Post on 30-May-2018
8/14/2019 Action Plan Bihar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/action-plan-bihar 1/58
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 ANNUAL PLAN OF ACTION UNDER NATIONAL HORTICULTURE MISSION 2005-06............ 1
1.1 BACKGROUND I NFORMATION ................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 STATUS OF HORTICULTURE IN BIHAR .................................................................................................... 1
1.2.1 Fruits ................................................................................................................................................ 2 1.2.2 Vegetables.........................................................................................................................................2 1.2.3 Spices................................................................................................................................................2
1.3 POTENTIAL FOR HORTICULTURE ............................................................................................................ 2
2 PROJECT DETAILS.................................................................................................................................. 3
2.1 PROJECT OBJECTIVE AND STRATEGY ......................................................................................................3 2.2 TECHNICAL SUPPORT GROUP................................................................................................................. 4 2.3 METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................................................................... 4 2.4 DETAILED ACTION PLAN 2005-06 ......................................................................................................... 5
2.4.1 Mango............................................................................................................................................... 6 2.4.2 Litchi ............................................................................................................................................... 13 2.4.3 Banana............................................................................................................................................ 17 2.4.4 Guava..............................................................................................................................................20
2.4.5 Constraints in Production....... ............ ............. ........... ............. ............ ............. ........... ............. ...... 22 2.4.6 Pineapple........................................................................................................................................23 2.4.7 Flowers ...........................................................................................................................................25 2.4.8 Multi Line Processing Unit............. ........... ............. ............. ............ ............. ........... ............. .......... 26 2.4.9 Vegetable Seed Production............. ........... ............. ............. ............ ............. ........... ............. .......... 27 2.4.10 Private Sector............................................................................................................................. 28 2.4.11 Infrastructure ........... ........... ............. ............ ............. ........... ............. ............ ............. ........... ..... 29
2.5 PROTECTED CULTIVATION................................................................................................................... 30 2.5.1 Green House (Hi – Tech)... ............. ............. ........... ............. ............ ............. ........... ............. .......... 30 2.5.2 Green House (Normal) ........... ............ ............. ........... ............. ............ ............. ........... ............. ...... 30 2.5.3 Mulching.........................................................................................................................................31 2.5.4 Shadenets........................................................................................................................................32 2.5.5 Plastic Tunnels.............. ........... ............. ............ ............. ........... ............. ............ ............. ............. ... 32
2.6 PROMOTION OF I NTEGRATED PLANT NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT ..........................................................33 2.6.1
Land availability............................................................................................................................. 34
2.6.2 Target..............................................................................................................................................34 2.6.3 Annual action plan in detail - 2005 – 2006 ............ ............. ............ ............. ........... ............. .......... 34 2.6.4 Research and Training............ ............ ........... ............. ............. ............ ............. ........... ............. ...... 34 2.6.5 Promotion of Integrated Nutrient Management in Fruit crops........ ............. ........... ............. .......... 35 2.6.6 Promotion of Integrated Nutrient Management in Vegetables ............ ............. ........... ............. ...... 35 2.6.7 Plant Health Clinics.............. ........... ............. ............. ............ ............. ........... ............. ............ ........ 35 2.6.8 Leaf / Tissue Analysis Lab .............................................................................................................. 35 2.6.9 Rapid tissue tests for nitrate ........... ............ ............ ............. ............ ............. ........... ............. .......... 36
2.7 PROMOTION OF I NTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT .............................................................................. 38 2.7.1 Rationale of the Project ..................................................................................................................38
2.8 HUMAN R ESOURCE DEVELOPMENT ..................................................................................................... 39 2.8.1 Farmers Training.......... ........... ............. ............ ............. ............. ........... ............ ............. ............. ... 42 2.8.2 Officers Training ........... ............. ............ ............. ........... ............. ............. ............ ........... ............. .. 42 2.8.3 Human resource development in Agri Export Zone........ ............. ............. ............ ........... ............. .. 42
2.9 CREATION OF WATER R ESOURCES.......................................................................................................43 2.10 MARKET DEVELOPMENT...................................................................................................................... 44
2.10.1 Wholesale / Terminal Market ..................................................................................................... 45 2.10.2 Rural Markets/ Direct market ............ ............. ........... ............. ............. ............ ........... ............. .. 46 2.10.3 Functional Infrastructure for Collection, Grading etc. ........... ............. ............ ........... ............. .. 46 2.10.4 Market led extension, awareness training and evaluation............. ............. ............ ........... ............. .. 47
2.11 MISSION MANAGEMENT ...................................................................................................................... 47 2.11.1 Institutional strengthening and Hire/ Purchase of vehicles ........... ............. ............ ........... ............. .. 47 2.11.1 Collaboration with International Agencies .......... ............. ............. ........... ............. ............ ........ 48 2.11.2 Monitoring and Evaluation ............ ........... ............. ............. ............ ............. ........... ............. ...... 48 2.11.3 Proposed Budget ........... ............. ............. ........... ............. ............ ............. ........... ............. .......... 48
8/14/2019 Action Plan Bihar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/action-plan-bihar 2/58
ii
3 PROGRAMME BENEFITS .....................................................................................................................49
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 1 MATRIX- DISTRICT & CROP IDENTIFIED ................................................................................................... 6 TABLE 2 AREA, PRODUCTION AND PRODUCTIVITY OF MANGO IN I NDIA ..................................................................6 TABLE 3 GROWTH PATTERN OF MANGO IN BIHAR ................................................................................................... 7 TABLE 4 SEASONAL AVAILABILITY OF MANGO ......................................................................................................8 TABLE 5 TWO CONCENTRATED BELTS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED IN THE STATE FOLLOWING THE CLUSTER APPROACH.
....................................................................................................................................................................... 8 TABLE 6 I NTERVENTIONS FOR MANGO .................................................................................................................. 13 TABLE 7 GROWTH PATTERN OF LITCHI IN BIHAR .................................................................................................. 14 TABLE 8 IDENTIFIED CLUSTERS FOR LITCHI .......................................................................................................... 15 TABLE 9 SEASON OF AVAILABILITY....................................................................................................................... 15 TABLE 10 I NTERVENTIONS FOR LITCHI.................................................................................................................. 17 TABLE 11 GROWTH PATTERN OF BANANA IN BIHAR .............................................................................................17 TABLE 12 SEASON OF AVAILABILITY.....................................................................................................................18 TABLE 13 I NTERVENTION OF BANANA .................................................................................................................. 20 TABLE 14 AREA, PRODUCTION AND PRODUCTIVITY OF GUAVA............................................................................. 20 TABLE 15 I NTERVENTION OF GUAVA ....................................................................................................................23
TABLE 16 I NTERVENTION OF PINEAPPLE ............................................................................................................... 25 TABLE 17 AREA AND PRODUCTION OF FLOWERS UNDER OPEN CULTIVATION ( 2004-05)...................................... 26 TABLE 18 BUDGET R EQUIREMENT ........................................................................................................................ 30 TABLE 19 BUDGET R EQUIREMENT ........................................................................................................................ 31 TABLE 20 DISTRICT WISE CONSTRUCTION OF POLYHOUSES AND INCURRED COST UNDER THEM............................ 31 TABLE 21 BUDGET R EQUIREMENT ........................................................................................................................ 31 TABLE 22 BUDGET R EQUIREMENT ........................................................................................................................ 32 TABLE 23 BUDGET R EQUIREMENT ........................................................................................................................ 32 TABLE 24 DISTRICT WISE AREA UNDER DIFFERENT CROPS USED IN MULCHING AND COST INCURRED.................... 32 TABLE 25 DISTRICT WISE AREA UNDER SHADENETS AND COST INCURRED ............................................................ 33 TABLE 26 AREA ALLOCATIONS FOR DIFFERENT CROPS FOR POLY TUNNELS AND INCURRED COST UNDER THEM ...33 TABLE 27 SUMMARY OF BUDGET .......................................................................................................................... 33 TABLE 28 TOTAL BUDGET TO EXECUTE ACTION PLAN (2005-06).......................................................................... 37 TABLE 29 WORK PLAN FOR PROMOTION OF IPM OF HORTICULTURE VEGETABLE & CROPS IN BIHAR ................... 38
TABLE 30 BUDGET ESTIMATE (PROMOTION OF IPM THROUGH DEMONSTRATION)............................................... 39 TABLE 31 SUMMARY OF BUDGET UNDER IPM....................................................................................................... 39 TABLE 32 BUDGET FOR GARDENER ’S AND SUPERVISOR ’S TRAINING DURING 2005-06..........................................43 TABLE 33 THE PHYSICAL AND FINANCIAL PROGRAMME ARE AS UNDER ................................................................ 44 TABLE 34 DISTRICT WISE BREAK UP OF PHYSICAL AND FINANCIAL PROGRAMME OF COMMUNITY TASKS ............. 44 TABLE 35 I NTERVENTION OF MARKETING STRUCTURE......................................................................................... 46
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1 GROWTH PATTERN OF MANGO IN BIHAR .................................................................................................. 7 FIGURE 2 GROWTH PATTERN OF LITCHI IN BIHAR .................................................................................................. 14 FIGURE 3 GROWTH PATTERN OF BANANA IN BIHAR .............................................................................................. 18 FIGURE 4 GROWTH PATTERN OF GUAVA IN BIHAR ................................................................................................ 20
LIST OF MAPS
MAP 1 IDENTIFIED CLUSTERS IN BIHAR ...................................................................................................................5 MAP 2 SELECTED MANGO DISTRICTS IN BIHAR ........................................................................................................8 MAP 3 SELECTED LITCHI DISTRICTS IN BIHAR .......................................................................................................15 MAP 4 SELECTED BANANA DISTRICTS IN BIHAR .................................................................................................... 18 MAP 5 SELECTED GUAVA DISTRICT IN BIHAR ........................................................................................................22 MAP 6 SELECTED PINEAPPLE DISTRICTS IN BIHAR ................................................................................................. 24 MAP 7 MULTI PRODUCT PROCESSING LINE...........................................................................................................27
8/14/2019 Action Plan Bihar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/action-plan-bihar 3/58
[A]
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Bihar with a geographical area of 94,163 sq km (2.85 % of the country) is located in the
eastern part of the country. It is bordered on the north by the Kingdom of Nepal, on the west
by Uttar Pradesh, south by Jharkhand, and north – east by West Bengal. The state ranks
fourth in fruit production and third in vegetable production in the country. The total area
under horticulture crops at present is 7.90 lakh hectares out of which 3 lakh hectares (ha) is
under fruits and 4.90 lakh ha is under vegetables.
Major fruits grown in the state are Mango, Litchi, Guava, Pineapple Citrus, Banana, Papaya
and Ber. And the prime growing areas are Muzaffarpur, Vaishali, Bhagalpur, Darbhanga,
Madhubani, Sitamarhi, Patna, West Champaran. Kishanganj, Purnea, Araria, Katihar and
Saharsa districts. The major vegetables grown on commercial scale in the state are
cauliflower, okra, brinjal, tomato, onion, chillies, cabbage, gourds, peas, cowpea and
melons.
The launching of National Horticulture Mission has come as an opportunity for the state to
develop concentrated pockets of plantation, rejuvenation of old orchards and creation of
post-harvest and marketing infrastructure. Accordingly, concentrated pockets of major crops
have been identified in four clusters of fourteen districts in the first year of implementation of
the mission programme. As such, the developmental strategy designed is based on present
crop versus area matrix. The cluster of areas and crops selected are:
Cluster-l : West Champaran, East Champaran, Muzaffarpur, Samastipur, Vaishali,
Dharbanga,
Cluster-ll : Araria, , Purnia, Kishanganj, Kathiar
Cluster – III : Bhagalpur, Banka, Munger
Cluster – IV : Patna, Nalanda, Gaya ( Vegetable Seed Production )
Crops identified for implementation under mission programme are Mango, Litchi, Guava,
Banana, Pineapple Summary of the physical and financial programmes of plantation /
rejuvenation of orchards and creation of post-harvest infrastructure is given in ensuing table.
The total outlay proposed for annual action plan 2005-06 is Rs.8448 lakhs.
As good planting material is the first and foremost need for exploration of the commercial
horticulture, nursery development has been proposed on 70 ha. Under the action plan, 3400
ha have been proposed for area expansion and 15000 ha for rejuvenation in mango, litchi
and guava. This would provide additional production of 51400 MT of Mango, Banana,
Guava, Litchi and Pineapple from an area expansion of 3200 ha. The programme is
8/14/2019 Action Plan Bihar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/action-plan-bihar 4/58
[B]
expected to generate additional income of Rs.2465 lakhs at full bearing stage. Likewise,
development of post-harvest infrastructure and organized marketing through modernization
of rural and urban markets would lead to the prevention of post-harvest losses up to 5 per
cent of the production. Although, it is difficult to quantify the actual financial gains.
Generation of employment with area expansion, rejuvenation and creation of nursery wouldbe 9.6 lacs man days. Capacity building of the local human resource shall further trigger the
mechanism of doubling the production of horticulture produce and having multiplier effect.
S.No.
Programme Phy Fin
1 Production of planting material
a) Public sector
i. Model nursery (4 ha) 12 171.00
ii, Small Nursery (I ha.) 20 45.00
iii. Rehab of existing Tissue culture units 1 8.00
Sub-total 224.00
b. Vegetable seed production
i. Seed and Seedling Production 180 65.00c. Seed infrastructure 17 88.00
Sub-total 153.00
2 Establishment of new gardens (ha.)
i. Fruits (Perennials)
i- Perennials 2000 450.00
ii. Fruits (Non-Perennials) (Banana 600) ( Pineapple 600 ha) 1200 180.00
iii Rejuventation / productivity enhancement 15,000 2250.00
Sub-total 2880.00
3 Floriculture 100 9.96
3 Creation of water resources sources 36 360.00
4 Protected cultivation 90.35
5 Promotion of INM/IPM 220.50
6 HRD including horticulture institute 194.10
7 Pollination support through beekeeping 800 40.008 Technology Dissamination 60.00
9 Post Harvest Management 450.25
10. Est. of Marketing Infrastructure for horticultural produce 1767.50
11. Innovative projects including ongoing programme 608.50
12. MISSION MANAGEMENT 1750.00
GRANT TOTAL 8448.16
8/14/2019 Action Plan Bihar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/action-plan-bihar 5/58
1
1 ANNUAL PLAN OF ACTION UNDER NATIONAL HORTICULTURE MISSION 2005-06
1.1 Background Information
Geography & Climate: Bihar is located in the eastern part of the country. It is bordered on
the north by the Kingdom of Nepal, on the west by Uttar Pradesh, south by Jharkhand, and
north – east by West Bengal. Bihar with a geographical area of 94,163 sq km (2.85 % of the
country) lies between 210 58' to 27031' North Latitude and 83019' to 880 17' East longitude.
Bihar can be broadly divided into two physiographic units, the Plains and the Plateau. The
topography is mainly plain in the North, sloping towards the South has big rivers like
Ganges, Gandak, Kosi, flowing through it.
