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Hellenismand

Alexander the Great

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T he Hellenistic World

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Alexander

Creativity in LeadershipCreated and followed plans in thedays when no one else seemed toeven make plansThe plans succeeded because: Personal desires for greatness

Inspired confidence Dedication to execution of the plan

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Alexander the Great

Personal Desire for GreatnessA s a boy, A lexander said:

My father will get ahead of me in everything, and will leave nothing great

for me to do.

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The "perfect Greek" Handsome

Well educated (by A ristotle) Respectful of Greek past (memorized and carried

with him a copy of the I lliad ) A dept in rhetoric and diplomacy (ambassador)

A thletic (competing throughout his life) Scientist (strong interest in plants, animals,

geography, and even took scientists on hiscampaigns)

Alexander

Inspired Confidence

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The Perfect General Never lost a battle

Personally fought in battles (woundedseveral times) A fter a battle mingled with the survivors Honored the dead

Strongly religious burialsExempted their families from further militaryduty and from taxes

Broke up regional regiments to have

loyalty directly to him

Alexander

Inspired Confidence

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The Perfect Conqueror Spared families of conquered kings

This won the cooperation of the families

Treated conquered soldiers with respectThis convinced some conquered soldiers toswitch sides and support him

Respected local religions and customsDesert soothsayerRebuilt Karnak and Luxor temples

Alexander

Inspired Confidence

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Alexander

Ruthless execution of his plansExecution of rivals in the Macedoniancourt (sensed because his father had

been assassinated by a personal guard)Suppression of the Thebian revolt30,000 Thebians sold into slavery

Tyre destroyed (except the temples andthe house of Pindar the poet, whichperpetuated A lexanders image as the

Perfect Greek")

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Alexander

Ruthless execution of his planDestroy the Persian portsBattle of Granicus River Crossing of the river during morning Persian sacrifices to the sun and

sudden cavalry attackGordian knotBattle of Issus Greeks outnumbered 3 to 1 (some say 10 to 1) Persian emperor, Darius III, personally commanding the

Persian army A lexander personally led attack directly at Darius III Darius fled, the Persians broke, and the Greeks won the

battle Spared lives of queen and court (admiration from Persians)

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Alexander

Ruthless execution of his planBattle of Phoenicia and JudeaEgypt Welcomed A lexander

Recognized as Pharaoh

He founded A lexandriaBecame the center of learning

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Alexander

Ruthless execution of his planBattle of Gaugamela A lexander crossed the Tigris River and

waited Several celestial events over next three

nights A lexander attacked directly at Darius and

Darius fled Darius was killed by his own troops

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AlexanderRuthless execution of his plan

Conquest of Eastern PersiaConquest of Bactria ( A fghanistan and Pakistan)Turning aside at India and return to Persia

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Post-Alexander Empire

Empire divided bythe generals

EgyptPtolemy Persian area and

IndiaSeleucus Pergamum A ttalids Greece, A sia Minor,

Macedonia4generals

1 year old son did not receive the throne

Ptolemy Seleucus Attalids 4 Generals

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Hellenization

Hellenistic kingdoms (dynasties) Border wars between each other

Imported Greeks as bureaucrats,soldiers, artisans (Greek-like cities)Greeks offered land for immigration

Occupied kingdoms adopted Greek ways

in addition to their own cultureEgyptians, PersiansSome Jews resisted (Pharisees versusSaducees)

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HellenizationGreek became languageof art and commerce Language of the Eastern

Mediterranean throughRoman and ByzantineEmpires (until 1453 A D)

Greek Trade Cities throughout empire Money standardized ( A thenian) Greeks were natural traders

(ancient heritage)

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Hellenistic Art

Often showedmovementV ictory at Samothrace

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Hellenistic Art

Usually verydramaticLaocon and HisSons Story of a man who

tried to convincethe Trojans not toaccept the Trojanhorse (killed byA thena with asnake)

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Architecture

Temple of the Muses built atA lexandria

First state-supported university Teachers from all over the world Library with a copy of nearly every book

Commerce and learning support each other

Ships required to allow scribes to copy theirbooks

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Architecture

Lighthouse atA lexandria

Pharos Island Over 400 feethigh

Light intensified

with reflectors One of 7 wonders

of ancient world

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ArchitectureTemple of Zeus at Pergamum

Rivalry with A lexandria Scholars in A lexandria prohibited

shipment of papyrus to Pergamum Pergamum developed parchment Parchment works best in sheets bound

together (first books)

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Hellenistic Science

Euclid (320-260 BC) Lived in A lexandria

CompiledE

lements of Geometry Used as a text book until1900

Basis for Newtonianphysics

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Hellenistic ScienceA rchimedes (287-212 BC) Lived in Syracuse Greatest scientist until Newton Trained at A lexandria Major discoveries in

hydraulics, mathematics,mechanics, warfare, andastronomy

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Archimedes Hydraulics

Invented a planetariumBuoyancy Kings crown

The wreath andthe gold haveequal weight

The wreathdisplaces

more water

MacedonianCrown

4th

c.

BC

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Archimedes MathematicsGeometric calculations A rea/volume of circle,

sphere, coneDeveloped system

similar to calculus Polygons inside circlewith ever highernumbers of sides

Calculated value for pi( ) to accuracy of 0 . 0002

Devised Scientificnotation (5 x 10 7 )

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Archimedes Mechanics

LeversDefined theory

PulleysChallenge to draga ship

Ship buildingGiant shipCargo of 60 ships

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Archimedes Warfare

War with the Romans Claw cranes

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Archimedes Warfare

CatapultsMirrors

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Modern attempt to duplicatemirror warfare (at MI T)

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Archimedes Creativity (Environment and Motivation )

Favor to the King civic duty

Scientific curiosityWarHis opinion of his greatestaccomplishment: "Perfect" geometric shape

which he asked to beinscribed on his tomb

Sphere inscribed in cylinderVolume ratios = 3:2Surface ratios = 3:2

Ratio of volumes and areas of cone, sphere and cylinder =9:6:4

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Hellenistic ScienceA ristarchus of Samos (250 BC) Purposed heliocentric universe

Eratosthenes Calculated the

circumference of the earth

Claimed a ship

could sail aroundA frica to India

Claimed a shipcould sail west

to India

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Hellenistic Creativity

Discussion: How can a leader affectcreativity?

Discussion: Is theory more creativethan application?

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T hank YouBe bold in your personal creativity.