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BIO1130 Organismal Biology
Université d’Ottawa / University of Ottawa 9:56 AM
BIO1130 Organismal Biology1
Université d’Ottawa / University of Ottawa
Biology, Biologists, and BioscienceBiology, Biologists, and BioscienceBiology, Biologists, and Bioscience
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BIO1130 Organismal Biology 2Université d’Ottawa / University of Ottawa
In this lecture:In this lecture:In this lecture:
History of biology, a natural science,compared to that of the physicalsciences.
Misconceptions about “facts” of biology
How biology is done – scientific methodin natural sciences.
History of biology, a natural science,compared to that of the physicalsciences.
Misconceptions about “facts” of biology
How biology is done – scientific methodin natural sciences.
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Defining biologyDefining biologyDefining biology
The subject matter of our investigationswill be the various forms andmanifestations of life, the conditionsand laws controlling their existence,and the causes by which this iseffected. The science, which occupiesitself with these subjects, we shalldesignate by the name biology, orscience of life.
The subject matter of our investigationswill be the various forms andmanifestations of life, the conditionsand laws controlling their existence,and the causes by which this iseffected. The science, which occupiesitself with these subjects, we shalldesignate by the name biology, orscience of life.
(Treviranus 1802)
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Important stages in the history of BiologyImportant stages in the history of BiologyImportant stages in the history of Biology
400 BCE – 450: Greek and Roman ages
450 – 16th century: Medieval ages 16th-18th century: Renaissance and the scientific
revolution
19th century
20th century
21st century
400 BCE – 450: Greek and Roman ages
450 – 16th century: Medieval ages 16th-18th century: Renaissance and the scientific
revolution
19th century
20th century
21st century
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Important stages in the history of Biology
400 BCE – 450: Greek and Roman agesImportant stages in the history of BiologyImportant stages in the history of Biology
400 BCE400 BCE – – 450: Greek and Roman ages450: Greek and Roman ages
Hippocrates(460-370 BCE)
HippocratesHippocrates(460(460--370 BCE)370 BCE)
__________ (384-322 BCE)
__________ __________ (384(384--322 BCE)322 BCE)
Theophrastus(371-287 BCE)
TheophrastusTheophrastus(371(371--287 BCE)287 BCE)
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Important stages in the history of Biology
400 BCE – _____: Greek and Roman agesImportant stages in the history of BiologyImportant stages in the history of Biology
400 BCE400 BCE – – _____: Greek and Roman ages _____: Greek and Roman ages
Scala naturae the great chainof being
_____________
Scala naturae the great chainof being
_____________
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Important stages in the history of Biology
450-16th century: Medieval agesImportant stages in the history of BiologyImportant stages in the history of Biology
450450--1616thth century: Medieval agescentury: Medieval ages
Europe
– 400-700 Early middleages (Dark Ages)
– 1000-1300 High middleAges
– 1300-1500 Late middleages
Europe
– 400-700 Early middleages (Dark Ages)
– 1000-1300 High middleAges
– 1300-1500 Late middleages
Black plague(1347-1351)
Black plagueBlack plague(1347(1347--1351)1351)
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Important stages in the history of Biology
450-16th century: Medieval agesImportant stages in the history of BiologyImportant stages in the history of Biology
450450--1616thth century: Medieval agescentury: Medieval ages
Byzantium
– Al-Jahiz (781-869)
– Al-Dinawari (826-896)
– Avicenna (980-1037
– Al-Baitar (d. 1248)
– Abu al-Abbas al Nabati(13th century)
Byzantium
– Al-Jahiz (781-869)
– Al-Dinawari (826-896)
– Avicenna (980-1037
– Al-Baitar (d. 1248)
– Abu al-Abbas al Nabati(13th century)
AvicennaAvicennaAvicenna
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Special creationSpecial creationSpecial creation
Pattern
– Species don’t change
– Each species created
on Oct 23, 4004 BCE – Species are not old
Process
– A designer of somesort
Pattern
– Species don’t change
– Each species created
on Oct 23, 4004 BCE
– Species are not old
Process
– A designer of somesort
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Copernicus (1473-1543) earth not the center of the universe.
