ATiM Spcialiste en tude et dveloppement de produits de
radiocommunication www.atim.com
Slide 2
ARM-SE Advanced Radio Modem Serial & Ethernet ATIM: le
spcialiste de la radiocommunication 2
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o Morning: o Theory - Operating Principles Radio Notions Serial
Links Notions Network Notions o ARM-SE Description Operating Modes
Radio Settings Extras o Afternoon: o Workshop ATIM: le spcialiste
de la radiocommunication 3 Agenda
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Radio Notions Theory Operating Principles ATIM: le spcialiste
de la radiocommunication 4
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o Basic Communication System o Transmitter and Receiver RF
Basics ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 5
TransmitterReceiver
Slide 6
Basic Radio Communication System o Transmitter and Receiver o
Transmitting Antenna RF Basics ATIM: le spcialiste de la
radiocommunication 6 TransmitterReceiverAntenna 1
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Basic Radio Communication System o Transmitter and Receiver o
Transmitting Antenna o Receiving Antenna RF Basics ATIM: le
spcialiste de la radiocommunication 7 TransmitterReceiverAntenna
1Antenna 2
Slide 8
Basic Communication System o Transmitter and Receiver o
Transmitting Antenna o Receiving Antenna o Environment RF Basics
ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 8
TransmitterReceiverAntenna 1Antenna 2 Environment
Slide 9
Basic Communication System RF Basics ATIM: le spcialiste de la
radiocommunication 9 TransmitterReceiverAntenna 1Antenna 2
Environment TransmitterReceiverAntenna 1Antenna 2 Environment
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RF Basics ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 10
Slide 11
o Maximizing Range RF Basics ATIM: le spcialiste de la
radiocommunication 11 TransmitterReceiverAntenna 1Antenna 2
Slide 12
Maximizing Range o Increase Transmitter (TX) Power Government
Regulated Low-powered Applications RF Essentials ATIM: le
spcialiste de la radiocommunication 12 Increase Power Receiver
Antenna 1Antenna 2
Slide 13
Maximizing Range o Increase Transmitter (TX) Power o Increase
Receiver (RX) Sensitivity Specified in dBm (more of this later) RF
Essentials ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 13 Increase
Power Improve RX Sensitivity Increase Gain Increase Gain
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Maximizing Range o Increase Transmitter (TX) Power o Increase
Receiver (RX) Sensitivity o Increase Antenna Gain More gain equates
with more focusing of energy Antenna cables should be as short as
possible RF Essentials ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication
14 Transmitting Antenna Focused energy Receiver Antenna Focused
energy
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o Maximizing Range o Increase Transmitter (TX) Power o Improve
Receiver (RX) Sensitivity o Increase Antenna Gain o Clear the
Environment of obstructions Visual (Linear) line-of-sight vs. RF
(Radio) line-of-sight RF Essentials ATIM: le spcialiste de la
radiocommunication 15 Increase Power Improve RX Sensitivity
Increase Gain Increase Gain Clear the Environment
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o Fresnel Zone o Football-shaped path RF Essentials ATIM: le
spcialiste de la radiocommunication 16 Fresnel Zone
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Site A Site B d2 d1 Radius of n th Fresnel Zone given by: 21 21
dd d dn r n o Fresnel Zone diameter depends upon Wavelength, and
Distances from the sites along axis o For minimum Diffraction Loss,
clearance of at least 0.6F1+ 3m is required RF Essentials 2nd * 1st
* 3rd* * Fresnel Zones
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o Fresnel Zone o Football-shaped path o Acceptable = 60% of
Zone 1 + 3 meters o Raise antennas to help clear the zone RF
Essentials ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 18
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o Fresnel Zone Diameters RF Essentials ATIM: le spcialiste de
la radiocommunication 19 Range Distance 868 MHz Modems Required
Fresnel Zone Radius 1 m0,29 m 3 m0,51 m 10 m0,93 m 30 m1,61 m 100
m2,94 m 300 m5,09 m 1600 m11,76 m 8000 m26,29 m 16000 m37,18 m
Slide 20
o RF starts with AC (Alternating current) o The antenna
converts radio frequency electrical energy fed to it (via the
transmission line) to an electromagnetic wave propagated into
space. RF Terminology ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication
20
Slide 21
o Wavelength is the distance between identical points in the
adjacent cycles of a waveform. In wireless systems, this length is
usually specified in meters, centimeters, or millimeters o The size
of the wavelength varies depending on the frequency of the signal.
