Transcript of Lec Wk 3Abstrak
Side Arrows BackgroundMaterials & Methods (500 – 1000
words)
Results (1000 – 1500 words)
(total : 4000 – 7000 words)
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research environment
Specific: differentiates your research from other published papers
on the subject
Concise: gives only important details
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THESIS TITLE:
YOUNG MALAYSIAN CHILDREN’s SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION (SLA)
EXPERIENCES IN THE UK
ARTICLE TITLE:
JURNAL : GEMA ONLINE
Judge your writing style
Importance of your results
Validity of your conclusions
Relevance of
your aims
First impression of the relevance of your aims, importance of your
results, validity of your conclusion, and writing style
Need to summarize these points. Emphasize how your conclusion it
relevant in the context of the background
*
Your hypothesis (10%)
Immunotherapy using slow-cycling tumor cells prolonged overall
survival of tumor-bearing mice
Background
Despite considerable progress in the development of anticancer
therapies, there is still a high mortality rate caused by cancer
relapse and metastasis. Dormant or slow-cycling residual tumor
cells are thought to be a source of tumor relapse and metastasis,
and are therefore an obstacle to therapy. In this study, we
assessed the drug resistance of tumor cells in mice, and
investigated whether vaccination could promote survival.
Methods
The mouse colon carcinoma cell line CT-26 was treated with
5-fluorouracil to assess its sensitivity to drug treatment. Mice
with colon tumors were immunized with inactivated slow-cycling
CT-26 cells to estimate the efficacy of this vaccine.
Results
We identified a small population of slow-cycling tumor cells in the
mouse colon carcinoma CT-26 cell line, which was resistant to
conventional chemotherapy. To inhibit tumor recurrence and
metastasis more effectively, treatments that selectively target the
slow-cycling tumor cells should be developed to complement
conventional therapies. We found that drug-treated, slow-cycling
tumor cells induced a more intense immune response in vitro.
Moreover, vaccination with inactivated slow-cycling tumor cells
caused a reduction in tumor volume and prolonged the overall
survival of tumor-bearing mice.
Conclusions
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Differential DNA Methylation Status Between Human
Preadipocytes and Mature Adipocytes
Obesity is a multifactorial disease resulting from interactions
between susceptibility genes, psychosocial, and environmental
factors. However, it is becoming evident that interindividual
differences in obesity susceptibility depend also on epigenetic
factors, although the mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. We
have undertaken a genome-wide analysis of DNA methylation of human
preadipocytes and mature adipocytes to examine the differences in
methylation between them. We found hypomethylation occurring in
2,701 genes and hypermethylation in 1,070 genes after
differentiation. Meanwhile, Gene Ontology analysis and Ingenuity
Pathway Analysis showed many significant gene functions and
pathways with altered methylation status after adipocyte
differentiation. In addition, Signal-Net analysis showed that tumor
necrosis factor-α, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and
interleukin-8 were important to the formation of this network. Our
results suggest that DNA methylation mechanisms may be involved in
regulating the differentiation process of human
preadipocytes.
Obesity is a multifactorial disease resulting from interactions
between susceptibility genes, psychosocial, and environmental
factors. However, it is becoming evident that interindividual
differences in obesity susceptibility depend also on epigenetic
factors, although the mechanisms have not been fully
elucidated.
Background
We have undertaken a genome-wide analysis of DNA methylation of
human preadipocytes and mature adipocytes to examine the
differences in methylation between them.
Methods
We found hypomethylation occurring in 2,701 genes and
hypermethylation in 1,070 genes after differentiation. Meanwhile,
Gene Ontology analysis and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis showed many
significant gene functions and pathways with altered methylation
status after adipocyte differentiation. In addition, Signal-Net
analysis showed that tumor necrosis factor-α, mitogen-activated
protein kinase, and interleukin-8 were important to the formation
of this network.
Results
Our results suggest that DNA methylation mechanisms may be involved
in regulating the differentiation process of human
preadipocytes.
Conclusion
Zhu et al. (2012) Cell Biochem Biophys 63:115.
Our results suggest that DNA methylation mechanisms may be involved
in regulating the differentiation process of human
preadipocytes.
