Neutrinos from pion production atthe Spallation Neutron Source

Rebecca Rapp

Carnegie Mellon University

Tuesday, June 4

MENU 2019

Overview

1 CEvNS

2 Spallation Neutron Source

3 �e COHERENT Experiment

4 Geant4 ν Flux Simulation

5 Experimental Flux Normalization

6 Conclusions

Rebecca Rapp (Carnegie Mellon University) π±Production at the SNS June 4, 2019 2 / 32

CEvNS

Coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus sca�ering (CEvNS)

� Coherence =⇒ qR < 1

� Flavor-blind weak interaction

� High cross section (for neutrinos)

1

1D. Akimov et al., “COHERENT 2018 at the Spallation Neutron Source”, arXiv:1803.09183v2, 2018.

Rebecca Rapp (Carnegie Mellon University) π±Production at the SNS June 4, 2019 3 / 32

CEvNS

CEvNS Physics

� Sterile Searches

. Disappearance of

all active ν �avors

� ν Properties

. Magnetic moment

. E�ective charge

radius

Rebecca Rapp (Carnegie Mellon University) π±Production at the SNS June 4, 2019 4 / 32

CEvNS

Supernova Physics

� CEvNS research informs supernova core-collapse models

� CEvNS can be used as a tool to observe supernovae. Lots of detectable neutrinos released in core collapse in the

tens-of-MeV energy range

. Timescale ∼10’s of seconds a�er collapse

Figure from Kate Scholberg, Duke – NuInt 2018

Rebecca Rapp (Carnegie Mellon University) π±Production at the SNS June 4, 2019 5 / 32

CEvNS

New Interactions & Dark Ma�er

Non-standard interactions between

neutrinos and quarks

Constraint from data!

Irreducible background for

next-gen WIMP searches2 3

2D. Akimov et al., “Observation of coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus sca�ering”, Science 357 (2017).

3J. Billard et al., “Implication of neutrino backgrounds on each of the next generation

dark ma�er detection experiments”, Phys. Rev. D89, 023524 (2014).Rebecca Rapp (Carnegie Mellon University) π±

Production at the SNS June 4, 2019 6 / 32

CEvNS

CEvNS Cross Section

dσdT coh

=G2

FM2π

[(GV + GA)2 + (GV − GA)2

(1− T

Eν

)2

− (G2

V − G2

A)MTE2

ν

]GA = (gpA(Z+ − Z−) + gnA(N+ − N−))FA

nucl(Q2)

GV = (gpVZ + gnVN )FVnucl

(Q2)

� Predicted using SM in 1974

� gpV ∼ 1− 4 sin2(θW) suppresses Z 2

=⇒ dσdT ∝ N 2

(N = # neutrons)

� Tmax = 2E2νM+2Eν

=⇒ T . keV (nucleus-dependent)

4

4D. Z. Freedman, “Coherent e�ects of a weak neutral current”, Phys. Rev. D9, 1389 (1974).

Rebecca Rapp (Carnegie Mellon University) π±Production at the SNS June 4, 2019 7 / 32

Spallation Neutron Source

�e Spallation Neutron Source – Overview

� User facility at Oak Ridge National Lab (Knoxville, Tennessee, USA)

� Neutron production from protons on Hg target

� 1.4 MW =⇒ most intense neutron source in the world!

Rebecca Rapp (Carnegie Mellon University) π±Production at the SNS June 4, 2019 8 / 32

Spallation Neutron Source

�e Spallation Neutron Source – Target

� 1 GeV protons in 60 Hz, ∼700 ns wide pulses incident on liquid Hg

� Pulsing improves background rejection and blinding

Rebecca Rapp (Carnegie Mellon University) π±Production at the SNS June 4, 2019 9 / 32

Spallation Neutron Source

�e Spallation Neutron NEUTRINO Source

� �e SNS is an intense, pulsed neutrino source!

� π+stop inside the target and decay at rest

� π−are primarily captured by Hg nuclei

Rebecca Rapp (Carnegie Mellon University) π±Production at the SNS June 4, 2019 10 / 32

Spallation Neutron Source

Neutrino spectra – more on this later!

� Pions mostly decay at rest

� Some decay-in-�ight contribution

� SNS ν’s mostly 0 < Eν < 50 MeV

� Two time windows:

. Prompt: νµ

. Delayed: ν̄µ and νe

� Advantages of using SNS ν:

. Higher Eν than reactor ν=⇒ Higher cross section

. Steady-state rejection!

