Production at the SNS · Spallation Neutron Source ‚e Spallation Neutron NEUTRINO Source ‚e SNS...
Transcript of Production at the SNS · Spallation Neutron Source ‚e Spallation Neutron NEUTRINO Source ‚e SNS...
Neutrinos from pion production atthe Spallation Neutron Source
Rebecca Rapp
Carnegie Mellon University
Tuesday, June 4
MENU 2019
Overview
1 CEvNS
2 Spallation Neutron Source
3 �e COHERENT Experiment
4 Geant4 ν Flux Simulation
5 Experimental Flux Normalization
6 Conclusions
Rebecca Rapp (Carnegie Mellon University) π±Production at the SNS June 4, 2019 2 / 32
CEvNS
Coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus sca�ering (CEvNS)
� Coherence =⇒ qR < 1
� Flavor-blind weak interaction
� High cross section (for neutrinos)
1
1D. Akimov et al., “COHERENT 2018 at the Spallation Neutron Source”, arXiv:1803.09183v2, 2018.
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CEvNS
CEvNS Physics
� Sterile Searches
. Disappearance of
all active ν �avors
� ν Properties
. Magnetic moment
. E�ective charge
radius
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CEvNS
Supernova Physics
� CEvNS research informs supernova core-collapse models
� CEvNS can be used as a tool to observe supernovae. Lots of detectable neutrinos released in core collapse in the
tens-of-MeV energy range
. Timescale ∼10’s of seconds a�er collapse
Figure from Kate Scholberg, Duke – NuInt 2018
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CEvNS
New Interactions & Dark Ma�er
Non-standard interactions between
neutrinos and quarks
Constraint from data!
Irreducible background for
next-gen WIMP searches2 3
2D. Akimov et al., “Observation of coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus sca�ering”, Science 357 (2017).
3J. Billard et al., “Implication of neutrino backgrounds on each of the next generation
dark ma�er detection experiments”, Phys. Rev. D89, 023524 (2014).Rebecca Rapp (Carnegie Mellon University) π±
Production at the SNS June 4, 2019 6 / 32
CEvNS
CEvNS Cross Section
dσdT coh
=G2
FM2π
[(GV + GA)2 + (GV − GA)2
(1− T
Eν
)2
− (G2
V − G2
A)MTE2
ν
]GA = (gpA(Z+ − Z−) + gnA(N+ − N−))FA
nucl(Q2)
GV = (gpVZ + gnVN )FVnucl
(Q2)
� Predicted using SM in 1974
� gpV ∼ 1− 4 sin2(θW) suppresses Z 2
=⇒ dσdT ∝ N 2
(N = # neutrons)
� Tmax = 2E2νM+2Eν
=⇒ T . keV (nucleus-dependent)
4
4D. Z. Freedman, “Coherent e�ects of a weak neutral current”, Phys. Rev. D9, 1389 (1974).
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Spallation Neutron Source
�e Spallation Neutron Source – Overview
� User facility at Oak Ridge National Lab (Knoxville, Tennessee, USA)
� Neutron production from protons on Hg target
� 1.4 MW =⇒ most intense neutron source in the world!
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Spallation Neutron Source
�e Spallation Neutron Source – Target
� 1 GeV protons in 60 Hz, ∼700 ns wide pulses incident on liquid Hg
� Pulsing improves background rejection and blinding
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Spallation Neutron Source
�e Spallation Neutron NEUTRINO Source
� �e SNS is an intense, pulsed neutrino source!
� π+stop inside the target and decay at rest
� π−are primarily captured by Hg nuclei
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Spallation Neutron Source
Neutrino spectra – more on this later!
� Pions mostly decay at rest
� Some decay-in-�ight contribution
� SNS ν’s mostly 0 < Eν < 50 MeV
� Two time windows:
. Prompt: νµ
. Delayed: ν̄µ and νe
� Advantages of using SNS ν:
. Higher Eν than reactor ν=⇒ Higher cross section
. Steady-state rejection!
. Background: Beam neutrons
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�e COHERENT Experiment
COHERENT: unambiguous CEvNS observation
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�e COHERENT Experiment
Neutrino Alley: neutron-quiet basement hallway (8 m.w.e)
Current con�guration
� MARS: monitor neutron �ux
� Pb/Fe cubes: neutrino-induced-neutrons
� NaI, CENNS-10, and CsI: CEvNS
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�e COHERENT Experiment
Detecting CEvNS: CsI[Na]
� Experimental Signature: Low energy nuclear recoil
� 14.6-kg scintillating crystal
� Single PMT triggered on SNS timing signal
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�e COHERENT Experiment
First CEvNS Observation5
� 2015: CsI[Na] starts collecting data
� 2017: CEvNS observed at 6.7σ
� 2019: Decommisioning of CsI[Na] (June 10)
� Below shows SM prediction and data
5 15 25 35 4515
0
15
30
Res.
coun
ts /
2 PE
Number of photoelectrons (PE)
Beam OFF
5 15 25 35 45
Beam ON
1 3 5 7 9 1115
0
15
30
45
60
Res.
coun
ts /
500
ns
Arrival time ( s)
Beam OFF
1 3 5 7 9 11
Beam ONeprompt n
5D. Akimov et al., “Observation of coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus sca�ering”, Science 357 (2017).
