!33

Lingva Latina Per Se Illvstrata

Capitvlvm Tertivm - PVER IMPROBVS !!!!!!!!!!I. SCAENA PRIMA

Persōnae: Iūlia, Mārcus, Quīntus

Iūlia cantat: “Lalla.” Iūlia laeta est.

Mārcus: “St!” Mārcus laetus nōn est.

Iūlia cantat: “Lalla, lalla.”

Mārcus: “Ssst!” Mārcus īrātus est.

Iūlia cantat: “Lalla, lalla, lalla.”

Mārcus Iūliam pulsat.

Iam Iūlia nōn cantat, sed plōrat. “Uhuhū!”

Mārcus rīdet: “Hahahae!”

Quīntus Mārcum videt. Mārcus nōn videt Quīntum.

Quīntus: “Quid? Mārcus puellam pulsat —et rīdet!”

Quīntus īrātus est et Mārcum pulsat! Iam nōn rīdet Mārcus. Mārcus īrātus pulsat

Quīntum.

Iūlia: “Ubi est māter?” Iūlia Aemiliam nōn videt.

Iūlia Aemiliam vocat: “Māter! Mārcus Quīntum pulsat!”

!34 Mārcus (īrātus): “St!” Mārcus Iūliam pulsat.

Iūlia plōrat et Aemiliam vocat: “Mamma! Mam-ma! Mārcus mē pulsat!”

Aemilia venit.

!Personal Endings of Verbs !

Verbs show number (singular or plural) and person (1st person, 2nd person, 3rd person). The

English equivalents are:

Capitula I & II introduced the verb “to be” in its 3rd person forms: est, sunt. This capitulum

introduces new verbs, also in the 3rd person. The person and number of Latin verbs are

revealed by their endings. Verbs in the 3rd person singular end in -t. Verbs in the 3rd person

plural end in -nt.

Because the personal endings of a verbs show person and number, the personal

pronouns (I, you, etc.) are not required to show the subject of the verb in Latin.

Here are all the personal endings of present tense, active verbs:

!!!In this chapter you will see three types of 3rd Person Verbs. Why are these grouped together?

-at cantat, pulsat plōrat -et rīdet, videt, respondet -it venit, audit, dormit

Singular Plural

1st Person I we

2nd Person you you (y’all)

3rd Person he, she, it they

1st Person -o/-m I -mus we

2nd Person -s you -tis you (y’all)

3rd Person -t he, she, it -nt they

!35PRACTICE: Indicate whether the following verbs are 3rd Person Singular or 3rd Person Plural. !1. rīdent ________________________________________________________

2. est ___________________________________________________________

3. videt _________________________________________________________

4. respondent ___________________________________________________

5. plōrat _________________________________________________________

6. audiunt _______________________________________________________

7. pulsat _________________________________________________________

8. sunt ___________________________________________________________

9. vident _________________________________________________________

10. cantat _________________________________________________________

!The Accusative of Direct Object - Accvsativvs Obiecti Directi

This section introduces the fourth Latin case, the accusative. One of the specialized uses for the

accusative case is the accusative of direct object (a.k.a. accūsātīvus obiectī directī). The

accusative of direct object shows that which is most directly affected by the action of a verb.

This is the person or thing to whom the action of a verb is directed. For example, in the

sentence Marcus hits Julia, Marcus is our subject, since he’s the one doing the hitting, hits is

our verb, and Julia, since she’s the one getting hit, is our direct object. In the sentence Peter

buys a gerbil, Peter is our subject, buys is the verb, and a gerbil is our direct object, since the

gerbil is being directly affected by the verb buys.

PRACTICE: Circle the Direct Object in the following sentences.

1. Sally calls Nancy. 2. Fred is drinking water. 3. Jenny is eating a sandwich. 4. Steve sees

a bat. 5. Dave bought a flower for Maddy. 6. Ted gave gum to Hank.

!

