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EnvironmentalProblems of
Pakistan
EnvironmentalProblems of
Pakistan
Dr. M. Anwar Baig
Associate Professor /Vice PrincipalIESE, NUST Rawalpindi 46,000
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What is Environment
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It includes the whole complex of physical,social, cultural, economic and aesthetic factors
that affect individuals and communities and
ultimately determine their form, relationshipand survival.
Comprises of all living organisms and nonliving
things that surround us i.e. which we see, smell,touch, taste and feel.
We can normally divide it into four spheres:
Lithosphere (our earth), Atmosphere (air,gases), Hydrosphere (water both surface and
ground including oceans) and Biosphere (all
living organisms including plants, animals,
micro-organisms).
ENVIRONMET
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Natural Environmental Resources PakistanGeographical area is 88 million hectares
Agricultural base mostly irrigated (20 m ha)Water Resources 140 maf and biggest contiguous irrig. Sys.
Physio -graphically three major units:
The northern mountains (50 peaks with > 6,700 m height) The western highlands, and
Indus plain.
Climate - semi-arid four seasons with temp range -10 to +48 C Mean annual rainfall ranges between 200 500 mm
Population 138 millions (1998) with growth rate of 2.8 %
majority (60%) living in rural areas present 155 millionPeople who are mostly illiterate (60%), poor (40%)
High consuming/wastage habits
Great diversity of vegetation type and faunaAbout 6000 vascular plant species and forest area is 4.5%
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Energy Consumption
Energy consumption has tripled in20 years.
Heavy dependence on imported oilcosts nearly three billion dollars
annually on oil importation. Energy use characterized by high
degree of waste and inefficiency.
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Air Pollution
Air Pollution in major cities 20 timeshigher than WHO standards & rising.
Automobile exhaust accounts for 90% ofair pollutants (estimated annual healthcost nearly US$ 400 million).
Suspended particulate in urban air 6.4times higher than WHO guidelines.
High lead in petrol (0.35 grams per liter)causes elevated levels of lead in urbanpopulation (now we have switched tounleaded).
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Water Pollution
Waterlogging & salinity (40% irrigation
water lost in unlined canal network (annual
loss US$ 300 million). Untreated municipal & industrial wastes.
>thousandsof tons of oil products intoKarachi harbour.
200 million gal of raw sewage enters in
Karachi harbour.
Non-compliance with pollution standards.
Dangerous levels of toxics in sea food andpoultry.
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Solid WasteAll wastes arising from human and animal activities
normally solids, semi solids or liquids those are discarded as
unwanted or useless (heterogeneous masses thrown awayfrom Agricultural, Industrial, Hospital and Commercial
sources)
-In Pakistan about 65,000 tones is generated daily (35,000tones from urban areas)
- Punjab generates 30,000 tones
- Lahore 4,000 tones
- Karachi 7,000 tones
- Peshawar 650 tones
- Islamabad 300 tones
- On the average generation rate is 0.5 kg/person/day
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Land and
Groundwater Pollution
Solid waste collection efficiency isabout 54% in urban centres.
Lack of proper waste collection anddisposal facilities for hazardous and
municipal wastes causing severe landand groundwater pollution in and
around urban areas.
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Loss of Biodiversity
The biodiversity of Pakistan is fast headingtowards complete annihilation (IUCN).
Disappearance of countless species is
caused by continuous and progressive loss,fragmentation, and degradation of naturalhabitats.
Deforestation, overgrazing, soil erosion,water diversion & drainage, and intense
agricultural activity are major causes ofhabitat loss.
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Chemicals in our
Environment
Now a days our life is dependent on chemicals There are 100,000 chemicals in use
50,000 used in commerce 500 added to this list every year
Only 5,000 have been tested for their
toxicological effects
Remainders - Toxic effects are unknown
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Classification of
ChemicalsOrganic Chemical
Simple aromatics
Aliphatics
Alcohols Polyaromatic HC
i. Chlorinated poly
ii. Pesticides
iii. Organo-metallics
Inorganic
Compounds1. Acids & bases
2. Gases3. Heavy metals
4. Other metals5. Mineral fibers
6. Radio- nuclides
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Classification of
Chemicals by their use Agricultural Chemicals
1. Pesticides
2. Insecticides3. Herbicides
4. Fungicides5. Algicides
6. Mitocides, nematicides
Cl ifi ti f Ch i l
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Automotive products
Batteries heavy metal
Pharmaceuticals Cosmetics, deodorant
Detergents/cleaners Disinfectants
Abrasives
Solvents & degrease
Paints, pigments, dyes
Explosives/ fireworks Art supplies
Classification of Chemicals
by their use
Cl ifi ti f Ch i l b
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Enzyme disruption or inhalation
Enzyme induction
Metabolic poison
Macromolecular binding (DNA, proteins)
Cell membrane disruption Competitive binding at active sites
Formation of free radicles (active oxygenspecies)
Sensitizers
Irritants
Classification of Chemicals by
their Mechanism of Action
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Trace amounts of at least 600 toxic substances (such as
lead and mercury) produced by human activities
Mercury occurs naturally in the earths crust.
When mercury enters the body it becomes concentratedin tissue, an effect known as bioaccumulation. Once mercury enters the water it can be converted to its
most toxic form, methyl mercury, by bacteria or chemicalreactions. Methyl mercury is absorbed by tiny aquatic
organisms and then finally to larger predator fish.
