t e t s - \ k d s

>

. D j s e b d t s o u v l k t i l p d ` l s p r ` d l u s l s s o d t p e r j l u r n l e u t , s o d t p e r j l u r v e j l u r

s y h n o j d q u l ( s o u v l k d r i u k b r e k i c o h h l o u r l j d q u l s l k t d h l k t e j l ) . E s s o ` d l s e u x h u j t d p j l s r l p r s l k t e t d o k s i l

` l t y p l i l v t l h l k t i e k s j l s p l d k t u r l s l t b r e v u r l s i l j p o q u l

0

, e u x h l k t d o k s r l t r o u v l s i e k s i d f f r l k t l s

e r ` c d v l s ( ` o h h e k i l s l t f e ` t u r l s , d k v l k t e d r l s e p r s - i ` s ) l t e u x t l x t l s i l s ` r d v e d k s ` o k t l h p o r e d k s , l j j l s

k o u s p l r h l t t l k t i l h d l u x ` o k k e t r l ` l v t l h l k t l t i l ` o h p r l k i r l s o k r j l i e k s j e ` o h i d l c u h e d k l q u l

` o k s t d t u l j e ` u j t u r l i l s e p p e r l k ` l s e u x S V D D

l

l t e u S V D D D

l

s d ` j l

9

.

jepperet il jdktdhdtou jeronl il `cehnrlhes`ujdkl iu tlhps ilsespjlkilur

5 . I e k s j l s u v r l s i l H o j d r l , V o j t e d r l , I d i l r o t , H e r d v e u x

> . W e r h d j l s p j u s r d ` c l s l k r o n l s i l ` c e h n r l l t n e k y e k s = H u s l i l s e r t s i ` o r e t d f s l t h u s l B e j j d l r e i l W e r d s , H u s l i l j d h p r l s s d o k s u r t o f f l s

i l H u j c o u s l , V d ` t o r d e e k i E j n l r t H u s l u h i l J o k i r l s , ^ d m a s h u s l u h i E h s t l r i e h , B l h l l k t l h u s l u h i l j e C e y l , J o s E k b l j l s @ o u k t y H u s l u h

o f E r t i l J o s E k b l j l s .

0 . W o u r j e F r e k ` l , ` c l z ^ d b e u i , H d b k e r i , M l e k - F r e k o d s i l Y r o y , @ c e r i d k , J d o t e r i , B r l u z l , V e k J o o , I r o u e d s , J e M o u l , I e v d i , l t ` .

9 . I e k d l j ^ o ` c l , " J e ` u j t u r l i l s e p p e r l k ` l s , u k l c d s t o d r l i u v t l h l k t S V D D

l

- S V D D D

l

s d ` j l " , W e r d s , F e y e r i , 5 4 3 4

E k k l i l Y c o d s y - I e j j l h


29/116

> 2


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> 3

O r d b d k l s

J e i f d k d t d o k e ` t u l j j l i u W l t d t ^ o n l r t ,

Jokb vtlhlkt idktrdlur, pour cohhl ou flhhl,

hek`cls, kok emust , q u d d k i d q u l p e r e d j j l u r s j e p r l h d r l h l k t d o k i u t l r h l l k 5 < 2 6 , l s t ` l r t l s u k p l u

v e b u l h e d s ` o r r l s p o k i n d l k j d i l q u l j o k s l f e d t i l j e r o n l i l ` c e h n r l , v t l h l k t j o k b l t j e r b l p o r t

` c l z s o d , i e n o r i e i o p t p e r j e f r e k b l j e p j u s r d ` c l i l j e p o p u j e t d o k ( S V D D

l

s d ` j l ) p u d s p e r j l k s l h n j l i l j e

s o ` d t ( S S

l

s d ` j l ) . J e r o n l i l ` c e h n r l , y l s t p r s l k t l ` o h h l u k v t l h l k t u s e b l h d x t l . @ t e d t e u s s d j l

` e s e u S V D D D

l

s d ` j l h h l s d ` l s o k t s u r t o u t j l s c o h h l s q u d , p o u r i l s r e d s o k s j d l s s o k u t d j d s e t d o k , s o k t

s o u v l k t r l p r s l k t s l k r o n l i l ` c e h n r l i e k s j d ` o k o b r e p c d l i u t l h p s .

J l ` o h h l r ` l i l s b r e k i l s ` o h p e b k d l s h e r d t d h l s e v l ` j D k i l o u j L x t r h l - O r d l k t e t r s ` l r t e d k l h l k t

f e v o r d s j u s e b l i l ` l t t l r o n l j o k b u l l t e h p j l , s o u v l k t e b r h l k t l i l h o t d f s d h p r d h s o u n r o ` c s . J l s

h e r ` c e k i s o k t d k t r o i u d t l k L u r o p l i l s t d s s u s ` c e t o y e k t s ` o h h l j l s s o d l s i l @ c d k l , j l s h o u s s l j d k l s ,

j l s ` o t o k s d h p r d h s o u p l d k t s i l s D k i l s l t i l s v t l h l k t s d k ` o k k u s e u x k o h s t r e k b l s l t s i u d s e k t s

( a e f t e k s , t u r n e k s , a d h o k o s ) . I l k o u v l j j l s c e n d t u i l s , t l j j l s j e ` o k s o h h e t d o k i u t c , i u ` c o ` o j e t l t i u ` e f ,

l h p r l d k t l s i u r e f f d k l h l k t o r d l k t e j , o k t s u s ` d t j l p o r t i l v t l h l k t s e p p r o p r d s . @ l v r d t e n j l i j u b l i l

k o u v l e u t s i l f o r h l s l t i u s e b l s e i ` j l k ` c u k l k b o u l h l k t t r s v d f p o u r t o u t ` l q u d p e r e d s s e d t l x o t d q u l ,

p l r s l , t u r q u l o u ` c d k o d s . J l s r o n l s i d k t r d l u r s l k s o k t t r o d t l h l k t d k s p d r l s , j e f o d s i e k s j l u r s

` o u p l s , j l ` c o d x i l j l u r s t d s s u s l t j o r k l h l k t e t d o k i l ` l s i l r k d l r s , h h l s d j l s L u r o p l k s k o k t p e s e t t l k i u

j l s d h p o r t e t d o k s i l s ` o h p e b k d l s i l s D k i l s p o u r s l v t d r j e h e d s o k s u r u k h o i l d k f o r h l j o u ` c e u i e u

h o y l k i l j o u r i s h e k t l e u x l k j e d k e b l o u s o d l r d l .