!36The Accusative Case

Now that we’ve seen one of the specialized uses for the accusative case, let’s look at the

endings:

PRACTICE: Go through the first lectio and double underline all words in the accusative case. In the sentence “Mārcus mē pulsat!” what case is mē ? ___________________________ !What use of that case? ______________________________________________________ !What kind of pronoun is it? _________________________________________________ !PRACTICE: COMPLETE EXERCITIA 1, & 2 in your online textbook.

When you’ve finished, memorize the following words, and their English equivalents.

scaena ____________________ persona _____________________cantat _____________________

pulsat ___________________ plōrat ____________________ rīdet ________________________

videt _____________________ vocat _____________________ venit _______________________

laetus ____________________ īrātus ____________________ mē ________________________

Case 1st Declension 2nd Declension (masc.) 2nd Declension (neut.)

Nominative Singular -a -us/-r -um

Genitive Singular -ae -ī -ī

Accusative Singular -am -um -um

Ablative Singular -ā -ō -ō

Case 1st Declension 2nd Declension (masc.) 2nd Declension (neut.)

Nominative Plural -ae -ī -a

Genitive Plural -ārum -ōrum -ōrum

Accusative Plural -ās -ōs -a

Ablative Plural -īs -īs -ō

!37

II. SCAENA SECUNDA

Persōnae: Aemilia, Iūlia, Mārcus, Quīntus

Aemilia interrogat: “Quis mē vocat?”

Quīntus respondet: “Iūlia tē vocat.”

Aemilia Quīntum interrogat: “Cūr Iūlia plōrat?”

Quīntus respondet: “Iūlia plōrat, quia Mārcus eam pulsat.”Aemilia: “Quid? Puer

parvam puellam pulsat? Fū! Cūr Mārcus Iūliam pulsat?”

Quīntus: “Quia Iūlia cantat.”

Aemilia: “Ō Iūlia, mea parva fīlia! Mārcus puer probus nōn est; Mārcus est puer

improbus!”

Quīntus: “Iūlia puella proba est.”

Aemilia Quīntum interrogat: “Ubi est Iūlius? Cūr nōn venit?” Aemilia Iūlium nōn videt.

Respondet Mārcus: “Pater dormit.”

Quīntus: “Māter nōn tē, sed mē interrogat!”

Aemilia: “St, puerī! Ubi est pater?”

Quīntus: “Pater nōn hīc est, sed Mārcus hīc est.”

Quīntus Iūlium vocat: “Pater! Pa-ter!”

Iūlius Quīntum nōn audit neque venit. Cūr Iūlius Quīntum nōn audit? Iūlius eum nōn

audit, quia dormit.

Mārcus: “Hahae! Pater dormit neque tē audit.”Aemilia: “Fū, puer!” Aemilia īrāta est.

Māter fīlium verberat: tuxtax, tuxtax...

Mārcus plōrat: “Uhuhū!”

Iūlius eum audit. Iam nōn dormit pater.

Pars II

!38Personal Pronouns !

The personal pronouns in English are I, you, he, she, it; we, you (pl.), they. In Latin, they are often

not used in the nominative case, but are common in the other cases. This chapter introduces

the personal pronouns in the singular accusative case for the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd persons.

!!!!!!!PRACTICE: Write in the correct Latin personal pronoun in the blank below. !1. Marcus sees me. Mārcus _______________ videt.

2. Julia smiles at you. Iūlia ________________ rīdet.

3. Quintus is hitting him. Quīntus ______________ pulsat.

4. Aemilia sees her. Aemilia ________________________ videt.

5. Julius is calling me. Iūlius ____________________ vocat.

PRACTICE: Translate the following sentences into English. !1. Quis mē vocat? ___________________________________________________________________

2. Iūlia tē vocat. ____________________________________________________________________

3. Mārcus eam pulsat. _______________________________________________________________

4. Iūlius eum audit. _________________________________________________________________

!!!!!

Singular Plural

1st Person mē (me, all genders) ???

2nd Person tē (you, all genders) ???

3rd Person eum (him) eam (her) ???

!39PRACTICE: COMPLETE EXERCITIA 3, 4, & 5 in your online textbook.

