الجليكلوسيدات الصابونية Saponin Glycosides

• This group of glycosides when decomposed gives the non-sugar part known as Saponin .

• The group of Saponins is widespread in nature • It is characterized as solid materials

amorphous • substances dissolve in water and make foam

when shaken• But when it mixed with a greasy substance , it

does not make foam when shaking but gives emulsion because of its ability to reduce the surface tension of emulsion>

• Saponins are toxic if injected into the blood because they remove the red blood cell membrane and cause the exit of hemoglobin, which causes the process of Heamolysis iecracking red blood cells.

• - Saponins are harmless if taken through the digestive system.

• Chemical composition of Saponin materials:• A) Steroidal Saponins• B) Triterpenoidal tannins• The first type is important in extracting sex

hormones from the steroidal structure, which is similar to the basic structure of sex hormones and thus can be obtained from cheap plant origin rather than extracted from animal origin which is expensive.

جليسرهيزين Glycyrrhizin

• It is found in the (Liquorice Root) جذور نبات a kind of Triterbenodi ,عرق السوق saponins a reason for the distinctive taste and soapy foam.

•

Solasonine• is found in the leaves and fruits of Solanum

plant, which is a Glyco-alkoloids saponin with esteroid structure.

• When it decompose chemically, the saponinconverts to the glycyrrhetic acid . .

اإلستعماالتالفعالة المكوناتالعلمي اإلسممستخدم جالنبتة اسم

السوس عرقLiquorice

rootsLiquoriceroot

GlycyrrhizinExpectorantUlcers gastric ulcer

السوالنمSolanum

Leaves andfruits

Solanum SolasonineTo produce sexhormoneAnti-Hepatitis C

الدينار حشيشةhop

Leave andflower

HumulusLupulus

LupulinHumulone

FlavoringNeurodegenerative.Calming anxiety andpsychological stress

الحالوة عرقSoapwort

Shrubroots

Saponariaofficinalis

water-solublesteroidalsaponins

Soapan emulsifier in thepreparationof tahinihalva,[9]

Steroidal glycosides• The most important group of glycosides for their medical

effect in the strengthening of the heart, which organizes the heart beatings and contractions of muscles

• and therefore called Cardiotonic glycosides • and is also diuretic .• The non-sugar molecule is characterized by its steroid

structure, which contains a lactone ring, which is connected to the carbon atom 17 and this atom (17) depends on the medical effect of the glycoside.

• Therefore, if it is separated from the compound, it loses its effectiveness.

•- The lactone ring is found either in five-lactone ring as in the glycosides of Digitalis. This group is called Cardinolides, a Citrodeine glycosides containing a five-lactone ring.

• Lacton hexagonal ring as in the Squill Onion Plant

• this group is called of scilldienolides.•The most important sugars in this group

are glucose, rhaminose, digitoxose, cymarose,

جالنبتة اسممستخدم

اإلستعماالتالفعالة المكوناتالعلمي اإلسم

الديجتاليسDigitalis

DriedLeaves

DigitalisDigitoxin GitoxinGitalin

القلب عضلة تنشيط وتنظيم وتقويتهاضرباته

العنصل بصلUrginea

maritima

Whiteاألبصال squill Scillarin( A&B)

القلب عضالت تقوية طارد ضرباته وتنظيمللبول مدر للبلغم

دفلةNerium

oleander

LeavesNeriumoleander

OleandrinNiriin

القلب عضالت تقوية مدر .ضرباته وتنظيمللبول

سوداء حنطةBlack wheat

LeavesFagopyrumesculentum

Rutinالشعيرات تقوية الضعيفة الدمويةالنزيف فتمنع

( Sulphur glycosides Thioglycosides• This group is characterized by containing the element of sulfur • in decompose it will produce sulfur or its salts within the non-

suger part Aglycon• Which attributed to the medicinal effect of these substances

produce from the reaction.The most important of which: • A) Singrin group• Which is found in black mustard seeds, is dissolved by a

special enzyme called Myrosin, which is found in the same plant but in cells separate from glycoside. Therefore, when grinding the seeds in the presence of water, the enzyme mixes with glycoside and the decomposition will br done

SINIGRIN H2O

MyrosinAllyl isothianate + glucose + KHSO4

• B) Sinalbin glycoside• Which is found in White Mustard • This yellowish compound dissolves in water and alcohol. • When decomposing it turns to = Glucose + Choline +

Parahydroxy Benzyl Isothiocyanate + Sinabenic Acid.• Plants that contain glycosides are known to have no active

ingredient until they decompose are named by Reactionary Drugs

OGLUCOSE_S=C=NH2C

CH3O

CH3O

CH=CHCOOH2N(CH2)3H2SO4

OH

CH2NCS

Acrinyl isothiocyanate

(Parahydroxybenzyl isothiocyanate )

Sinalbin

اإلسممستخدم جالنبتة اسمالعلمي

المكوناتالفعالة

اإلستعماالت

األسود الخردلBlack

Mustard

SeedsBrassicaalba

سنجرينSinigrin

الدهانات مقيء فاتح الروماتزمية

للشهية

األبيض الخردلwhite

Mustard

seedsBrassicanigra

سينالبينSinalbin

عالج مقيء فاتح للروماتزمللشهية

خردل ابيض

خردل اسود

Cyanogenetic glycosidesمجموعة الجليكوسيدات السيانيدية

• This group includes glycosides which produce hydrocyanic acid as one of the products of decomposition,

• these plants called Reactionary drugs for example :• Amygdalin is found in almond bitter fruits• Linamarin is found in linseed flaxseed

CCN

HOC6H10O4OC6H11O5 C

CN

HOC6H10O5 H2O

C6H10O6

CCN

HOH

C6H10O6

H2O

C=OH

HCN

Amygdalin

MandelonitrileBenzaldehyde

HYDROLYSIS OF AMYGDALIN

+ +

++

جالنبتة اسممستخدم

المكوناتالعلمي اإلسمالفعالة

اإلستعماالت

Bitterثمارالمر اللوزAlmond

أميجدالينAmygdali

n اللينامرينLinseedبذور الكتان

Linamarin

المكانس ذرةBroomcorn

ثمار

A.SorghumSorghumbicolor L.