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(J) ~ .:c 66 ~ J tv" 0 t-: X (i~ffl L t-: 60 X (J)

1JU) ~, 3X+T~0.2~Y-::'t':1JtJ[f!~T

~ (~3 A). {JU X (J) J: ~ ':, -t «. -C (J) X L± ~ ~PJ1ij t 1 ~ (J)ljj~PJ iJ~ Gtj ~. X ~f!~f& ':, ~ (J) XiJ{Xi!S9 ':lE L ~tnLf (N, norn1al) 11t~~tfLtff~(J) *' ~ /' ~f~ L, lE L <tj ~tn'~f

(A, anomalous) iffi (J) *' ~ /' ~~ T. xi! S9 ,:ra9Ji0 t-:X (Syn A) (J)1JUL±, I~ ~ ~ ~

~ ~ J, Ih- ~ ~ ~;}) ~ J, 16Q. (J) ~ iJ~ tJ <J --ech~. ~nG'±T«'-C, 1~~iJ{ ~~~J,

I h- ~ iJ{ ~;}) ~ J, 16Q (J) iJ{ iJ~ tJ <J t Tn LflE L 1.1 " X,: tj ~ (J) -c: , ~ P* (J) ~ tj iJ{ ~ l±lE

L\t"x-c:ch~. ~(J)~*~l±, B*~ft(J)3i1~~

t¥ -c: § ~ t ~ ,:it < J: ~ tj X i! ~D ~~ (1:. JJtX i!) iJ{JQ,~-C:ch ~.

2) !!:P**U IfJfB*~ (Sem, Semantics) ci*~1 t[Q]f*':X~f!~L-C, ::"(J)XiJ{/t

p* S9 ,: lE L ~ t n '~ffJ1,~~~ ,± ff~ (J) *' ~ /' ~ ff¥ L, IE L <tj ~tn'~f~(J)*'~ /' ~1~T. !tP* s9':ra9Jt0t-:.X (Sem A) (J)fJU'±, I~~~

L iJ~ ~ J, Ih- ~ ~ U' 0 ~ J, I6Q.(J) ~ h- (J) ~ J -c: ch ~ . ::.. n G l±-t«. -C, 5C i! 89 ,: l±II Lv" 5C-c: ch ~.

~fi ~ *U ~~i ,± , 111 ~PJ (J) f! ~ rm ~El (T == 0), .:c n J: ~ 0.15 fyf& iJ~ 0.35 tJ;f& (J) v" T n iJ~ (J) ~ -{ ~ /'

7"~~Iv-c:q-r0t-: (~3A). 'k'~*-C:'±, 1J1.~*~

(J) &.$ a~ ra9 (111 ~PJ (J) f!~ rm ~El iJ~ G*' ~ /' 1~ L i -c:

(J) a~ ra9 ) ~ i~U IE L t-: . ~fi 3<\ *IJ i~i ~ 1JD X. t-: ~ {t t ,

~fi~*U~~i ~ t1D X. T ,:*Ij~~i': 1*- ~ 7 1) 'Y 71f(J) h- ~

m~L~~#t-c:, ft~~~(J)~ (~RT) ~*

66 -c, ~fi~*rj~~i(J)3tjj-*(J)1~f~ t L t-:. iT, 7" 0

--iJff (~2B (J) I, ~66iJ~h-(J)YLL':iv:tlT

~tc~u~J[~T g:~(J) ~ff~, 7"0 -- F7 /' (J) 44!t t

45 ff) ':{ifi~*Ui~i~~x.t-:*5-*~~-t. T == 0 -c: '±IJJ~PJ iJ{f!/F ~ nt-: W! f~tj (J) -c:, i t~8sft*1J IfJf iJ{~::" Gtjv"tt~·~-c:ch ~, t,,~ G(J)ci*~t~, ~

RT '±--lfo t ~tJ GtjiJ~0 t-:.. ~x,: T == 150ms -c: '±, xi!tlJ ~Jf~*t'm (Syn) ,:;}) 1.1" -c, )(i!S9 ,: iE L v\X (N) t ra9 Jt 0 t-:)( (A) (J) fWj 1] -c: &Jt~

a~ra9(J)i~j?iJ{~ Gnt-: (~3B). &.wsa~ra9iJ{i~~"