The population of the state of Bihar is 82 million as per the census 2001. The state enjoys a
continental monsoon type of climate owing to its great distance from the sea. Hence its
climate is tropical to sub tropical characterized by high temperature during summers, andmild during winter. The average annual rainfall varies from 1100 to 1250 mm. The mean
annual temperature of the State is 250 C with mean annual maximum of 390 C and mean
annual minimum of 110 C.
The state is divided into three agro – climatic zones:
Agro–Climatic Zone I
North Bihar Plains (West Champaran, East Champaran, Gopalganj, Siwan, Saran, Sitamarhi
Muzaffarpur, Vaishali, Madhubani, Darbhanga, Samastipur).
Agro–Climatic Zone II
North Eastern (Saharsa, Araria, Madhepura, Kishanganj, Purnia, Katihar, begusarai,
Khagaria).
Agro–Climatic Zone III
South Bihar Plains (Bhojpur, Patna, Rohtas Nalanda, Aurangabad, Gaya, Jehanabad,
Nawada, Munger, Bhagalpur).
1.2 Status of Horticulture in Bihar
Horticulture crops are currently grown over an area of 7.90 lakh hectares consisting of 3 lakh
hectares (ha) under fruits, 4.90 lakh ha under vegetables. The state now ranks fourth in fruit
production and third in vegetable production in the country. The state is also one of the
leading producers of spices for which there is good demand for domestic as well as foreign
markets.
8/14/2019 Action Plan Bihar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/action-plan-bihar 6/58
2
1.2.1 Fruits
Major fruits grown in the state are Mango, Litchi, Guava, Pineapple, Citrus, Banana, Papaya
and Ber. Mango is grown all over the state, main growing areas are Muzaffarpur, Vaishali,
Bhagalpur, Darbhanga, Madhubani, Sitamarhi, Patna and West Champaran. Litchi is mainly
grown in Muzaffarpur, Vaishali, Sitamarhi, East and West Champaran and Darbhanga of
North Bihar region. Pineapple is grown in north- eastern part of the state particularly in
Kishanganj, Purnea, Araria, Katihar and Saharsa districts.
1.2.2 Vegetables
Presently the total area under different vegetable crops in Bihar is 4.90 lakh ha with a
production of 7.5 lakh tonnes, the annual productivity being 15 m t /ha. The major vegetables
grown on commercial scale in the state are cauliflower, okra, brinjal, tomato, onion, chillies,
cabbage, gourds, peas, cowpea and melons.
1.2.3 Spices
Many spices are grown commercially in the state. At present Bihar produces about 1 lakh
tonnes of spices annually from an area of nearly 46,590 ha. The important spices are
Ginger, Turmeric, Chilly, Coriander, and Garlic.
1.3 Potential for Horticulture
The agro-climatic diversity in the State with its high rainfall distributed over a five-month
monsoon and a reasonably long and moderate winter allows for a variety of horticultural
crops to be grown. The agro-climatic conditions are eminently suitable for perennial fruit
crops like mango, litchi, guava, and limes; annual fruit crops like banana, pineapple and
papaya; spices like ginger, turmeric and chilly, a variety of roots and tubers and a whole
range of vegetables. Of late, floriculture is also showing excellent prospects. The State thus
enjoys a natural comparative advantage for horticulture with possibilities for growing a
diversified basket of fruits, vegetables, spices, tubers and flowers; whose potential has not
been exploited.
8/14/2019 Action Plan Bihar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/action-plan-bihar 7/58
3
2 PROJECT DETAILS
2.1 Project objective and strategy
National Horticulture Mission (NHM) will be implemented in Bihar to promote holistic growth
of the horticulture sector covering fruits, vegetable seed production, spices and flowers.While area expansion and enhancement of production and productivity of perennial fruits
and non-perennial fruits like mango, litchi, pineapple , banana, spices, flowers & vegetables
will form the core of the programme; development of nurseries to support the area
expansion, including creation of infrastructure for infusion of modern micro-propagation
technologies, and the development of marketing & storage infrastructure, processing
industries and proper market linkages will also be aimed to be achieved.
In achieving the targeted area expansion under different crops the following strategies will be
adopted.
Awareness building through extension and information dissemination on crop
possibilities and market demand. The State Horticulture extension machinery as well as
private sector extension will have a role to play in this.
Quality planting material – grafts, gootees (air layers), seedlings, micro-propagules - will
be made available for orchard development – both through the Govt. machinery as well
as through private sector participation. This will include seed material for tubers and
spices, and certified seeds of vegetables and spices.
Technical support services will be made available at the doorstep of farmers to ensure
adoption of appropriate crop production and PHM technologies by farmers.
The role of the private sector will be encouraged through contract farming arrangements.
The State machinery as well as the private sector, through contract farming
arrangements, will have a role in extension, supply of quality planting material and
provision of technical support services.
Organic farming in production of vegetables and spices will be encouraged. Since much
of traditional horticulture in Bihar has relied on organic methods; the state has strength in
this area.
Since marketing has been identified as the primary constraining factor in development of
the Horticulture sector a well-coordinated strategy will be followed for development of
marketing infrastructure and market linkages. The following strategic interventions have
been planned:
In promoting area expansion, choice of crops and of varieties will be geared to the
market and to the needs of the processing units and exporters
8/14/2019 Action Plan Bihar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/action-plan-bihar 8/58
4
Development of market linkages through promotion of a chain of marketing operators
viz. consolidators, traders, and commission agents will be attempted. For this
purpose the necessary regulatory framework will be put in place through amendment
of the APMC Act so that value chain is maintained.
Establishment of appropriate Post Harvest Management Infrastructure will beaccorded priority. While the private sector will be assigned primary role, the existing
public sector agencies will also play a major role as catalyst.
Market development will be based on a market study and a comprehensive Master
Plan has been assigned to a consultant.
For Improvement of the supply chain facilities for sorting / grading / packaging/
storage and transportation will be promoted. Provision will be made for development
of collection centers and transportation to local markets.
A chain of cold storages and a network of reefer vans will be promoted at all
important centers identified through the above study in the cooperative/private/ public
sector.
For exploiting Industrial / Urban markets of neighboring States, development of trade
channels will be encouraged.
Close link with APEDA for export potential.
2.2 Technical Support Group
The state Mission will have a strong technical component and will be the centre of mission
management. Technical support to the mission at state level will be provided by the National
Horticulture Board, as per the operational guidelines to formulate, appraise and monitor the
implementation of the mission’s programmes. The Technical Support Group (TSG) housed
in the NHB, will have flexible norms for recruiting professionals in contract. The TSG would
comprise of personnel at different levels, who will provide the technical services in
accordance with the terms of reference laid for the purpose and approved by EC.
TSG will have the following role and functions:
To visit the districts regularly and frequently to provide guidance in organizational and
technical matters.
To compile materials for conduct of regional workshops in respect of different plantationsand different aspects viz, production, post- harvest management, processing, marketing
To mount supervision and evaluation mission.
Assist the state mission in capacity building programmes.
2.3 Methodology
In developing the Action Plan, the thrust has been on area approach and promotion of
Horticultural crops in compact patches and in cluster villages. While selecting the clusters,
8/14/2019 Action Plan Bihar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/action-plan-bihar 9/58
5
comparative advantage of crops like marketing opportunities, seasonal advantage, local
consumption, export/import substitution scope for intensification and productivity
improvement have been taken into consideration. Besides contiguity of the potential area for
expansion has also been kept in view so that enhanced production and productivity in these
regions is taken care of. The methodology of selecting clusters of contiguous areas andpotential crops shall entail focused approach as this will integrate all the activities for
commercial uptake of the horticulture in that area. This will lead to economic development of
the area as the crops selected have comparative advantages.
The activities identified for this mission shall be implemented in project mode rather than
generic developmental programme of state.
2.4 Detailed Action Plan 2005-06
Based on geographical and climatic conditions of the growing belts, potential for expansion
following 15 districts have been identified in clusters:
Cluster-l : West Champaran, East Champaran, Muzaffarpur, Samastipur, Vaishali,Dharbanga,
Cluster-ll : Araria, , Purnia, Kishanganj, Kathiar Cluster – III : Bhagalpur, Banka, Munger Cluster – IV : Patna, Nalanda, Gaya
Map 1 Identified clusters in Bihar
8/14/2019 Action Plan Bihar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/action-plan-bihar 10/58
6
The crops selected are Mango, Litchi, Guava, Banana and Pineapple. The integrated
approach would be adopted for development of plantation, creation of post harvest system
and development of marketing Infrastructure in identified crop to make them hubs of
activities for doubling the production and enhancing marketing as per the matrix below:
Table 1 Matrix- District & Crop Identified
S.No
District Mango Litchi Banana Guava Pineapple Veg, seedpro.
Cluster I
1 West Champaran
2. East Champaran
3. Muzaffarpur
4. Samastipur
5. Vaishali
6. Dharbanga
Cluster II
7. Araria
8. Kishanganj 9 Purnia
10 Kathiar
Cluster III
11. Bhagalpur
12. Banka
13. Munger
Cluster IV
14. Patna 15. Gaya 16. Nalanda
Crop - wise strategy proposed to be adopted in the action plan 2005-06 is discussed below:
2.4.1 Mango
Mango is grown almost in all the states of India. Andhra Pradesh tops the list of mango-
producing states, with highest acreage as well as production. Bihar stands third in mango
production in the country. Its share to the national production is nearly 12 % of cultivars like
Maldah/ Langra, Sipias, Gulabkhas, Krishnbhog, Zardalu and Chausa are grown
commercially and having good domestic demand.
Table 2 Area, production and productivity of mango in India
Area (ha) Production tonnes Productivity
(tonnes/ha)
State
2000-01 2001-02 2000-01 2001-02 2000-01 2001-02
Uttar Pradesh 2,49,100 2,53,000 22,50,300 19,50,000 9.00 7.70
Bihar 1,39,068 1,39,300 11,12,662 12,53,500 8.00 9.00
West Bengal 62,500 65,400 3,80,300 5,85,000 6.10 8.94
It is clear from the data that Bihar productivity is much higher than the bordering states and
national average.
8/14/2019 Action Plan Bihar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/action-plan-bihar 11/58
7
2.4.1.1 Comparative Advantage of Bihar Mango
Mango is the major fruit covers about 48.5% of the total fruit area in the state. Bihar has
distinctive comparative advantage of producing good quality mango in respect of certain
varieties like Safed Maldah, Mallika and Zardalu. The distinct feature of Bihar mango is that
it contains high pulp content, less fibrous, thin skin, good in taste and also local consumption
is high. Therefore, due to high domestic demand, there is needed to increase area under
Safed Maldah and Zardalu variety. The Bhagalpur mango has marketing advantage as it is
being marketed to Siliguri (North- East India).
Table 3 Growth pattern of mango in Bihar
YEAR AREA( 000 ha)
PRODUCTION(000 MT)
PRODUCTIVITY(MT/ha)
1991-92 146232 1462320 10.0
1992-93 147059 1764708 12.0
1993-94 150527 1806324 12.0
1994-95 149490 1793152 12.01995-96 150512 1806144 12.0
1996-97 151755 910410 6.0
1997-98 148595 1783140 12.0
1998-99 143686 1772232 12.33
1999-2000 138500 1742601 12.58
2000-01 139068 1112544 8.0
2001-02 139283 1253547 9.0
Source: Indian Horticulture database, NHB, Directorate of Horticulture, Bihar
Figure 1 Growth pattern of mango in Bihar
The above table reveals that the area under Mango has been decreasing from 146232 ha to
139283 ha in 2001-02 which is 4% decrease in last decade. Similarly, decrease in
production have shown and it is 14% over 1991-92. The productivity has also gone down
from 10MT/ha in 1991-92 to 9 MT/ha in 2001-02, which is higher than the national average
level. Research and Development Organization of the state should find out problems &
constraints of this important fruit and take remedial measures.
GROWTH PATTERN OF AREA
130000
135000
140000
145000
150000
155000
91-
92
92-
93
93-
94
94-
95
95-
96
96-
97
97-
98
98-
99
99-
00
00-
01
20
01-
02
YEARS
A R E A I N
H A C
AREA
GROWTH PATTERN OF PRODUCITON
0
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
9 1 - 9 2
9 2 - 9 3
9 3 - 9 4
9 4 - 9 5
9 5 - 9 6
9 6 - 9 7
9 7 - 9 8
9 8 - 9 9
9 9 - 0 0
0 0 - 0 1
2 0 0 1
- 0 2
YEARS
P R O D U C
T I O N I
N T
O N
PRODUCITON
8/14/2019 Action Plan Bihar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/action-plan-bihar 12/58
8
Table 4 Seasonal Availability of Mango
State Season of availability
Important cultivars
Bihar June to July Maldah, Zardalu, Sipias, Mallika etc.
Additionally, the thrust on mango shall have multiplier effect to increase its productivity which
is the biggest concern in the state. Demand for mangoes is increasing day-by-day. It is going
to further increase in future due to population growth, urbanization and increased use in
processing.
2.4.1.2 Concentrated pockets
Table 5 Two concentrated belts have been identified in the state following the cluster approach.
IdentifiedCluster
District Area(ha)
Productiontones
Productivity(tonnes/ha)
Cluster-I Muzzafarpur, Vaishali, Darbhanga, Samastipur, E.
Champaran, W. Champaran
49503 396024 8.0
Cluster-II Banka, Munger, Bhagalpur 14298 114384 8.0
Map 2 Selected mango districts in Bihar
2.4.1.3 Constraints in production
There are several constraints in mango production. Some of them are region- specific, while
others are common to all the regions. Common constraints which are experienced in most of
the regions are described below:
8/14/2019 Action Plan Bihar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/action-plan-bihar 13/58
9
Inadequate availability of disease-free planting material, especially new cultivars
Predominance of senile and unproductive orchards
Poor management, especially pest infestations and nutrient deficiencies
Absence of agronomical practices
Slow adoption of improved and commercially accepted cultivars and varieties Most of the orchards are owned by absentee landlords & being presently managed by
contractors, so no proper care and management is being taken up.
2.4.1.4 Development of Nurseries
As the availability of quality planting materials is the paramount need to increase
productivity, eight model nurseries (4 ha each) and 10 small nurseries (one ha each) have
been proposed out of which only 5 small nurseries shall be in the private sector and rest 5 in
public sector. Total plant production capacity is 30 lakh annually. Model nursery will have
facilities like shed net, improved irrigation system, mother trees, propagation chambers etc
and utilized for other related crops propagation also. The areas for setting up model nursery
are W.Champaran (1), E. Champaran (1), Bhagalpur (1), Munger (1), Banka(1), Vaishali (2),
Dharbanga (1). The small nurseries will be set up in Dharbanga (4),Vaishali (2), Bhagalpur
(4).
As far as possible, the general approach followed shall be to have these units on the land of
public sector farms that have developed some basic facilities like well, lift-pump and its
house, developed land, fencing etc. so the incremental facilities out of mission funds shall
focus on their infrastructure up-gradation like efficient irrigation system through sprinkler/
fertigation, net-houses, propagation tools and spray equipment etc. that shall help produce
quality produce. For the scientific development of nurseries, the modern concept shall be
employed wherein
The foundation trees shall be maintained under the supervision of university experts
whether the trees exist in the university compound or the progeny-cum-demonstration
farms with the department that exist in most of the states.