Generally speaking, the higher the frequency the smaller the
wavelength. RF Terminology ATIM: le spcialiste de la
radiocommunication 21 Wavelength = 3 x 10 8 f (frequency in Hz)
868MHz -> 34.5 cm
Slide 22
o Frequency o Measured in Hz (Hertz) o With appropriate
multiplier kHz Kilohertz (Thousands of Hertz) MHz Megahertz
(Millions of Hertz) GHz Gigahertz (Billions of Hertz) o Frequency
Classification o VLF Very Low Frequency 10-30kHz o LF Low Frequency
30-300kHz o MF Medium Frequency 300-3000kHz o HF High Frequency
3-30MHz o VHF Very High Frequency 30-300MHz o UHF Ultra High
Frequency 300-3000MHz o SHF Super High Frequency 3-30GHz o EHF
Extremely High Frequency 30-300GHz RF Terminology ATIM: le
spcialiste de la radiocommunication 22
Slide 23
o Tx is short for Transmit o All radios have a certain level or
Tx power that the radio generates at the RF interface. This power
is calculated as the amount of energy given across a defined
bandwidth and is usually measured in one of two units: 1.dBm a
relative power level referencing 1 milliwatt 2.W a linear power
level referencing Watts dBm = 10 x log[Power in Watts / 0.001W] W =
0.001 x 10[Power in dBm / 10 dBm] RF Terminology ATIM: le
spcialiste de la radiocommunication 23
Slide 24
o Rx is short for Receive o All radios also have a certain
point of no return, where if they receive a signal less than the
stated Rx Sensitivity, the radio will not be able to see the data.
o This is also stated in dBm or W. RF Terminology ATIM: le
spcialiste de la radiocommunication 24
Slide 25
o In a wireless system, antennas are used to convert electrical
waves into electromagnetic waves. The amount of energy the antenna
can boost the sent and received signal by is referred to as the
antennas Gain. o Antenna gain is measured in: 1.dBi: relative to an
isotropic radiator 2.dBd: relative to a dipole radiator 0 dBd =
2.15 dBi RF Terminology ATIM: le spcialiste de la
radiocommunication 25
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o Omni-Directional o Shorter Distances o Greater Coverage o
Directional o Greater Distances o Area coverage sacrificed RF
Terminology ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 26
Slide 27
o Link Budget Calculations RF Calculations ATIM: le spcialiste
de la radiocommunication 27
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o ARM-SE Example RF Calculations ATIM: le spcialiste de la
radiocommunication 28 5 mW7 dBm 25 mW14 dBm 500 mW27 dBm
TRANSMISSION POWER 0,5km-81 dBm 1km-91 dBm 2 km-97 dBm ATTENUATION
BY AIR 3 km-101 dBm 4 km-103 dBm 5 km-105 dBm 6 km-107dBm 7 km-108
dBm 9600 Bauds -110 dBm 19200 Bauds -107 dBm 38400 Bauds-104 dBm
RECEIVER SENSITIVITY 76800 Bauds-101 dBm Table 3 Table 4 Table 5
4800 Bauds -112 dBm
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o Regulatory Bodies o FCC (United States) o IC (Canada) o ETSI
(Europe, some APAC) o C-Tick (Australia) o Telec (Japan) o Anatel
(Brazil) RF Regulations ATIM: le spcialiste de la
radiocommunication 29
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RF Regulations ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication
30
Slide 31
o Modulate o Insert data signal into a carrier wave. o Digital
data. 0 or 1 o RF Modulation o Transmitting a signal within a
carrier frequency by blending an alternating frequency or amplitude
onto the carrier wave RF Modulation ATIM: le spcialiste de la
radiocommunication 31 Data Carrier Modulated Signal
Slide 32
Serial Link Notions Theory Operating Principles ATIM: le
spcialiste de la radiocommunication 32
Slide 33
o Architecturally RS-232 is a bi-directional point to point
link. o RS-232 is a popular communications interface for connecting
modems and data acquisition devices (i.e. GPS receivers, electronic
balances, data loggers,...) to computers. o RS-232 can be plugged
straight into the computers serial port (know as COM or Comm port).