. Background: Beam neutrons

Rebecca Rapp (Carnegie Mellon University) π±Production at the SNS June 4, 2019 11 / 32

�e COHERENT Experiment

COHERENT: unambiguous CEvNS observation

Rebecca Rapp (Carnegie Mellon University) π±Production at the SNS June 4, 2019 12 / 32

�e COHERENT Experiment

Neutrino Alley: neutron-quiet basement hallway (8 m.w.e)

Current con�guration

� MARS: monitor neutron �ux

� Pb/Fe cubes: neutrino-induced-neutrons

� NaI, CENNS-10, and CsI: CEvNS

Rebecca Rapp (Carnegie Mellon University) π±Production at the SNS June 4, 2019 13 / 32

�e COHERENT Experiment

Detecting CEvNS: CsI[Na]

� Experimental Signature: Low energy nuclear recoil

� 14.6-kg scintillating crystal

� Single PMT triggered on SNS timing signal

Rebecca Rapp (Carnegie Mellon University) π±Production at the SNS June 4, 2019 14 / 32

�e COHERENT Experiment

First CEvNS Observation5

� 2015: CsI[Na] starts collecting data

� 2017: CEvNS observed at 6.7σ

� 2019: Decommisioning of CsI[Na] (June 10)

� Below shows SM prediction and data

5 15 25 35 4515

0

15

30

Res.

coun

ts /

2 PE

Number of photoelectrons (PE)

Beam OFF

5 15 25 35 45

Beam ON

1 3 5 7 9 1115

0

15

30

45

60

Res.

coun

ts /

500

ns

Arrival time ( s)

Beam OFF

1 3 5 7 9 11

Beam ONeprompt n

5D. Akimov et al., “Observation of coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus sca�ering”, Science 357 (2017).

Rebecca Rapp (Carnegie Mellon University) π±Production at the SNS June 4, 2019 15 / 32

�e COHERENT Experiment

Testing N 2dependence

6

Black Curve Form factor = 1 Black Circle �eoretical prediction

Green Band Klein-Nystrand form Blue Square COHERENT Data

factor with uncertainty

6D. Akimov et al., “COHERENT 2018 at the Spallation Neutron Source”, arXiv:1803.09183v2, 2018.

Rebecca Rapp (Carnegie Mellon University) π±Production at the SNS June 4, 2019 16 / 32

�e COHERENT Experiment

More to do!

Dominant CsI systematics

�enching factor 25%

ν �ux 10%

Nuclear form factor 5%

Analysis acceptance 5%

� New QF data being analyzed

� Normalize ν �ux� Map N 2

dependence

� Measure Backgrounds

� Charged Current interactions

Rebecca Rapp (Carnegie Mellon University) π±Production at the SNS June 4, 2019 17 / 32

�e COHERENT Experiment

COHERENT Physics Sensitivity7

Dark shaded elements: stronger results by looking at the combined data

7D. Akimov et al., “The COHERENT experiment at the Spallation Neutron Source”, White Paper (2018).

Rebecca Rapp (Carnegie Mellon University) π±Production at the SNS June 4, 2019 18 / 32

Geant4 ν Flux Simulation

Geant4 SNS ν �ux simulation

� Simulate incident protons and a

simpli�ed target geometry

� Bertini intra-nuclear cascade model

� Calculated 4.3× 107 neutrinos

cm2s at 20 m

� LAHET also uses Bertini model

� Discrepancy: LAHET vs. world data

� No data for pion production from1 GeV protons on Hg

=⇒ Conservative 10% uncertainty

Rebecca Rapp (Carnegie Mellon University) π±Production at the SNS June 4, 2019 19 / 32

Geant4 ν Flux Simulation

Neutrino Production & Proton Energy Dependence

� Simulation results for single

protons (no beam pulse width)

� ν (or π±) �ux depends on Eproton

� Protons traveling through

target and shielding will fall

below 1 GeV

Rebecca Rapp (Carnegie Mellon University) π±Production at the SNS June 4, 2019 20 / 32

Geant4 ν Flux Simulation

Improving ν �ux uncertainty: Simulation

� Investigate discrepancy with world data

� Compare to LAHET predictions

� Store production angle in simulation

� HARP: forward pion production

. Proton energies from 3 - 12 GeV

. Targets listed in table

. Comparisons to Bertini model!