When you’ve finished, memorize the following words, and their English equivalents.

improbus ___________________ probus ____________________ interrogat _________________

respondet __________________ dormit _____________________ audit _____________________

verberat ___________________ tē ________________ eam ____________ eum ________________

neque ________________________ iam _________________ cūr ____________________________

quia __________________________________ hīc _________________________________________

!SCAENA TERTIA

Persōnae: Iūlius, Aemilia, Iūlia, Mārcus, Quīntus

Quīntus: “Pater venit.”

Aemilia Quīntum nōn audit, quia Mārcus plōrat.

Iūlius Quīntum videt eumque interrogat: “Cūr Mārcus plōrat?”

Quīntus respondet: “Mārcus plōrat, quia māter eum verberat.”

Iūlius: “Sed cūr māter Mārcum verberat?”

Quīntus: “Mārcum verberat, quia puer improbus est. Mārcus parvam puellam pulsat!”

Iūlia: “Mamma! Pater hīc est.” Aemilia Iūlium videt.

Aemilia: “Tuus Mārcus fīlius improbus est!”

Iūlius: “Fū, puer! Puer probus nōn pulsat puellam. Puer quī parvam puellam pulsat

improbus est!”

Iūlius īrātus puerum improbum verberat: tuxtax, tuxtax, tuxtax...

Pars III

!40Mārcus plōrat. Quīntus laetus est et rīdet. Iūlia laeta nōn est neque rīdet. Cūr nōn laeta est Iūlia?

Nōn laeta est, quia Mārcus plōrat. Iūlia est puella proba!

Puer rīdet. Puella plōrat. Quis est puer quī rīdet? Puer quī rīdet est Mārcus. Quae est

puella quae plōrat? Puella quae plōrat est Iūlia. Mārcus, quī puellam pulsat, puer improbus est.

Puella quam Mārcus pulsat est Iūlia. Iūlia Aemiliam vocat. Aemilia, quam Iūlia vocat, māter

līberōrum est. Aemilia puerum verberat. Puer quem Aemilia verberat est Mārcus.

Quem vocat Quīntus? Quīntus Iūliam vocat. Iūlius, quem Quīntus vocat, pater

līberōrum est. Iūlius Quīntum nōn audit. Quem audit Iūlius? Iūlius Mārcum audit. Puer quem

Iūlius audit est Mārcus.

Puella quae cantat laeta est. Puella quae plōrat nōn est laeta. Puer quī puellam pulsat

improbus est!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!41Complex Sentences: Subordinate Clauses and Relative Pronouns !

In this chapter, the sentences began to grow a little more complex! Some of the sentences

included a subordinate clause. A subordinate clause is a clause that cannot stand on its own, is

attached to the main clause and is often found in the middle of it. For example:

Simple Sentences: The boy is in the picture. The boy is Aulus.

Complex Sentence: The boy, who is in the picture, is Aulus.

Simple Sentences: The girl is picking flowers. The girl is happy.

Complex Sentence: The girl, who is picking flowers, is happy.

Simple Sentences: Marcus hits Quintus. Quintus is a boy.

Complex Sentence: The boy whom Marcus is hitting is Quintus.

Simple Sentences: Aulus likes Octavia. Octavia is a girl.

Complex Sentence: The girl whom Aulus likes is Octavia.

The bold font indicates a subordinate clause. Notice that they do not form complete sentences.

The relative pronoun (who, which) in Latin is used to relate more information about

somebody or something in the sentence. For example, the sentence “The girl, who is picking

flowers, is happy.” uses a subordinate clause introduced with a relative pronoun to tell us

exactly which girl is happy. Which girl is happy? The one picking flowers in this case.

The relative pronoun in Latin will show gender, number, and case. The relative pronoun

will agree with its antecedent (the word it relates back to in the main clause) in number and

gender, but the case is determined by the use of the personal pronoun in the subordinate

clause.