Mother trees so raised shall be in the compound of private registered nursery men to
match their production capacity in relation to the demand of the area so that these may
sustain.
Department shall work as the certification agency to check the authenticity of the plants
so produced, instead of becoming the sale agent itself.
8/14/2019 Action Plan Bihar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/action-plan-bihar 14/58
10
2.4.1.5 Area Expansion
Mango in Bihar is cultivated in about 1, 10,000 ha, and its productivity is 9 tonnes/ha. Even
neighbouring state like Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal have average productivity of
8MT/ha. This shows although productivity is higher than the national average but it is lower
than the best. Thus, there is an urgent need to adopt better growing practices like use of
inputs, balanced nutrition, IPM practices, in the mango pockets. New plantations shall cover
900ha with high-density concept, hybrid varieties coupled with modern system of irrigation,
management etc. Simultaneously, activities of rejuvenation shall be started to increase
productivity of the existing orchards of three thousand five hundreds ha rejuvenation of old
and senile orchards shall include top-working, fertigation and gap filling in the existing
plantations. The area for rejuvenation will be about 10,000 ha.
Before all such intended areas are covered with plants that are available in the state, as
nurseries shall take minimum two years to yield salable plants, evaluation of the existing
planting material shall be undertaken by a committee of local representatives of ICAR, NHB
and state government with the following mandate.
Quantity of the plants available
Authenticity to prove true-to-type weather the scion material have been taken from the
trees exhibiting true characters of the intended variety
Status of disease freeness from the general conditions of the area
Probable time of their availability.
This approach of increasing production through area expansion and new hi-tech plantations
of disease-free quality planting material coupled with appropriate inputs will lead to
increased productivity.
There are certain common constraints in mango production and for alleviating these; action
on following is required to be taken up in all the regions:
Making disease-free quality planting material of improved cultivars available.
Upgrading efficiency of orchards by gap filling and rejuvenation
Providing required nutrients based on leaf analysis.
2.4.1.6 Integrated pest and disease management practices
Integrated pest management practices for controlling mango-hopper, mealy bug, fruit fly,
leaf-hopper, shoot-borer, bark-eating caterpillar and scale insects have been standardized
by CISH, Lucknow, IIHR, Bangalore and SAU’,s need to be adopted. Details of various
practices can be obtained from CISH, Lucknow. Similarly for diseases and mango
8/14/2019 Action Plan Bihar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/action-plan-bihar 15/58
11
malformation, IPM practices have been already standardized need to be adopted. Because
of recent WTO norms, we have to come up with plant-protection practices employing more
of biological control and IPM practices to minimize pesticide residues
2.4.1.7 Research and Developmental efforts
Research and developmental efforts need to be intensified to make its cultivation more
remunerative. Following areas require specific thrusts by SAU’s and State Horticulture
Departments:
Improvement work on mango has been taken up in all the regions and many improved
cultivars have been released. Some of them are very useful and have been reported to give
a fillip to mango cultivation and exports.
2.4.1.8 Management of spongy tissue, alternate-bearing and mango malformation
Research work on problems like spongy tissue, alternate - bearing and mango malformation
is going on for the last 50 years. However, still we have not been able to work out any
practical method to eliminate these maladies. It is therefore very important to intensify efforts
and come out with practical management measures.
2.4.1.9 Standardization of post-harvest management
Standardizing pre-harvest practices for production of quality mangoes of different
exportable varieties.
Facilities of pack-houses for post-harvest treatment like grading, fungicide treatment,packing, etc. need to be upgraded, so that quality of export worthy fruits is maintained.
2.4.1.10 Post-harvest infrastructure
With the anticipated increase in production volumes, quality at the consumer level can be
increased with appropriate post-harvest infrastructural facilities. Therefore, plan envisages
infrastructure like;
Three pack-houses: There will be three integrated packhouses at the market end.
Almost all the districts have come to a level of reasonable production and needs better
handling in terms of functional infrastructural facilities like sorting, grading, packing,
auction plate form, temporary storage etc at the rate of two groups of units in each of the
district. This will be undertaken in the existing markets to improve upon the existing
marketing systems wherein basic facilities of land, regulated market committee/
panchayat control already exist. These facilities at 27 places shall virtually lead to market
up-gradation and efficiency improvement. These packhouses will be 3 in each identified
districts at the field end.
8/14/2019 Action Plan Bihar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/action-plan-bihar 16/58
12
But one basic parameter of complimentarily shall be followed wherein infrastructural facilities
shall be shared between various crops of the command area as crops are seasonal and
management of facilities shall also be easy and economically viable.
2.4.1.11 Marketing
Entire produce of mango is marketed as fresh fruit and only a limited quantity is given post-harvest treatment for export purposes. There is a difference in ripening time of mangoes due
to differences in geographical location of mango-producing districts. Approximately 60% of
the horticultural produce are consumed by the local population or marketed in the nearby
markets and only 40% of the produce is channelised in the regulated markets for the
consumption of the urban population in big cities. In case of mango, since it is available from
May to July in the state, it is better to sell early or late crops in distant markets when
availability of this crop is lower side so that good prices could be fetched. Marketing of
Mango should be taken as under:-
The marketing channels in mango are as follows:
Early / Late Crops
State terminal markets like Patna, Bhagalpur,and Muzaffarpur
Distant markets like Delhi, Kolkata
Export markets like Bangladesh via West
Main Crops
60% local consumptions
40% urban marketing
District markets
Terminal markets
Producer VillageMerchant
CommissionAgent
Whole Seller
Producer CommissionAgent
Whole Seller
Producer Commission Agent inAssembling market
Commission Agent in other
markets
Producer Whole Seller Commission Agent in other markets
Producer Consumer
8/14/2019 Action Plan Bihar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/action-plan-bihar 17/58
13
The interventions proposed for mango under NHM are given below:
Table 6 Interventions for mango
S.N0. Component/Activity Location Rate of assistance per Unit (Rs.)
Total Cost(Rs. inlakh)
1. Production of planting material (a) Model Nursery -each 4 ha-
No.-8Public sec: 05
Private Sec: 03
W.Champaran (1), E. Champaran(1), Bhagalpur (1), Munger (1),Banka(1)
Vaishali (2), Dharbanga (1)
18.0 lakh
9.0 lakh
117
(b) Small Nursery (10 nos. each1 ha)Public sec: 05Private: 05
Dharbanga (5)
Vaishali (2), Bhagalpur (3)
3.0 lakh
1.5 lakh
22.5
2. Plantation of new Orchards(900 hectares)
Munger ( 450 ha)Banka ( 450 ha)
Rs. 22500/- ha. 202.5(50% will bereleased infirst year)
3. Rejuvenation of oldorchards (10000 ha.)
Muzaffarpur (2000ha),Bhagalpur ( 2000ha),
Dharbanga (1000 ha),Samastipur ( 1000 ha),Vaishali (2000 ha),W. Champaran ( 1000 ha),E. Champaran (1000 ha),
15000/- ha 1500
Post-harvest infrastructure
4. Pack-Houses (3 Nos.)(sorting/ grading line)
Rs 2.5 lakh each.Subsidy @ 25% for general area and33.33% for hillyareas)
1.875
5. Functional InfrastructureCollection/Grading Centers-27 Nos.
3 each in the selected districts Rs. 15 lakh25% -Gen33.33%- Tribal
101.25
Total 1945.12
2.4.2 Litchi
Bihar produces 70% of total litchi production of the country and occupies nearly 54% of the
area under litchi plantation in the country. In this state litchi is mainly cultivated in the districts
of Muzaffarpur, Vaishali, Sitamarhi, West & East Chaparan, Darbhanga, Samastipur. Litchi is
grown in area of about 28 thousand hectare with total production of about 3 Lakhs tonnes
and productivity 12 t/ha which is very high in comparison to average national productivity.
The crop has tremendous potential for export to European and Gulf countries either in fresh
or processed from and therefore, there is an imperative need to harness possible export
prospects by development of basic infrastructure in the state.
8/14/2019 Action Plan Bihar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/action-plan-bihar 18/58
14
Table 7 Growth pattern of Litchi in Bihar
YEAR AREA (ha) PRODUCTION(MT)
PRODUCTIVITY(MT/ha)
1991-92 19115 191150 10.0
1992-93 19769 200000 10.12
1993-94 20753 249036 12.0
1994-95 21680 266700 12.30
1995-96 22508 277000 12.311996-97 23537 282444 12.0
1997-98 23441 201282 8.5
1998-99 24421 293052 12.0
1999-2000 24905 298896 12.0
2000-01 25272 303264 12.0
2001-02 27708 221664 8.0
Source: Indian horticulture database, NHB, Directorate of Horticulture, Bihar
Figure 2 Growth pattern of litchi in Bihar
It may be seen from the above table that the area under Litchi has increased from 19115 ha
to 27708 ha in 2001-02 which is 44% increase in last decade. In production the increase
trend has shown fluctuating from 1991-92 to 2001-02. It has increased only 15% over 1991-
92. The productivity has gone down from 10 MT/ha in 1991-02 to 8 MT/ha in 2001-02.
2.4.2.1 Cultivars
The following cultivars of Litchi are grown in Bihar:
Shahi
This is one of the commercial cultivar cultivated for table purpose in Muzaffarpur area of
Bihar, which matures, in the third week of May. Fruits are oval and oblong conical in shape
and crimson-red tubercles appear on uranium-green background at maturity. It is heavy
bearing variety with large fruits and average yield of 70-90kg/tree.
China
It is commercially cultivated for table purpose in Muzaffarpur area of Bihar. It is a semi-dwarf
variety with fruits ripening from the fourth week of May. Average yield is 80-100 kg/tree.
Fruits are medium-large, globose, with a mixture of red and orange colour.
GROWTH PATTERN OF AREA
0
500010000
15000
20000
25000
30000
91-
92
92-
93
93-
94
94-
95
95-
96
96-
97
97-
98
98-
99
99-
00
00-
01
20
01-
02
YEARS
A R E A
I N
H A C
AREA
GROWTH PATTERN OF PRODUCTION
050000
100000
150000200000250000300000350000
91-
92
92-
93
93-
94
94-
95
95-
96
96-
97
97-
98
98-
99
99-
00
00-
01
20
01-
02
YEARS
P R O D U C
T I O N
I N
T O N S
PRODUCTION
8/14/2019 Action Plan Bihar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/action-plan-bihar 19/58
15
2.4.2.2 Concentrated pockets
Table 8 Identified Clusters for Litchi
IdentifiedCluster
District Area(ha)
Productiontones
Productivity(tonnes/ha)
Cluster-I Muzzafarpur, Vaishali, W. Champaran, E. Champaran 10954 131684 12.0
Map 3 Selected litchi districts in Bihar
Table 9 Season of availability
State Season of availability
Important cultivars
Bihar May to June Shahi, China, Bedana
2.4.2.3 Area Expansion
New plantations shall cover 500 ha with high density concept, hybrid varieties coupled with
modern system of irrigation, management etc. The area identified for expansion would be
Vaishali.
2.4.2.4 Production of planting material
Two model nurseries have been proposed out of which one shall in public sector and one in
private sector. These nurseries will primarily accommodate the nucleus material of varieties
recommended to the state and build-up sufficient infrastructure for irrigation and nursery
activity to propagate clones of such varieties in the form of soft wood grafts. The nurseries
shall be strengthened out of the ones given in the table below, instead of spreading too
thinly. The nurseries under the corporation and SAU have been left out as corporation shall
8/14/2019 Action Plan Bihar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/action-plan-bihar 20/58
16
concentrate more on processing part. The nurseries set up for mango will also serve the
purpose of planting material availability of Litchi.
The state will also have four small nurseries (1 ha.) to prepare the planting material required
for area expansion and rejuvenation of senile and old orchards.
2.4.2.5 Rejuvenation
Simultaneously, activities of rejuvenation shall be started to increase productivity of the
existing orchards. Rejuvenation of old and senile orchards shall include top-working, micro-
fertigation and gap filling in the existing plantations in an area of 2,500 ha the area identified
for rejuvenation are East Champaran ( 1000 ah.) and Muzaffarpur in ( 1500 ha). Packages of
clonally propagated materials, being quite new to the farming sector, need extension
practices by way of demonstrations, campaigns and training.
2.4.2.6 Post-harvest infrastructure
Packhouse & Cold Storage: Four Integrated packhouse and cold storage will be set up.
Muzarffarpur will have 2 integrated packhouse and one each at E. Champaran and Vaishali
2.4.2.7 Marketing
Marketing of litchi is also linked with processing. Raw litchi are collected / purchased from
growers by local traders who in turn either sale it to whole sellers or processing units.
Processing units established in producing areas also purchase directly from growers.
Producers Local Traders
ProcessingUnits
Local Traders
DomesticMarket
Export DomesticMarket
Export
8/14/2019 Action Plan Bihar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/action-plan-bihar 21/58
17
Table 10 Interventions for Litchi
S.N0. Component/Activity Location/District Rate of assistance/ Unit(Rs.)
Total Cost(Rs. in lakh)
1. Production of plantingmaterial
(a) Model Nursery 2 Nos.(4 ha
each)Public Sector-1Private Sector-1
The nursery set up at mango will also serve the purpose of Litchi
(b)
Small Nursery 4 Nos. (1ha.each)Public Sector-2Private Sector-2
The nursery set up at mango will also serve the purpose of Litchi
2. Plantation of new Orchards(500hectares)
Vaishali Rs. 22500/- hac. 112.5
3. Rejuvenation of oldorchards (2500 (ha.)
E. Champaran ( 1000 ha)Muzaffarpur ( 1500 ha)
15000/- hac. 375
Post-harvest infrastructure
4. Pack-Houses* (4 Nos.)
Gen:4*In other litchi selectedclusters facilities for mangopack house will be used
Muzaffarpur ( 2)
E. Champaran (1)Vaishali (1)
Rs 2.5 lakh each.
Subsidy @ 25%for general areaand 33.33% for Tribal/Hilly areas
2.5
5 Cold Storage (2) Muzaffarpur (1)Vaishali (1)
Rs 2.0 crores eachsubsidy @ 25% of the capital each for general area and33.33% for Hilly/Tribal areas
100
6. Functional infrastructure Facilities proposed in Mango would be used as common facilities for all selected crops
Total 590.0
2.4.3 Banana
The major banana growing states in India are Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala,
Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal, Assam, Tripura
and Manipur . In case of Bihar, Banana is grown over an area of 27000 ha and production is
540900 MT. Growth pattern from 1996-97 to 2001-2002 is given below in the table.
Table 11 Growth pattern of Banana in Bihar
YEAR AREA(ha)
PRODUCTION(MT)
PRODUCTIVITY( MT/ha)
1991-92 23366 350490 15.0
1992-93 24036 480720 20.01993-94 24913 497860 19.98
1994-95 25793 382500 14.83
1995-96 26136 522720 20.0
1996-97 27047 540940 20.0
1997-98 27583 503960 20.0
1998-99 25730 514760 20.0
1999-2000 26440 534442 20.21
2000-01 27011 540220 20.0
2001-02 27245 544900 20.0
Source: Indian Horticulture Database, NHB-1998
8/14/2019 Action Plan Bihar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/action-plan-bihar 22/58
18
Figure 3 Growth pattern of banana in Bihar
It is seen from the above table that area under Banana has increased about 16.6% in 2001-
02 during last decade. Similarly the production has also increased 55% over the production
in 1991-92. The productivity has also increased from 15.0 MT. to 20.0 MT/Ha in 2001-02.