We found hypomethylation occurring in 2,701 genes and
hypermethylation in 1,070 genes after differentiation. Meanwhile,
Gene Ontology analysis and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis showed many
significant gene functions and pathways with altered methylation
status after adipocyte differentiation. In addition, Signal-Net
analysis showed that tumor necrosis factor-α, mitogen-activated
protein kinase, and interleukin-8 were important to the formation
of this network.
We have undertaken a genome-wide analysis of DNA methylation of
human preadipocytes and mature adipocytes to examine the
differences in methylation between them.
Obesity is a multifactorial disease resulting from interactions
between susceptibility genes, psychosocial, and environmental
factors. However, it is becoming evident that interindividual
differences in obesity susceptibility depend also on epigenetic
factors, although the mechanisms have not been fully
elucidated.
*
Do not include a lot of numbers and statistics
The effect of high vacuum on the mechanical properties and
bioactivity of collagen fibril matrices
Anderton et al. (2013) Biointerfaces 8:2.
Results
The cell area histogram and mean cell areas for the HV-treated
fibril matrices (2030 μm2 ± 137 μm2) are comparable to the cell
areas of untreated fibril matrices measured here (2165 μm2 ± 206
μm2) and elsewhere... Cells on LV-treated fibril matrices have
larger average surface areas (3450 μm2 ± 175 μm2) than the control
untreated matrices, and their spread areas are more similar to that
of cells plated on dehydrated fibrils (average cell area of 4348
μm2 ± 287 μm2).
The modulus results for the first analysis reveal that HV treatment
of the fibrils leads to a small, but statically significant (p <
0.0001), increase in mechanical rigidity of the fibril matrices.
Untreated matrices had a modulus of 8.1 kPa ± 2.2 kPa and
HV-treated matrices had a modulus of 13.1 kPa ± 3.8 kPa. However,
the HV-treated matrices are approximately a factor of three more
compliant than the dehydrated fibril matrices (35.4 kPa ± 4.9 kPa).
The modulus results for the second analysis (Table 2) indicate that
LV-treated fibril matrices (34.7 kPa ± 3.7 kPa) are nearly as
mechanically stiff (p= 0.20) as the dehydrated matrices (36.4 kPa ±
4.2 kPa), and are considerably less compliant than the untreated
matrices (11.2 kPa ± 3.7 kPa) in this experiment.
Summarize and simplify your results
We find that HV exposure has an unappreciable affect on the cell
spreading response and mechanical properties of these collagen
fibril matrices. Conversely, low vacuum environments cause fibrils
to become mechanically rigid as indicated by force microscopy,
resulting in greater cell spreading.
We find that HV exposure has an unappreciable affect on the cell
spreading response and mechanical properties of these collagen
fibril matrices. Conversely, low vacuum environments cause fibrils
to become mechanically rigid as indicated by force microscopy,
resulting in greater cell spreading.
Abstract
Abstract
1) Start with motivation or justification if space allows (makes
the reader think the paper might be interesting)
2) State the objective
4) Summarize results, but statistics not normally presented.
5) End with important conclusions and implications.
#2-5 Makes the reader want to read the paper because it is
interesting.
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Degree Program: Business Administration
Title: Satisfaction Levels within Ufasach Oy
Author: Sami Suomalinen
Number of pages: 76+ 10
The purpose of this study was to identify satisfaction levels
within Ufasach Oy. Ufasach
Oy is a small company of fifty employees which sells footwear in
Finland. Management
at Ufasach believed that satisfaction levels were dropping and
wanted to discover why.
The study was commissioned by Ufasach Oy.
Both qualitative and quantitative research methodology was utilised
in this study. The
qualitative research data consisted of five in-depth interviews
with employees of Ufasach
Oy. The quantitative research data was gathered with the aid of a
questionnaire. Fifty
questionnaires were sent to employees in Ufasach Oy and forty five
responses were
received. The response rate was ninety percent.