This chapter introduces the relative pronoun in the nominative and accusative singular,

masculine and feminine. Here are the forms:

! Case feminine masculine

Nominative Singular quae (who) quī (who)

Accusative Singular quam (whom) quem (whom)

!42Remember that the nominative is used as the subject of the verb, and that the accusative is

used as the direct object of the verb. Therefore, if the relative pronoun is the subject of the

relative clause, you will use either “quae” or “quī”, but if it’s the object of the relative clause

you will use either “quam” or “quem.”

PRACTICE: Identify whether the relative pronoun is the subject (quae/quī) or the object

(quam/quem).

1. The master, who is cruel, beats his slaves. _______________________________________

2. The slave, whom the master beats, is crying. _____________________________________

3. The dog, who sees the girl, barks. _______________________________________________

4. The girl, whom the dog sees, laughs. ____________________________________________

5. The slave girl, who cleans the room, is praised. ___________________________________

6. The slave girl, whom the master praises, is happy. ________________________________

7. Puer quī rīdet est Mārcus. ______________________________________________________

8. Puella quae plōrat est Iūlia. _____________________________________________________

9. Puella quam Mārcus pulsat est Iūlia. _____________________________________________

10. Iūlius, quem Quīntus vocat, pater līberōrum est. __________________________________

!PRACTICE: COMPLETE EXERCITIA 6, 7, 8, 9, & 10 in your online textbook.

When you’ve finished, memorize the following words, and their English equivalents.

quī/quae __________________________________ quem/quam ___________________________

nōminatīvus _______________________________ accūsātīvus ____________________________

verbum __________________________________

!

!43Vocabulary - Copia Verborvm

These are the words you need to know to master the second chapter. Use quizlet to review them, or create your own flashcards. Now you know what the extra parts mean. Make sure you know all parts of these words. !nōmina grammatica prōnōmina mamma, -ae, f. accūsātīvus, -ī, m. eam persōna, -ae, f. nōminātīvus, -ī, m. eum scaena, -ae, f. verbum, -ī, n. mē quae/quī vērba adiectīva quam/quem cantat improbus, -a, -um tē interrogat īrātus, -a, -um plōrat laetus, -a, -um adverbia pulsat probus, -a, -um cūr? verberat iam vocat coniūnctiōnēs hīc respondet neque rīdet quia alia videt ō! audit dormit venit

!

!The Seven Hills of Rome: !

The city of Rome was founded on seven hills. !Aventine: Remus’s Hill

Caelian Capitoline: Temple of Jupiter and the Citadel

Esquiline Palatine: Houses of Wealthy Residents/Romulus Built City Walls

Quirinal Viminal !

A mnemonic device for remembering these names is: Can Queen Victoria Eat Cold Apple Pie?

!44!Derivatives

PRACTICE: Use a dictionary to find the meaning of these derivatives of Cap. II vocabulary words. !

! !Capitvlvm Tertivm Final Steps !

Read the Grammatica Latina section in your textbook. Make sure you completely understand all the material there. !Complete Pensum A, B, & C. Pensum A will test your grammar knowledge, Pensum B focuses on vocabulary, and Pensum C allows you to write in Latin! Use this workbook and the margin notes in the textbook for help! !! !!

Derivative Latin Word Derivative Meaning

impersonate persōna

incantation cantat

interrogate interrogat

implore plōrat

vocation vocat

revoke vocat

evoke vocat

risible rīdet

clairvoyant videt

auditorium audit

dormant dormit

intervene venit

probity probus

irate iratus

quasi quem

!45!!Check Yourself: By the end of this unit you should know/do: !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Need to Review Got It!

that a verb’s personal ending shows a verb’s person &

number

what person & number is

the difference between singular & plural endings

what an accusative of direct object is used for

how to identify and accusative of direct object in

a sentence

all the case endings of nouns in both declensions

(nominative, genitive, accusative, & ablative)

what a personal pronoun is

how to select the correct personal pronoun in Latin

what a relative clause is

how to choose the correct relative pronoun (who vs.

whom)

how to combine two related sentences into one using a

relative pronoun

all excercitia completed

all pensa completed

all vocabulary memorized