Serial Links - RS-232 ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication
33
Slide 34
o Two independent channels are established for two-way
(full-duplex) communications. o RS-232 can also carry additional
signals used for flow control (RTS, CTS) and modem control (DCD,
DTR, DSR, RI). Serial Links - RS-232 ATIM: le spcialiste de la
radiocommunication 34
Slide 35
o Unbalanced Line Drivers o Each signal appears on the
interface connector as a voltage with reference to a signal ground.
o The idle state (MARK) has the signal level negative with respect
to common whereas the active state (SPACE) has the signal level
positive respest to the same reference. Serial Links - RS-232 ATIM:
le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 35
Slide 36
o How fast can RS-232 be? o The maximum speed, according to the
standard, is 20kbit/s. However, modern equipment can operate much
faster than this. o The length of the cable also plays a part in
maximum speed. The longer the cable the slower the speed at which
you can obtain accurate results. A large wire capacitance and
inductance limits the maximum length of the cable and/or the
maximum speed; Moreover higher is the capacitance of the cable
higer is the interference between two adjacent signal wire. 15m @
max baudrate is commonly quoted as the maximum distance. Serial
Links - RS-232 ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 36
Slide 37
o SW Settings o One byte of async data has: o Start Bit = 1
(always) o Data Bits = 8 (or 7) Serial Links - RS-232 ATIM: le
spcialiste de la radiocommunication 37 o Stop bits = 1 (or 2) o
Parity = NONE (or EVEN or ODD) + 25 - 25
Slide 38
o What is RS-485? o RS-485 is a EIA standard interface which is
very common in the data acquisition world o RS-485 provides
balanced transmission line which also can be shared in Multidrop
mode. o It allows high data rates communications over long
distances in real world environments. o How fast can RS-485 be? o
RS-485 was designed for greater distance and higher baudrates than
RS- 232. o According to the standard, 100kbit/s is the maximum
speed and distance up to 4000 feet (1200 meters) can be achieved.
Serial Links - RS-485 ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication
38
Slide 39
o Balanced Line Drivers o Voltage produced by the driver
appears across a pair of signal wires that transmit only one
signal. Both wires are driven opposite. o RS-485 driver has always
the Enable direction control signal. o Differential system provides
noise immunity, because much of the common mode signal can be
rejected by the receiver. So ground shifts and induced noise
signals can be nullified. Serial Links - RS-485 ATIM: le spcialiste
de la radiocommunication 39
Slide 40
o RS-485 Network o RS-485 provides Half-Duplex, Multidrop
communications over a single twisted pair cable. Serial Links -
RS-485 ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 40 MASTER
SLAVE-1 SLAVE-2 SLAVE-3 o The standard specifies up to 32 drivers
and 32 receivers can share a multidrop network o Terminator
resistors avoid reflected signal
Slide 41
o RS-485 Full-duplex o Potentially RS-485 interface can also
use 4-wires to comunicate in multidrop mode but... Serial Links -
RS-485 ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 41 TX ENABLE RX
TX485+ TX485- RX485+ RX485- 485GND TX ENABLE RX Other device
Slide 42
o RS-232 vs RS-485 o The architectural difference between
RS-232 and RS-485 is that 232 is a bi-directional point to point
link, whereas 485 is a single channel bus. o Electrically, each 232
signal uses a single wire with symmetric voltages about a common
ground wire. 485 uses two wires to carry the single signal
differentially. o The big difference to the software is that only
one device on a 485 bus can transmit at a time, whilst there is not
similar limitation on RS232 because is a peer-to-peer link. Serial
Links ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 42
Slide 43
Network Notions Theory Operating Principles ATIM: le spcialiste
de la radiocommunication 43
Slide 44
o Internet is a global system of interconnected computer
networks that use the standard Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP)
Network Notions ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication
44
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o TCP/IP stack is base in the OSI model Network Notions ATIM:
le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 45 Different network types
interconnected. = dont depend of low level layers.
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o Encapsulation: Network Notions TCP/IP ATIM: le spcialiste de
la radiocommunication 46 Client Server Client Master Server Slave
Successive encapsulation of datas from application to physical
network access.
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o Physical Addressing: o NIC (Network Interface Controller)=
address of low level layers o Each NIC has a MAC address (6 bytes)
o Address Resolution: o The communication between 2 equipments
starts by a MAC resolution address. o Example: arp = MAC resolution
from an IP address o Needs a frame all access for query everyone
and wait for reply o Frame all access has @MAC dest Broadcast
(FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF) Network Notions TCP/IP ATIM: le spcialiste de
la radiocommunication 47
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o Physical & standard layers: Network Notions TCP/IP ATIM:
le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 48 TokenRingCSMA/CD Wireless
PHY: Radio, Cable, Optical fibers MAC: (CSMA/CD, CSMA/CA, Token
ring, RTS/CTS etc...)
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ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 49 o Management of
the low layers By ARM-SE:
Slide 50
Network Notions ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 50
Applications managed by ARM-SE server: HTTP: embedded web pages
ModBusTCP Server: decapsulate ModBus RTU message Bootloader:
Firmware upgrade service Destination MAC addresses filtering (to
reduce the wireless Ethernet trafic) Except Broadcast addressing
!