L t-: t §" ~ ::.. t ,±, Xi!*U ~JfiJ{1JEjl ~ nt-: ~ t ~

~T. ~~1i, ~P**lJ~Jfti*~-C:(J)&.~a~ra9 ,: l±~/t

tj ~ it iJ{ ~ Gn tj iJ~ 0 t-: . i t-:., T == 350n1s -c:

'±, t"~G(J)~*t'mt~, ~RT'±--lfot~tJGtj

iJ~ 0 t-:. ~ n ':~;J L, Jil-mIgJ[@] (~2B (J) II, 7"

0- F7 /,(J) 8 'ft 9 'f) ':~fi~Wrji~i~~X.t-:*6

*-C:l±, T == 150ms ':j3\t"-C t~~ G(J)ci*t'mt ~,

~ RT ,±--tfo t ~tJ GtjiJ~~ t-:. ~:AL(J)~D~J: ~,

tr ij~ (J) 7" 0 -- iJ !t(J) it fJJ t ~ i! tlJ IfJf (J) rzg -* rm 1* iJ {

~iES~ ~ ~l t-:. Xi!M:JI (j) @ ~ {i~1m~1j ~~t-C:~:fIE L t-:. ::.. (J)~D~l±, ~~jzf~§~(J)~IfSJj ,: TMS iJ{1~lL~::"

t ~ /F L -C v\~. i t-:, 5Ci!tlJ ~JfiJ~1JE.i1t ~ n ~ t v" ~ *5 *l±, f~fi~1~~Ij~~t,:J: ~ -C7"0 -- iJ !t(J)

it IJJ iJ {~*~ ~ n ~ ~ t -c:, .:c (J) f~ (J) )(i! tlj l~Jf ,: f¥

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2003 1f. 9 Ji 25 B

~ ~l5jJJi6{~~ ~ ~T <~ ~ ~ t ~~n~T ~. ~ (J)

~JT Lv) ~ iJ -=. ~' A t±, ij&J (J) ~~5E (J) :g:~7J\.i6{Xit*1J ~Jf

~ P] ~ -C v) ~ :: t ~ @[1~B~,n=~T#:~ -cj) ~.

ft 4 t±, ~Pi -j3 BB- (J) lIbJ lf~ ~U i~t~~~ itt: t lIbJlf fQJ ~Ij?~tt~~itt: ~= J3 't ~ If,~1t!f(J)115fJJ ~ fMRI ~ ffl v) -C Jtt1 L, ~±Ji(J)~iJ-*i6{~~Jitf~= J: ~ -C t~(J) J: ~

~= ~ ~ ~ i6~ ~ ;t9t~1 L t::. (Hashimoto et aI., 2000).

~(J)~*, ~~~1t~, OO~~OO, ~OO~~~~

~=J3v)-C mJpJTBI.J~il5fJJi6{rU!~~h, lIbJ~itt:~=~tT

~ JXM5(J)~iRtti6{, ~~1tJ!1:r~'=J3v)-C~~ ~;\

7 - /' ~~T ~ t i6{SjJ Gi6~'= ~ ~ t::. . .l-:Lx~(J)*~*

t±, ifF' § ~B-jLbl][ ,= J3 v)-C, ~~ 1tJ!1:r ~ i6 {m ~ (J)

{f.£ft~~= f~~~7t1~ L -C v) ~ ~ t ~ ~n~T ~. t t::., ~~1t t :tJ!1t(J).:c 7" 1) T 1 - ,= 0 v) -C, X v ~)v (J)

~l][ t ~B-* v ~)v (J) ~l][ ,= 1*- ~ &: ~il5jJJ ~ fMRI ~ ffl v) -C Jt,x L, X v ~)v (J)~~~IU=~tRB9 ~~l5jJJ

~ /FT ijl~ (J) ~Ji~ ~ rPJ JE L t::. (Homae et aI., 2002).

~ (J) *~ -* J: V), 1i:-rM~J! @J ijl1~IJ g:~ (~4) i6{Xl][ ~~(J)~J][ ,= ~iRB9 ,= ~ b ~ -C v) ~ ~ t i6{SjJ G i6~ ,= ~0t::..