This is however; still less than the national average level i.e. 33.5 MT/Ha.
Table 12 season of Availability
State Season of availability
Important cultivars
Bihar May to July Alpan, Basrai, Robusta, Kothia, Goldfinger, Battisa, Kachkel
2.4.3.1 Concentrated pockets of Banana
Map 4 Selected banana districts in Bihar
GROWTH PATTERN OF AREA
21000
22000
23000
24000
25000
26000
27000
28000
91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99 99-00 00-01 2001-
02
YEARS
A R E A
I N H
A C
AREA
GROWTH PATTERN OF PRODUCTION
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
9 1 - 9 2
9 2 - 9 3
9 3 - 9 4
9 4 - 9 5
9 5 - 9 6
9 6 - 9 7
9 7 - 9 8
9 8 - 9 9
9 9 - 0 0
0 0 - 0 1
2 0 0 1
- 0 2
YEARS
P R O D U C T I O N
I N T
O N S
PRODUCTION
8/14/2019 Action Plan Bihar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/action-plan-bihar 23/58
19
2.4.3.2 Crop production
In Bihar, sowing time is May-June & September-October and harvesting takes place around
the year. Banana is grown in the districts of Bhagalpur, Samastipur, Vaishali, Purnia. Fertility
of soil is very important for successful cultivation, as banana is a heavy feeder. Banana is
essentially tropical plant requiring a warm and humid climate that is available in the state.
2.4.3.3 Cultivars
The important cultivars are Alpan, Basrai, Robusta, Kothia, Goldfinger, Battisa, Kachkel.
2.4.3.4 Production of planting material
Tissue cultured raised plants are not available owing to infrastructural inadequacies; it is
proposed to strengthen the existing tissue culture lab in the Bihar University of Agriculture
and skill up-gradation.
2.4.3.5 New Plantations
With improved varieties and those traditional varieties that are vanishing, new plantations on
700 ha in the districts of shall be undertaken in Purnia, Samastipur, Kathiar and Vaishali
districts of Bihar.
2.4.3.6 Functional infrastructure
These districts comprising of specific pockets shall also have three ripening chambers that
shall necessitate sorting / grading and packing for local markets, just for inter-districts
imports substitution.
2.4.3.7 MarketingThe production of banana in the state is only 5.4 lakh tonnes which is just enough to meet
the requirements of state population. Moreover, banana production is available throughout
the year. As such, marketing of banana is undertaken in rural / district markets of producing
areas from where it is sent to terminal / big markets of the state. The marketing channel for
banana is as under:
Producer VillageMerchant
CommissionAgent
Whole Seller for assembling in rural market
Producer Whole Seller Commission Agent inAssembling Market
Producer Commission Agent Assembling Market
Producer Consumer
8/14/2019 Action Plan Bihar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/action-plan-bihar 24/58
20
The interventions proposed for banana are given below in the table:
Table 13 Intervention of Banana
S.No Component/Activity Location Rate of assistance per unit (Rs)
Total Cost (Rsin lakh)
1. Production of planting/materialRe-habitation of existing Tissueculture lab (1)
Rs. 8.0 lakh/unit 8.0
2. Plantation of new orchard(700 ha)
Rs. 15000/ha 105(only 50%subsidy to bedecrease in firstyear
3. Functional infrastructure(Ripening chamber : 9 Nos)
-d0- 5.0 lakh /unitSubsidy @ 25%for General areaand 33.33% for Tribal/Hilly areas
11.25
Total 124.25
2.4.4 Guava
Guava is a hardy crop and can adapt itself to marginal lands. Further, it gives two fruiting per
year. Guava occupies 27 thousand hectares (9.44 %) of area of the state, with a productivity
rate of 12.0 t / ha. The state has maximum area under guava production in the country.
Guava is grown all over the state. However, Rohtash, Bhojpur, East Champaran, West
Champaran, Muzaffarpur, Vaishali are the main producers of guava.
Table 14 Area, production and productivity of Guava
Year Area(ha)
Prod.(‘MT)
Yield(MT/ha)
1991-92 24368 243680 10.01992-93 25151 251510 10.0
1993-94 25903 310836 12.0
1994-95 26587 318960 12.0
1995-96 27296 327552 12.0
1996-97 28487 341844 12.0
1997-98 24792 297504 12.0
1998-99 25544 306522 12.0
1999-2000 26209 314508 12.0
2000-01 24725 320700 12.97
2001-02 27054 324648 12.0
Source: Indian Horticulture Database, Directorate of Horticulture, Bihar
Figure 4 Growth pattern of guava in Bihar
GROWTH PATTERN OF AREA
22000
23000
24000
25000
26000
27000
28000
29000
91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99 99-00 00-01 2001-
02
YEARS
A R E A
I N
H A C
AREA
GROWTH PATTERN OF PRODUCTION
050000
100000150000200000250000300000350000400000
9 1 - 9 2
9 2 - 9 3
9 3 - 9 4
9 4 - 9 5
9 5 - 9 6
9 6 - 9 7
9 7 - 9 8
9 8 - 9 9
9 9 - 0 0
0 0 - 0 1
2 0 0 1
- 0 2
YEARS
P R O D U C T I O N
I N T
O N S
PRODUCTION
8/14/2019 Action Plan Bihar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/action-plan-bihar 25/58
21
It may be seen from the table that area under Guava has increased from 24368 ha to 27054
ha during last decade in Bihar. Similarly production has increased during this period which is
33% increased over 1991-92. However, productivity of this crop has increased from 10 MT/
ha in 1991-92 to 12 MT/ha in 2001-02. The sowing season of guava is June to July and
harvesting is done during Aug- Sep, Dec-Jan.
2.4.4.1 Comparative Advantage of Bihar Guava
Bihar guava is well known for its quality and nutritive value but productivity is required to be
improved. There is scope for area expansion also due to low gestation period. There is
additional comparative advantage for processing of guava, especially as it has a short shelf
life. During winter months, harvesting of other fruits is very low, thus bringing high returns to
the farmers.
2.4.4.2 Varieties grown in Bihar
The high yielding varieties of Guava grown in Bihar are as under:
Allahabad Safeda
Tree is medium in height (5.8-6.5m) with vigorous branching and dense foliage. Fruits are
medium in size (180g), round in shape with few seeds. Fruit is white fleshed with good
keeping quality.
Banarasi
The variety attains a height of 4.0 to 5.5 m with a broad crown and fruits are round, light-
yellow in colour. It is mainly cultivated for table purpose.
Chittidar
The Chittidar is similar to the Safeda except that it has many pinkish red dots of the size of a
pinhead on the surface of the fruit.
Arka Mridula
This variety is a selection from open pollinated seedlings of Allahabad Safeda. Plants aresemi-tall in nature and spreading. Fruits are round in shape and weigh about 180g. Skin is
yellow in colour and smooth. Flesh is white in colour. The TSS is around 12 Brix. Fruits are
soft seeded and have a good keeping quality. It is good for processing due to high contents
of pectin (1.041%).
8/14/2019 Action Plan Bihar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/action-plan-bihar 26/58
22
2.4.5 Constraints in Production
Guava trees start drying after a few years due to “Guava wilt”, which is a serious problem,
especially when soil pH value is above 7.5. This disease, once set, is difficult to control. Most
of the nurseries are selling seedlings of guava, which are planted by the farmers, as these
are cheaper. These seedlings are not true to type and give poor quality and yield. Farmers
are ignorant about the grafted and layered plants, which are also not available in adequate
quantities. Rainy season crop is affected by fruit fly and in turn affects the main crop in the
winter.
Map 5 Selected guava district in Bihar
2.4.5.1 Production of planting material
Two model nurseries have been proposed, which are common facilities for mango and
guava. In addition to the model nurseries, it is also proposed to establish 4 small nurseries (2
in public sector) and (2 in private sector), for mass multiplication and supply of quality
planting material for farmers. These small nurseries will also be used for other crops like ber,
bael, aonla, and papaya.
2.4.5.2 Area Expansion
In view of the high returns, good quality and the potential for processing, there is a
tremendous scope for bringing substantial additional area under guava crop. It is proposed
to add an additional 600 ha of guava orchards in the year 2005-06.
8/14/2019 Action Plan Bihar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/action-plan-bihar 27/58
23
2.4.5.3 Rejuvenation
To improve the production and productivity of guava a target of 2500 ha area has been kept
for rejuvenation for the year 2005-06, covering the districts of East Champaran, Muzaffarpur,
and Vaishali.
2.4.5.4 Research and Development
Mission management shall request the state R and D institutions to take guava research on
the following aspects for which specific proposal shall be submitted to ICAR:
Development of varieties resistance to Wilt
Identification of root stock which is resistance to this disease.
2.4.5.5 Integrated Pest & Disease Management
WILT : Preventive measures include drenching the soil around the trunk with
Thiram, use of wilt resistant root stock, replacement of plants every 20
years etc.
FRUIT FLY : spray of Malathion every 10-15 days at the time of flowering and fruit
set.
BARK EATING CATERPILLARS : Filling the holes with Chloropyriphos and plugging
them with cow dung.
Table 15 Intervention of Guava
S.N0. Component/Activity Location Rate of assistance per Unit (Rs.)
Total Cost(Rs. in lakh)
1. Production of planting material(a) Model Nursery -each 4 ha- (2)
NoPublic sec: 01Private Sec: 01
Mango nursery will cater the requirement of guava as thedistricts identified are almost same
(b) Small Nursery (4 nos. each 1 ha)Public sec: 02Private Sec: 02
Mango nursery will cater the requirement of guava as thedistricts identified are almost same
2. Plantation of new area(600 hectares) Rs. 22500/ha 135
3. Rejuvenation ( 2500 ha) Rs. 15000/ha 375
Post-harvest infrastructure
Pack-Houses(sorting/ grading line)
Mango packhouse will cater the requirement of guava as thedistricts identified are almost same
Total 510
2.4.6 Pineapple
Pineapple is another important fruit crop of the state. The area under pineapple is 4019 ha.
The commercial cultivation is mostly confined to three districts (Kishanganj, Purnia, Araria
whose area ranges from 300-1400ha) and the area is gradually increasing to other districts
in recent years.
8/14/2019 Action Plan Bihar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/action-plan-bihar 28/58
24
2.4.6.1 Comparative Advantage of Bihar Pineapple
The pineapple growers to a large extent are now adopting the modern cultivation practices
like high-density planting, hormone application for uniformity in flowering and other
management practices. The pineapple fruits are consumed as fresh fruit or made into
products like jam, squash, candy etc for value addition. The variety proposed for cultivation
is Cayenne (Kew), Queen, Spanish since huge internal market is available. Its advantages
include longer shelf life, sweetness and can be consumed as fresh fruits.
A private sector company has established processing plant in Siliguri which will be
consuming most of the pineapple in its catchment area leading to deficit supply of fresh
pineapple and this gap can be filled up by pineapple of Bihar.
2.4.6.2 Area Expansion
In view of the high returns, good quality and the potential for processing, there is a
tremendous scope for bringing substantial additional area under pineapple crop. It is
proposed to add an additional 700 ha of pineapple orchards in the year 2005-06.
2.4.6.3 Production of Planting Material
Two small nurseries are proposed to produce planting material for mass multiplication and
production of quality material.
Map 6 Selected pineapple districts in Bihar
8/14/2019 Action Plan Bihar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/action-plan-bihar 29/58
25
2.4.6.4 Post harvest infrastructure
Packhouse: Nine packhouses will be set up 3 in each identified cluster for pineapple.
Table 16 Intervention of Pineapple
S.N0. Component/Activity Location Rate of assistance
per Unit (Rs.)
Total Cost
(Rs. in lakh)1. Production of planting material
(a) Model Nursery -each 4 ha- (2No)Public sec: 02Private Sec: 00
Araria (1)Kishanganj (1)
18.0 lakh 36.00
(b) Small Nursery (10 nos. each 1ha)Public sec: 5Private Sec: 5
Purnia (5)
Araria (3)Kishanganj (2)
3.0 lakh
1.5 lakh
22.5
2. Plantation of new area (600hectares)
Rs. 15000/ha 90
Post-harvest infrastructure
3. Packhouse (9 No) 3 in each selected district Rs 2.5 lakh each.Subsidy @ 25% for general area and33.33% for hillyareas)
5.625
Total 136.125
2.4.7 Flowers
In India many states like, Karnataka, Tamilnadu, Maharashtra, U.P., West Bengal and Delhi
are producing flowers on a large scale and also involved in export of of some commercial
flowers but the state like Bihar does not play any role neither in export nor in domestic
market.
The area under loose flower production in the year 2001 – 02 was 44 ha. which has
increased to 95 ha in the year 2002-03. Also the production in the year 2001 – 02 was 620
MT which has increased to 1757 MT. in the year 2002-03.Although during the year 2004-05
the production of flowers increased tremendously after the adoption of Field Demonstration/
Training programmes in the state under Macro mode Management / National Horticulture
Board sponsored programme, but there is still need to give more emphasis to exploit the
potentiality of the state.
2.4.7.1 Objectives for Development of Floriculture
The objectives of the floriculture development in Bihar are:
Increase in area under improved/ hybrid varieties of commercial flowers to meet
domestic demand and to increase the productivity.
Strengthening of model floriculture centres in the State with facilities of controlled
conditions, post harvest management & training.
Training on latest technologies of f lower production and post harvest management.
Strengthening of market information system through public sector.
8/14/2019 Action Plan Bihar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/action-plan-bihar 30/58
26
2.4.7.2 Establishment of Floriculture Gardens
For the production of loose flowers like Marigold and Chrysanthemum for garland, gazara,
veni etc. assistance @ 50 % of the cost of cultivation subject to maximum Rs. 12000/ha will
be provided to small & marginal farmers and 33 % of the cost of cultivation subject to
maximum Rs. 7920/ ha will be provided to other farmers. For promotion of floriculture in
Bihar following two districts have been identified in first phase : Patna, Nalanda. Emphasis
will be given to promote Marigold and Chrysanthemum.
Table 17 Area and Production of flowers under open cultivation ( 2004-05)
S. No. Flowers Area (ha) Production( MT)
Productivity( MT/ha)
1 Marigold 80 800 10
2 Chrysanthemum 16 44 2.75
3 Tuberose 15 112.5 7.50
Source : Directorate of Horticulture, Govt. of Bihar, Patna
At present the area under floriculture in bihar is very less as compared to its potentiality,
hence there is great need to encourage the farmers of the state to produce flowers in large
quantity. Therefore, an innovative approach in undertaken in National Horticulture Mission by
bringing 100 ha of area under flowers like Marigold and Chrysanthemum.