Kepler (1571-1630) – planetary motion
Newton (1643-1727) – laws of motion, gravity and thermal conduction Galileo (1561-1626) – _____________________________
Boyle (1627-1691) – behaviour of gases
Pascal (1623-1662) – origins of calculus
Descartes (1596-1650) – ____________
Van Leeuwenhoek (1673) – first microscope,
Linnaeus (1735) – Systema naturae.
Copernicus (1473-1543) earth not the center of the universe.
Kepler (1571-1630) – planetary motion
Newton (1643-1727) – laws of motion, gravity and thermal conduction Galileo (1561-1626) – _____________________________
Boyle (1627-1691) – behaviour of gases
Pascal (1623-1662) – origins of calculus
Descartes (1596-1650) – ____________
Van Leeuwenhoek (1673) – first microscope,
Linnaeus (1735) – Systema naturae.
Important stages in the history of Biology
16th-18th century: The scientific revolution and thestart of modern sciences
Important stages in the history of BiologyImportant stages in the history of Biology
1616thth--1818thth century: The scientific revolution and thecentury: The scientific revolution and the
start of modern sciencesstart of modern sciences
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Important stages in the history of Biology
16th-18th century: The scientific revolutionImportant stages in the history of BiologyImportant stages in the history of Biology
16th16th--18th century: The scientific revolution18th century: The scientific revolution
Van Leeuwenhoek
(1632-1723)
VanVan LeeuwenhoekLeeuwenhoek
(1632(1632--1723)1723)Harvey
(1578-1657)
HarveyHarvey(1578(1578--1657)1657)
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The “scientific revolution” 16th – 18th century
Linnaeus – Systema naturae, 1735TheThe ““scientific revolutionscientific revolution”” 1616thth – – 1818thth centurycentury
LinnaeusLinnaeus – – SystemaSystema naturaenaturae, 1735, 1735
Taxanomichierarchy
________ and
binomialnomenclature
Taxanomichierarchy
________ and
binomialnomenclature
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Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Rodentia
Family: Castoridae
Genus: Castor
Species: canadensis
The “scientific revolution” 16th – 18th centuryLinnaeus – Taxonomic hierarchyTheThe ““scientific revolutionscientific revolution”” 16th16th – – 18th century18th century
LinnaeusLinnaeus – – Taxonomic hierarchyTaxonomic hierarchy
Figure 19.8Figure 19.8
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Apis pubescens, thorace subgriseo, abdominae fusco, pedibus utrinque margine ciliatis
Apis Apis pubescens pubescens ,, thorace thorace subgriseo subgriseo ,, abdominae abdominae
fusco fusco ,, pedibus pedibus utrinque utrinque margine margine ciliatis ciliatis
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The fuzzy bee with the greyish thorax, hairless hind legs that are bordered with hairs on both sides
The fuzzy bee with the greyish thorax, hairless hind The fuzzy bee with the greyish thorax, hairless hind
legs that are bordered with hairs on both sides legs that are bordered with hairs on both sides
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Binomial nomenclatureBinomial nomenclatureBinomial nomenclature
Apis mellifera (Honey bee)
Apis Apis mellifera mellifera (Honey bee)(Honey bee)
The “scientific revolution” 16th – 18th centuryLinnaeus – Taxonomic hierarchyTheThe ““scientific revolutionscientific revolution”” 16th16th – – 18th century18th century
LinnaeusLinnaeus – – Taxonomic hierarchyTaxonomic hierarchy
Kingdoms
– Animalia
– Plantae
– Fungi
– Protista
– Monera
Kingdoms
– Animalia
– Plantae
– Fungi
– Protista
– Monera
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Figure 1Figure 1--7a,b7a,b
Kingdom Monera(includes allprokaryotes)
Kingdom Protista(includes severalgroups of unicellulareukaryotes)
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Figure 1Figure 1--7c7c
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Fungii
Kingdom Animalia
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_________
___________ Eukarya
T her mot ogales
F l a v o b a c t e r i a
C y a n o b a c t e r i a