J l s o r d b d k l s j o d k t e d k l s i l j e r o n l i l ` c e h n r l j d l s e u x d h p o r t e t d o k s i l s ` o h p e b k d l s i l s D k i l s


31/116

> 4

r o n l i d k t r d l u r e k b j e d s l

2

. L k C o j j e k i l , j l t l r h l i l M e p o k s l r o a ( r o n l m e p o k e d s l ) q u e j d f d l j e r o n l i l

` c e h n r l i l s t y j l o r d l k t e j d s e k t , t r s t t l k v o b u l ` c l z j l s r d ` c l s N e t e v l s . J o r s i l s l s e u i d l k ` l s e k k u l j j l s , e u

` o u r s i l s e k k l s 5 6 9 7 , j l s c o b u k o f f r e d t l k l f f l t i l s a d h o k o s e u x i d r l ` t l u r s i l j e @ o h p e b k d l u k d l i l s D k i l s

C o j j e k i e d s l s

3

. @ l s r o n l s m e p o k e d s l s t e d l k t s o u v l k t ` o k f l ` t d o k k l s i e k s i l s s o d l s o u i l s ` o t o k s

i d h p o r t e t d o k , r l s p l ` t d v l h l k t i l @ c d k l l t i D k i l .

I l s ` r d p t d o k l t u s e b l

J e r o n l i l ` c e h n r l r l p r l k i i o k ` j l s f o r h l s i l v t l h l k t s o r d l k t e u x . E h p j l l t j o k b u l , b k r e j l h l k t

f e n r d q u l e v l ` i l s t o d j l s d h p r d h l s d h p o r t l s ( ` c d k t z l k E k b j l t l r r l o u ` e j d ` o t s l k F r e k ` l ) , i l s s o d l s

i o r d b d k l ` c d k o d s l o u d s s u l s i l j e B r e k i l F e n r d q u l j y o k k e d s l , l j j l p l u t t r l l k f o r h l i l ' Y ' ` o h h l j l s

a d h o k o s , i r d v l r i u a e f t e k t u r ` , i u h e k t l e u e r h k d l k , o u s u d v r l j l s p e t r o k s l t i l s ` r d p t d o k s q u o k r l t r o u v l

i e k s J e r t i u Y e d j j l u r i l F r e k o d s i l B e r s e u j t

4

. D j k o u s l k i d t ` l ` d =

Je ronl il `cehnrl sl hlt lk sljlvektlteprs strl iscendj j

1

Ljjl plut sl òkstrudrl il iluxhekdrls, ou hek`cls repportlsou

lk `clhdsl = ok jl s e tre`ls d d toutls ilux Qfdb. DD lt DDD il jouvreblX 1 jukl lt jeutrl sl fedt lk sdxeukls 5 7 itoffl trodtl

. D j e m o u t l p j u s j o d k =

Je ronl il `cehnrl, `ljjlqud lst hek`cls repportls, sltredtl lt sl hoktl òhhl ukl soutekl 1 ok jud hlt uk òjjlt evl` uk noutok lt ukl noutokkdrl 1 ltjorsquok hltjlsnoutoksperilvekt, ok emoutl euxhek`cls uk pltdtperlhlkt. @ljjlqudlstlk `clhdslslhoktl òhhl je pr ilktl 1 quekt eux hek`cls, ok y emoutl `l qudj feut itoffl pour tlrhdklr jlursjokbulurs 1 ok je òuipodkterrdrl1 ok pje`l jlsbousslts.

E u s e u t i u j d t , i e k s j l q u l j d j s l s t ` o u ` c k u o u l k ` c l h d s l n j e k ` c l i l j d k o u i l ` o t o k , j l

b l k t d j c o h h l h l t i o k ` s e r o n l i l ` c e h n r l l t s l ` o d f f l i u k n o k k l t i l k u d t , p e r f o d s p o h p o k , s u r h o k t e k t

j u d - h h l , p o u r j l s p j u s r e f f d k s , u k l ` o d f f l l k t o d j l o u l k i l k t l j j l . O k j d t i e k s u k l j l t t r l i l V o j t e d r l s o k

e h d l H e i e h l i L p d k e y l k i ` l h n r l 5 2 < 2 e j o r s q u d j i o d t e v o d r s o h h l d j =

Ml ilhekil eumouricud jeplrhdssdok il je ronl il `cehnrl Heiehl iLpdkey. @ceùk iodt trl vtu sljok sok tet 1 HeiehliLpdkeyiodt trl òdffl per jls br ls lt dj hl feut uk nokkltil kudt

. J l s p d l i s s o k t e j o r s ` c e u s s s i l

h u j l s , s o r t l s i l n e n o u ` c l s l k t d s s u s o u v l k t e s s o r t d l s j e r o n l . J l s h o t s e k b j e d s i l k d b c t b o w k ( r o n l i l

k u d t ) o u l k ` o r l h o r k d k b b o w k ( r o n l i u h e t d k ) s o u j d b k l k t , ` o h h l j l h o t f r e k e d s , u k u s e b l e s s o ` d

2 . \ k e r t d ` j l ` o k s e ` r e u n e k y e k , l s t i d s p o k d n j l s u r d k t l r k l t ( i l p u d s h e r s > 7 5 > ) = H o d r e Y c u k i l r , O n m l ` t d k f o ` u s = H e k s n e k y e k , V d ` t o r d e e k i

E j n l r t H u s l u h ( c t t p = / / w w w . f e s c d o k d k b t c l l e r j y h o i l r k . e ` . u a / o n m l ` t - d k - f o ` u s / h e k s - n e k y e k / ) . W e r e d j j l u r s v o d r = E r d e k l F l k k l t l e u x , H l k d k

b o w k s = K d b c t b o w k s e k i t c l ` o k s t r u ` t d o k o f h e s ` u j d k d t y d k l d b c t l l k t c ` l k t u r y L k b j e k i , d h h l i d e t d o k s = t c l r l s l e r ` c M o u r k e j o f t c l @ o u r t e u j i

D k s t d t u t l o f E r t , k 5 ( P p r d k b , > 7 7 9 ) , p . 2 2 - 3 4 .