~ 4 t±, ~ G~= xit*1J ~Jf ~ flP*-*1J ~Jf J3 J: O"-~fi~

'¥IJ ~Jf t ~t Jt ~ -tt ~ ~ t -C, Xit *IJ \fJf (J) f~ ~~ mJ 1£ ~

$~fMjJl fMRI ,= J: V) ~Jrd~t::. (Suzuki & Sakai, 2003). i§ BB-~Ij?~tt±T~ -C~~1tB9 '=1~~ L, xit *IJ ~Jf~itt: (Syn, Syntax) -e t±~lji~tXi6{XitB9 ,= iE Lv) i6~ t~ ~ i6~ ~ tlJ ~Jf ~ -tt t::.. }i r* *11 ~Jf ~ itt: (Sem, Semantics) -e t± ~Ij i~t X 9J (J) ~ ~P] t fJJ ~P]

(J) }iP*B90 ~ i6{ ~ i6{iE Lv) i6~ t~ ~ i6~ ~ tlJ ~Jf ~ -tt, iffi~*Ij~Jf-~ftt: (Pho, Phonology) -ct±fJJ~P](J)7

7 ~ / r i6{lE Lv) i6~ t~ ~ i6~ ~ *IJ ~Jf ~ -tt, ifF' c: '/ 7- Jt,x~itt: (Voi, Voice pitch) -et±F'(J) c: ,/7­

~ .ttt~~-ttt::.. T~-C(J)~itt:-crPJt*~B-~'/ r i6~

G~Ij ?~t X ~ 11: JJX: L, BB-~ ~ ffJE ffflj L t:... ~ (J) *'~ *, Syn- (Sem + Pho + Voi) (J).ttt~~=Hv)-C,

1i:T ~Ij ~J! @J ( 7" t1 - iJ tf) ,=(J) J;. :ff !iff: ~ ~t JJJ i6 {~

Ght::. (~IB). ~ (J)~Jit9Xt±, xitx."7 - '=~1R

B9~=RElST~g:r5i1L (~IA) t~~tT~. ~~itt:

(J) ~ h --C' h ,= J3 v)-C 1£)( t ~~ X (J) ~~ 1T ~ 5J\. ~ t -C ~~

fJT L t:.. t :: 0, ti -f -mY ~j{ @J t±_1£)( t ~~ X (J) v)-r h

135

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G(J)*,~*t±, tiT ~Ij ~j{@Ji6{JiP**1J~Jf~{ffiJl*1j~Jf-C

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~n~T ~ ~iE1~-ej) ~.

5. 7C";F 1'"7 7 l' ,: e:t :Q ~ ~gM~JT J ~7 9' -{ b,(J)

fJiJL

~ G '=~4 t±, fJT L v)~1~'lf(J)~~fl~~~tiJ!fJ1~1~r

-e j) ~ J't r ~ 7""7 7 1 ~ ffl v) -c, §~B-f~~~ ~ 7 '/

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~~,~~-ct±, rmJlf7t~l~~~lji~tt~~itt:-c'fQJtx~*~

V) ~ L1~7,GT ~ Repeat ~itt: t, ~m ~B- ~ fJ}JJXT ~

~iX(J)X~f~7,GT~ Story~itt:~.ttt~Lt:... 21&*(J) ili: iff. j} v - -tf - J't ,= J: ~ ti15* J;j( (J) 1~IJ ~j{ :g:~ ~

22 ,R ~ fQJ a~ ~t iffl] L t:.. *~ *, lIbJ ~ ftt: -f -e ~ 1Wl ~J! @]

J3 J: 0" 9J 1~rJ ~J! ~ 11ili: ~ =, ~Ji if~~*1~ A..:c 7" t1 L:'

/' illt OC (J) ±~ flO t ijR ~* 1~ A..:c 7" t1 L:' /' ill OC (J) imX Y i6{JJ!~ ~ ht:.. (Sato et aI., 1999). ~ (J)fflIJ~j{~j}

1~ij g:~ (J) ~6jJJ t±, X IDR ~J][~ ~3H =1*- ~ ~ W, t t:.. t± jLbl][T ~ §~B-'IW¥R; ~ JXa~T ~ t ~ X. Gh~. ~

G'=, *~$~(J)1§~~1~~t~x. ~$~~J!J't r #~"771-(J)~$~W~-COO~L, X$~~t

}iP*~J~H= 1*- ~ &: ~i6jJJ ~ 7t~lT ~ ~ t '=fiX:J}j L t::. (Noguchi et aI., 2002). tiTwTgJ!@J ,= H v) -C , lE )( (J) ~~ 1T t ~~ X (J) ~~ 1T (J) ymj 11-e , Xrt jLbl][ ,= ~

iRBI.J ~~~1~A..:c 7" a L:' /' (J)±~1J0i6{J;. Ght:.. . .l-~

x~(J)*ti*t±, $~fMjJ! fMRI ~ fflv)t:..fQ] t;\"7 7"

1 A ~= J: ~ ~lj~(J)~D~ t -~ft L -C H ~, fMRI i6{

;t9tlHT ~ ijR~*1~A..:c 7" a L:' /' (J)~1~ t, J't r ~

7""7 7 1 - i6{;t9tlHT ~ ~*1~A..:c 7" a L:' /' (J)~1~

i6{~ftT~ ~ t ~ SjJ Gi6~ ,= L t::..