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Description ARM-SE ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication
51
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o Operating modes: o Ethernet, ModBus TCP Server & Serial o
Interfaces o RS232, RS485, Ethernet interfaces o Inputs/Output o 1
digital input & 1 digital output ARM-SE Description ATIM: le
spcialiste de la radiocommunication 52
Slide 53
ARM-SE Description ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication
53 Antenna Connector (SMA female) RS232 port RJ45 Ethernet RS485
port Power Supply Input/Output LED indicators Rx, Tx, In, Out, Sys,
On Thumb wheel 16 channels (rear side) 4 Dip switches for test mode
and RS485 termination (rear side)
Slide 54
ARM-SE Description ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication
54 Dsactiv Activ 1 : Mode test 2 : Pull-up 2.7K 3 : Pull-down 2.7K
4 : Terminaison 120 Selection of radio channel or test number DIP
Switch Thumb Wheel
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o Configuration via o Webpages o AT Commands o SNMP (Firmware
10.2) ARM-SE Description ATIM: le spcialiste de la
radiocommunication 55
Slide 56
Operating Modes ARM-SE ATIM: le spcialiste de la
radiocommunication 56
Slide 57
ARM-SE Operating Modes ATIM: le spcialiste de la
radiocommunication 57
Slide 58
o Selection of operating mode : ARM-SE Operating Modes ATIM: le
spcialiste de la radiocommunication 58
Slide 59
o Ethernet mode: o ARM-SE connected to the NIC with a 10 Base T
cable o The NIC can talk anytime o Communication reliability
guaranteed by : ACK wireless headers and repeat after randomized
time Wireless RTS/CTS (depends of the configuration) o Datarate
difference compensated by control algorithms, Transport layer
(Typically TCP) -> avoid flow congestion and traffic jam. ARM-SE
Operating Modes ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication
59
Slide 60
o Ethernet mode: 1. Point to Point (case n1): ARM-SE Operating
Modes ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 60 Easy
operating mode, default setup
Slide 61
o Ethernet mode: 1. Point to Point (case n2): ARM-SE Operating
Modes ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 61 Almost
similar than case n1 because the switch isolate the communications
from its ports.
Slide 62
o Ethernet mode: 1. Point to Point (case n3): ARM-SE Operating
Modes ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 62 Operation
uselessly disturbed by repeated messages from the hub
Slide 63
o Ethernet mode: Filters setup on destination MAC addresses :
ARM-SE Operating Modes ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication
63
Slide 64
o Ethernet mode: 2. Point to Multipoints ARM-SE Operating Modes
ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 64 Star Network
topology: Clients can speak only with Access Point. Bandwith
actively employed.
Slide 65
o ModBus TCP Server mode: o Identical to a ModBus slave
solicited by a master/client device. o Allow communication between
an Ethernet device with ModBus TCP protocol and ModBus RTU slaves.
ARM-SE Operating Modes ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication
65
Slide 66
o ModBus TCP Server mode: ARM-SE Operating Modes ATIM: le
spcialiste de la radiocommunication 66
Slide 67
o ModBus TCP Server mode: o ModBus Environment : ARM-SE
Operating Modes ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 67
Communication between devices connected to different kinds of buses
Good for read/write of Inputs / Outputs
Slide 68
o ModBus TCP Server mode: o MODBUS Reminder The request: The
request: The response: The response: In case of error, the data
include an exception code indicating the error nb. ARM-SE Operating
Modes ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 68
Slide 69
o ModBus TCP Server mode: o MODBUS Reminder Function codes:
Function codes: ARM-SE Operating Modes ATIM: le spcialiste de la
radiocommunication 69
Slide 70
o ModBus TCP Server mode: o MODBUS Reminder ModBus messages:
ModBus messages: Modbus RTU Modbus RTU Modbus TCP Modbus TCP ARM-SE
Operating Modes ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication
70
Slide 71
o ModBus TCP Server mode: o Use of the ModBus TCP/ModBus RTU
gateway: ARM-SE Server ModBus TCP decapsulate the message and send
it to different possible targets. ARM-SE Server ModBus TCP
decapsulate the message and send it to different possible targets.