3 . L . K d l k c o j i t , I l r P ` c j e f r o ` a , R e f f l k u k i A o s t h a u k i l , C l f t > , 5 4 6 2 , p p . 5 7 6 - 5 5 6 .

4 . F r e k o d s i l B e r s e u j t , J e r t i u t e d j j l u r i e k s j l s e r t s i l j c e n d j j l h l k t , I l s ` r d p t d o k s i l s E r t s l t h t d l r s f e d t l s l t e p p r o u v l s p e r H l s s d l u r s i l

j E ` e i h d l r o y e j l i l s P ` d l k ` l s e v l ` f d b u r l s l k t e d j j l i o u ` l , ` c l z P e d j j e k t l t K y o k l t I l s s e d k , W e r d s , 5 2 6 5 , p p . > 5 l t p . 0 0 , f d b . D D l t D D D l t r i d t d o k

d h p r d h l r d l i l j e s o ` d t t y p o b r e p c d q u l , K l u ` c t l j , 5 2 3 7 , p . 6 0 .

5 7 . J e u k l f e d t l k v d r o k 5 , > 7 h .


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j d k t d h d t l t e u r d t u l j i u ` o u ` c l r l t i u j l v l r . D j s l h n j l k e k h o d k s q u l , ` o k t r e d r l h l k t ` l q u d k i u d t s o k k o h ,

` l t t l t l k u l k l s l ` e k t o k k l p e s j e ` c e h n r l . J l h e t d k , j l b l k t d j c o h h l j e ` o k s l r v l p o u r s l r e s l r l t p r l k i r l

s o k i m l u k l r ( t l r h l i s d b k e k t e j o r s j l r l p e s p r d s e u j l v l r ) . J l s o d r l k r l k t r e k t ` c l z j u d , d j j e h l t p e r f o d s p o u r

s l r l p o s l r i u p o r t i l j c e n d t p j u s t r o d t l t p j u s r d b d i l . D j p l u t e d k s d s l i t l k i r l j e d s l e u p r s i l s e f l h h l ,

e u ` o d k i u f l u , l k s e v o u r e k t u k l t e s s l i l ` c o ` o j e t .

E p e r t d r i u S V D D

l

s d ` j l , h e d s s u r t o u t e u S V D D D

l

s d ` j l , j e i d s t d k ` t d o k l k t r l j e s p c r l p r d v l l t j l s

p r e t d q u l s h o k i e d k l s s e ` ` l k t u l . P d H e i e h l , r l v t u l i u k k b j d b o u i u k i s c e n d j j , p l u t r l b e b k l r s o k

n o u i o d r p o u r s l s ` e u s l r d l s o u s e t o d j l t t l , ` l t t l s o r t l i l s e s s p e r e k t j l s p e ` l d k t d h l q u l ` o k s t d t u l j e

` c e h n r l ` o u ` c l r i l j l s p e ` l i l r ` l p t d o k , H o k s d l u r , l k r o n l i l ` c e h n r l , p o r t l e j o r s s u r u k l ` c l h d s l

m e n o t l t h e k ` c l t t l s i l i l k t l j j l s e v l ` ` u j o t t l l t n e s , l t p e r f o d s b d j l t e s s o r t d , t u r n e k o r d l k t e j o u n o k k l t

q u e r t d l r s , s l r l t d r l i e k s s o k ` e n d k l t i l t r e v e d j . @ l s t e d k s d q u l j e r o n l i l ` c e h n r l , e p r s e v o d r t ` l j u d i l s

e r t d s t l s f r u s i l x o t d s h l , i l v d l k t p l u p l u j l v t l h l k t i l p r i d j l ` t d o k i l s d k t l j j l ` t u l j s . @ l s r o n l s

` o k f o r t e n j l s ` o k t r d n u l k t , e u i d r l i l j l u r s e h e t l u r s , j l x l r ` d ` l p j u s f e ` d j l i l s f e ` u j t s i l j l s p r d t . I l

k o h n r l u x p l r s o k k e b l s ` j n r l s , i s d r l u x i l s l h n j l r e p p e r t l k d r e u ` l r ` j l j d t d s t l i l s ` r e t l u r s l t i l s

s e v e k t s , o u s o u ` d l u x i t r l j e h o i l , s l f o k t e d k s d p o r t r e d t u r l r l k r o n l i l ` c e h n r l i e k s j l u r n d n j d o t c q u l

o u j l u r t e n j l i l t r e v e d j .

5 5

W o s t r d t

E u S D S

l

s d ` j l , j l n l e u N r u h h l j j , r o d i u i e k i y s h l , l t s l s e i h d r e t l u r s f r d e k i s i l t l k u l s r e f f d k l s , s l

p e v e k l r o k t j l u r t o u r i e k s j l u r n l j j l r o n l i l ` c e h n r l , t l k u l j b e k t l q u d ` o k s t d t u l l k ` o r l j u k d q u l

o ` ` e s d o k p o u r j l s c o h h l s ( c o r h d s j l s p r t r l s o u j l s e v o ` e t s ) i l p o r t l r i d b k l h l k t j e r o n l . I e k s J l ` t i l

B u l r h e k t l s p e r u l k 5 4 > 5 - 5 4 > > , W r o u s t j v o q u l p r o p o s i u N e r o k @ c e r j u s =

Ml vlkeds ieplr lvodr jl

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tlkiu sur uk `ekep

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l

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i o k k l i l s l x l h p j l s h u j t d p j l s ` o h h l i e k s M e h l s N o k i , o j l s s h d j j e k t s P l e k @ o k k l r y o u ^ o b l r H o o r l ,

j l u r i r y H e r t d k d j e h e d k , e r n o r l k t i l s o h p t u l u s l s r o n l s i l ` c e h n r l i o u n j l s i l s o d l q u d p o u r r e d l k t t r l

s d b j l s j l u r s d k d t d e j l s . E u m o u r i c u d , s d l j j l e n l e u ` o u p p l r i u i l s o k f e s t l i e k t e k , i t r k l p e r j l p l d b k o d r

l k p o k b l , j e r o n l i l ` c e h n r l , l s t t o u m o u r s p o r t l .