TMS i6{ij&J(J)mJpJTBI.J~itfJJ~=&'fT~~t±, fIE * PET ~ fMRI ,= J: ~ ;t9t~1 ~ h -C ~ t:.. i6{, PET -e t± a~ Fa' 7t~~ ~~ i6{1f1: <, fMRI -c t± ~m ~~t11*(J) :J

1 )~ ~ ~tii*J '=f~~ :i6u(J)i6{~il-C j) 0 t:... ft 4 t±, ~hG(J)ffflJ*~~~'t~v)J't r ~7""7 7 1-~

ffl v), TMS t (J) rPJ a~~tiRIJ ~ 1T ~ t:.. (Noguchi et aI., 2003). 1&:,~~*(J)ti*J;j((J)~jJJ!f~~~~~U?~t

L, 15-F(J)*·~1f1JlI]1t Fa'ijjji6~ Gijjj~~ ~ 2JlH T ~

~ t -c, 1fJi~~$*,£ijJj~I5JJJ ~ ~ I ~ ~:: TilI1\(J)~U

~~t~moc ~ jifJJ~iW[ t L t::.. jijJJ~iW[(J) 110 % t t:..

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L± 90 % ~Wlj~~i~moc t T i5 ~#;WIj~~i~:.~t L -C, ~

~~J!7t ~ -- O)¥i!~:' J: ~ :l 1 )vI[~f*' 7" '7 7 l'

~:. ch i5 J~ J!{ 0) lfrr lJfE ~ 1t ~ I3ti~1j L t:.. .-(- 0) *5 *, 110 % t fPJ f* ~:. 90 % 0) ~ ill[T WU ~~t ~:. B v'\ -c <t :ff 1t ~ ~~1t/"-.-t 7" t1 ~'/ilocO)±~1JOiJ{lJi!~~ n, *fJtjO)~fjitJhiJ)GO)*JL'\ttAh-c:'±~ <, ~fg~:.

i3 ~ t i5 ~$ rlitfB ~ J][1~ ~ti~U -t i5 -=- t ~:. ot Jjj L t:. .

J-~ L 0) *5* ~:. J: ~, 1ft#:fin mWU ~~i iJ {ij&llfrr lJfE ~ ±~ 110 ~ --tt i5 -=- t iJ{/F ~ n, JIfB~ill[T 0) WIj ~~i~:' J: i5 ~

~~J!il5fhO)f§tilliJ{7t ~ *' 7" '7 7 1 --~:. J: ~-c1JJ

~~ -c: ch i5 ~ t iJ{~ iJ) 66 Gn t:. .

6. I~ ~:g(J)n~f4~ J (J)~~J!"'"5 tt t 1**11:

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L -c, r§ ~frO) ij&lf-t*-ij&l ,± t"O) J: ~ ~:. -=- t Cf~

It.h- t-:-tiJ)j] (~0*ff 1=, 2002 if) ~ ill Wi L t:..

i t::., Neuroscience Research (Sakai et aI.,

2001 ; Sakai et aI., 2003) t American Labora­

tory (Sakai et aI., 2002) ~:. *'€~R. ~ 3€£Z L -C, §

~fr 0) ~~ ~Jf JE 0) flt!flJ Sq 5t fJT t ;I~ *JM ~ ~ 1T ~ t::. .