2.4.8 Multi Line Processing Unit
Multi line processing units will be set up at Muzaffarpur, Bhagalpur and Purnia districts of the
state. The unit will be an integrated facility which will be basically for mango, litchi,
pineapple, tomato, and other fruits and vegetables. The unit is proposed to have minimum
200 working days, in order to make the unit viable.
8/14/2019 Action Plan Bihar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/action-plan-bihar 31/58
27
Map 7 Multi Product Processing Line
2.4.9 Vegetable Seed Production
Seed is considered as fulcrum of all the multiplication programme of crop sciences in
general and for vegetables in particular. Vegetable production programme in the country
could be strengthened only if its seed production programme is strengthened. Keeping this
very basic thought in mind, seed production programme should be included right from its
inception and various vegetable research programmes.
Bihar ranks 2nd in vegetable production in the country and producing a variety of traditional
and non-traditional vegetables. Also climate and soil conditions of the state are congenial for
different types of vegetable production in the state through out the year. Although it ranks 2nd
in vegetable production but lacks the basic infrastructure for storage and transportation. The
state also lacks in organized marketing system, packaging and post harvest handling
facilities.
The programme of production of disease free seedlings and other planting materials in
vegetables specially applies to hybrid cultivars, in which the seed is very costly and there is
low germination of seeds, heavy mortality of seedlings take place when raised in open
nurseries. This will ensure production of seedlings in such a manner that early and late crops
will be possible which in turn will ensure that production of vegetables takes place over a
longer period of time and the alternation of glut and scarcity period is minimized. In addition,
hybrid seeds will be selected after trials, which will ensure high production.
8/14/2019 Action Plan Bihar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/action-plan-bihar 32/58
28
The infrastructure facilities will consist of a green house with a maximum area of 2000 m 2
designed for tropical conditions, with insect netting on the sides and rolling poly sheets. The
plants will be propagated in plastic trays having small plugs. The plugs will be of varying
sizes for different crops, Sprinkler irrigation system will be installed. The infrastructure for
media sterilization i.e. steam boiler, holding bins etc. will also be provided.
The assistance for vegetable seed production will be Rs. 50,000/- per ha for the public
sector and 50% of the private sector limited to 5ha per beneficiary as credit linked back
ended subsidy. The State Horticulture Mission will ensure the timely availability of the good
quality seeds and planting materials to the farmer at nominal price. For the production of
vegetable seeds as well as seedlings and other planting materials, the approach would be
as follows. Bihar State Seed Corporation (BSSC) and RAU, Bihar, Pusa do have a
programme for vegetable seed production but the programme suffers from inadequate
infrastructure and therefore suitable infrastructure facilities would be provided for the
production of vegetable seeds on the lands, being owned by the university or on the lands
taken up by BSSC in a contract farming mode belonging to seed growers. A reasonable
target for brining are a under vegetable seed programme in this manner is indicated in the
document.
The operational guidelines allow to have infrastructure facilities for production of seedlings
specially of hybrid seeds which are costly enough for propagation in the field. It is estimated
that a green house within an area of 500 sq.mt could cater to the needs of 5 ha area under
vegetable crops in a year. A network of such large number of green houses along with insect
netting on the side and other facilities like sprinkler irrigation and steam boiler for media
sterilization could come up in a big way in the state of Bihar. It should be stressed here that
this component is not to produce vegetable seeds but to produce seedlings out of the
improved and hybrid seeds for propagation of seedlings to the number of surrounding
farmers growing vegetables.
The Rajendra Agricultural University Bihar and Bihar State Seed Corporation Ltd. in the state
will implement this programme. An area of approximated 30 ha will be utilized by theuniversity and 50 ha area will be covered under the B.S.S.C. Ltd. Thus a total area will be 80
ha.
2.4.10 Private Sector
The private sector seed companies engaged in vegetable seed production will be assisted.
An area of approximately 100 ha. is proposed under this component. Thus the total area is
180 ha including public and private sectors. The assistances for vegetable seedlings’
8/14/2019 Action Plan Bihar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/action-plan-bihar 33/58
29
production will be Rs. 50,000/- per ha. For the public sector, and 50% of the cost subject to a
ceiling of Rs. 25,000/- per ha to the private sector limited to 5 ha per beneficiary as credit
linked back ended subsidy. Thus, the outlay required for public sector is Rs. 40.000 lakhs,
and for private sector will be 25.00 lakhs only.
2.4.11 Infrastructure
To facilitate proper handling storage and packaging of seeds, assistance is provided for
creating infrastructure like drying plateforms storage bins, packaging unit and related
equipments. 100% assistance is provided to the public sector and the assistance to the
private sector is credit lined back ended subsidy limited to 25% of the cost.
Bihar lacking in seed producing units, a large number of public and private sector seed
producing units are highly required. Hence farmers have been approached to establish new
seed production farms. And take advantage the scheme for seed infrastructure and it hasbeen ensured that such projects would be taken up with back ended subsidy during the
course of this year. B.S.S.C. already has a big programme for such creation of seed
infrastructure. BSSC would therefore, be assisted during the current year. This programme
will be implemented through public as well as private sector organizations.
Public Sector
The Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa with its two Agricultural Colleges one Bihar Agril.
College, Sabour, and other Trihut Agril. College, Dholi and Bihar State Seed Corp. Ltd. in the
state will implement this programme. For each organization a single unit will be provided.
Thus the total unit will be 3. Out of three units one medium size unit will be constructed by
Bihar state Seed Corp. Ltd. With financial assistance of Rs. 50 lakhs One unit will be
constructed each Agricultural Colleges of RAU, Bihar with financial assistance of Rs. 10.00
lakh, thus the total financial outlay for seed infrastructure will be Rs. 60.00 lakhs.
Private Sector
The private Seed Companies (either new or old) engaged in vegetable seed production and
seed processing will be assisted. During the year 2005-2006 assistance will be given only to
14 seed infrastructure units. Though the Govt. of India has proposed 100 % assistance for
seed infrastructure there are various kinds of processing units such as small, medium, large
and also different kinds of crops, it is suggested that maximum assistance of Rs. 2.00 lakhs
will be given to each unit in private sector. The equipments proposed are seed drier, pre
cleaner, gravity separator, seed treatment Machine, auto weighing machine, sealing
machines, etc. Thus, the total financial out lay for private sector will be 28.00 lakhs only. The
total out lay required will be 68.00 lakhs only.
8/14/2019 Action Plan Bihar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/action-plan-bihar 34/58
30
The break up of physical and financial provisions proposed is as under:
Sl.No.
Component Proposed assistance Phy. Target Fin. Target (Rs.Lakh)
1. Production of vegetableseedlings
(A) @ Rs. 0.50 lakh/ha for public sector. 80 ha 40.00
(B) @ Rs. 0.25 lakh/ha for private sector. 100 ha 25.00
2. SeedInfrastructure
(A) @ Rs. 50.00/ Unit for public sector medium size (B.S.S.C. ltd.)
1 No. 50.00
(B) @ Rs. 5.00 lakh/small unit for publicsector (Agril. Univ.)
2 Nos. 10.00
(C) @ Rs. 2.00 lakh/unit for private sector. 14 Nos. 28.00
Total 153.00
The areas identified for vegetable seed production are Patna, Nalanda , and Gaya districts.
A separate cluster is recognized for seed production. The total area under public sector is 80
ha and for development of seed and seedling in private sector 100 ha is identified.
2.5 Protected Cultivation
2.5.1 Green House (Hi – Tech)
A Green House is a framed or inflated structure covered with transparent or translucent
material in which crops could be grown under the conditions at least partially controlled
environment and which is large enough to permit a person to work within it to carryout
cultural operations. Depending upon its transparency, the green house cover admits a major
fraction of sunlight, which is conducive for crop growth. This effect of green house has been
found very effective on crop yield, as compared to open condition. The estimated cost of
such green house is Rs. 650/- per sqm. The assistance @ 50% of the estimated cost subject
the maximum of Rs. 325/- per sqm will be available to small and marginal farmers for a unit
area of 1000 sq.m. For other categories of the farmers, the assistance will be @ 33.0%
subject to maximum of Rs. 215/- per sqm for 1000 sqm area per beneficiary.
Table 18 Budget Requirement
Physical Target(Nos)
Financial Target(Rs. lakh)
Programme Estimated Cost Proposed assistants
2005-2006 2005-2006
(a) 50% to the small andmarginal farmers
10 32.50Green House(Hi-Tech)
Rs. 650/- per sqm.
(b) 33.0% to other farmers 10 21.45
Total
20 53.95
2.5.2 Green House (Normal)
These poly houses are naturally ventilated type. Covering material is UV stabilized
polyethylene sheet. For preventing the insects and pests, the plastic nets are also be used
as per requirement. Cost of such polyhouse is comparatively less as compared to hi-tech
green house. The estimated cost of normal green house is Rs. 250/- per sq.m. The
assistance @ 50%, i.e Rs. 125/- per sqm will be provided for a unit area of 1000 sq.m. per
8/14/2019 Action Plan Bihar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/action-plan-bihar 35/58
31
beneficiary for small and marginal farmers. The other category of farmers will get 33.3%
assistance, i..e Rs. Rs. 83.25 per sq.m. assistance will be given for a unit area of 1000 sq.m.
per beneficiary.
Table 19 Budget Requirement
Physical Target(Nos)
Financial Target(Rs. Lakh)
Programme EstimatedCost
Proposed assistants
2005-06 2005-06
(a) 50% to small and marginalfarmers
10 12.50Green House(Normal)
Rs. 250/- per sqm
(b) 33.0% to other farmers 05 4.12
Total 24 16.62
Table 20 District wise construction of polyhouses and incurred cost under them
Construction cost(Rs. in lakh)
Sl.No.
District Polyhouse(Hi-tech and Normal)
2005-2006
1 Munger Small and marginal farmers and other category of farmer 7.497
2 Nalanda -do- 7.497
3 Darbhanga -do- 7.497
4 Araria Small and marginal farmer 6.664
5 Purnea -do- 6.664
6 Muzaffarpur Small and marginal farmers and other category of farmer 7.497
7 Banka Small and marginal farmer 6.664
8 Vaishali -do- 6.664
9 Samastipur -do- 6.664
10 Bhagalpur -do- 6.664
Total 70.57
2.5.3 Mulching
Plastic mulching help in moisture conservation, weed control and maintenance of soil
structure, thereby improving crop productivity. Plastic mulching is a practice of covering the
soil surface around plants to make conditions more conducive for plant growth through insitu
moisture conservation and weed control the use of dry leaves, straw, hay, stones etc as a
mulching material has been prevalent for ages. However, the introduction of plastic film as
mulch increases the efficiency by improved moisture conservation, increased soil
temperature and elimination of weed growth and hence increase the crop yield. The plastic
materials commonly used for mulching are PVC, LDPE and LLDPE. The thickness of plastic
film to be used depends on type of crop for mulching. However, it ranges from 30 to 50
micron thickness for short duration crops and 200 to 250 micron for fruit trees.
Table 21 Budget Requirement
Physical Target(Nos)
Financial Target (Rs.Lakh)
Programme EstimatedCost
Proposed assistants
2005-2006 2005-2006
Mulching Rs. 14000/-per sqm
50% of cost maximumupto 2 ha per farmer
42 5.88
8/14/2019 Action Plan Bihar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/action-plan-bihar 36/58
32
2.5.4 Shadenets
Shadenets are used to provide relief to the plants from the scorching sunlight, high winds,
direct rainfall as well as insects and pests. Shading nets are being used for nursery raising,
indoor plants, hardening of tissue culture plantlets and growing of vegetables, also. The
shade nets are being used almost throughout the country. Assistance is provided @ 50% of
the cost subject to a maximum of Rs. 3500/- for the area of 500 sq.m. area limited to 2
hectares per beneficiary.
Table 22 Budget Requirement
PhysicalTarget (Nos)
Financial Target(Rs. Lakh)
Programme Estimated Cost Proposed assistants
2005-2006 2005-2006
Shadenet Rs. 14/- per sqm 50% cost, i..e Rs. 3500/- per 500 sqmarea, maximum upto 2 ha per famrer
10 11.20
2.5.5 Plastic Tunnels
Plastic tunnels are miniature form of green house, used to protect the plants from rains,
winds, low temperature, frost and other vagaries of weather. However, under low tunnels,
artificial controlling of conditions is not possible. The low tunnels are found very successful
for nursery raising. For construction, the plastic films of 100-micron thickness are suitable.
The assistance @ 50% of cost subject to a maximum of Rs. 5000/- per 1000 sq.m. limited to
0.50 ha per beneficiary will be provided under Horticulture Mission.
Table 23 Budget Requirement
Physical Target (Nos) Financial Target(Rs. Lakh)
Programme EstimatedCost
Proposed assistants
2005-2006 2005-2006
Plastic tunnels Rs. 10/- per sqm
50% of cost i.e. Rs.5000/- per sqm,maximum upto 0.5 ha
5 2.5
Table 24 District wise area under different crops used in mulching and cost incurred
Area (ha) Mulching cost(Rs. In lakh)
Sl.No.
Districts Crops
2005-2006 2005-2006
1 Munger Pointed gourd, Brnjal, Chilli 5.0 0.70
2 Nalanda Bitter gourd, bottle gourd 5.0 0.70
3 Darbhanga Brinjal, pointed gourd 4.0 0.56
4 Araria Cabbage, tomato, bottle gourd 4.0 0.56
5 Purnea Brinjal, Okra, Tomato, Pineapple 4.0 0.56
6 Muzaffarpur Pointed gourd, brinjal, tomato 4.0 0.56
7 Banka Brinjal, okra, tomato 4.0 0.56
8 Vaishali Pointed gourd, brinjal, tomato 4.0 0.56
9 Samastipur Pointed gourd, brinjal, tomato 4.0 0.56
10 Bhagalpur Pointed gourd, Tomato, brinajl 4.0 0.56
Total 42 5.88
8/14/2019 Action Plan Bihar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/action-plan-bihar 37/58
33
Table 25 District wise area under shadenets and cost incurred
Sl.No.
Districts Crops Area (ha) Constructioncost (Rs. In lakh)
2005-06 2005-06
1 Munger Pointed gourd, Cabbage 1.0 0.70
2 Nalanda Chilies, Bitter guard 2.0 1.40
3 Darbhanga Cucurbits, brinjal 2.0 1.40
4 Araria Cucurbits, Okra 2.0 1.405 Purnea Pointed gourd, Cucurbits 2.0 1.40
6 Muzaffarpur Chilli, bitter gruod 2.0 1.40
7 Banka Tomato, Capsicum 1.0 0.70
8 Vaishali Cauli Flower, Tomato, Okra 2.0 1.40
9 Samastipur Pointed gourd, tomato 1.0 0.70
10 Bhagalpur Pointed gourd, Tomato, Cowpea, Cabage 1.0 0.70
Total 16 11.2
Table 26 Area allocations for different crops for poly tunnels and incurred cost under them
Area (ha) Construction cost(Rs. In lakh)
Sl.No.