5 5 . V o d r j l f e h l u x W o r t r e d t i l I d i l r o t p e r V e k J o o , 5 2 6 2 , H u s l i u J o u v r l , W e r d s 1 j l s u p l r n l p o r t r e d t i l R e t l j l t p e r B r l u z l , 5 2 6 9 , H u s l i u J o u v r l ,

W e r d s o u ` l j u d i u h i l ` d k E j p c o k s l J l r o y p e r I e v d i , 5 2 3 0 , h u s l F e n r l i l H o k t p l j j d l r .


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:Eprslkt m'ed j'edr i'uk rd`cl fedkekt.M'teds jl hetrl ensoju il he vdldjjl ronl il `cehnrl.

Ml suds ilvlku j'ls`jevl il je kouvljjl. ;Ilkds Idilrot, "^lbrlts sur he vdldjjl ronl il `cehnrl".Wunjd lk 5264.


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l

s d ` j l s l r e f f d k l l t

i l v d l k t p j u s s o n r l e u f d j i u t l h p s . J c e n d t j e f r e k e d s l , ` e r e ` t r d s t d q u l i u b l k t j l h e k i u S V D D D

l

s d ` j l s o r k l

i l n e s i l s o d l , i l ` c l h d s l l k j d k o u l k ` o t o k o r k l i l m e n o t , i l h e k ` c l s i l i l k t l j j l s l t i u k l ` r e v e t l .

J e p e r u r l v l s t d h l k t e d r l l s t n d l k l k t l k i u j d l j e q u l s t d o k i u p o u v o d r , l t j e s u p r d o r d t p r s u h l i u

b l k r l h e s ` u j d k . N r o i l r d l s , p e s s l h l k t l r d l s , i l k t l j j l s , l t e u t r l s ` o j d f d ` c l t s s o k t n d l k p j u s p r s l k t s ` c l z

j c o h h l j b e k t q u l ` c l z s e ` o h p e b k l , s e k s q u e u ` u k l h l k t s e v d r d j d t k l s o d t r l h d s l l k ` e u s l , n d l k e u

` o k t r e d r l . J d h p o r t e k t t e k t j e i d s t d k ` t d o k l t j e p p e r t l k e k ` l i l s ` o i l s s o ` d e u x . @ o q u l t t l r d l i o k ` h e d s

` o q u l t t l r d l r e d s o k k l . J l v l r t l k l x l h p j l t e d t j e ` o u j l u r i l j e j d v r l p o r t l p e r j l s i o h l s t d q u l s i u @ o h t l

i E r t o d s , f r r l i l J o u d s S V D , l t t e d t i o k ` d i l k t d t e d r l i l j e p p e r t l k e k ` l j e k o n j l s s l . E p r s 5 2 3 4 , j l v l r t k l

t e r i e p e s t r l ` o k s d i r l ` o h h l u k l ` o u j l u r ` o k t r l - r v o j u t d o k k e d r l !

E u i n u t i u r b k l i l J o u d s S V , j l s o r k l h l k t s h e s ` u j d k s s l j d h d t l k t s o u v l k t s u r j l m u s t e u ` o r p s i l

f e u s s l s n o u t o k k d r l s d h d t e k t j l s n r e k i l n o u r b s h d j d t e d r l s , j l s l u j j u x l t e k t r s l r v e u x t o f f l s i o k t

j l x t r e v e b e k ` l l t j l x u n r e k ` l v o k t i l p e d r e v l ` j l s t e t u t s o ` d e j . @ l s t j p o q u l i l s r d ` c l s f e o k k s i l s o d l

h e d s e u s s d i l s v l j o u r s ` d s l j s o u h d k d e t u r l s l t i l s i r o b u l t s i l s o d l p j u s s d h p j l s . J e ` o r p o r e t d o k i o h d k e k t l

i l s Y e d j j l u r s q u d h l t t e d t j e ` ` l k t s u r j e ` o u p l l t j l ` c o d x i l j t o f f l k t e d t v d i l h h l k t p e s t r e k b r l ` l t

t e t i l f e d t .

J l s p r o ` i s i l t d s s e b l o u i l n r o i l r d l s i d t s i d s p o s d t d o k s u r p d ` l i l t d s s u s p j e t ( d k ` j u e k t p o ` c l s

l t n o u t o k s ) p l r h l t t e d l k t i l r e t d o k e j d s l r j l s i ` o r s e v e k t j e ` o u p l l t j l h o k t e b l i l j c e n d t . D j s l k r i u d s e d l k t

j l s ` o t s h e d s l u r l k t t l k i e k ` l e u s s d u k d f o r h d s l r j l v l s t d e d r l h e s ` u j d k l k L u r o p l e u S V D D D

l

s d ` j l . @ l q u d

k l h p ` c e d t p e s j l s l x t r e v e b e k ` l s n d l k e u ` o k t r e d r l , l t p e r h d j l s s o y l u x j y o k k e d s , j l s i l s s d k e t l u r s i l s

f e n r d q u l s , s o u v l k t p e t r o k s , t e d l k t r l ` o k k u s ` o h h l e r t d s t l s t l j q u l M l e k ^ l v l j o u W c d j d p p l i l J e s e j j l . J l s

c e n d t s l t b d j l t s p j e t , n r o i s e u p o d k t i l N l e u v e d s o u t d s s s i d s p o s d t d o k , t e d l k t p r v u s l k t r o d s t e d j j l s p u d s

v l k i u s s u r p d ` l e v e k t h o k t e b l ` c l z j l Y e d j j l u r .

JErt iu nroilur, i u t d t r l i l j o u v r e b l i l @ c e r j l s - B l r h e d k i l P e d k t E u n d k p e r u l k 5 2 2 7 , t e d t

r b j l h l k t p e r j e ` o r p o r e t d o k i l s n r o i l u r s - ` c e s u n j d l r s , q u d ` o h h l j l u r k o h j d k i d q u l , ` o k ` l r k e d t

l s s l k t d l j j l h l k t j e b l k t h e s ` u j d k l l t j l ` j l r b e f f e d r l i l p o u v o d r t o u m o u r s !