P u r p l e b a c t e r i a
G r a m
+
G r e
e n n
o n
s u
l f u r
b a c
t e r i a
Domains of lifeDomains of lifeDomains of life
A n
i m a
l s
F u n g i
P lant sC i l i a t e s
F l a g e l l a t e s T r i c h o m o n a d s
D i p l o m o n a d s
S l i m e m o l d s
E m t a m
o e b a s
M i c r o s p o r i d i a
Figure19.16Figure19.16
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Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon(1707-1788)
GeorgesGeorges--Louis Leclerc, Comte de BuffonLouis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon
(1707(1707--1788)1788)
Common ancestor
Biogeography
Common ancestor
Biogeography
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Erasmus Darwin1731-1802Erasmus DarwinErasmus Darwin17311731--18021802
Translated Linnaeusinto English
The temple of nature
Translated Linnaeusinto English
The temple of nature
BY firm immutable immortal laws Impress'd on Nature by the GREAT FIRST CAUSE,Say, MUSE! how rose from elemental strife Organic forms, and kindled into life
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Georges Cuvier(1769-1832)Georges CuvierGeorges Cuvier(1769(1769--1832)1832)
Catastrophic theory
Extinction
Catastrophic theory
Extinction
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Charles Lyell(1797- 1875)Charles LyellCharles Lyell(1797(1797-- 1875)1875)
Uniformitariantheory of geologicalchange
Stratigraphy and the _______________
__________
Uniformitariantheory of geologicalchange
Stratigraphy and the _______________
__________
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Jean-Baptiste Lamarck(1744-1829)JeanJean--BaptisteBaptiste LamarckLamarck(1744(1744--1829)1829)
Transmutation
of species
Transmutation
of species
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Essentialist explanation of changeEssentialist explanation of changeEssentialist explanation of change
Transmutation (not Lamarck)
Transformation
– Finalism
– Environmental (this is Lamarck)
Transmutation (not Lamarck)
Transformation
– Finalism
– Environmental (this is Lamarck)
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Important stages in the history of Biology
19th century: Modern biologyImportant stages in the history of BiologyImportant stages in the history of Biology
19th century: Modern biology19th century: Modern biology
Darwin(1809-1882)
DarwinDarwin(1809(1809--1882)1882)
Wallace(1823-1913)
WallaceWallace(1823(1823--1913)1913)
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Time
S c a l e o f
o r g a n i z a t i o n
Lamarck’stheory
T i m e
Darwin’stheory
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Darwin’s five theoriesDarwinDarwin’’s five theoriess five theories
No constancy of species
Common ancestry
_________________
Population change (multiplication of species)
Natural selection
No constancy of species
Common ancestry
_________________
Population change (multiplication of species)
Natural selection
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Darwin’s five theories
No constancy of speciesDarwinDarwin’’s five theoriess five theories
No constancy of speciesNo constancy of species
Fossils
Extinction
Transitional forms (Vestigial structures)
Fossils
Extinction
Transitional forms (Vestigial structures)
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Darwin’s five theories – No constancy of species
FossilsDarwinDarwin’’s five theoriess five theories – – No constancy of speciesNo constancy of species
FossilsFossils
Figure 20.5Figure 20.5Figure 20.5
Petrified wood Invertebrate
Insects in amber
Mammoth in permafrost
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Darwin’s five theories – No constancy of species
ExtinctionDarwinDarwin’’s five theoriess five theories – – No constancy of speciesNo constancy of species
ExtinctionExtinction
Darwin’s five theories – No constancy of speciesTransitional forms
Evolution of the horse
DarwinDarwin’’s five theoriess five theories – – No constancy of speciesNo constancy of speciesTransitional formsTransitional forms
Evolution of the horse Evolution of the horse
Equus
Pliohippus
