Post on 23-May-2020
!33
Lingva Latina Per Se Illvstrata
Capitvlvm Tertivm - PVER IMPROBVS !!!!!!!!!!I. SCAENA PRIMA
Persōnae: Iūlia, Mārcus, Quīntus
Iūlia cantat: “Lalla.” Iūlia laeta est.
Mārcus: “St!” Mārcus laetus nōn est.
Iūlia cantat: “Lalla, lalla.”
Mārcus: “Ssst!” Mārcus īrātus est.
Iūlia cantat: “Lalla, lalla, lalla.”
Mārcus Iūliam pulsat.
Iam Iūlia nōn cantat, sed plōrat. “Uhuhū!”
Mārcus rīdet: “Hahahae!”
Quīntus Mārcum videt. Mārcus nōn videt Quīntum.
Quīntus: “Quid? Mārcus puellam pulsat —et rīdet!”
Quīntus īrātus est et Mārcum pulsat! Iam nōn rīdet Mārcus. Mārcus īrātus pulsat
Quīntum.
Iūlia: “Ubi est māter?” Iūlia Aemiliam nōn videt.
Iūlia Aemiliam vocat: “Māter! Mārcus Quīntum pulsat!”
!34 Mārcus (īrātus): “St!” Mārcus Iūliam pulsat.
Iūlia plōrat et Aemiliam vocat: “Mamma! Mam-ma! Mārcus mē pulsat!”
Aemilia venit.
!Personal Endings of Verbs !
Verbs show number (singular or plural) and person (1st person, 2nd person, 3rd person). The
English equivalents are:
Capitula I & II introduced the verb “to be” in its 3rd person forms: est, sunt. This capitulum
introduces new verbs, also in the 3rd person. The person and number of Latin verbs are
revealed by their endings. Verbs in the 3rd person singular end in -t. Verbs in the 3rd person
plural end in -nt.
Because the personal endings of a verbs show person and number, the personal
pronouns (I, you, etc.) are not required to show the subject of the verb in Latin.
Here are all the personal endings of present tense, active verbs:
!!!In this chapter you will see three types of 3rd Person Verbs. Why are these grouped together?
-at cantat, pulsat plōrat -et rīdet, videt, respondet -it venit, audit, dormit
Singular Plural
1st Person I we
2nd Person you you (y’all)
3rd Person he, she, it they
1st Person -o/-m I -mus we
2nd Person -s you -tis you (y’all)
3rd Person -t he, she, it -nt they
!35PRACTICE: Indicate whether the following verbs are 3rd Person Singular or 3rd Person Plural. !1. rīdent ________________________________________________________
2. est ___________________________________________________________
3. videt _________________________________________________________
4. respondent ___________________________________________________
5. plōrat _________________________________________________________
6. audiunt _______________________________________________________
7. pulsat _________________________________________________________
8. sunt ___________________________________________________________
9. vident _________________________________________________________
10. cantat _________________________________________________________
!The Accusative of Direct Object - Accvsativvs Obiecti Directi
This section introduces the fourth Latin case, the accusative. One of the specialized uses for the
accusative case is the accusative of direct object (a.k.a. accūsātīvus obiectī directī). The
accusative of direct object shows that which is most directly affected by the action of a verb.
This is the person or thing to whom the action of a verb is directed. For example, in the
sentence Marcus hits Julia, Marcus is our subject, since he’s the one doing the hitting, hits is
our verb, and Julia, since she’s the one getting hit, is our direct object. In the sentence Peter
buys a gerbil, Peter is our subject, buys is the verb, and a gerbil is our direct object, since the
gerbil is being directly affected by the verb buys.
PRACTICE: Circle the Direct Object in the following sentences.
1. Sally calls Nancy. 2. Fred is drinking water. 3. Jenny is eating a sandwich. 4. Steve sees
a bat. 5. Dave bought a flower for Maddy. 6. Ted gave gum to Hank.
!
