Post on 08-Oct-2015
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1 | E S T F o r m u l a s
Compiled by: MIT - TEAM4A [Santos, Moreno, Mallari, Malana, Lineses, Jimenez, Garcia, Gamboa, Dahilog, Baduria]
BASIC COMMUNICATIONS
Wavelength
=
Frequency
= 1
Bandwidth
=
Resonant Frequency
= 12 Varactors Capacitance
= 1 + 2
Crystal Thickness
= 65.5
Oscillator Operating Frequency @ Certain Temperature
= + ( ) Audio Power
= 0.5 Audio Power
= 22
Audio Power
= 0.5 Amplifier Efficiency
=
Load Impedance
= Load Resistance
= 22 Collector Voltage
( ) = 4 Quality Factor
=
Shape Factor
= 606
Image Frequency
= + 2 Image Frequency Rejection Ratio
=
2 | E S T F o r m u l a s
Compiled by: MIT - TEAM4A [Santos, Moreno, Mallari, Malana, Lineses, Jimenez, Garcia, Gamboa, Dahilog, Baduria]
Image Frequency Rejection Ratio
= 1 + 22 =
VCO Sensitivity
= Coupling Coefficient
= 1
Optimum Coupling Coefficient
= 1.5 Bandwidth
=
MODULATION
Modulation Index
=
= +
Total Modulation Index (AM)
= 12 + 22 + + 2 Upper and Lower Sideband Voltage
= = 2
Upper and Lower Sideband Frequency
= = +
Bandwidth (AM)
= 2 Total Transmitting Power
= 1 + 22 Total Sideband Power
= 22 Power Saving of Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier
%. . =
100 Peak Envelope Power
= 22 Emitter Modulator Voltage Gain
= (1 ) Modulation Index for Single Sideband
= 2
Quality Factor
= (1/20 )4
3 | E S T F o r m u l a s
Compiled by: MIT - TEAM4A [Santos, Moreno, Mallari, Malana, Lineses, Jimenez, Garcia, Gamboa, Dahilog, Baduria]
FM Modulator Sensitivity
= Deviation Ratio
= ( ) Percent Modulation (FM)
% =
100 Carrier Swing
. . = 2 FM Bandwidth Carsons Rule
= 2 + (max ) FM Exact Bandwidth
= 2 FM Narrow Bandwidth
= 2 FM Wideband Bandwidth
= 2 Noise Phase Shift
= 1 ;
PM Modulator Sensitivity
=
NOISE
Effective Noise Bandwidth
= 2 Total Harmonic Distortion
% =
100 Noise Power
= Noise Voltage
= 12 + 22 + 32 + + 2 Shot Noise
= 2 Signal-to-Noise Ratio
/() = 10log(/) Signal-to-Noise Ratio
/() = 20log(/) Noise Factor
= (/)(/) Noise Figure
() = (/) (/) Total Noise Factor
= 1 + 2 11 + 3 112 + 4 1123
4 | E S T F o r m u l a s
Compiled by: MIT - TEAM4A [Santos, Moreno, Mallari, Malana, Lineses, Jimenez, Garcia, Gamboa, Dahilog, Baduria]
Equivalent Noise Temperature
= 290( 1)
RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION
Velocity of Propagation
=
Characteristic Impedance
=
Relative Permittivity
= Characteristic Impedance of a Medium
= 377
Power Density
= 2 Power Density
= Power Density
= 42 Effective Isotropic Radiated Power
=
Power Density
= 42 Electric Field Intensity
= 30
Effective Antenna Area
= Received Power
= 42 Effective Antenna Area
= 24 Snells Law
11 = 22 Refractive Index
= Snells Law
12 = 12
Critical Angle
= 1 21
5 | E S T F o r m u l a s
Compiled by: MIT - TEAM4A [Santos, Moreno, Mallari, Malana, Lineses, Jimenez, Garcia, Gamboa, Dahilog, Baduria]
Maximum Usable Frequency
= 1
Optimum Working Frequency
= 0.85 Distance between Transmitting and Receiving Antennas
= 17 + 17 Distance between Transmitting and Receiving Antennas
= 2 + 2 Free Space Loss
= 32.4 + 20 + 20 Time between Fades
= 2 Number of Cells
= 3.4642
ANTENNAS
Radial Length
= 142.5
Radiation Resistance
= 2
Antenna Efficiency
=
; = +
Dipole Gain
() = () 2.14 Antenna Power Gain
= Effective Isotropic Radiated Power
= Folded-Dipole Impedance
= 732 Helical Antenna Gain
= 15()23
Helical Antenna Beamwidth
= 52
Parabolic Antenna Beamwidth
= 222
Passive Reflector Gain
= 2042 Parabola Coupling Factor
= 4
6 | E S T F o r m u l a s
Compiled by: MIT - TEAM4A [Santos, Moreno, Mallari, Malana, Lineses, Jimenez, Garcia, Gamboa, Dahilog, Baduria]