1Jt 4 O)~JfJE'±, §afr~J-'iJ{ Ara' 0) ij&1-C:*f~lj~ Ji!P* ~ 1#~ ~ t ~ ~JJ 66 -c ,± ~ ~ ~ ~ --tt t:. ~ t ~:. J: ~ ,

A Fa' ~ -lj- )v 0) ~ ffi: t L -c t G;t i5 A ra' lJi! ~ :* ~ < ~-!¥ ~ --tt i5 ~ t ~:. ~ i5 t ?f; ;t Gn i5. §~frO) ij~f-t

*0) ot*,±, ~*§(Bq ~~;g~D#;JiO)ft*Jih- -c:,±~£a~

-c: ~ ~ v'\ r § ~frO)1:1~ttJ ~:.*tT i5 JlE1§~ ~i*66 i5

t ~~:., 1ftsfrO)1L1t;t ~JL'\O)afr~fxWiJ) G, xi! t~M~~m-ti5§~~~~~O)nfi~~<~T

't 0) -c: ch i5 . ~ 0) J: ~ ~ #ff Lv'\ :l / ~ 7° ~ 0) fx1f 1Ji!~1~~T i5 ~ t -c:, §5frO)ij&l~-t~'±.-(-0)}Jt*

~ It <fx1f~:' i -eEtffl-t i5 ~ t ~:. ~l¥tkT i5 <t 0) t M1~~ni5.

Jt itX 1) igg it~p & : § ~ft 0) ij&j fif ~- ij&j U: c" 0) J: ::; ,-= ~ c

Lf~~h-t-=T7J\ 9J~*JfW:, *~, 2002

2) Embick D. Marantz A, Miyashita Y et al : A syn­

tactic specialization for Broca's area. Proc Nat!

Acad Sci USA 97 : 6150-6154. 2000

3) Hashimoto R. Homae F. Nakajin1a K et al : Func­

tional differentiation in the human auditory and

language areas revealed by a dichotic listening

task. Neuroimage 12 : 147-158,2000

4) Hashimoto R, Sakai KL : Specialization in the left

prefrontal cortex for sentence comprehension.

Neuron 35 : 589-597. 2002

5) Homae F. Hashimoto R, Nakajima K et al : From

perception to sentence comprehension: The

convergence of auditory and visual information

of language in the left inferior fron tal cortex.

NeuroImage 16 ; 883-900, 2002

6) Noguchi Y. Takeuchi T. Sakai KL : Lateralized

activation in the inferior frontal cortex during

syntactic processing: An event-related optical

topography study. Hum Brain Mapp 17 : 89-99.

2002

7) Noguchi Y, Watanabe E. Sakai KL : An event-re­

lated optical topography study of cortical activa­

tion induced by single-pulse transcranial mag­

netic stimulation. Neurolmage, 19 ; 156-162,2003

8) Sakai KL. Hashimoto R. Homae F : Sentence pro­

cessing in the cerebral cortex. Neurosci Res 39 :

1-10.2001

9) Sakai KL. Homae F. Hashimoto R. Suzuki K :

Functional imaging of the human temporal cor­

tex during auditory sentence processing. Am

Lab 34 : 34-40. 2002

10) Sakai KL. Noguchi Y. Takeuchi T et al : Selec­

tive priming of syntactic processing by event-re­

lated transcranial magnetic stimulation of

Broca's area. Neuron 35 : 1177-1182, 2002

11) Sakai KL. Homae F. Hashimoto R : Sentence pro­

cessing is uniquely human. Neurosci Res 46 :

273-279.2003

12) Sato H. Takeuchi T, Sakai KL : Temporal cortex

activation during speech recognition: An optical

topography study. Cognition 73 ; B55-B66. 1999

13) Suzuki K. Sakai KL : An event-related fMRI

study of explicit syntactic processing of nor­

mal/anomalous sentences in contrast to in1plicit

syntactic processing. Cereb Cortex 13 ; 517-526,

2003

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137 2003 '¥ 9 J3 25 B

Towards the Brain Science of Language

Kuniyoshi L. Sakai

Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. The University of Tokyo. Komaba

In this article. I will focus on our results of a CREST in the syntactic processes of sentence comprehension

project of 1ST concerning language processing in the than other don1ain-general processes such as short-term

human brain. thereby updating recent advances made by memory. Second. the distinction between syntactic and

functional neuroimaging and magnetic stin1ulation studies semantic processes will be clarified. based on our mag­

of language. First. I will provide the first experimental netic stimulation studies that elucidate syntactic special­

evidence that the neural basis of sentence comprehension ization in the left prefrontal cortex. The current direction

is indeed specialized. Specifically. our recent functional of research in the brain science of language is beginning

magnetic resonance imaging (fMRD study has clarified to reveal the uniqueness of the human mind.

that the human left prefrontal cortex is more specialized

(Japanese Journal of Neuropsychology 19 ; 130-137,2003)

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