43/116

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l

s d ` j l , j e n r o i l r d l t e d t ` e k t o k k l p r l s q u l

l x ` j u s d v l h l k t e u i o h e d k l h e s ` u j d k , j l s l x l h p j l s i l n r o i l r d l s p o u r f l h h l t e k t j d h d t s q u l j q u l s r e r l s

p d ` l s i l s t o h e ` s l t i l v e k t i l m u p l s J e n r o i l r d l , h h l i d s p o s d t d o k , ` o t e d t f o r t ` c l r l t t e d t

k e t u r l j j l h l k t i l s t d k l e u f e s t l i u b l k t d j c o h h l l t j e r l p r s l k t e t d o k i u k d v l e u i l p o u v o d r q u l j e s o ` d t

v o u j e d t n d l k j u d e ` ` o r i l r . J l s H e r ` c e k i s i l h o i l p e r d s d l k s f o k t i o k ` t r e v e d j j l r ` o u t u r d r l s , n r o i l u r s l t

p e s s l h l k t d l r s , q u d v l k i e d l k t i l s p r o i u d t s f d k d s t l j s q u l j l s i l v e k t s i l b d j l t n r o i s o u j l s h e k ` c l t t l s p o u r

c o h h l s .

E u t r l ` o r p o r e t d o k d k f j u l k t l l t l k ` o k ` u r r l k ` l e v l ` j l s N r o i l u r s - ` c e s u n j d l r s l t j l s Y e d j j l u r s , s o k t j l s

N o u t o k k d l r s - p e s s l h l k t d l r s , e u t r l s p ` d f d ` d t i i d l e u v l s t d e d r l h e s ` u j d k , e j o r s q u l ` l s n o u t o k s k l s o k t q u l

r e r l h l k t f o k ` t d o k k l j s s u r u k c e n d t p e r . J l s p j e k ` c l s i l

jErt iu Noutokkdlri l j l k ` y ` j o p i d l i l I d i l r o t

p e r u l l k 5 2 6 0 k l k h l k t d o k k l h h l p e s j e i l s t d k e t d o k , t l j j l h l k t d j p e r e t v d i l k t q u l j l u r u s e b l k l

` o k ` l r k l q u l j l s c o h h l s . J l s p r l h d l r s n o u t o k s u t d j d s s i e k s j c e n d j j l h l k t f h d k d k e p p e r e d s s l k t e v l ` j l s

` o h p r l s q u d s u ` ` i l r o k t e u x p d k b j e b l s s u r j e p o d t r d k l i l s p d ` l s i l s t o h e ` !

@ l t t l b u l r r l i l s n o u t o k s s e p p e r l k t l e j o r s s o d t j e p e s s l h l k t l r d l e v l ` k o t e h h l k t j l n o u t o k

f d j d b r e h l i t e d j j p e r I d i l r o t , s o d t j e n r o i l r d l i l f d j s i o r , i e r b l k t , i l p e d j j l t t l s , p e d j j o k s , s l q u d k s l t

` e k k l t d j j l s o u l k ` o r l i e p p j d ` e t d o k i l f l u d j j l s i l h t e j v l r k d o u h e d j j . L j j l j e d s s l p e r f o d s j e p j e ` l u k

v r d t e n j l t r e v e d j i o r f v r l r d l e v l ` i l s n o u t o k s l k ` u d v r l , j e d t o k o u e r b l k t t e d j j , ` d s l j , f e ` l t t o u p l d k t s u r

v l r r l q u l j o k t r o u v l k o t e h h l k t s u r j l s ^ l i d k b o t l s i l j e p r d o i l r v o j u t d o k k e d r l . J o u d s W l t d t i l N e ` c e u h o k t

( 5 6 4 7 - 5 2 2 5 ) i e k s

Hhodrls sl`rlts, p e r u j l 5 3 k o v l h n r l 5 2 3 6 , k l p r ` d s l - t - d j p e s =

Je hekdl ils noutokslst eumouricud poussl uk rdid ujl lxtrhl. Kok slujlhlkt ok jls portl iukl brekilur korhl `ohhlils us il sdx frek`s, hedsok lk fedt ilshdkdeturls, ils tenjleux, lk sortl qudjye tljjl berkdturl iukprdx dk`royenjl.

P d e u p e r e v e k t j e h o i l s l f o ` e j d s e d t s u r j e s p j l k i l u r i l s t l x t d j l s l t i l s o r k l h l k t s , j e p p r o ` c l i l j e

^ v o j u t d o k f r e k e d s l l t j e t l k i e k ` l i l s v t l h l k t s p j u s e m u s t s d k s p d r s i o u t r l - h e k ` c l , v o k t r l ` l k t r l r j e

` o q u l t t l r d l l t j b o h e s ` u j d k s u r j l b d j l t i u k l t o f f l p j u s j u x u l u s l ` l r t l s , h e d s i s o r h e d s p o d t r d k l

i ` o u v l r t l s u r j c e n d t i b e b j e r b l r l v l r s . J l s t e d j j l u r s q u d p r ` o k d s e d l k t

jusebl ilpudspluil tlhpsilportlr ils noutoks i l j e h hl toffl ils cendts

l u r l k t r e d s o k s u r j e ` o r p o r e t d o k i l s N o u t o k k d l r s -

p e s s l h l k t d l r s q u d d j s s o p p o s e d l k t i l p u d s 5 6 4 9 !