Merychippus
Mesohippus
Hyraco-
therium
Equus
Merychippus
Mesohippus
Hyracotherium
Figure 20.13Figure 20.13Figure 20.13
Nannipus
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Darwin’s five theories – No constancy of speciesTransitional forms
Archaeopteryx lithographica
DarwinDarwin’’s five theoriess five theories – – No constancy of speciesNo constancy of species
Transitional formsTransitional forms
Archaeopteryx Archaeopteryx
lithographica lithographica
Figure 20-17aFigure 20Figure 20--17a17a
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Darwin’s five theories – No constancy of speciesTransitional forms
Puijila darwini
DarwinDarwin’’s five theoriess five theories – – No constancy of speciesNo constancy of species
Transitional formsTransitional forms
Puijila Puijila darwini darwini
Meet the discoverer
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Darwin’s five theories
Common ancestry - evidenceDarwinDarwin’’s five theoriess five theories
Common ancestryCommon ancestry -- evidenceevidence
Comparative anatomy
Comparative embryology
Vestigial structures Biogeography
Molecules
Comparative anatomy
Comparative embryology
Vestigial structures Biogeography
Molecules
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Darwin’s five theories - Common ancestryComparative anatomy
Homology – Divergent evolution
DarwinDarwin’’s five theoriess five theories -- Common ancestryCommon ancestryComparative anatomyComparative anatomy
HomologyHomology – – Divergent evolutionDivergent evolution
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Darwin’s five theories - Common ancestryComparative anatomy
Homoplasy (analogous) – Convergent evolution
DarwinDarwin’’s five theoriess five theories -- Common ancestryCommon ancestry
Comparative anatomyComparative anatomy
HomoplasyHomoplasy (analogous)(analogous) – – Convergent evolutionConvergent evolution
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Darwin’s five theories - Common ancestry
Comparative embryologyDarwinDarwin’’s five theoriess five theories -- Common ancestryCommon ancestry
Comparative embryologyComparative embryology
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Darwin’s five theories - Common ancestry
Vestigial structuresDarwinDarwin’’s five theoriess five theories -- Common ancestryCommon ancestry
Vestigial structuresVestigial structures
Humancoccyx
AppendixAppendix
NictatatingmembraneNictatatingmembrane
“Goose bumps“Goose bumps
Darwin’s five theories - Common ancestry
MoleculesDarwinDarwin’’s five theoriess five theories -- Common ancestryCommon ancestry
MoleculesMolecules
Humancoccyx
Cytochrome Camino acid sequence changes
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Darwin’s five theoriesDarwinDarwin’’s five theoriess five theories
No constancy of species
Common ancestry
_________________ Population change (multiplication of species)
Natural selection
No constancy of species
Common ancestry
_________________ Population change (multiplication of species)
Natural selection
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__________ (1822-1895) __________ (1822 __________ (1822--1895)1895)
Life from lifenot
spontaneousgeneration
Germ theory
Life from lifenot
spontaneousgeneration
Germ theory
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Important stages in the history of Biology
19th century: Modern biologyImportant stages in the history of BiologyImportant stages in the history of Biology
19th century: Modern biology19th century: Modern biology
Cell theory(Schleiden and Schwann – 1860)
– The basic unit of all organismsis __________
– Individual cells have all thecharacteristics of life and
– All cell come from the division ofother cells
Cell theory(Schleiden and Schwann – 1860)
– The basic unit of all organismsis __________
– Individual cells have all thecharacteristics of life and
– All cell come from the division ofother cells
Schleiden(1804-1881)
SchleidenSchleiden(1804(1804--1881)1881)
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Mendel(1822-1884)MendelMendel
(1822(1822--1884)1884)
Rediscovered1900.