The results of the questionnaire revealed a high level of
dissatisfaction within Ufasach
Oy. Over forty percent of respondents indicated dissatisfaction
with work environment
and atmosphere within the company. When asked to indicate
satisfaction with
management of the company, over two thirds of employees indicated
that they were
neither satisfied nor dissatisfied while one third of employees
indicated that they were
unsatisfied. All respondents indicated high satisfaction in regards
to level of
remuneration. The in-depth interviews revealed that employees were
unhappy with the
management style of superiors within the company. All five
interviewed respondents
stated that the management style was oppressive. Interviewed
respondents felt they were
allowed very little initiative taking and were not listened to by
their superiors. The
interview also reveled that staff were unhappy with the recently
introduced procedures
for manufacturing shoes.
The author recommends that management within Ufasach reevaluate
their practices and
begin listening to their employees. It is recommended that Ufascah
develop monthly
meetings with employees and provide a forum where staff could
initiate suggestion to
assist the smooth running of the company. It is recommended that
recently introduced
manufacturing procedures be reassessed and include employees
opinions on the matter.
It is also recommended that further research be carried out into
satisfaction levels on a six
month basis to begin with.
Keywords: satisfaction levels, dissatisfaction, work environment,
atmosphere, procedures
The purpose is indicated.
Explanation about the company and reason for research
indicated.
All readers now know & understand why the research was
needed. The reader also does not have to ask what the company
does.
Paragraph 1
Qualitative research = Information too difficult or expensive to
qualify; value judgements typically
involving group discussions or personal interviews. Often used when
the research is looking to
uncover more detailed information from research e.g. interviewing
respondents to gain a deeper
insight rather than just have them tick a box.
Quantitative Research = Research findings which can analysed and
expressed numerically, often
large sample surveys from mailed questionnaires etc. or analysis of
sales data and market forecast.
Often used when the research questions are simple and do need a
detailed explanation. Used when
large number of respondents needed to provide statistical
analysis.
Paragraph 3
P3: Details
some key
you
recommend?
Notice no use of “I”. “The author” Respondents: People who answered
the research
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ABSTRACT - THESIS
This study aims to explore the experiences of young Malaysian
children acquiring a second language while studying in a mainstream
school and living in a target language country. It further aims at
exploring the cognitive and sociocultural factors and their
relationships that may contribute to the children’s second language
acquisition (SLA) process and their interrelationship as
experienced by the children. It is hoped that by exploring what
children say about these experiences, we would further enhance our
understanding of SLA.
The participants consisted of three six year old children who came
to the UK between the age of two and three, their mothers and class
teacher. Adopting an interpretive research inquiry, this study
employed an ethnographic case study methodology. There were two
modes of inquiry used in this study: interviews and observations.
The data was collected at three phases over a period of six months.
As a means of triangulation, their parents and class teacher were
also interviewed at the three phases. The observations included
classroom and home observations. All the data was transcribed and
analysed qualitatively. The NVivo software package was used for
organisation and retrieval purposes of the interview data. The
Grounded Theory methodology was employed to analyse the emerging
themes from the data gathered.
The findings from these children’s perspectives indicate that SLA
is less about learning a new language but more about ‘getting on’
with their lives at school and home. The children talked about the
activities they did at school and home in describing their SLA. It
is not about language acquisition per se. The findings indicate
that the children’s SLA experiences evolve from their interactions
with their peers at school and their use of L2 in their activities
at school and home. The findings from the teacher’s perspective
indicate the role and relationship of sociocultural factors in
these children’s SLA process. Meanwhile, the parents appeared to
believe that SLA is about learning a second language per se.
However, the findings of their interviews also indicate that their
children’s SLA experiences were socioculturally influenced. This
study has also further illuminated that SLA is a naturalistic and
situated process; that young children would acquire a language
naturally through their interactions in their socialization
process.
This study illuminates the sociocultural perspective in SLA for
these young Malaysian children. It provides yet another world view
of SLA that; from these children’s perspectives, SLA is about
‘getting on’ with life or ‘doing things’ that children do. It
raises questions about what should be the purpose of acquiring a
second language for young children. This will have implications on
the teaching and learning of L2 children such as the aim of L2
teaching, the teaching approach to be employed, and the language
support that needs to be given.