TRANSMISSION LINES
Wavelength
=
Velocity Factor
= 1
= Velocity of Propagation
=
Propagation Time
=
Characteristic Impedance
= Characteristic Impedance of Parallel-Wire Cable
= 276
log
Characteristic Impedance of Balanced 4-wire
= 138
10 22 1 + 212
Characteristic Impedance of Balanced wire near Ground
= 276
10 2 1 + 22 Characteristic Impedance of Wires in Parallel near Ground
= 69
10 4 1 + 2 2 Characteristic Impedance of Balanced 2-wire near Ground
= 276
10 2 1 + 2412 Characteristic Impedance of Coaxial Cable
= 138
Reflection Coefficient
= +
Reflection Coefficient
= 1 + 1
Phase Shift
= (360)
Standing Wave Ratio
=
7 | E S T F o r m u l a s
Compiled by: MIT - TEAM4A [Santos, Moreno, Mallari, Malana, Lineses, Jimenez, Garcia, Gamboa, Dahilog, Baduria]
Standing Wave Ratio
= 1 + ||1 || Standing Wave Ratio
=
=
Standing Wave Ratio
= 1 + /1 / Load Power
= 4(1 + )2 Reflected Power
= 2 Load Power
= (1 2) Impedance Matching
12 = 122
Quarter-wavelength Transformer Characteristic Impedance
= Microstrip Characteristic Impedance
= 87 + 1.41 ln 5.980.8 +
Stripline Characteristic Impedence
= 60
ln 40.67 0.8 + Open-Wire (Microstrip) Transmission Line
= 120 ln +
FIBER OPTICS
Index of Refraction
=
= Snells Law
11 = 22 Critical Angle
= 1 21 Numerical Aperture
= 12 22 =
Maximum Acceptance Angle
= 1(12 22) Acceptance Cone
= 2
8 | E S T F o r m u l a s
Compiled by: MIT - TEAM4A [Santos, Moreno, Mallari, Malana, Lineses, Jimenez, Garcia, Gamboa, Dahilog, Baduria]
Single Mode Cutoff Wavelength
= 2122.405 Maximum Radius
= 0.383 Number of Modes
= 22 Bandwidth
= 12 Electrical Bandwidth
= 0.35
Fiber Attenuation
= 10/10 Photon Energy
= Total Rise Time
= 2 + 22 Bit Rate for UPRZ Code
= 1 Bit Rate for UPNRZ code
= 12
Bit Rate for NRZ Code
= 1 Bit Rate for RZ Code
= 12 Bandwidth-Distance Product
= 500
Responsivity
=
Responsivity
= 1234 Irradiance
=
9 | E S T F o r m u l a s
Compiled by: MIT - TEAM4A [Santos, Moreno, Mallari, Malana, Lineses, Jimenez, Garcia, Gamboa, Dahilog, Baduria]
TELEPHONY
Pulse Dialing Duration
= (0.1) + ( 1) Tone Dialing Duration
= + ( 1) DC Loop Resistance
= 0.10952 Grade of Service
=
Traffic Intensity
= Carried Traffic
= (1 ) Trunk Utilization
=
Via Net Loss
= 0.2 + 0.4() Crosstalk Decibel Unit
= 90 Number of Full-Duplex Cellular Channels
=
Total Channel Capacity in a Cellular Area
= Frequency Reuse Factor
=
Co-Channel Reuse Ratio
=
Co-Channel Reuse Ratio
= 3 AMPS Transmit Carrier Frequency
= 0.03 + 825 = 0.03( 1023) + 825
AMPS Receive Carrier Frequency
= + 45 GSM Frequency Shift between Mark and Space
= 0.5 GSM Maximum Transmitted Frequency
= + 0.25 GSM Minimum Transmitted Frequency
= 0.25 CDMA Radiated Power
= 76
10 | E S T F o r m u l a s
Compiled by: MIT - TEAM4A [Santos, Moreno, Mallari, Malana, Lineses, Jimenez, Garcia, Gamboa, Dahilog, Baduria]
MICROWAVE DEVICES
Waveguide Longer Dimension
= 2 Rectangular Waveguide Cutoff Frequency
= 2 Rectangular Waveguide Cutoff Wavelength
= 2 Circular Waveguide Cutoff Wavelength
= 2 Group Velocity
= 1 22 Group Velocity
= 1 2 Phase Velocity
= 1 22
Phase Velocity
= 1 2
Group and Phase Velocity
= 2 Waveguide Characteristic Impedance
= 3771 2
Guide Wavelength
= Guide Wavelength
= 1 2
Magnetron Average Power
= Magnetron Duty Cycle
=
Horn Antenna Gain
= 7.52
11 | E S T F o r m u l a s
Compiled by: MIT - TEAM4A [Santos, Moreno, Mallari, Malana, Lineses, Jimenez, Garcia, Gamboa, Dahilog, Baduria]
H-Plane Beamwidth
= 70 E-Plane Beamwidth
= 56 Radar Equation
= 22(4)34 Radar Distance
= 2 Maximum Unambiguous Range
= 2 = 2