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�e COHERENT Experiment
Testing N 2dependence
6
Black Curve Form factor = 1 Black Circle �eoretical prediction
Green Band Klein-Nystrand form Blue Square COHERENT Data
factor with uncertainty
6D. Akimov et al., “COHERENT 2018 at the Spallation Neutron Source”, arXiv:1803.09183v2, 2018.
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�e COHERENT Experiment
More to do!
Dominant CsI systematics
�enching factor 25%
ν �ux 10%
Nuclear form factor 5%
Analysis acceptance 5%
� New QF data being analyzed
� Normalize ν �ux� Map N 2
dependence
� Measure Backgrounds
� Charged Current interactions
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�e COHERENT Experiment
COHERENT Physics Sensitivity7
Dark shaded elements: stronger results by looking at the combined data
7D. Akimov et al., “The COHERENT experiment at the Spallation Neutron Source”, White Paper (2018).
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Geant4 ν Flux Simulation
Geant4 SNS ν �ux simulation
� Simulate incident protons and a
simpli�ed target geometry
� Bertini intra-nuclear cascade model
� Calculated 4.3× 107 neutrinos
cm2s at 20 m
� LAHET also uses Bertini model
� Discrepancy: LAHET vs. world data
� No data for pion production from1 GeV protons on Hg
=⇒ Conservative 10% uncertainty
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Geant4 ν Flux Simulation
Neutrino Production & Proton Energy Dependence
� Simulation results for single
protons (no beam pulse width)
� ν (or π±) �ux depends on Eproton
� Protons traveling through
target and shielding will fall
below 1 GeV
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Geant4 ν Flux Simulation
Improving ν �ux uncertainty: Simulation
� Investigate discrepancy with world data
� Compare to LAHET predictions
� Store production angle in simulation
� HARP: forward pion production
. Proton energies from 3 - 12 GeV
. Targets listed in table
. Comparisons to Bertini model!
Beryllium
Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Aluminum
Copper
Tin
Tantalum
Lead
8
8M. Apollonio et al., “Forward production of charged pions with incident protons on nuclear targets
at the CERN Proton Synchotron”, Phys. Rev. C80, 035208 (2009).Rebecca Rapp (Carnegie Mellon University) π±
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Experimental Flux Normalization
Improving ν �ux uncertainty: Experiment
� Add D2O detector in Neutrino Alley
. νe + d → p + p + e− cross section calculated to 2-3%
. Measurements have been consistent with calculations
� π+and µ+
decay are well-known
. 3 × (νe �ux) ≈ νe + νµ + ν̄µ �ux
. Normalizing SNS ν �ux measures the π±production from
1 GeV protons incident on Hg!
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Experimental Flux Normalization
Planned D2O detector
Mockup from Eric Day, CMU
� 670-kg D2O in acrylic vessel
� 80 8” biakali PMTs
� 10 cm H2O “tail-catcher”
� Geant4 simulations underway� Background: beam neutrons
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Experimental Flux Normalization
Simulated D2O Energy Reconstruction
Predicted 4 years run-time to get to few-% statistical precision
Figure from Jason Newby, ORNL
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Conclusions
Summary
� SNS is an excellent stopped-pion source of neutrinos
� COHERENT uses the SNS neutrinos to study CEvNS
� First CEvNS observation in 2017, 44 years a�er initial prediction
� CsI systematics are under investigation
� Precision CEvNS measurements: CsI, LAr, NaI, Ge
� Charged-current and neutrino-induced-neutron studies
� Planned normalization of the ν �ux from SNS using D2O
� Measurement of π±production for 1 GeV protons on Hg target!
�ank You!
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Conclusions
Summary
� SNS is an excellent stopped-pion source of neutrinos
� COHERENT uses the SNS neutrinos to study CEvNS
� First CEvNS observation in 2017, 44 years a�er initial prediction
� CsI systematics are under investigation
� Precision CEvNS measurements: CsI, LAr, NaI, Ge
� Charged-current and neutrino-induced-neutron studies
� Planned normalization of the ν �ux from SNS using D2O
� Measurement of π±production for 1 GeV protons on Hg target!
�ank You!Rebecca Rapp (Carnegie Mellon University) π±
Production at the SNS June 4, 2019 25 / 32
Conclusions
Backup Slides
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Conclusions
COHERENT data made public!
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Conclusions
Further reading: Physics studies using COHERENT data
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Conclusions
Integrated Protons on Target from SNS
Figure from Gleb Sinev, Duke
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Conclusions
Other CEvNS experiments
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Conclusions
CsI[Na]�enching Factor
Figure from Supplemental Materials9
9D. Akimov et al., “Observation of coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus sca�ering”, Science 357 (2017).
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Conclusions
Neutron Backgrounds at the SNS
In situ measurement of CsI neutron backgrounds
Figure from Supplemental Materials10
10D. Akimov et al., “Observation of coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus sca�ering”, Science 357 (2017).
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