(459 words)
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Abstract – Article
This paper discusses how three young Malaysian children aged six
developed an identity while experiencing second language
acquisition (SLA). It illustrates how language difference which is
an aspect of diversity has lead learners to develop an identity as
language learners. The discussion is based on the findings of an
ethnographic case study on three young Malaysian children’s SLA
experiences in the United Kingdom (U.K). The aim of this study is
to gather insights from these children about their SLA experiences
while attending a mainstream school and living in the U.K. This is
to enhance our understanding about the process. The children were
interviewed as individuals and as a group; and were observed at
school and home. Transcripts of the interviews and observations
were examined closely to identify themes for analysis and
discussion. The findings indicate that the children experienced SLA
as a socialization process in which the target language was being
used to get on with life in a mainstream classroom and at home. The
findings indicated several factors that might have an impact on the
children’s SLA. One that had a significant impact was that the
children, without
their awareness, were developing an identity in dealing with
diversity.
(199 words)
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In the previous section, I have described how I believe my
knowledge of English has developed out of my experiences of SLA and
my interpretation of them. To do this, I have observed and analysed
my SLA experiences. I believe that my early start was beneficial to
me. I described how my home and school environment, together with
my positive attitude and motivation impacted in favourable ways on
my developing competence. In this thesis I am interested to
establish how far different experiences for different Malay
children in different settings will contribute to their language
learning and how this can deepen an understanding of SLA both among
Malay children and more broadly. To do this, I need to explore
children’s experiences by talking to them about their SLA
experiences, observing their behaviours or actions in relation to
SLA, and being part of their context where the process takes place.
This is because “spend[ing] time watching children and thinking
about how they behave and respond to the world around them, …
working with and talking to children, … reading what others have
written about them…and from analysing our own personal
experiences…is one of the ways to develop our theories.” (Conteh,
2003: 2). Thus, this study aims to explore young children’s SLA
experiences to help us understand SLA from their
perspectives.
Objektif? - RQ
1. What do young Malaysian children say about their SLA experience
in mainstream schools in the UK?
2. What do young Malaysian children say about their SLA experience
at home while living in the UK?
3. How do young Malaysian children experience SLA in mainstream
school and while living in the UK?
Metodologi?
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Better – “Teaching students about biodiversity by studying the
correlation between plant and arthropod biodiversity”
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Better – “Habitat use and activity of prairie kingsnakes
(Lampropeltis calligaster calligaster) in Illinois.”
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Concise
Poor – “The effects of a juvenile hormone analog, pyriproxyfen, on
molting, development, survivorship, longevity, and reproduction of
the apterous form of soybean aphid (Aphis glycines). “
Better – “Effects of a juvenile hormone analog, pyriproxyfen, on
the apterous form of soybean aphid (Aphis glycines).”
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Abstract
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paper.
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Be specific and concise.
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project.
objective of the project (this usually comes
first).
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Word limit: An abstract (including a bibliography or examples, if
needed) must be no more than 500 words.
Please note the word count at the bottom of the abstract. Except
for the instructions given below, no special form or format is
needed for this initial submission of the abstract.
NOTE: Many abstracts are rejected because they omit crucial
information rather than because of errors in what they
include.
2. Title: At the top of the abstract, put the title.
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A suggested outline for abstracts (500 words max) is as
follows:
1. Choose a title that clearly indicates the topic of the paper and
is no more than one line long.
2. State the problem or research question raised by prior work,
with specific reference to relevant prior research.
3. State the main point or argument of the proposed
presentation.
4. Cite sufficient data, and explain why and how they support the
main point or argument. Explain abbreviations at their first
occurrence.
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5. If your paper presents the results of experiments, but
collection of results is not yet complete, then report what results
you have already obtained in sufficient detail so that your
abstract may be evaluated. Also indicate the nature of the
experimental design and the specific hypothesis tested.
6. State the relevance of your ideas to past work or to the future
development of the field. Describe analyses in as much detail as
possible. Avoid saying in effect "a solution to this problem will
be presented". If you are taking a stand on a controversial issue,
summarize the arguments that lead you to your position.
7. State the contribution to research made by the analysis.
8. While citation in the text of the relevant literature is
essential, a separate list of references at the end of the abstract
is not always unnecessary.