Districts Crops
2005-06 2005-06
1 Munger Pointed gourd, Cabage 0.5 0.25
2 Nalanda Chilies, Onion 0.5 0.25
3 Darbhanga Cauliflower, chilli, brinjal 0.5 0.25
4 Araria Cucurbits 0.5 0.25
5 Purnea Pointedgourd, Cucurbits 0.5 0.25
6 Begusarai Chilli, pointed gourd 0.5 0.25
7 Muzaffarpur Cauliflower 0.5 0.25
8 Banka Tomato, Capsicum 0.5 0.25
9 Vaishali Cauliflower 0.5 0.25
10 Samastipur Tomato 0.5 0.25
Total 5 2.5
Table 27 Summary of budget
Budget (Rs. in lakh)Particular
2005-06
1. Poly House
(A) Hi-Tech 53.95
(B) Normal 16.62
2. Mulching 5.88
3. Shed net House 11.20
4. Plastic Tunnel 2.5
Total 90.15
2.6 Promotion of Integrated Plant Nutrient Management
In coming decades, recycling of organics like green manures, crop residues and organic
manures would be vital for reducing the cost of fertilizers, supplementing the nutrients,
maintaining the soil productivity and ecosystem stability for sustained crop production. One
of the reasons being reported for low yield levels is pointed out to be inadequate and
unbalanced fertilizer application. The concept of integrated nutrient management system for
sustaining the soil fertility is not being followed by most of the farmers so far hence; efforts
are needed for integrated nutrient supply and management which hold great promise not
only for securing high productivity levels but also against emergence of multiple nutrient
deficiencies and deterioration of soil environment.
8/14/2019 Action Plan Bihar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/action-plan-bihar 38/58
34
To make IPNM a reality, farming system approach, consisting of crop husbandry, animal
husbandry, horticulture, fishery etc. has to be adopted which generate organic matter for
composting, to be used for supplying plant nutrients. Bulk of the fruit production is restricted
to few districts of state but there exists immense scope to extend it to other parts of the
state. Generally fruit crops are grown in soils where soil fertility status is poor and low inorganic matter. In such situation use of higher dose of N, P and K in the form of inorganic
fertilizers was found ineffective.
2.6.1 Land availability
Land will be available in Pusa farm for research and farmer’s orchard, vegetable growing
area and area for flower cultivation will be selected for operational area under farmer’s field.
Emphasis will be given to bring more area under horticultural crops.
2.6.2 Target
Target will be fixed time bound. First of all the use of inorganic and organic fertilizers will be
demonstrated to the farmers. They should be trained. Some extension workers including
NGO’s will be trained to convince the farmer regarding use of integrated plant nutrient
management in horticultural crops. Some research work will also be undertaken to work out
composition of optimum levels of organic manures and inorganic fertilizers. There after a
long term planning will be undertaken to bring more area under cultivation for horticultural
crops based on IPNM system.
2.6.3 Annual action plan in detail - 2005 – 2006
The action plan includes:
Construction of building
Procurement of man power and impart training to them
On farm training to farmers
Selection of centres at different sites and placement of trained man power
Procurement of instruments and other inputs
2.6.4 Research and Training
No systematic research has been done on IPNM system on horticultural crops. Use of
different organic wastes along with different levels of N P K fertilizers needs to be optimized.
Practically there is no research work on use of micronutrients to horticultural crops. As the
multi-nutrient deficiency is coming up the role of IPNM has increased especially for
improving quality of products.
8/14/2019 Action Plan Bihar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/action-plan-bihar 39/58
35
2.6.5 Promotion of Integrated Nutrient Management in Fruit crops
Fruit crops show symptoms of nutrient deficiencies deformities like cracking, pink berry, etc.
It affects quality and lead to lower prices as appearance is also affected. It is essential to
provide proper nutrients so as to have sustainable and optimum returns. Proper nutrition is
also essential for good health of plants. An assistance @ 50% of the estimated cost,
maximum up to Rs. 1000/- per ha subjected to a limit of 4 ha per beneficiary will be given.
2.6.6 Promotion of Integrated Nutrient Management in Vegetables
In order to increase the productivity per hectare of these vegetables it is necessary to give
balance nutrients to the vegetables. It is necessary to give balanced water soluble nutrients
through drip irrigation, sprinkler irrigation. Integrated Nutrient Management will be promoted
in these crops. Assistance @ 50% of the estimated cost, maximum up to Rs. 1000/- subject
to a limit of 4 hectare per beneficiary will be given.
2.6.7 Plant Health Clinics
The plant health clinics will be opened. The facilities would be up graded with the current
norm of Rs. 20 lakh per unit. Such a facility can also be provided along with pesticides
residue testing laboratory and at the location where bio-control labs also having a plant
health clinic would create centres of integrated services to be provided for detecting various
diseases and offer solutions through the use of bio-pesticides. The concept of private plant
health clinic is also taking shape in the state and the same would be encouraged.
In order to ensure supply of quality planting material with the guarantee of genetic purity, it is
necessary to establish plant health clinics in public and private sector. The assistance for
plant health clinic will be at the rate of Rs. 20.00 lakh per unit in public sector as 100%
assistance and 50% of the cost maximum to Rs. 10.00 lakh in private sector. It is proposed
to establish such clinics in public sector and private sector as per requirement.
2.6.8 Leaf / Tissue Analysis Lab
Such labs will be provided to SAU. Since the main purpose is to detect the micro nutrient
deficiency, the soil testing labs which are already equipped for testing the macro and micro
nutrients would be the right location for using such leaf / tissue analysis lab. All the additional
soil testing labs would also have the facilities of leaf / tissue analysis labs in the state. The
concept of such labs in private sector is also being encouraged.
Determination of nutritional status of the tree is very essential to take corrective measure to
improve its nutrition. Soil analysis though done as a routine procedure can not critically
specify nutritional deficiencies as the element may be present in the soil but the plant can
8/14/2019 Action Plan Bihar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/action-plan-bihar 40/58
36
not absorb it as it may be in fixed form. Hence it is essential to adopt more scientific method
such as tissue/leaf analysis especially in litchi, banana & papaya and also in citrus, mango
etc. 100% assistance limited to Rs. 20 lakh will be extended to leaf and tissue analysis
laboratory in public sector. While an assistance of @ of 50% of actual cost max. up to Rs.
10.00 lakh per lab will be given for private sector i.e. NGO, growers organization, FruitGrowers Association etc.
2.6.9 Rapid tissue tests for nitrate
Rapid tissue testing technique is an aspect of general plant or foliar analysis carried out in
the field with green tissues. The underlying assumption of the rapid tissue test is that the
adequate supply of an element is indicated by an abundance of it in the plant sap and vice
versa. The process basically comprises sampling of green tissues of the standing crop with
some rigid requirements as to age and stage of crop growth and the use of specific plant
parts. The non-accumulated amounts of different nutrients present in the cell sap of the
green tissues are then extracted with a suitable extractant and the solution is quantitatively
analysed for the specific nutrients. Alternatively, the sap in the plant tissue can be directly
(colorimetrically) diagnosed through suitable chemical treatment to have qualitative
assessment of the nutrients. The levels of nutrients are then compared against some
standardized tabulated values or colour chart to judge the deficiency/sufficiency level.
Plant tissue tests are semi-quantitative, but they visualize the relative supply of nutrients
actually being absorbed by the plants. They are more accurate indicators of any deficient
situation. If the supply is deficient, there will be no / very little of it left in the tissue sap, which
can be readily detected in the test. The process is less useful for toxicity problem because
high amount of any specific element in the cell sap may be due to luxury consumption and
does not necessarily reflect a toxic condition. Some tissue tests are developed in such a way
that negative results indicate a nutrient stress in the plant. This is true for nitrate which
essentially disappears from the plant sap with the onset of a deficiency stress. Positive tests,
therefore, only indicate degree of luxury consumption, while negative tests do not reflect the
severity of the deficiency. For P and K, nutrient stress can occur in the plant before these
elements disappear from the sap. As a result, the P and K tissue tests may indicate the
degree of deficiency stress, if low and the degree of luxury consumption if very high.
The reliability and reproducibility of these tests work better in combination with total ash
analysis of the plants. However, the test is typically more useful in case of trees and
plantation crops where whole plant analysis is often impossible. It is of particular assistance
in situation where deficiency symptoms are not visible, but there is a decrease in yield due to
hidden hunger. It also helps in distinguishing disease and nutritional disorders. The chief
8/14/2019 Action Plan Bihar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/action-plan-bihar 41/58
37
mineral constituents for which the rapid tests are particularly beneficial are NO3--N, PO4
=-P,
SO4=-S and K. However, references are available for other nutrients like Ca, Mg and
micronutrients.
In spite of its semi-quantitative / qualitative nature, tissue testing can still have a place when
one considers the costs and delays incident to ash analyses methods. In rapid tissue testing
one can act on the result in time to benefit the current crop. Moreover, correlation between
total ash analysis and test on fresh tissues in the deficiency and sufficiency range is good,
though not for luxury consumptions.
Plant tissue test is important mainly for the reasons listed below:
Aids in determining the nutrient supplying power of the soil.
Helps in determining the effect of treatment on the nutrient supply in the plant.
Aids in predicting fertilizer requirements based on the relationship between the nutrient
status of the plant and its performance.
Helps in identifying new problems and / or areas where critical plant nutritional
experiment should be conducted.
Nitrogen is associated with the activity of every living cell as a constituent of protoplasm. In
most of the crops except paddy nitrogen accumulates in the NO3- form, which represents the
chief inorganic N reserve. Thus nitrate accumulation in the sap is in proportion to the supply
of soil nitrogen with relation to the rate of its utilization which mainly depends on (a) the
stage of growth, (b) weather conditions influencing the growth, and (c) relative supply of
other nutrients.
Table 28 Total Budget to execute action plan (2005-06)
S.No.
Items Budget in lakh
1. Building for Plant health clinic 45.00
2. Equipments
(i) Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (one) 16.00
(ii) UV-Visible spectrophotometer (one) 7.00
(iii) Microbased flamephotometer (one) 0.60
(iv) pH meter (one) 0.40
(v) Conductivity meter (one) 0.40
(vi) Personal Computer with accessories (one) 1.50
(vii) LCD Projection system (one) 2.00
(viii) Air conditioner (two) 0.60
(ix) Electric Generator (two) 1.50
(x) Shaker 0.50(xi) UPS (10 KVA) 2.00
(xii) Hot Air Oven 0.20
(xiii) Refrigerator 0.20
(xiv) Xerox machine 1.50
(xv) Balance (two) 1.50
(xvi) Hot Plate (four) 0.20Total equipment 36.10
3. Stationery, T. A. etc. 1.00
4. Maintenance / repair etc. -
5. Chemicals/Glasswares/Plasticwares etc. 1.00
6. Man Power (i) RA 2 @ Rs. 15000.00 pm 3.60(ii) RF 4 @ Rs. 12000.00 pm 5.76
8/14/2019 Action Plan Bihar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/action-plan-bihar 42/58
38
S.No.
Items Budget in lakh
(iii) 10 @ Rs. 5000.00 pm 6.00
7. Honorarium to faculty and staff 0.30
8. Training to extension personnel and farmers (materials, fooding & lodging) 2.00
9. Demonstraion (20 demonstrations) 0.40
10. Support to farmers @ 4000.00 each 0.80
11. Miscellaneous 1.00Grand Total 102.96
The area identified for all these facilities are Muzarffarpur and Bhagalpur. There will be one
such integrated facility at Muzarffarpur and two such facilities at Bhagalpur.
2.7 Promotion of Integrated Pest Management
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) approach has been globally accepted for achieving
sustainability in Agriculture and horticulture. The role of plant protection is significant while
formulating and employing basic strategies of IPM gap (Domain of IPM) for obtaining
economic yield. Among several agents which cause a huge loss to the extent of up to 15percent to the horticultural crops, key insects, major nematodes and important plant
diseases, are important agent apart from other abiotic stresses.
2.7.1 Rationale of the Project
The rationale of the project is to increase the quality as well as quality of horticultural crops,
and provide healthy produce and thereby improving economic conditions of the farmers. At
present average per capita annual income of the state is less than half of the national
average (i.e. Rs. 4376/capita compare to national average Rs. 9739/-). In Bihar majority of
farmers are marginal with weak economic status and hence they fail to apply vital plant
protection / IPM input to their crops in time and the other important factors are lack of their
knowledge to the real cause of malady of sickness occurring in low production both
qualitatively and quantitatively. Therefore, farmers of State lag behind compared to other
farmers from developed status of our country in terms of quantity and quality of produce.
Table 29 Work plan for promotion of IPM of horticulture vegetable & crops in Bihar
S.No.
Name of theDistricts
Important crops
1. Samastipur Fruits : litchi, mangoVegetables : brinjal, bhindi, cauliflower
2. Muzaffarpur Fruits : litchi, mangoVegetables : brinjal, bhindi, bittergaurd, cabbage
3. Darbhanga Fruits : litchi, mango, guavaVegetables : brinjal, bhindi, pointedgaurd, cabbage
4. Vaishali Fruits : litchi, mango, bananaVegetables : brinjal, bhindi, pointedgaurd, tomato
5. Bhagalpur Fruits : Mango, guava, LitchiVegetables : brinjal, pointed guard, bhindi, tomato, cauliflower, cabbage
8/14/2019 Action Plan Bihar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/action-plan-bihar 43/58
39
Table 30 Budget Estimate (Promotion of IPM through Demonstration)Amount (Rs.) in Lakh
S.No.
Particular Programme (2005-06) Totaldemonstration
2005-06
1. Promotion of IPM in farmer’s field @2000/ha (50% subsidy subject tomaximum of Rs. 1000.00)
5 Districts. (10 crops)(5 demonstraions per cropi.e. 5 x 10 = 50 dem/Distt.)
50 2.00
2. Strengthening (Entomology,Nematology, Pl. Pathology)
4.50
3. Hire of vehicles 1.50
4. Hardware/Software/Microscope(computer with periferral and furniture(3 sets))
7.00
5. Sr. Research Fellows – 3@ Rs. 12000/- pm + HRA
5.00
6. Contractual Technical staff -3 @ Rs.5000/- each
1.80
7. Honorarium to 3 scientists(Entomology, Nematology, Pl.Pathology) @ Rs. 1000/- pm each
0.36
8. Contractual labourers – 3 @ Rs.2000/- pm each
0.72
9. Miscellaneous Expenditure like fieldday, exhibition, advt., stationary etc.
2.00
10. Travelling Allowance 0.60
Total 25.48
Table 31 Summary of budget under IPM
S.No.
Project 2005-06(Rs. inLakhs)
1. Promotion of IPM through demonstration in farmers field 25.48
2. Training under Promotion of IPM 18.35
3. Surveillance of insect pests, nematodes and diseases under promotion of IPM 50.36
Strengthening of pesticide residue (A) 38.504.