Beryllium

Carbon

Nitrogen

Oxygen

Aluminum

Copper

Tin

Tantalum

Lead

8

8M. Apollonio et al., “Forward production of charged pions with incident protons on nuclear targets

at the CERN Proton Synchotron”, Phys. Rev. C80, 035208 (2009).Rebecca Rapp (Carnegie Mellon University) π±

Production at the SNS June 4, 2019 21 / 32

Experimental Flux Normalization

Improving ν �ux uncertainty: Experiment

� Add D2O detector in Neutrino Alley

. νe + d → p + p + e− cross section calculated to 2-3%

. Measurements have been consistent with calculations

� π+and µ+

decay are well-known

. 3 × (νe �ux) ≈ νe + νµ + ν̄µ �ux

. Normalizing SNS ν �ux measures the π±production from

1 GeV protons incident on Hg!

Rebecca Rapp (Carnegie Mellon University) π±Production at the SNS June 4, 2019 22 / 32

Experimental Flux Normalization

Planned D2O detector

Mockup from Eric Day, CMU

� 670-kg D2O in acrylic vessel

� 80 8” biakali PMTs

� 10 cm H2O “tail-catcher”

� Geant4 simulations underway� Background: beam neutrons

Rebecca Rapp (Carnegie Mellon University) π±Production at the SNS June 4, 2019 23 / 32

Experimental Flux Normalization

Simulated D2O Energy Reconstruction

Predicted 4 years run-time to get to few-% statistical precision

Figure from Jason Newby, ORNL

Rebecca Rapp (Carnegie Mellon University) π±Production at the SNS June 4, 2019 24 / 32

Conclusions

Summary

� SNS is an excellent stopped-pion source of neutrinos

� COHERENT uses the SNS neutrinos to study CEvNS

� First CEvNS observation in 2017, 44 years a�er initial prediction

� CsI systematics are under investigation

� Precision CEvNS measurements: CsI, LAr, NaI, Ge

� Charged-current and neutrino-induced-neutron studies

� Planned normalization of the ν �ux from SNS using D2O

� Measurement of π±production for 1 GeV protons on Hg target!

�ank You!

Rebecca Rapp (Carnegie Mellon University) π±Production at the SNS June 4, 2019 25 / 32

Conclusions

Summary

� SNS is an excellent stopped-pion source of neutrinos

� COHERENT uses the SNS neutrinos to study CEvNS

� First CEvNS observation in 2017, 44 years a�er initial prediction

� CsI systematics are under investigation

� Precision CEvNS measurements: CsI, LAr, NaI, Ge

� Charged-current and neutrino-induced-neutron studies

� Planned normalization of the ν �ux from SNS using D2O

� Measurement of π±production for 1 GeV protons on Hg target!

�ank You!Rebecca Rapp (Carnegie Mellon University) π±

Production at the SNS June 4, 2019 25 / 32

Conclusions

Backup Slides

Rebecca Rapp (Carnegie Mellon University) π±Production at the SNS June 4, 2019 26 / 32

Conclusions

COHERENT data made public!

Rebecca Rapp (Carnegie Mellon University) π±Production at the SNS June 4, 2019 27 / 32

Conclusions

Further reading: Physics studies using COHERENT data

Rebecca Rapp (Carnegie Mellon University) π±Production at the SNS June 4, 2019 28 / 32

Conclusions

Integrated Protons on Target from SNS

Figure from Gleb Sinev, Duke

Rebecca Rapp (Carnegie Mellon University) π±Production at the SNS June 4, 2019 29 / 32

Conclusions

Other CEvNS experiments

Rebecca Rapp (Carnegie Mellon University) π±Production at the SNS June 4, 2019 30 / 32

Conclusions

CsI[Na]�enching Factor

Figure from Supplemental Materials9

9D. Akimov et al., “Observation of coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus sca�ering”, Science 357 (2017).

Rebecca Rapp (Carnegie Mellon University) π±Production at the SNS June 4, 2019 31 / 32

Conclusions

Neutron Backgrounds at the SNS

In situ measurement of CsI neutron backgrounds

Figure from Supplemental Materials10

10D. Akimov et al., “Observation of coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus sca�ering”, Science 357 (2017).

Rebecca Rapp (Carnegie Mellon University) π±Production at the SNS June 4, 2019 32 / 32