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Humanities Abstracts
Sophia Estante and Lorrie Moore (Mentor), English
This research looks at the work of Margaret C. Anderson, the editor
of the Little Review. The review published first works by Sherwood
Anderson, James Joyce, Wyndham Lewis, and Ezra Pound. This research
draws upon mostly primary sources including memoirs, published
letters, and a complete collection of the Little Review. Most prior
research on Anderson focuses on her connection to the famous
writers and personalities that she published and associated with.
This focus undermines her role as the dominant creative force
behind one of the most influential little magazines published in
the 20th Century. This case example shows how little magazine
publishing is arguably a literary art.
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Amanda Babin and Morton Gernbascher (Mentor), Psychology
The purpose of this research is to identify a subtype of autism
called Developmental Verbal Dyspraxia (DVD). DVD is a motor-speech
problem, disabling oral-motor movements needed for speaking. The
first phase of the project involves a screening interview where we
identify DVD and Non-DVD kids. We also use home videos to validate
answers on the screening interview. The final phase involves home
visits where we use several assessments to confirm the child’s
diagnosis and examine the connection between manual and oral motor
challenges. By identifying DVD as a subtype of Autism, we will
eliminate the assumption that all Autistics have the same
characteristics. This will allow for more individual
consideration
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“Understanding Cell-Mediated Immune Responses Against Simian
Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV)"
Sean Spenser and John Loffredo, David Watkins (Mentors), Primate
Research Center
Each day 14,000 people become infected with HIV/AIDS, making the
development of an effective vaccine one of the world’s top public
health priorities. David Watkins’ laboratory is attempting to
develop HIV vaccines that elicit cellular immune responses
utilizing the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) – infected rhesus
macaque animal model. A major component of the cell-mediated immune
response are cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL). It is thought that CTL
play an important role in controlling HIV and SIV. Most standard
immunological assays do not measure antiviral activity directly,
limiting our understanding of CTL effectiveness. To address this,
the Watkins laboratory developed a novel neutralization assay that
quantifies the ability of virus-specific CTL populations to control
viral growth. Evaluating the antiviral activity of CTL of different
specificities will identify those CTL most effective against SIV.
This information will likely impact the design of future HIV
vaccines.
Hard Science Abstracts
Lauren Breshahan and Marlys Macken (Mentor), Linguistics
Upon receiving the Wisconsin Idea Undergraduate Fellowship the
summer and fall 2003 semesters were spent designing and
implementing a Hmong Political Council, Inc. (HPC). The fellowship
addressed the immediate need felt by our local government and the
Hmong refugee community to develop a political voice expressing the
economic, political, and social needs of the Hmong refugee
community. It was implemented through the collaboration of the
United Refugee Services of Wisconsin, Professor Macken, the Hmong
community, and myself. Extensive research was conducted at the
local, state, and national level involving the studying of IRS
requirements, lobbying rights, other political councils, and the
needs of the Wisconsin Hmong community. HPC is now a legal
non-profit organization that has held two fundraisers, released
press statements, and worked with State and National political
figures to address the needs of the Hmong community. Within the
year HPC plans to be lobbying at the state level.
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“Blind Construction: Mixed Media”
Diana Dewi, Jennifer Kittleson, and Wendy Hagedorn (Mentor),
Apparel and Textile Design
The basis of this project was to create a garment using mixed media
in order to mimic the human body. The materials we used to create
this piece include: buckram, copper wire, spray paint, fabric
paint, a variety of novelty fabrics, and chains. The techniques we
created in order to manipulate the piece include: fabric branding
and burning, grid painting, sewing, draping, molding buckram, and
coiling. Our overall approach was to create a theatrical wearable
art piece. Upon completion of the assignment we found the piece
aesthetically pleasing because of the way it molds to the
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Punctuation errors
E.g., 12 children took part in the study.
Use of words that do not exist
Undefined abbreviations
Contradictory information
Poor structure
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Key words
Often come at the end of an abstract.
Used for indexing purposes (search terms that will help someone
find your article) and thus, often should not overlap with the
title (the title is normally automatically included in
databases).