Fee of testing pesticide residue (B) 40.00
5. Establishment of Plant health clinic 12.0446. Establishment of bio control laboratory 35.77
Total 220.504
2.8 Human Resource Development
Horticulture is now turning into a high technology activity, like all the other areas of
agriculture. With the ever increasing emphasis on horticultural crops, the need to trained /
semi-trained manpower is also growing. Also there is need to train farmers about latest know
how in the field of horticulture. The Government of India has established Agri- Export Zones
litchi at Muzaffarpur and some more such zones are in offing. Thus to give focus on export
quality production it is essential to impart training to the growers as well as extension
workers Training on all aspects e.g. new varieties, improved cultivation practices, IPM, INM,
post harvest management practices and processing, international standards for export etc.
is necessary.
The Agricultural University in the state is turning out a large number of graduates with
specialization in the subject of `Horticulture ` , but the courses offered by the university tend
8/14/2019 Action Plan Bihar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/action-plan-bihar 44/58
40
to be more theoretical. The students thus receive little practical /field experience. Nor are
they trained adequately in the management aspects of horticultural gardens and farms, thus
becoming little attractive to employers who look for people trained in the practical aspects of
horticulture capable of performing supervising and managerial functions.
The gardeners or the malis who actually work in the fields need to be trained in the
advanced methods of cultivation. The present courses being offered to gardeners are not
only numerically few but also highly inadequate content – wise. Consequently, they continue
to adopt age old practices, resulting in low productivity. Similarly senior staff working in the
department of Agriculture and looking after horticultural development need to be trained to
be acquainted with recent developments.
Human resource development through trainings and demonstrations is an integral part of the
State Mission. Under this programme, training of the farmers, field level worker and officers
will be taken up. Programme for providing appropriate training to the farmers for the adoption
of high yielding varieties of crops and farming system will be taken up. Programme for
training of the officials concerned with the implementation of the programme and the field
level workers who will in turn train, guide the farmers will also be taken up. An important
activity under the training is to provide resource materials to the entrepreneurs for
establishing their own nurseries .
The farmers and to acquaint them about various farming techniques through exhibitions and
demonstrations . In order to ensure wider and full participation, publicity about the training
programmes will also be required. It is proposed to provide assistance to the agencies
involved in training programme @ Rs. 1500/- per farmer trained. This activity will he carried
out both by government sector as well as private and NGOs. Successful and progressive
farmers` field may also be used as a location for the training. In order to familiarize the
farmer about the production practices being followed in other states and field visits will be
organized outside the state. For this, assistance of Rs. 2500 per participant will be provided
which will include transportation, lodging, dietary allowance and training kit. The training –
cum- visit will be organized for a minimum period of 7 days, which will include traveling time.
Trainers at the level of project officers, district officers, agricultural officers and extension
workers will be trained in the technological advances in horticulture at the University, various
ICAR Institutes or outside the State. These officers in turn, will train the staff and farmers in
their respective regions. For this purpose, actual cost limited to Rs. 50,000 per participant
will be provided which will include travel material and training cost at the institute.
It is clear from the above guidelines that the three kind of activities for HRD in horticulture to
be taken up in state mission. They are as follows:
8/14/2019 Action Plan Bihar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/action-plan-bihar 45/58
41
Various training programmes are to be organized for 1day, 3days, 5days or 2 weeks of
training to be given for the farmers for which the maximum assistance to the agencies
involved in the training as above at the rate of Rs. 1500 per farmer is given. That will
impart training are: RAU, BAMETI at PUSA and KVKs located in 24 districts.
The exposure visits for the farmers for a minimum period of 7 days, would be in thenature of the training cum visit with assistance of Rs. 2500/- per participant. Exposure
visit is a popular activity in the state and there is a huge demand for the same. Adequate
provision has been made under the State Mission for this purpose.
The extension workers at the village level as well as at the level of circle, block, sub-
division, district and the level of state would be trained for which various training
programmes have been designed in the period for a day or three days or five days, or
two weeks or a month or a maximum of three months. The training would be conducted
at BAMETI, RAU and KVKs . The number of such trainings and duration have been
indicated in table given on page-
The one year duration training for supervisors, six months training for gardeners and three
months training for entrepreneurs have been suggested. The institutions have been
identified which would be supported by strengthening infrastructure at a cost of Rs. 10 lakhs
for training of supervisors and entrepreneurs and at a cost of Rs. 6 lakhs for the training of
the gardeners. The training cost for one year for 25 trainings of supervisors rank is of the
order of Rs. 8.12 lakh per training. Similar training for gardeners for 25 trainees for six
months is Rs. 7.525 lakhs.
The scheme has three components viz.
Training of Horticulture offices/ supervisors
Training of gardeners
Training of entrepreneurs
The training programme for the Supervisors, Entrepreneurs will be organized by the State
Agricultural Universities ICAR institutes and Gardeners training through the Krishi Vigyan
Kendras and SAU while the departmental staff will also be trained by the university. The
training expenses will be met through the State Mission in full.
The State Agricultural University already has a strong institutional set up for training in
horticulture. It has all the basic infrastructure facilities like class rooms, staff, hostel facilities
etc. The courses will be of one year duration for Supervisors and of six months for
Gardeners and of three months for Entrepreneurs. In order to attract the candidates and
more importantly retain them and prevent their drop out, a monthly stipend will be provided
to them in the form of boarding & lodging charges. The courses will be strictly residential. At
8/14/2019 Action Plan Bihar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/action-plan-bihar 46/58
42
the end of the training, Supervisors will be awarded a Diploma in horticulture and gardeners
and Entrepreneurs a Certificate of training in horticulture. These trained people would be the
potential candidates for employment by the Firms engaged in horticulture development in the
state and outside the state.
The State would organize specialized training courses on horticulture related subjects.
Assistance is to be provided for the same to the concerned Institutes directly based on the
recommendation of the Mission. Such training would generally be of short duration of 7-10
days for 20 to 25 participants.
Trainers who are required to train others could be deputed for training abroad also, to a
limited extent, for which assistance would he made available for meeting the travel cost and
course fee. The State Departments of Agriculture/SHM would function as the nodal agency
for this purpose. Funds would be made available for meeting the expenses for the
candidates involved in implementation of the Mission programmes based on the specific
proposals indicated in the document.
2.8.1 Farmers Training
S.No.
Duration of Training Norms No. of Participants
Budget estimate(Rs. In (lakh)
1. One day training @ /Rs.100 per head 5000 5.0
2. Three days training @ /Rs.300 per head 5,000 15.0
3. Five days training @ /Rs.500 per head 1,000 5.00
Total 25.00
2.8.2 Officers Training
S.No.
Duration of Training Norms per head No. of Participants
Budget estimate(Rs. in lakh)
1. Two days training Rs.2500 500 12.50
2. Six days training Rs.5000 200 10.00
3. Two days training Rs.10000 200 20.00
4. One month training Rs.20000 50 10.00
Total 52.50
2.8.3 Human resource development in Agri Export Zone
Government of India has sanctioned Agricultural Export Zone (AEZ) for litchi. It is, therefore
necessary to educate the farmers regarding production technologies international quality
standards, residue limits of different importing countries, packaging, processing etc.
Pattern of assistance will be Rs. 100/- per farmer per day and provision of Rs 2.0 lakh is
proposed for training 4000 farmers. These trainings will be organized in AEZ areas by the
concerned nodal agencies like KVKs /Department of Agriculture/ the University or ICAR
institutes.
8/14/2019 Action Plan Bihar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/action-plan-bihar 47/58
43
Table 32 Budget for gardener’s and supervisor’s training during 2005-06.
Training Duration No. of Trainings
Places Cost(Rs inLakh)
Gardens Training 6 months 4 BAC,Sabour(Bhagalpur)RAU,Pusa,(Samastipur)
42.10
Supervisor’straining
1 year 2 BAC, Sabour /RAU,Pusa 72.50
Total 114.60
Total Budget for HRD for 2005-06
Farmers’ Training : 0.240 crore
Officers’ Training : 0.525 crore
Gardeners’ Supervisor’s Training : 1.146 crore
Total : 1.911 crore
2.9 Creation of Water Resources
Under the Mission, assistance is provided for creating water sources Through construction of
community tanks, farm ponds with plastic lining. The assistance is limited to Rs. 10. 00 lakh
per unit for an area of 10 ha to be taken up on community basis. Maintenance of the water
source is supposed to be responsibility of the community maintenance of the water source is
supposed to be the responsibility of the community.
Zone III of the state is a water deficit area, the annual rainfall being 1165 mm, more than
80% of which falls between June and September. The creation of water source as a
component is to be taken up in this area to promote horitci0culture related activities. The
guidelines for the community water tanks do not indicate of the community and the number
of farmers who will have to come together for such a community tank. It is presumed that a
group of more than five farmers quality for such as assistance on a prorate basis if the area
of 10ha is covered. The assistance of Rs. 10 lakh per unit is proportionately reduced to the
smaller area. An assistance at a rate of Rs. 1lakh per ha or irrigation would be provided for
the water source.
The major problems associated with water stored in tanks are situation, seepage,
percolation and evaporation losses. The seepage and percolation losses could be checked
through lining of ponds by plastics. A plastic film of PVC can be adopted in tanks for lining. A
PVC film of 12 mm thickness can be used for lining the community tanks. However, 5 mm
(500 micron) film will serve the purpose in small ponds.
The water stored in community tanks will be effectively used for horticultural crops through
micro irrigation technologies. Commonly tanks with plastic lining would be of immense used
for giving protective irrigation to crops.
8/14/2019 Action Plan Bihar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/action-plan-bihar 48/58
44
Table 33 The physical and financial programme are as under
Programme Estimated cost Proposed assistance Physical target(Nos.)
Financial target(Rs. in lakh)
Community tanks withuse of plastics
Rs. 19.99 lakhper unit
Upto Rs. 10.00 lakh per unit of 10 ha
36 360.0
Table 34 District wise break up of physical and financial programme of community tasks
Community tanks with use of plasticS.No.
District
Phy No. Finance(Rs. in lakh)
1. Patna 04 40
2. Bhabhua 04 40
3. Rohtas 04 40
4. Nalanda 06 60
5. Nawada 06 60
6. Aurangabad 06 60
7. Gaya 06 60
Total 36 360
2.10 Market Development
The programmes for marketing are project based. States Missions, after approval of the
Executive Committee of the State Mission is to submit viable projects to EC. Such projects
as proposed by BSAMB are included in the document.
The main objectives of providing assistance under this component are (a) to induce
investments from private and cooperative sectors in the development of marketing
infrastructure for horticulture commodities (b) Strengthen existing horticulture markets
including wholesale, rural haats; (c) focus on promotion of grading, standardization and
quality certification of horticulture produce at farm /market level to enable farmers to realizebetter price; and (d) create general awareness among farmers, consumers, entrepreneurs
and market functionaries on market related Agricultural Practices including contract farming.
Assistance under the scheme is provided on the following norms:
Credit linked back ended subsidy @ 25% of the capital cost of the project is provided for
new infrastructure projects for marketing of horticultural commodities and for
strengthening and modernization of existing horticulture markets such as wholesale or
rural haats .Few such markets are taken up initially under SHM.
‘Marketing Infrastructure’ for the purpose of this Scheme may comprise of any of the
following:
Functional infrastructure for collection/assemblage, drying, cleaning, grading and
standardization, SPS measures and quality certification, labeling, packaging, ripening
chambers, retailing and wholesaling, value addition facilities (without changing the
product form).
Market user common facilities in the project area like shops/offices, platforms for
loading/un-loading/assembling and auctioning of the produce, parking sheds, internal
8/14/2019 Action Plan Bihar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/action-plan-bihar 49/58
45
roads, garbage disposal arrangements, including drinking water, sanitation
arrangements, weighing and mechanical handling equipments.
Infrastructure for Direct Marketing of horticulture commodities from producers to
consumers/processing units/bulk buyers.
The above is included in the form of a terminal market in the Mission.
Assistance for setting up markets is linked with market reforms and preference is to
given to those States which amend their State Agricultural Produce Marketing Acts for
facilitating alternate marketing by farmers/farmer groups involved in horticulture. Such
amendments have already been made for direct marketing of fruits & vegetables by
setting up terminal markets. Other amendments are planned for contract farming, single
licensing etc. for Monsoon session of the State assembly.
Assistance is available to individuals, Group of farmers/growers/ consumers,
Partnership/ Proprietary firms, Non- Government Organizations (NGOs), Self Help
Groups (SHGs), Companies, Corporations, Cooperatives, Cooperative Marketing
Federations, Local bodies, Agricultural Produce Market Committees & Marketing Boards
and State Governments. Cost of land in infrastructure projects will be restricted to 10
percent of the project cost in rural areas and 20 percent in Municipal areas. The
entrepreneur will not alienate the land during the period of the loan for any purpose other
than the purpose for which the project is sanctioned. The size of the project will be
determined on the basis of economic viability and commercial considerations;.
2.10.1 Wholesale / Terminal Market
Project based proposals are being prepared in the State to induce investments from private
and co-operative sectors in the development of marketing of horticulture commodities. In
this context a modern market for fruits and vegetables are planned for Patna, Bhagalpur,
and Muzaffarpur. It will strengthen existing horticulture markets including wholesale markets
and rural haats.
The modern markets (also known as Terminal markets) promote grading, standardization
and quality certification of horticulture produce, and support the farmers in realizing better
prices. It will also create general awareness among farmers, consumers, entrepreneurs andmarket functionaries on market related Agriculture Practices including contract farming.
Marketing infrastructure proposed to be developed in the State includes the following:
Infrastructure for collection/assembling, drying, cleaning, grading and standardization,
SPS measures and quality certification, labeling, packaging, ripening chambers, retailing
and wholesaling,
8/14/2019 Action Plan Bihar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/action-plan-bihar 50/58
46
Market user common facilities in the project areas like shops / offices, platforms for
loading/ unloading/assembling and auctioning of the produce
Infrastructure for direct marketing of horticulture commodities from producers to
consumers/processing units/bulk buyers.
Assistance for setting up markets will be linked with market reforms
Facilitating alternate marketing
Table 35 Intervention of Marketing Structure
Marketing Infrastructure
I Component Location Rate of assistanceper unit
Total Cost
I Establishment of modern terminal 3 no. Patna, 100 crore 300.00
iii Up gradation of rural market-36 All selected 12 district Project based 135.0
iv Functional Infrastructure & MarketIntelligence
Project based 112.50
v Extension, quality awareness andmarket led activity
Project based 20.00
Total 567.50
2.10.2 Rural Markets/ Direct market
The present haats or weekly bazaars which constitute first contact point with commercial
circuits for the producers do not provide even the most basic of amenities and facilities such
as shelter, water, electricity, roads etc. Bringing about an improvement in market facilities at
rural level has a direct impact on farmer’s income. Once developed the rural markets provide
improved services for buyers and create an element of market security for the growers.
Haats need to be provided with mobile banks on haat days by Gramin Banks.