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L k 5 4 3 3 , j e B e j j l r d e i l j @ o s t u h l i u W e j e z z o W d t t d F j o r l k ` l ` o k s e ` r e d t u k l l x p o s d t d o k j e b e r i l - r o n l

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l

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` d r ` o k s t e k ` l r e j d s s p e r j l s h l d j j l u r s t e d j j l u r s f r e k e d s l t d t e j d l k s , b e k t s , h o u ` c o d r s , ` c e u s s u r l s , n o t t l s

` o h h e k i s p e r i o u z e d k l s u k v l s t d e d r l i u k l q u e j d t l x ` l p t d o k k l j j l , j b u e u h h l t d t r l q u l s l s

` o j j l ` t d o k s i u v r l s i e r t l t s o k d h p r l s s d o k k e k t i o h e d k l i u j e ` i l B e r i l , j l V d t t o r d e j l , j L t e t d t e j d l k . L k p u r

i e k i y , i E k k u k z d o l k v d s e b l j e p p e r l k ` l ` o h h l p e r t d ` d p e k t p j l d k l h l k t s o k d i e j i l p l r f l ` t d o k . W e r - j , d j

p r o j o k b l , m u s q u j e u n l i l j e i l u x d h l b u l r r l h o k i d e j l , j l h y t c l i l s f d b u r l s f o k i e t r d ` l s i u i e k i y s h l q u l

f u r l k t N r u h h l j j l t i O r s e y l t j l u r s c r d t d l r s R d j i l o u H o k t l s q u d o u . O k j e u r e ` o h p r d s , j l I e k i y s h l l s t

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J o r d b d k e j d t i u p c k o h k l t d l k t t o u t i e n o r i s o k k o h h h l . L k l f f l t , p l u i l t l r h l s o k t , i e k s

j C d s t o d r l i l j e j e k b u l , u k l o r d b d k l t y h o j o b d q u l e u s s d p l u ` j e d r l .

Pous jlrbkl iClkrd VDDD, ok freppe lkEkbjltlrrlukl pltdtl pd l il hokkedl ierblkt offrekt ukl fortnljjl epperlk`l, heds qud eu foki tedtil

fort plu il vejlur lt qul jok kohhe iekidpret. @lttl ordbdkl pr dsl, eussd ndlk qul possdnjl, jl vrdtenjlslks il jpdtctl iekiy

, p r ` d s l

jLk`y jopidl iu SDSl sd jl( Y o h l D S , W e r d s , 5 3 9 6 ) . W o u r i e u t r l s , j l

h o t v d l k i r e d t i l j e k ` d l k f r e k e d s i e k i d k , ` j o ` c l t t l l t i o k ` i u i e k i d k l h l k t , i l q u l j q u u k q u d s l

i e k i d k l , q u d n e j e k ` l s o k ` o r p s e v l ` l h p r u k t l t k o k ` c e j e k ` l . J l h o t s l r e d t p e s s l k E k b j l t l r r l . W o u r

i e u t r l s l k ` o r l d j i s d b k l r e d t i l s m l u k l s b l k s ` o s s e d s f r q u l k t e k t j b j d s l o u j l s f o d r l s e k k u l j j l s l k t l k u l s

l x ` l k t r d q u l s . ^ d l k i l t r s p r ` d s H e d s t o u m o u r s q u l j q u l ` c o s l i l p l u v e j o r d s e k t . W o u r t e k t , j l h o t s l r e

p r o b r l s s d v l h l k t s y k o k y h l i l r e f f d k l h l k t l t q u e j d f d l r e j l s c o h h l s j l s p j u s d h d t s i u S D S

l

s d ` j l .

H e d s k l k o u s y t r o h p o k s p e s , s d j l i e k i y , l k v d l k t i s d b k l r j l m l u k l c o h h l j b e k t i l j r l

r o h e k t d q u l , j l p c k o h k l l s t e k t r d l u r . P e k s r l h o k t l r e u x l x ` l k t r d q u l s l f f h d k s i u S D D

l

s d ` j l , q u l

f u s t d b l e d t j L b j d s l , s o u v l k o k s - k o u s i l s W l t d t s - H e t r l s v l r s e d j j e d s o u i l s H e ` e r o k d s j o k i o k d l k s i u


71/116

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S V D D D

l

s d ` j l . L t , e u h o h l k t h h l o N r u h h l j j ` o h h l k ` l s e ` e r r d r l , W e r d s , l k p j l d k l ^ v o j u t d o k , j l s

H u s ` e i d k s l t D k ` r o y e n j l s , p l u v l k t t r l ` o k s d i r s ` o h h l i l s p r o t o - i e k i y s , v l r s d o k m e r i d k i u W e j e d s

^ o y e j . @ l s l x ` l k t r d q u l s i u I d r l ` t o d r l , d s s u s i o r d b d k l s s o ` d e j l s t r s i d v l r s l s h l t t l k t l k e v e k t j d k i d v d i u ,

j o p p o s i l s v e j l u r s b e j d t e d r l s v c d ` u j l s i l p u d s 5 2 3 4 . E k b j o p c d j l s p e r b o t l t o p p o s d t d o k p o j d t d q u l , d j s s l

v l u j l k t s d k b u j d l r s l k t o u t l ` c o s l , k l v l u j l k t p e s s u d v r l h e d s f e d r l l t i f e d r l j l s h o i l s . J l t l r r e d k t e d t n d l k

p r p e r p o u r q u l j l i e k i y s h l t r e v l r s l j e H e k ` c l .

L k l f f l t , j l h o t f u t i e n o r i u t d j d s l k E k b j l t l r r l , i e k s j l s e k k l s 5 3 5 7 , p o u r i s d b k l r j l s m l u k l s b l k s

j l s p j u s j e h o i l , j l s f e s c d o k e n j l s s d k b l e k t N r u h h l j j . D j j l s l r e p e r t d r i l s e k k l s 5 3 > 7 - 5 3 0 7 l k F r e k ` l ,

i e k s j e p r l s s l , p o u r q u e j d f d l r j l ` o h p o r t l h l k t i l j o r i N y r o k l t ` c l z N e j z e ` o k j l r l t r o u v l i e k s s o k

Yredtilje vdl jbektl

. @ u r d l u x , j o r s q u o k s e d t q u e u h o h l k t h h l o j l s ` r d v e d k s f r e k e d s e j j e d l k t s e k ` t u e r d s l r j l

t l r h l , j e m l u k l s s l i o r l i l j e H o k e r ` c d l i l M u d j j l t j e n e k i o k k l e u p r o f d t i u h o t j d o k . @ l p l k i e k t , j l

t l r h l r l s t l r e i e k s j l j e k b e b l ` o u r e k t l t l k v d l k i r e i f d k d r n d l k p j u s q u u k ` o h p o r t l h l k t v l s t d h l k t e d r l ,

h e d s u k v r d t e n j l s e v o d r - t r l .