Minimum Usable Frequency
= 2 Doppler Shift Frequency
= 2
TERRESTRIAL MICROWAVE
Distance between Transmitter and Receiver
( ) = 2( ) + 2( ) ( ) = 17( ) + 17( )
K-Factor
= 11 0.046650.005577
Effective Earth Radius
= Earth Curvature
= 1( )2( )1.5 = 1( )2( )12.75
Fresnel Zone
= 17.3 1( )2( )( )1( )2( ) = 72.1 1( )2( )( )1( )2( )
Fresnel Zone Clearance
= 0.61
12 | E S T F o r m u l a s
Compiled by: MIT - TEAM4A [Santos, Moreno, Mallari, Malana, Lineses, Jimenez, Garcia, Gamboa, Dahilog, Baduria]
Fresnel Zone Clearance
= 43.3 1( )2( )( )1( )2( )
= 10.4 1( )2( )( )1( )2( )
Nth Fresnel Zone Radius
= 1 Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP)
= ( ) + () =
Free Space Loss
= 32.4 + 20( ) + 20( ) = 92.4 + 20( ) + 20( ) = 36.6 + 20( ) + 20( ) = 96.6 + 20( ) + 20( )
Isotropic Radiated Power (IRL)
( ) = Ratio of the Received to Transmitted Power
() = ( ) + ( ) () Availability
= +
Unavailability
= +
Reliability
= (1 ) 100 Antenna and Feedline Equivalent Noise Temperature
= ( 1)290 + Equivalent Noise Temperature
= 290( 1) Energy per Bit per Noise Density Ratio
= Noise Power Density
= Carrier-to-Noise Ratio
() = ( )
Receive Signal Level (RSL)
( ) = ( ) + () + () ()
Fade Margin
= 30 + 10 log(6 ) 10 log(1 ) 70
13 | E S T F o r m u l a s
Compiled by: MIT - TEAM4A [Santos, Moreno, Mallari, Malana, Lineses, Jimenez, Garcia, Gamboa, Dahilog, Baduria]
DIGITAL AND DATA COMMUNICATIONS
Coding Efficiency
=
Hamming Code 2 + + 1 Baud-to-Bit rate Conversion
= 2 Processing Gain
() = (/) (/) Shannon-Hartley Theorem on Information Capacity
= 2(1 + /) Aliasing Frequency
= M-ary Encoding
= 2 FSK Frequency Deviation
= | |2 FSK Minimum Bandwidth
= 2( + ) FSK Baud Rate
=
BPSK Minimum Double-Sided Nyquist Bandwidth
= QPSK Nyquist Bandwidth
= 2 8-PSK / 8-QAM Nyquist Bandwidth
= 3 16-PSK / 16-QAM Nyquist Bandwidth
= 4 Bandwidth Efficiency
= Dynamic Range
= 1.76 + 6.02() Dynamic Range
=
Dynamic Range
= 2 1 Maximum Quantization Error
= 2 Data Rate
=
14 | E S T F o r m u l a s
Compiled by: MIT - TEAM4A [Santos, Moreno, Mallari, Malana, Lineses, Jimenez, Garcia, Gamboa, Dahilog, Baduria]
-Law Companding
= ln 1 + ln(1 + ) Intersymbol Interference
= 20 log
ACOUSTICS & BROADCASTING
Sound Loudness
= 40 + 10 2() Sound Power Level (PWL)
= 1010() = 10 10 + 120
Sound Power Level from an Isotropic Source
= + 20 10 + 11 Sound Power Level from a Source at Ground Level
= + 20 10 + 8 Sound Pressure Level (SPL)
= 2010() = 20 10 + 94
Sound Intensity
= 42
Sound Intensity Level (SIL)
= 1010( ) = 10 10 + 120
Nth Decade
2 = 1 10 Reverberation Time Stephen and Bate Equation
60 = 0.0123 + 0.1070 Sabine Equation
60 = 0.161 60 = 0.161 60 = 0.049 60 = 0.049
Norris-Eyring Equation
60 = 0.161 (1 ) 60 = 0.049 (1 )
Helmholtz Resonator Frequency
= 2 f-rating
=
15 | E S T F o r m u l a s
Compiled by: MIT - TEAM4A [Santos, Moreno, Mallari, Malana, Lineses, Jimenez, Garcia, Gamboa, Dahilog, Baduria]
Alumination
= 2
Y-signal
= 0.30 + 0.59 + 0.11 I-signal
= 0.60 0.28 0.32 Q-signal
= 0.21 0.52 0.31 C-signal magnitude
= 2 + 2 C-signal phase
= 1
Video Frequency Response
= 80 Differential Gain
= 1 100 Tape Recorded Wavelength
=
Channel Frequency (Ch.2-4)
= 54 + 6( 2) Channel Frequency (Ch.7-13)
= 174 + 6( 7) Channel Frequency (Ch.14-83)
= 470 + 6( 14) Picture Carrier Frequency
= + 1.25 Sound Carrier Frequency
= + 1.25 + 4.5 Color Sub-Carrier Frequency
= + 1.25 + 3.58 Velocity of Sound in Terms of Youngs Modulus and Density
= Horizontal Scanning Time in terms of number of pixels
= 0.125
From:
ECE Solutions in Electronics Systems & Technologies (Arceo & De Vera)