Law ofsegregation ofcharacters
Law of __________ __________
Rediscovered1900.
Law ofsegregation ofcharacters
Law of __________ __________
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Important stages in the history of Biology
20th centuryImportant stages in the history of BiologyImportant stages in the history of Biology
20th century20th century
Synthetic theory of
evolution – Population genetics
and natural selectionbased on Mendeliangenetics
Synthetic theory of
evolution – Population genetics
and natural selectionbased on Mendeliangenetics
Huxley(1887-1975)
HuxleyHuxley(1887(1887--1975)1975)
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Darwin’s five theories – Gradual change
Biogeography – gradual population changesDarwinDarwin’’s five theoriess five theories – – Gradual changeGradual change
BiogeographyBiogeography – – gradual population changesgradual population changes
Thalassoma bifasciatum (Blue headed wrasse)
Thalassoma lucasanum (Cortez rainbow wrasse)
Continental drift 1Continental drift 2
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Important stages in the history of Biology
20th century: Modern biologyImportant stages in the history of BiologyImportant stages in the history of Biology
20th century: Modern biology20th century: Modern biology
Cellular respiration, ATP and mitochondia (1930-1950)
Ecology (1940’s)
DNA is the genetic materials (1943)
DNA structure (1953)
Gene regulation (1961)
Genetic code (1960’s)
Recombinant DNA experiments (1970’s)
Cloning of a mammal (1997)
Human genome sequence (2000)
Cellular respiration, ATP and mitochondia (1930-1950)
Ecology (1940’s)
DNA is the genetic materials (1943)
DNA structure (1953)
Gene regulation (1961)
Genetic code (1960’s)
Recombinant DNA experiments (1970’s)
Cloning of a mammal (1997)
Human genome sequence (2000)
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Types of BiologyTypes of BiologyTypes of Biology
Molecular biologyand biochemistry
Genetics
Cell biology
Physiology
Developmentalbiology
Morphology
Molecular biologyand biochemistry
Genetics
Cell biology
Physiology
Developmentalbiology
Morphology
Evolution andsystemic biology
Ecology
Behavioural biology
Nutrition
Disease mechanisms
Pharmacology
Genomics
Proteomics
Evolution andsystemic biology
Ecology
Behavioural biology
Nutrition
Disease mechanisms
Pharmacology
Genomics
Proteomics
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Important stages in the history of Biology
16th-18th century: The scientific revolution and thestart of modern sciences
Important stages in the history of BiologyImportant stages in the history of Biology
1616thth--1818thth century: The scientific revolution and thecentury: The scientific revolution and the
start of modern sciencesstart of modern sciences
Douglas Adams 1952-2001
Four ages of sand
– First
– Second
– Third
– Fourth
Douglas Adams 1952-2001
Four ages of sand
– First
– Second
– Third
– Fourth
- Telescope 1608
- _____________
- Computer chip 1961
- Fiber optics 1980s
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Some terms used in doing scienceSome terms used in doing scienceSome terms used in doing science
Theory and Fact
Hypothesis
________ Prediction (logical vs chronological)
Theory and Fact
Hypothesis
________ Prediction (logical vs chronological)
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Physical sciencePhysical sciencePhysical science
Animate objects
More than physical and
chemical laws (Genetics) Not Universal
Animate objects
More than physical and
chemical laws (Genetics) Not Universal
Natural scienceNatural scienceNatural science
Inanimate objects
Physical and chemical
laws Universal
Inanimate objects
Physical and chemical
laws Universal
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Changing thoughts on what living things areChanging thoughts on what living things areChanging thoughts on what living things are
Physicalists – with theexception of humans allliving things aremachines (Descartes, 17th
century)
Physicalists – with theexception of humans allliving things aremachines (Descartes, 17th
century)
__________ – physicaland chemical laws applybut living things have avital force (essence)
__________ – physicaland chemical laws applybut living things have avital force (essence)
Organicists (1930) – vital force replaced bygenetic program and the importance ofemergence (swarm behaviour)
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Physical sciencePhysical sciencePhysical science
Animate objects
More than physical andchemical laws (Genetics)
____________
Based on historicalnarratives
Induction most usedmethod
Animate objects
More than physical andchemical laws (Genetics)
____________
Based on historicalnarratives
Induction most usedmethod
Natural scienceNatural scienceNatural science
Inanimate objects
Physical and chemicallaws
__________
Based on empiricalobservations
Experimentationpreferred method
Inanimate objects
Physical and chemicallaws
__________
Based on empiricalobservations
Experimentationpreferred method
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Induction vs. DeductionInduction vs. DeductionInduction vs. Deduction
Deduction (from the general to the
specific): All insects have wingsand this animal is an insect. Thisanimal has wings.