People and wildlife at the top of the food chain consumesSources = burning coal and waste (particularly medical)
Toxic compounds
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Neurotoxins
Hepatotoxins
Metabolic toxins
Reproductive toxins
Genatotoxins (including mutagens)
Carcinogens
Cardiotoxins Endocrine toxins
Pulmonary toxins Dermotoxins
Classification of Chemicals by
their Target Organs
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Toxicity Rating for Chemicals
Toxicity rating Oral lethal
Dose (g/kg)
Lethal dose
for 70 - kg adult6. Super toxic < 0.005 Less than 7 drops
5. Extremely tox. 0.005 0.050 Less than 1 teaspoon
4. Very toxic 0.050 0.500 1 teaspoon to 1 oz
3. Moderately tox 0.500 5.00 Up to 1 lb
2. Slightly toxic 5.0 15.0 1 lb to 1 quart
1. Practically non > 15 More than 1 quart
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CONSUMPTION OF
PESTICIDES Harmful pests - number in hundreds
Yield reduction caused by them is 20 40% More than 40,000 weeds (yield reduction by 20
-50%) USEPA estimates 0.4 kg/cap/day is being
manufactured
Men, women and children are exposed to it
from time of conception in womb to death
pesticides business is well flourishing globally
WORLDWIDE SALE OF
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WORLDWIDE SALE OFPESTICIDES 90s
Company Country Sales ($
million)
Ciba - Geigy Switzerland 2,700
ICI Britain 2,522
Bayer Germany 1,989
Rhone Poulenc France 1,917
Du Pont USA 1,755
Monsanto USA 1,508Don Elanco USA 1,500
Hoechst Germany 1,346
BASF Germany 1,224
Schering Germany 897
STATUS IN PAKISTAN
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STATUS IN PAKISTAN
Year Quantity/amount1980-81 7,083 tones
1986-87 20,647 tones1988-89 Rs. 1.3 billion
1993-94 Rs. 6.0 billion In the country 1900 stacks/storage of larger size with
hardly any safety or security measure
Dumps are 35 years old
At Malir 37,000 kg solid and 470,000 liters of toxicmaterial stacked.
Others at Bahwalpur, Multan, Faisalabad & Peshawar
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Economic Losses Due to
Environmental Degradation Estimated annual loss about 3% of
GDP. Pollution-related health costs $1.05
billion/yr.
Agricultural land degradation costsabout $ 353 million/yr.
Loss of rangeland costs up to $ 160million/yr.
Huge losses feared in the fisheries sectordue to unchecked fishing and pollution.
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Sources of Water Pollution
Point source
Dry weather
pollutants enteringwatercourses. Mainlyfrom industrial
facilitiesMunicipal
wastewater
Factory effluentsAgricultural farms
Dairy, sheep/goatand poultry farms
Effluent fromEffluent fromindustriesindustries
Non point so rce
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Non-point source
(Basically comes with rain water)
Storm water,
Construction sites, Agriculture (irrigated and non-irrigated),
Range and pasture,
Animal production, Forestry (logging and plantation),
Highway, Mining,
Air pollution fall out, in stream sludge
accumulation etc.
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Effect of Arsenic presence inwater on skin of kids
SOURCES OF GROUNDWATER
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SOURCES OF GROUNDWATER
POLLUTION
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CHRONOLOGICAL EFFORTS TO
IMPROVE ENVIRONMENT cont..1992 Name changed to Ministry of Environment, Local Govt. &
Rural Development (M/o ELG&RD)
1996 Drafts of Provincial Environmental Protection Acts:NWFP, Punjab1996 Environmental Technology Program for Industry
(ETPI)
1997 Pakistan Environmental Protection Ordinance (Feb-June)1997 Pakistan Environmental Protection Act (Dec 1997)
replaced PEPO
1997 Standing Committees on Environment of VariousChambers of Commerce
1998 Rules and Regulations for PEPA drafted
1998 Environmental Magistrates notified (NWFP)1999 Environmental Tribunals established
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Environmental Problems are really
social problems anyway. They begin
with people as the cause, and end
with people as the victims.
(Weston 1985, 9)
To solve these problems
ACTIVE, CRITICAL, AND
CREATIVELY ENGAGED PEOPLE ARE
NEEDED - by Longfield, P.
OUR ENVIRONMENT IS
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WISELY PLANNED
MAJOR CAUSE AND AFFECTS OF POLLUTION
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MAJOR CAUSE AND AFFECTS OF POLLUTION
TYPE CAUSE EFFECTLAND
POLLUTIONDirt ,wrappers,Solid waste.e.t.c
Everywhere there isDust and dirt.
WATERPOLLUTION Sewerage system,industrialwaste ,solid waste ,agricultural spraying e.t.cMarine life isdying,peopledrinking this waterare also sufferingfrom dangerousdiseases.
AIRPOLLUTION
NOISEPOLLUTION
Different dangerousgases(CO,S,CO2,e.t.c.)and motorVehicles account for itAbout 90 .Pressure horns, airplanes,industry, music, loudspeakers
Lung problems,andother serious healthproblems,Destroying naturalflora and climate.Tension, fatigue,hearing impairment,BP, heart attack
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