ARM-SE Operating Modes ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication
71
Slide 72
o ModBus TCP Server mode: o Limited number of client
connections on the server (need resources): Max 2 client
applications (or 2 clients). Max 2 client applications (or 2
clients). Each client use a different port (TCP 502: default port
for ModBus TCP protocol) Each client use a different port (TCP 502:
default port for ModBus TCP protocol) ARM-SE Operating Modes ATIM:
le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 72
Slide 73
o ModBus TCP Server mode: o Affectation of the TCP ports
according to the target The TCP port forwards the connection to the
target. The TCP port forwards the connection to the target. ARM-SE
Operating Modes ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication
73
Slide 74
o ModBus TCP Server mode: o Query of the targets : ARM-SE
Operating Modes ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 74
With different radio channels Is possible to communicate with
different cluster of slaves
Slide 75
o ModBus TCP Server mode: o Query of a remote ModBus TCP server
Via an ARM-SE in transparent operating mode Via an ARM-SE in
transparent operating mode ARM-SE Operating Modes ATIM: le
spcialiste de la radiocommunication 75
Slide 76
o ModBus TCP Server mode: o Configuration: ARM-SE Operating
Modes ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 76
Slide 77
o Serial mode: 1.Transparent mode The radio modem goes in
wireless Tx as soon its receive a byte on its serial port (+
optional delay before transmission). Transmission (Tx) while the
serial buffer (1024B) contains Bytes. Delay after Tx before to go
back to reception (Rx). RTS/CTS RS232 flow control ARM-SE Operating
Modes ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 77
Slide 78
ARM-SE Operating Modes TOTO Bits de synchro TOTO Equipment A
Equipment B ARMARM ARMARM ARM-SE o Serial mode: 1.Transparent
mode
Slide 79
o Serial mode: 1.Transparent mode ARM-SE Operating Modes ATIM:
le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 79
Slide 80
o Serial mode: 1.Securized mode ARM-SE Operating Modes ATIM: le
spcialiste de la radiocommunication 80
Slide 81
ARM-SE Operating Modes TOTO Equipment A Equipment B Header TOTO
CRC ACK Header ARMARM CODE ARMARM ARMARM Repeater Works also with
repeater o Serial mode: 1.Securized mode
Slide 82
o Serial mode: 1.Securized mode ARM-SE Operating Modes ATIM: le
spcialiste de la radiocommunication 82
Slide 83
ARM-SE Operating Modes Header Modbus Equipment A S ToR ou Ana E
ToR ou Ana ARM-D ARM-DA ARM-X Header Modbus Response ARMARM ARMARM
RS232 RS485 ARM-SE o Serial mode: 1.Modbus mode
Slide 84
Radio Settings ARM-SE ATIM: le spcialiste de la
radiocommunication 84
Slide 85
o To establish a link radios should be in same channel. ARM-SE
Radio ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 85 Canal
Frquence (MHz) Canal Frquence (MHz) 0869.8008868.425 Puiss. Max. :
25mW Duty Cycle : 1% 1868.0759868.475 2868.125A868.525
3868.175B869.850Puiss. Max. : 5mW Duty Cycle : 100%
4868.225C869.900 5868.275D869.475 Puiss. Max. : 500mW Duty Cycle :
10% 6868.325E869.525 7868.375F869.575
Slide 86
o Configuration radio ARM-SE Radio ATIM: le spcialiste de la
radiocommunication 86
Slide 87
o Repeating and routing table: ARM-SE Radio ATIM: le spcialiste
de la radiocommunication 87 User defines his path
Slide 88
o Addressing Principle : ARM-SE Radio ATIM: le spcialiste de la
radiocommunication 88 The transmitting modem adds its local address
and destination address to the radio frame. Modems receiving the
radio frame compare the 2 addresses added to the pairs of
configured addresses. If the additional addresses are identical to
a configured pair of addresses, the message is recognised by the
modem; otherwise the modem does not recognise the radio frame. The
modem recognising the message compares the destination address for
the message with its local address. If they are identical the
message is sent over the serial link; otherwise, the modem returns
the message by radio, exchanging the messages local address with
its own local address.
Slide 89
Extras ARM-SE ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication
89
Slide 90
o Alerts via email o Watchdog o Input/Output ARM-SE Extras
ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication 90
Slide 91
o Datalogging o Interoperability with ARM_IOLP o Modbus RTU
Slaves sleep ARM-SE poll them every Tcycle Users get information
via Modbus or webpages ARM-SE Extras ATIM: le spcialiste de la
radiocommunication 91
Slide 92
o Test modes ARM-SE Extras ATIM: le spcialiste de la
radiocommunication 92
Slide 93
o Firmware Update ARM-SE Extras ATIM: le spcialiste de la
radiocommunication 93
Slide 94
Thank you ARM-SE ATIM: le spcialiste de la radiocommunication
94 Luis [email protected]@atim.com Matthieu
[email protected]@atim.com www.atim.com Tel: 04 76 95 50 65