Induction: (from the specific to thegeneral) This animal is an insectand it has wings therefore allinsects have wings. (manymultiple observations!)
Deduction (from the general to the
specific): All insects have wingsand this animal is an insect. Thisanimal has wings.
Induction: (from the specific to thegeneral) This animal is an insectand it has wings therefore allinsects have wings. (manymultiple observations!)
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Physical sciencePhysical sciencePhysical science
Animate objects
More than physical andchemical laws (Genetics)
Not Universal
Based on historicalnarratives
Induction most usedmethod
Multiple theories
Single falsification notnecessary to abandon atheory
Animate objects
More than physical andchemical laws (Genetics)
Not Universal
Based on historicalnarratives
Induction most usedmethod
Multiple theories
Single falsification notnecessary to abandon atheory
Natural scienceNatural scienceNatural science
Inanimate objects
Physical and chemicallaws
Universal
Based on empiricalobservations
Experimentationpreferred method
Single theory
Single falsificationenough to abandon atheory
Inanimate objects
Physical and chemicallaws
Universal
Based on empiricalobservations
Experimentationpreferred method
Single theory
Single falsificationenough to abandon atheory
Figure 1Figure 1--10a10a
Multiple theoriesMultiple theoriesMultiple theories Food competition
Sexual competition
Food competition
Sexual competition
Video 1, 2
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Anatomy of a scientific explanation (theory)Anatomy of a scientific explanationAnatomy of a scientific explanation (theory)(theory)
Two parts
– Pattern – Mechanism or process
Questions to be asked
– What?
– How (proximate cause)? or Why (ultimatecauses)?
Two parts
– Pattern – Mechanism or process
Questions to be asked
– What?
– How (proximate cause)? or Why (ultimatecauses)?
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Proximate causes(Physical science-likebiology)
Proximate causesProximate causes(Physical science(Physical science--likelikebiology)biology)
Genotype - Genes andhistory
Variable (probabilistic)
Evolutionary past
Changes in geneticprograms
Historical narratives
Genotype - Genes andhistory
Variable (probabilistic)
Evolutionary past
Changes in geneticprograms
Historical narratives
Ultimate causes(Natural science-likebiology)
Ultimate causesUltimate causes(Natural science(Natural science--likelikebiology)biology)
Phenotype – morphologyand behaviour
Mechanical (predictable)
Here and now
Genes in action
Experiments
Phenotype – morphologyand behaviour
Mechanical (predictable)
Here and now
Genes in action
Experiments
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Additional experimental componentsAdditional experimental componentsAdditional experimental components
Controls
Control of variables
Sampling error Repeat the test
Controls
Control of variables
Sampling error Repeat the test
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Stages in an investigation.Stages in an investigation.Stages in an investigation.
Observations
Questions of how and why Hypothesis
Test (experiment)
Conclusion
Observations
Questions of how and why Hypothesis
Test (experiment)
Conclusion
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Fish capture sizesFish capture sizesFish capture sizes
Observation: Over fishing is decreasing sizeand abundance of fish. Size quota had beenimplemented along with fishing bans.