!36The Accusative Case
Now that we’ve seen one of the specialized uses for the accusative case, let’s look at the
endings:
PRACTICE: Go through the first lectio and double underline all words in the accusative case. In the sentence “Mārcus mē pulsat!” what case is mē ? ___________________________ !What use of that case? ______________________________________________________ !What kind of pronoun is it? _________________________________________________ !PRACTICE: COMPLETE EXERCITIA 1, & 2 in your online textbook.
When you’ve finished, memorize the following words, and their English equivalents.
scaena ____________________ persona _____________________cantat _____________________
pulsat ___________________ plōrat ____________________ rīdet ________________________
videt _____________________ vocat _____________________ venit _______________________
laetus ____________________ īrātus ____________________ mē ________________________
Case 1st Declension 2nd Declension (masc.) 2nd Declension (neut.)
Nominative Singular -a -us/-r -um
Genitive Singular -ae -ī -ī
Accusative Singular -am -um -um
Ablative Singular -ā -ō -ō
Case 1st Declension 2nd Declension (masc.) 2nd Declension (neut.)
Nominative Plural -ae -ī -a
Genitive Plural -ārum -ōrum -ōrum
Accusative Plural -ās -ōs -a
Ablative Plural -īs -īs -ō
!37
II. SCAENA SECUNDA
Persōnae: Aemilia, Iūlia, Mārcus, Quīntus
Aemilia interrogat: “Quis mē vocat?”
Quīntus respondet: “Iūlia tē vocat.”
Aemilia Quīntum interrogat: “Cūr Iūlia plōrat?”
Quīntus respondet: “Iūlia plōrat, quia Mārcus eam pulsat.”Aemilia: “Quid? Puer
parvam puellam pulsat? Fū! Cūr Mārcus Iūliam pulsat?”
Quīntus: “Quia Iūlia cantat.”
Aemilia: “Ō Iūlia, mea parva fīlia! Mārcus puer probus nōn est; Mārcus est puer
improbus!”
Quīntus: “Iūlia puella proba est.”
Aemilia Quīntum interrogat: “Ubi est Iūlius? Cūr nōn venit?” Aemilia Iūlium nōn videt.
Respondet Mārcus: “Pater dormit.”
Quīntus: “Māter nōn tē, sed mē interrogat!”
Aemilia: “St, puerī! Ubi est pater?”
Quīntus: “Pater nōn hīc est, sed Mārcus hīc est.”
Quīntus Iūlium vocat: “Pater! Pa-ter!”
Iūlius Quīntum nōn audit neque venit. Cūr Iūlius Quīntum nōn audit? Iūlius eum nōn
audit, quia dormit.
Mārcus: “Hahae! Pater dormit neque tē audit.”Aemilia: “Fū, puer!” Aemilia īrāta est.
Māter fīlium verberat: tuxtax, tuxtax...
Mārcus plōrat: “Uhuhū!”
Iūlius eum audit. Iam nōn dormit pater.
Pars II
!38Personal Pronouns !
The personal pronouns in English are I, you, he, she, it; we, you (pl.), they. In Latin, they are often
not used in the nominative case, but are common in the other cases. This chapter introduces
the personal pronouns in the singular accusative case for the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd persons.
!!!!!!!PRACTICE: Write in the correct Latin personal pronoun in the blank below. !1. Marcus sees me. Mārcus _______________ videt.
2. Julia smiles at you. Iūlia ________________ rīdet.
3. Quintus is hitting him. Quīntus ______________ pulsat.
4. Aemilia sees her. Aemilia ________________________ videt.
5. Julius is calling me. Iūlius ____________________ vocat.
PRACTICE: Translate the following sentences into English. !1. Quis mē vocat? ___________________________________________________________________
2. Iūlia tē vocat. ____________________________________________________________________
3. Mārcus eam pulsat. _______________________________________________________________
4. Iūlius eum audit. _________________________________________________________________
!!!!!
Singular Plural
1st Person mē (me, all genders) ???
2nd Person tē (you, all genders) ???
3rd Person eum (him) eam (her) ???
!39PRACTICE: COMPLETE EXERCITIA 3, 4, & 5 in your online textbook.