F d b u r l s

J l p r l h d l r l t j l p j u s b r e k i i l t o u s j l s i e k i y s , j e f d b u r l t u t j e d r l , d k s u r p e s s e n j l r l s t l n d l k l k t l k i u

B l o r b l s N r u h h l j j ( 5 2 2 3 5 3 9 7 ) , j l n l e u N r u h h l j j . F d j s i l n o k k l f e h d j j l , s e k s t r l e r d s t o ` r e t l ,

N r u h h l j j f d t s l s t u i l s L t o k . @ l s t , j o r s q u d j r l m o d k t j l 5 7 l r b d h l k t i l C u s s e r i s q u d j l s t r l h e r q u p e r j l

W r d k ` l i l B e j j l s , q u d l k f d t u k i l s l s f e v o r d s . J l p r d k ` l , t o u t e u s s d l x t r e v e b e k t , f u t f e s ` d k p e r j j b e k ` l

i d s ` r t l h e d s s u p l r n l i l s o k e h d . Y o u m o u r s t d r q u e t r l p d k b j l s , i u k l p r o p r l t d r r p r o ` c e n j l d j e p p o r t l

s o k c y b d k l ` o h h l ` l j j l i l s o k j d k b l u k s o d k t o u t f e d t s u r p r l k e k t p o u r j p o q u l . P l s v t l h l k t s i l

` o u j l u r s s o h n r l s s o k t t o u m o u r s i u k l ` o u p l s e v e k t l . N d l k v d t l d j i j e d s s l j e ` u j o t t l p o u r j l s p e k t e j o k s ,

d h p o s e k t j e b e r i l - r o n l i l j c o h h l h o i l r k l . P o k d k f j u l k ` l s u r j e c e u t l s o ` d t e k b j e d s l l s t ` o k s d i r e n j l . J e

h o d k i r l i l s l s p c r e s l s i l v d l k t L v e k b d j l , i d a t e t . D j r b k e s u r j e h o i l . L k 5 3 5 5 , j l p r d k ` l B l o r b l s i l v l k u

r b l k t , ` o h h l k e s l i t e ` c l r i u n l e u N r u h h l j j , ` l q u d k l h p ` c e p e s ` l i l r k d l r i l ` o k t d k u l r

p o s s i l r u k l d k f j u l k ` l p j u s q u l k o t e n j l s u r s l s ` o k t l h p o r e d k s .

Pe pjus nljjl uvrl iert tedt jud-hhl.@l fokietluriuiekiyshl fdtil jlkkudilseutrls sok erhl il pridjl`tdok. Werfedtlhlktòks dlkt qul jeso`dt ekbjedsl il sok tlhps, fdbl ieks ils prdk`dpls trodts, evedt nlsodk itrl tokkl, Nruhhljj

lktrlprdt il moulr je èrtl il j jbek`l lt iu reffdklhlkt outrek`l. @l hokiedk ilx lptdok, isenus,`ykdqul, horiektltiukl dhpl`ènjl frodilur, sdhposerepdilhlktòhhl jl `cektrl ils nokklshekdrls,eupodktil fedrl ojl

( H d ` c l j I e k s l j ) . W o u r e u t e k t , f e s ` d k p e r j l m l u , s e f o r t u k l ` o h h l k e f o k i r l e j o r s

q u l s l s ` r e k ` d l r s i l v l k e d l k t i l p j u s l k p j u s d h p o r t u k s . F e u t l i l p e y l r j l s n j e k ` c d s s l u r s , d j d h p o s e e u n l e u

h o k i l j l p o r t i l j e ` r e v e t l k o d r l . E ` ` e n j i l i l t t l , d j q u d t t e j E k b j l t l r r l p o u r j e F r e k ` l l k 5 3 5 6 . \ k t l h p s

` o k s u j i l s o k p e y s @ e l k , d j p l r i d t ` l t t l h o i l s t l ` c e r b l l k 5 3 0 2 . J e k k l s u d v e k t l , s o u f f r e k t i l i h l k ` l

i u l j e s y p c d j d s , d j f u t d k t l r k l t h o u r u t i l u x e k s p j u s t e r i . P e j b l k i l r l s t e d k t e ` t l . D j f e s ` d k e j l s ` r d v e d k s

l t d k s p d r e j l ` d k h e . D j l s t j e r ` c t y p l i u p l o p j l i e u m o u r i c u d , ` o k k u p o u r t r l ` o k k u .

iekiy rohektdqul


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P t y j l

P d j l i e k i y s h l f e s ` d k l l k ` o r l e u m o u r i c u d , ` l s t q u d j p r o ` i l i l p j u s d l u r s j h l k t s r ` u r r l k t s = j e


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s u p r h e t d l i u s t y j l s u r j e h o i l , u k d k i d v d i u e j d s h l i l t o u s j l s d k s t e k t s l t s o k e s p l ` t t r e k s d t o d r l q u d e t o u m o u r s

s u i p e s s l r j l s i f d k d t d o k s s u r e k k l s i l s i d ` t d o k k e d r l s s u r j j b e k ` l i l j e h d s l l t i l s h e k d r l s . J e p p r o ` c l

i u s t y j l i e k i y , ` c e p p e k t e u x ` o i l s , k l p l u t s l f e d r l q u l i l h e k d r l d h p r l s s d o k k d s t l , p e r p l t d t l s t o u ` c l s .

J l i e k i y l s t s e p r o p r l u v r l , d j e j e p e s s d o k i l j u d - h h l , ` l q u d j o n j d b l i l h l u r l r u k t r l s o ` d e j ,

h h l s d j v e p e r f o d s m u s q u i p j e d r l , p e r ` l s l k s i l s u p r d o r d t l t i l i s d k v o j t u r l q u o k j u d i l v d k l . P l u j

j E u t r l p l u t ` o k t l h p j l r s e p l r f l ` t d o k . D j h l t s o k ` o r p s l t s o k e p p e r l k ` l e u r e k b i l j e p l r f o r h e k ` l . J l

i e k i y ` c l r ` c l j e r l ` o k k e d s s e k ` l i l j e s o ` d t t o u t l k f u s t d b l e k t j e p j u p e r t i l s v e j l u r s v c d ` u j l s p e r ` l t t l

i l r k d r l . H e d s , j o d k i u s k o n d s h l , d j b e r i l u k s l k s t r s f d k i l s ` o k v l k e k ` l s l t u k l j b e k ` l i l p l k s l . D j l s t

i l i r o d t l o u i l b e u ` c l , t r e i d t d o k k l j o u h o i l r k l , l t v e m u s q u r l p r s l k t l r p e r f o d s j e i ` e i l k ` l p o u r j e

s o ` d t i e k s j e q u l j j l d j v o j u l .