The trading generally takes place in a dusty space with no infrastructure whatsoever, with
the produce brought mainly from surrounding areas, and some times over distances. The
market place is unhygienic and lacks sanitation. There are no drainage, toilets, drinking
water source and shelter against sun, rain or wind. This is detrimental to the farmers
produce, especially the highly perishable horticultural produce.
It is suggested that minimum basic infrastructure be set up in haats in the State such as
sheds, auction/sale platforms, proper flooring, drainage, provision for drinking water, internal
roads, electricity etc.
2.10.3 Functional Infrastructure for Collection, Grading etc.
For collection of fresh produce on large scale from different part of the collection centers
projective approach is essential. For value addition of the fresh agricultural produce
specially designed van for transport and proper grading facilities at collection centers are
proposed, financial assistance on actual basis (100% of actual project cost.) is proposed for
this component. It is proposed to have a financial outlay of Rs 112.50 lakhs for year 2005-
06.
8/14/2019 Action Plan Bihar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/action-plan-bihar 51/58
47
2.10.4 Market led extension, awareness training and evaluation
To educate and update the field functionaries and farmers on latest and new trends in the
National and International market i.e. Quality management , GMP, HACCP, Tractability and
advance packing specification etc. financial assistance on actual basis (100% of actual
project cost .) is proposed for this component. Proposed financial outlay is 20.00 lakh for
year 2005-06.
2.11 Mission Management
In Bihar, Department of Agriculture which includes horticulture has its presence upto village
level. VLW at village level is the extension worker who is in charge of 3-4 villages. There are
offices at block district region and state level. The state level office is headed by the
Agricultural Production Commissioner and is supported by different Directors. For looking
after the activities of horticulture, a separate Director of Horticulture along with supporting
staff is in place.
For management of NHM, a separate State level Horticulture Mission will be established
District Level Mission Committees and Block/Village Level committees will also be
established. The state level mission and district/block level committees will have to be
supported with additional manpower. The manpower will be engaged strictly on contract
basis on merit. Separate technical support group will be constituted, which will help the
Mission Director are in managing its activities and also preparation and scrutiny of the
project. The Director of Horticulture or any other suitable person with adequate technical
qualification and experience will be appointed as Mission Director.
The State HM would provide funds to the State level organizations for taking up innovative
projects in the area of horticulture development, post harvest management, processing and
marketing to help promotion of HM activities in the state.
2.11.1 Institutional strengthening and Hire/ Purchase of vehicles
The Mission HQ will be strengthened with manpower including hiring of technical services,
database development, use of information technology, development of software and
procurement of hardware, hiring and if necessary purchase of vehicle, engagement of
personnel on contract who can assist in the day to day functioning of the office including
driver. Suitable provision for the same for office of Director (Horticulture) is also included.
Proposed financial outlay is 500.00 lakh for year 2005-06.
8/14/2019 Action Plan Bihar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/action-plan-bihar 52/58
48
2.11.1 Collaboration with International Agencies
Attempts will be made to collaborate with the International agencies like FAO, World Bank,
Asian Development Bank etc, for taking up programmes for the development of horticulture.
To organize study tours and to organize training programmes the NHM, the funds for this
purpose are earmarked in the Annual Action Plan. . Proposed financial outlay is 200.00 lakh
for year 2005-06.
2.11.2 Monitoring and Evaluation
State HM would engage reputed agencies which will work in close association with the
concerned official of state Govt. and R.A.U. Pusa, Bihar. This agency will also undertake
concurrent monitoring and end term evaluation and submit its monitoring report on quarterly
basis and evaluation report by the end of Xth plan. A monitoring and evaluation unit will be
established at the university which will play pivotal role in conducting monitoring and
evaluation studies in an efficient manner. A copy of report shall also be submitted to the
university for comments.
2.11.3 Proposed Budget
For managing NHM in Bihar, a total budget of Rs. 1750 lakh is required for different
purposes such as strengthening of installation, purchase of vehicles, hardware/software,
technical support groups hiring consultants, collaboration with international agencies like
FAO, world bank etc.
8/14/2019 Action Plan Bihar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/action-plan-bihar 53/58
49
3 PROGRAMME BENEFITS
The programme benefits in terms of improved productivity, man–days likely to be generated
an additional income estimated crop – wise are set forth below:
S.No. Crop Area( ha) Prod.(MT) Pdy. (MT/ha.) % increaseinproductivity
Man daysemploymentgeneration
( lakhs)
AdditionalIncomeGeneration( Rs. lakh)
1 Mango 900 9000 10 11 2.7 315
2 Litchi 500 7000 14 16 1.5 500
3 Guava 600 8400 14 16 1.8 600
4 Banana 600 12000 20 25 1.8 450
5 Pineapple 700 17500 25 14 2.1 700
Total 3200 51400 9.9 2565
The programmes proposed under the action plan 2005-06 for implementation are for
integrated development of the selected crops like increase availability of good planting
material / seed, expansion of area / rejuvenation of crops with recommended package of
practices, provide post-harvest infrastructure and marketing facilities. This would lead to
increase production and productivity of each selected crops.
Under the action plan, 3200 ha have been proposed for area expansion and 15000 ha for
rejuvenation in mango, litchi and guava. This would provide additional production of 51400
MT of Mango, Banana, Guava, Litchi and Pineapple from an area expansion of 3200 ha.
The production and productivity shown above in respect of the perennial crops like mango,
litchi, and guava could be achieved at full bearing stage only. The programme is expected to
generate additional income of Rs.2565 lakhs at full bearing stage. Besides improving
productivity of crops covered spectacularly, the programme will generate 9.9akh man days
of employment. Additional employment of 430 mandays would be generated by nursery
development for mango, litchi, guava and pineapple.
8/14/2019 Action Plan Bihar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/action-plan-bihar 54/58
50
PROPOSAL FOR ASSISTANCE UNDER NHM 2005-06, BIHAR
(Rs in lakh)
Sr.
No.
Programme Estimated Cost Proposed assistance Phy Fin
A. RESEARCH Research needs of Bihar
will be submitted to CentralGovernment Institutes under
ICAR, CSIR and others
through SAUs to take up
need based research and
development works
B. PLANTATION INFRASTRUCTURE &
DEVELOPMENT
1 Production of planting
material
a) Public sector
i. Model nursery (4 ha) Rs. 18.00 lakh/unit Maximum of Rs. 18.00 lakh
per nursery
7 126.00
ii, Small Nursery (I ha.) Rs. 3.00 lakh per unit Maximum of Rs. 3.00 lakh
per nursery
10 30.00
iii. Rehab of existing
Tissue culture units
Rs. 8.00 lakh/unit Maximum of Rs, 8.00
lakh/unit
1 8.00
b) Private sector
i. Model nursery (4 ha) Rs. 18.00 lakh/unit Credit linked back ended
subsidy
5 45.00
ii. Nursery (1 ha.) Rs. 3.00 lakh per unit 50% of cost limited to Rs.
1.50 lakh/nursey
10 15.00
Sub-total 224.00
c. Vegetable seed
production
a. Public Sector ( SAUs
& State Depts.BSSC.)
Rs. 50,000 per ha 100% of cost 80 40.00
b.Private sector i)
Seedling
Rs. 50,000 per ha 50% of the total cost
subject to max of Rs.
25000/ha limited of 5 ha.
ascredit linked back endedsubsidy
100 25.00
d. Seed infrastructure
a. Public sector Project based 100% of cost ( 50 lakh) 1 50.00
b. Public sector Rs. 5.00 laks / small unit 2 10.00
b. Privates sector Project based Rs. 2 lakh/unit 14 28.00
Sub-total 153.00
2 Establishment of new
gardens (ha.)
i. Fruits (Perennials)
ia- Perennials Rs. 22500/ha 2000 450.00
8/14/2019 Action Plan Bihar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/action-plan-bihar 55/58
51
ii. Fruits (Non-Perennials) (Banana
600) ( Pineapple 600
ha)
Maximum of Rs.
15,000 per ha subject to
limit of 4 ha/beneficiary
1200 180.00
iii Rejuventation /
productivity
enhancement
Rs. 30,000/ha (average) 50% of the total cost subject
to limit of Rs. 15,000/ha to a
limit of 2 ha
15,000 2250.00
Sub-total 2880.00
4 Development of
Floriculture
a) Loose Flowers
1. Small scale/
marginal farmers
50 % of the cost max. to Rs.
12,000/ha @ 2 ha / beneficiary
50 6.00
2. Other farmers 33 % max. to Rs. 7920/ha
limited to 4 ha/ beneficiary
50 3.96
Sub-total 9.96
3 Creation of water
resources sources
Community tanks on
farm ponds on farm
water resorvoirs -(No.)
with use of plastics-
100% assistance
Rs. 10.00 lakh/unit upto Rs. 10 lakh /unit of 10
Ha.
36 360.00
4 Protected cultivation
1. Green House
(Hitech)
a. Small & Marginal
Farmers
Rs. 650/ Sq. m 50% of the cost limited to
max of Rs.325/Sq.m for hi-
tech GH maximum of 1000
Sq.m./beneficiary
10 32.50
b.Other farmers -do- 33.3% of cost subject to a
max of Rs.215/Sq.m for hi-
tech GH subject to limit of
1000 Sq.m./beneficiary
10 21.65
2. Green House
(Normal)
a. Small & Marginal
Farmers
Rs. 250/ Sq. m 50% of the cost limited to
max ofRs.125/Sq.for normal
GH maximum of 1000
Sq.m./beneficiary
10 12.50
b.Other farmers -do- 33.3% of cost subject to a
max ofRs.67/sq.m for
normal GH subject to limit
of 1000 Sq.m./beneficiary
5 4.13
3. Mulching Rs. 14,000/ha 50% of the total cost limitedto Rs. 7000/ha max. upto 2
ha/beneficiary
42 5.88
4. ShadeNet Rs. 14/Sq. m. 50% ofcostmaxof Rs. 3500/
500 Sq.m max. upto 2
ha/beneficiary
10 11.20
5. Plastic Tunnel Rs. 10 / Sq.m. 50% of cost max of
Rs.5000/1000Sq.m max.
upto 0.5 ha
5 2.50
Sub-total 90.35
5 Promotion of
8/14/2019 Action Plan Bihar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/action-plan-bihar 56/58
52
INM/IPM
i Promotion of IPM Rs. 2000/ha 50% of cost subject to Rs
1000/ha subject to a limit of
4 ha. per Beneficiary
50 25.48
ii Training under
Promotion under IPM
18.35
iii Surveillance of
insect pests,
nematodes and
diseases under
promotion of IPM
50.36
iv. Plant Health
Clinics
Rs. 20 lakhs/unit Upto Rs. 20 lakh/unit
a) Public sector 100% Upto Rs. 20 lakh/unit 12.04
b) Private sector 50% of cost upto Rs. 10
lakh/unit as credit linked
back ended subsidy
v Bio control labs 35.77
vi Strengthening of Pesticide residue labs
38.50
vii. Fee of testing
Pesticide Residue
40.00
Sub-total 220.50
6 HRD including
horticulture institute
Project based 100% assistance
a) Farmers training
i) One day @ 100 per day per head 5000 5.00
ii) Three day do - 5000 15.00
iii) Five day do - 1000 5.00
b) Officers training @ 50000 per participants
i) Two day @ 2500 per participants 500 12.50
ii) Six day @ 5000 per participants 200 10.00
iii) Two day @ 10000 per participants 200 20.00
ii) One Month @ 20000 per participants 50 10.00
c) HRD Training for
export
2.00
d) Supervisors and
Gardeners training
114.60
Sub Total 194.10
7 Pollination support
through beekeeping
Rs. 1600 per colony 50% of the cost subject tomax. of Rs.800/colony with
bee hive
800 40.00
Sub Total 40.00
8 Technology
Dissamination through
demonstration/ front
line demonstration
Project based 75 % of cost
1.Font line
Demonstration
8/14/2019 Action Plan Bihar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/action-plan-bihar 57/58
53
a) Public sector (Dept./
SAU/ M. Board / KVK/
100% , @ Rs. 500000/ 500
sq.m. unit
10 50.00
2.Generel Technology
Demonstration on
farmers field
75% @ Rs.10000/0.40 ha 100 10.00
Sub Total 60.00
9 POST HARVEST
MANAGEMENT
I. Pack houses Rs. 2.50 lakh/unit Credit linked back-ended
subsidy @ 25% of the
capital cost of project in
general areas and 33.33 %
in case of hilly and tribalareas
16 10.00
2. Cold storage units Rs. 2.00 crore/unit -do- 4 200.00
3. Ref. Vans/containers Rs. 24.00 lakh/unit -do- 4 24.00
4. Market Intelligence Project based Project based 2 200.00
5. Ripening Chamber Rs. 5.00 Lakh/ Unit 3 3.75
6. Mobile processing
unit Rs. 25.00 lakh/unit
2 12.50
C. Est. of of Marketing
Infrastructure for
horticultural produce
in Govt/Private/
Cooperative sector
Credit linked back-ended
subsidy @ 25% of the
capital cost of project in
general areas and 33.33 %
in case of hilly and tribal
areas
a) Wholesale/Terminal
markets
upto Rs. 500.00 crores do - 3 1500.00
b) Rural Markets/Apni
Mandis/Direct Markets
Rs. 15.00 lakh do - 36 135.00
c) Functional
Infrastructure for collection, grading etc.
Rs. 15.00 lakh do - 30 112.50
d) Extension, quality
awareness & Market led
extension activities for
fresh processed
products
Project based 100 % asst. 20.00
Sub Total 2217.75
Innovative projects
including ongoing
programme
a) Self employmentand Value addition onfield (asst. toprocessor or for
common facilities ,Self employment inhort.
25% of capitalinvestment
100 150.00
b) Activities for prmotionalmeasures
i) Asst. for participation inInternationl exhibition
25.00
ii) Meeting chalangesof WTO
60.00
8/14/2019 Action Plan Bihar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/action-plan-bihar 58/58
iii) Strengthening of Hort. Nurseries
100 300.00
iv) Udyan PanditPuraskra
8.50
v) Horticultureexhibition / shows
@ 25000 per show 100 25.00
c) IT basedTechnologydissemination
I) TechnologyDissamination
@ 10 lakh or 50 % 2 20.00
ii) Market facilitationcentre
@ 10 lakh or 50 % 2 20.00
Sub-total 608.50
MISSION
MANAGEMENT
(i) State & Districts
Mission Strucutre
including additional
manpower & project
preparation cost
5% of total annual
expenditure on the basis
of appraised needs
500.00
(ii) Support to
cooperatives for infrastrucural
requirement
Project based 100.00
(iii) Institutional
Strengthening,
ire/purchase of vehicles,
hardware/software
Project based 500.00
(iv) Technical Support
group (TSG)
Project based subject to
a ceiling of Rs. 5 crore
per annums
450.00
(v) Collaboration with
international agencies
like FAO, World bank
etc.
Project based subject to
a ceiling of Rs. 5 crore
per annums
200.00
Sub-total 1750.00
GRANT TOTAL 8448.16