When you’ve finished, memorize the following words, and their English equivalents.
improbus ___________________ probus ____________________ interrogat _________________
respondet __________________ dormit _____________________ audit _____________________
verberat ___________________ tē ________________ eam ____________ eum ________________
neque ________________________ iam _________________ cūr ____________________________
quia __________________________________ hīc _________________________________________
!SCAENA TERTIA
Persōnae: Iūlius, Aemilia, Iūlia, Mārcus, Quīntus
Quīntus: “Pater venit.”
Aemilia Quīntum nōn audit, quia Mārcus plōrat.
Iūlius Quīntum videt eumque interrogat: “Cūr Mārcus plōrat?”
Quīntus respondet: “Mārcus plōrat, quia māter eum verberat.”
Iūlius: “Sed cūr māter Mārcum verberat?”
Quīntus: “Mārcum verberat, quia puer improbus est. Mārcus parvam puellam pulsat!”
Iūlia: “Mamma! Pater hīc est.” Aemilia Iūlium videt.
Aemilia: “Tuus Mārcus fīlius improbus est!”
Iūlius: “Fū, puer! Puer probus nōn pulsat puellam. Puer quī parvam puellam pulsat
improbus est!”
Iūlius īrātus puerum improbum verberat: tuxtax, tuxtax, tuxtax...
Pars III
!40Mārcus plōrat. Quīntus laetus est et rīdet. Iūlia laeta nōn est neque rīdet. Cūr nōn laeta est Iūlia?
Nōn laeta est, quia Mārcus plōrat. Iūlia est puella proba!
Puer rīdet. Puella plōrat. Quis est puer quī rīdet? Puer quī rīdet est Mārcus. Quae est
puella quae plōrat? Puella quae plōrat est Iūlia. Mārcus, quī puellam pulsat, puer improbus est.
Puella quam Mārcus pulsat est Iūlia. Iūlia Aemiliam vocat. Aemilia, quam Iūlia vocat, māter
līberōrum est. Aemilia puerum verberat. Puer quem Aemilia verberat est Mārcus.
Quem vocat Quīntus? Quīntus Iūliam vocat. Iūlius, quem Quīntus vocat, pater
līberōrum est. Iūlius Quīntum nōn audit. Quem audit Iūlius? Iūlius Mārcum audit. Puer quem
Iūlius audit est Mārcus.
Puella quae cantat laeta est. Puella quae plōrat nōn est laeta. Puer quī puellam pulsat
improbus est!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!41Complex Sentences: Subordinate Clauses and Relative Pronouns !
In this chapter, the sentences began to grow a little more complex! Some of the sentences
included a subordinate clause. A subordinate clause is a clause that cannot stand on its own, is
attached to the main clause and is often found in the middle of it. For example:
Simple Sentences: The boy is in the picture. The boy is Aulus.
Complex Sentence: The boy, who is in the picture, is Aulus.
Simple Sentences: The girl is picking flowers. The girl is happy.
Complex Sentence: The girl, who is picking flowers, is happy.
Simple Sentences: Marcus hits Quintus. Quintus is a boy.
Complex Sentence: The boy whom Marcus is hitting is Quintus.
Simple Sentences: Aulus likes Octavia. Octavia is a girl.
Complex Sentence: The girl whom Aulus likes is Octavia.
The bold font indicates a subordinate clause. Notice that they do not form complete sentences.
The relative pronoun (who, which) in Latin is used to relate more information about
somebody or something in the sentence. For example, the sentence “The girl, who is picking
flowers, is happy.” uses a subordinate clause introduced with a relative pronoun to tell us
exactly which girl is happy. Which girl is happy? The one picking flowers in this case.
The relative pronoun in Latin will show gender, number, and case. The relative pronoun
will agree with its antecedent (the word it relates back to in the main clause) in number and
gender, but the case is determined by the use of the personal pronoun in the subordinate
clause.