L x t r e v e b e k ` l , i ` e i l k t d s h l , j d n l r t d k e b l o k t s o u v l k t t e s s o ` d s e u i e k i y s h l . Y r s t t , i e k s u k l

s o ` d t n o u r b l o d s l o s l u j l j e f l h h l i o d t s l s o u ` d l r i l t o d j l t t l , d j l s t e p p e r u s u s p l ` t . J l i e k i y l s t

d k i d f f r l k t ` l r t e d k l s k o r h l s h o r e j l s . J l f h d k d k - h e s ` u j d k l s t u k i l s l s p e ` l s p r d v d j b d s i e k s j l q u l j d j e

t o u m o u r s s u s l b j d s s l r . I l s ` o r s l t s e f f d k e k t j e t e d j j l i l s i e k i y s r o h e k t d q u l s , e u x e f f t l r d l s i u k M l e k J o r r e d k ,

t o u t ` c l z j u d n r o u d j j l j l s p d s t l s . @ o h h l j l s o u j d b k l N e r n l y i E u r l v d j j y , j l i e k i y l s t i u k s l x l d k t l j j l ` t u l j

d k i ` d s . P o k r e p p o r t j e s l x u e j d t l s t i e d j j l u r s s o u v l k t t r s ` o h p j l x l , e j j e k t i l j e f r d b d i d t u k l l x t r h l

` o k s o h h e t d o k . ^ l v l k o k s i E k k u k z d o , q u d k l v o u j e k t p e s r l k o k ` l r , h e d s m u b l e k t s e v d l d j j l s s l c d i l u s l e u x

y l u x i l s l s h e t r l s s l s , s t e d t f e d t ` o k f l ` t d o k k l r u k l ` c l h d s l i l k u d t p e r t d ` u j d r l h u k d l i u k l o u v l r t u r l

s t r e t b d q u l n o r i l i l f d j i o r .

J l i e k i y f u d t i o k ` j l k e t u r l j o u p j u t t j l ` o r r d b l , e f d k i l s j o d b k l r e u h e x d h u h i l j e s p l ` t e k d h e j i l

j c u h e k d t . W e r j l m l u p l r h e k l k t i l s ` o k t r e s t l s , d j e p p o r t l t o u t j l s r d l u x , t o u t l j e r d b u l u r p o s s d n j l j e

f r d v o j d t . D j k l f e u t p e s p l k s l r q u l j l i e k i y l s t f d b i e k s i l s h o i j l s v l s t d h l k t e d r l s e r ` c e s e k t s d s s u s i u S D S

l

s d ` j l = d j l s t ` e h j o k . D j e f f d ` c l u k l p l r f l ` t d o k i e k s j l b o t t o u t l k j e i d s s d h u j e k t , s l j o k j l p r d k ` d p l i l

sprlzzeturei f d k d p e r N . @ e s t d b j d o k l i s j l S V D

l

s d ` j l . E t t l k t d o k , ` l k l s t p e s u k l

fescdok vd tdh, d j

k e p p e r t d l k t e u ` u k l t r d n u =

Cohhl iu vtlhlkt, jl b reki iekiy lst je fods lk il il je hoil djdkeuburl lt lksudtl `oktehdkl l t eu-ilj il je hoil dj sudt jls tlkiek`ls iu mour pour jlur `okfrlrjeure iuk sevodr-vdvrl, iuk sevodr-portlr QX

p r ` d s l H e r y j k l I l j n o u r b - I l j p c d s . J l i e k i y k l ` r l p e s

j e h o i l , d j j e r l k i s u n j d h l p e r s e p l r s o k k l . D j k l s t k d r d k b e r i , k d j e v e k t b e r i l , d j s l s l r t i l t o u t l s j l s

r l s s o u r ` l s q u l j u d o f f r l j e s o ` d t i l s o k t l h p s . N r u h h l j j j u d - h h l k e p e s n o u j l v l r s j l s i d a t e t s

v l s t d h l k t e d r l s i l s o k t l h p s , s u r t o u t p e s , d j j l s e e s s d h d j s p o u r h d l u x j l s s u n j d h l r . D j s e b d t i l i l s s d k l r

p e r t d r i l s ` o i l s ` o k k u s i l j e h o i l u k l p l r s o k k e j d t o r d b d k e j l l t t r e k s b r l s s d v l . P d j l v t l h l k t s l r t

` o h h u k d q u l r , j l i e k i y l s t p e s s h e t r l i e k s j l i o h e d k l .

W o u r j u d , s l v t d r k l s t m e h e d s d k k o ` l k t = h h l s d j s l h n j l t r l c e n d j j ` o h h l t o u t j l h o k i l , j l i t e d j

i d k k o v e t d o k , u k t r e d t i d k v l k t d o k p l r s o k k l j , q u l j q u l ` c o s l j l i h e r q u l f o r ` h l k t . I l p u d s j e p p e r d t d o k i u

p c k o h k l , s d j l i e k i y e p p o r t l t o u t l s o k e t t l k t d o k s e b e r i l - r o n l , ` l j j l - ` d k e p e s f o r ` h l k t v o d r e v l `

u k v l s t d e d r l p e r t d ` u j d l r h e d s p j u s j e ` o k s t r u ` t d o k p l r s o k k l j j l i d k i d v d i u s i l x ` l p t d o k p o u r q u d j e j j u r l l s t j l


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r l f j l t p r o f o k i i u k l p l r s o k k e j d t , i u k l e t t l k t d o k i l t o u s j l s d k s t e k t s . W o u r s u r v d v r l , j l i e k i y i o d t r l s

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