Question: Will size in fish populationschange due to fish management strategies?
Observation: Over fishing is decreasing sizeand abundance of fish. Size quota had beenimplemented along with fishing bans.
Question: Will size in fish populationschange due to fish management strategies?
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Fish capture sizeFish capture sizeFish capture size
Hypothesis - If fishing induced evolution is
irreversible, or slow to change than the populationsshould retain their character states after fishing
ceases. _____ hypothesis - If fishing induced evolution
is reversible, than the populations should return totheir original character states after fishing ceases.
Hypothesis - If fishing induced evolution is
irreversible, or slow to change than the populationsshould retain their character states after fishing
ceases. _____ hypothesis - If fishing induced evolution
is reversible, than the populations should return to
their original character states after fishing ceases.
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ExperimentExperimentExperiment
Constant conditions, duplicate
populations 2 sets of fish – remove 90% largest
2 sets of fish – remove 90% smallest
2 sets of fish – randomly remove 90%regardless of size
Constant conditions, duplicate
populations 2 sets of fish – remove 90% largest
2 sets of fish – remove 90% smallest
2 sets of fish – randomly remove 90%regardless of size
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Fish capture sizeFish capture sizeFish capture size
Results Results
90 day 190 day
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Fish capture sizeFish capture sizeFish capture size
Conclusion? Conclusion?
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Darwin’s five theories – Natural selection
Natural selection – Industrial melanismDarwinDarwin’’s five theoriess five theories – – Natural selectionNatural selection
Natural selectionNatural selection – – IndustrialIndustrial melanismmelanism
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Peppered mothPeppered mothPeppered moth
Observation 1: Original museumcollections had all white pepperedmoths and by 1900 traps collected 90%black.
Question 1: Why did the moths shiftfrom light to dark morphs?
Observation 1: Original museumcollections had all white pepperedmoths and by 1900 traps collected 90%black.
Question 1: Why did the moths shiftfrom light to dark morphs?
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Peppered mothPeppered mothPeppered moth
Hypothesis 1: Fitness decreased when the mothsthat were more visible against the backgroundcolour of the trees.
Null hypothesis1: Fitness remains the same and is
not affected by the background. Hypothesis 2: The bark colour of the trees has
changed.
Null hypothesis 2: The bark colour of the trees hasnot changed.
Hypothesis 1: Fitness decreased when the mothsthat were more visible against the backgroundcolour of the trees.
Null hypothesis1: Fitness remains the same and is
not affected by the background. Hypothesis 2: The bark colour of the trees has
changed.
Null hypothesis 2: The bark colour of the trees hasnot changed.
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Peppered mothPeppered mothPeppered moth
Experiment 1:Artificially rear light
and dark morphs andplace on tree andobserve survival(fitness)
Experiment 2: Locatelight and dark colouredtrees.
Experiment 1:Artificially rear light
and dark morphs andplace on tree andobserve survival(fitness)
Experiment 2: Locatelight and dark colouredtrees.
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Peppered mothPeppered mothPeppered moth
Result 1: Birdsselected most visiblemoths
Result 2: Dark treesshowed samedistribution as coalbased industry
Result 1: Birdsselected most visiblemoths
Result 2: Dark treesshowed samedistribution as coalbased industry
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Peppered mothPeppered mothPeppered moth
Question: Do moths “rest” on backgroundsthat match their colouration?
Question: What impact would the clean airact, that reduced pollutant immisions haveon the moth population morphs?
Question: What happens to other mothswith light and dark colour morphs
Question: Do moths “rest” on backgroundsthat match their colouration?
Question: What impact would the clean airact, that reduced pollutant immisions haveon the moth population morphs?
Question: What happens to other mothswith light and dark colour morphs
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Distribution of scientific factsDistribution of scientific factsDistribution of scientific facts
Journal selection
Manuscript preparation _________________
Revision
Publication
Journal selection
Manuscript preparation _________________
Revision
Publication
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