This chapter introduces the relative pronoun in the nominative and accusative singular,
masculine and feminine. Here are the forms:
! Case feminine masculine
Nominative Singular quae (who) quī (who)
Accusative Singular quam (whom) quem (whom)
!42Remember that the nominative is used as the subject of the verb, and that the accusative is
used as the direct object of the verb. Therefore, if the relative pronoun is the subject of the
relative clause, you will use either “quae” or “quī”, but if it’s the object of the relative clause
you will use either “quam” or “quem.”
PRACTICE: Identify whether the relative pronoun is the subject (quae/quī) or the object
(quam/quem).
1. The master, who is cruel, beats his slaves. _______________________________________
2. The slave, whom the master beats, is crying. _____________________________________
3. The dog, who sees the girl, barks. _______________________________________________
4. The girl, whom the dog sees, laughs. ____________________________________________
5. The slave girl, who cleans the room, is praised. ___________________________________
6. The slave girl, whom the master praises, is happy. ________________________________
7. Puer quī rīdet est Mārcus. ______________________________________________________
8. Puella quae plōrat est Iūlia. _____________________________________________________
9. Puella quam Mārcus pulsat est Iūlia. _____________________________________________
10. Iūlius, quem Quīntus vocat, pater līberōrum est. __________________________________
!PRACTICE: COMPLETE EXERCITIA 6, 7, 8, 9, & 10 in your online textbook.
When you’ve finished, memorize the following words, and their English equivalents.
quī/quae __________________________________ quem/quam ___________________________
nōminatīvus _______________________________ accūsātīvus ____________________________
verbum __________________________________
!
!43Vocabulary - Copia Verborvm
These are the words you need to know to master the second chapter. Use quizlet to review them, or create your own flashcards. Now you know what the extra parts mean. Make sure you know all parts of these words. !nōmina grammatica prōnōmina mamma, -ae, f. accūsātīvus, -ī, m. eam persōna, -ae, f. nōminātīvus, -ī, m. eum scaena, -ae, f. verbum, -ī, n. mē quae/quī vērba adiectīva quam/quem cantat improbus, -a, -um tē interrogat īrātus, -a, -um plōrat laetus, -a, -um adverbia pulsat probus, -a, -um cūr? verberat iam vocat coniūnctiōnēs hīc respondet neque rīdet quia alia videt ō! audit dormit venit
!
!The Seven Hills of Rome: !
The city of Rome was founded on seven hills. !Aventine: Remus’s Hill
Caelian Capitoline: Temple of Jupiter and the Citadel
Esquiline Palatine: Houses of Wealthy Residents/Romulus Built City Walls
Quirinal Viminal !
A mnemonic device for remembering these names is: Can Queen Victoria Eat Cold Apple Pie?
!44!Derivatives
PRACTICE: Use a dictionary to find the meaning of these derivatives of Cap. II vocabulary words. !
! !Capitvlvm Tertivm Final Steps !
Read the Grammatica Latina section in your textbook. Make sure you completely understand all the material there. !Complete Pensum A, B, & C. Pensum A will test your grammar knowledge, Pensum B focuses on vocabulary, and Pensum C allows you to write in Latin! Use this workbook and the margin notes in the textbook for help! !! !!
Derivative Latin Word Derivative Meaning
impersonate persōna
incantation cantat
interrogate interrogat
implore plōrat
vocation vocat
revoke vocat
evoke vocat
risible rīdet
clairvoyant videt
auditorium audit
dormant dormit
intervene venit
probity probus
irate iratus
quasi quem
!45!!Check Yourself: By the end of this unit you should know/do: !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Need to Review Got It!
that a verb’s personal ending shows a verb’s person &
number
what person & number is
the difference between singular & plural endings
what an accusative of direct object is used for
how to identify and accusative of direct object in
a sentence
all the case endings of nouns in both declensions
(nominative, genitive, accusative, & ablative)
what a personal pronoun is
how to select the correct personal pronoun in Latin
what a relative clause is
how to choose the correct relative pronoun (who vs.
whom)
how to combine two related sentences into one using a
relative pronoun
all excercitia completed
all pensa completed
all vocabulary memorized