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Rectifiers
AET 9
Courtesy of the United States Air Force
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Unit 2 - Objective
2a. Identify power supply rectifieroperating principles
OVERVIEW
1. Purpose Power Supply
Transformer
Rectifier Filter
Voltage Regulator
AC Terms
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Unit 2 - Objective
2a. Identify power supply rectifieroperating principles
OVERVIEW
2. Characteristics Half-wave Rectifier
Full-wave Rectifier
Full-wave Bridge Rectifier
3. Operation
Half-wave Rectifier
Full-wave Rectifier
Full-wave Bridge Rectifier
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Purpose
Before we get into rectifiers, we are going
to briefly discuss the entire power supply
TRANSFORMERAC
SOURCE RECTIFIER FILTERVOLTAGE
REGULATORTO
LOAD
The purpose of the power
supply is to convert AC voltageinto DC voltage, for use in
circuits where AC voltage is not
acceptable
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Purpose
An AC sine wave is fed into the
transformer
TRANSFORMERAC
SOURCE RECTIFIER FILTERVOLTAGE
REGULATORTO
LOAD
The purpose of the transformeris to step-up or step-down the
AC voltage or current
*
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Purpose
The transformed AC sine wave is fed into
the rectifier
TRANSFORMERAC
SOURCE RECTIFIER FILTERVOLTAGE
REGULATORTO
LOAD
The purpose of the rectifier is tochange the AC into pulsating DC
It also determines the polarity
of the output voltage
*
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Purpose
The pulsating DC is fed into the filter
TRANSFORMERAC
SOURCE RECTIFIER FILTERVOLTAGE
REGULATORTO
LOAD
The purpose of the filter is tochange the pulsating DC into a
smooth DC
*
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Purpose
The Smooth DC is fed into the voltage
regulator
TRANSFORMERAC
SOURCE RECTIFIER FILTERVOLTAGE
REGULATORTO
LOAD
The purpose of the voltageregulator is to keep the output
DC voltage constant under
changing input AC voltage or
load conditions
*
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Rectifier Operating Principles
Load
Term used to describe the actual device thatdraws current from the power supply
The load represents all of the circuits servedby the power supply
A large load means high current, and a lowcircuit resistance
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Sine Wave Terms
Sine wave Peak voltage
Peak-to peak
voltage
Effective
voltage
Alternation
Formulas
0V
POSITIVE
ALTERNATION
NEGATIVE
ALTERNATION
NEGATIVE
PEAKVOLTAGE
PEAK VOLTAGE EFFECTIVE X 1.414
CYCLE
EFFECTIVE VOLTAGE = PEAK VOLTAGE X .707
POSITIVE
PEAK
VOLTAGE
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Sine Wave Terms
Sine Wave -A voltage or current that iscontinually changing in amplitude, andperiodically changes polarity
Peak Voltage - The maximum amplitude ofthe wave on either the positive or negativealternation
Peak-to-Peak Voltage -The swing in
voltage from the maximum negative peak tothe maximum positive peak
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Sine Wave Terms
Effective Voltage (RMS) - Theamount of alternating current or voltagethat produces the same heating effect anequal amount of direct current or voltage
Alternation - The variation, eitherpositive or negative, of a waveform from
the reference (often zero volts) tomaximum and back to the reference
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Sine Wave Terms
Formulas
Epk = x Epk-pk
Epk = 1.414 x Erms Epk-pk = 2 x Epk
Epk-pk = 2.828 x Eeff
Eeff = .707 x Epk
Eeff = .3535 x Epk-pk
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Characteristics
The next circuits we discuss will include thefirst two parts of our power supply, thetransformer and the rectifier
We will cover three different types of rectifiers:
Half-wave
Full-waveFull-wave Bridge
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Characteristics
Half-wave - This circuit consists of one diode, which
will be biased by the secondary of the transformer.There is a resistor (RL) in series with the diode, and isused to develop the output voltage
Full-wave - This circuit consists of two diodes, biased
by a transformer with a center-tapped secondary.There is a resistor (RL) in series with the diodes, and isused to develop the output voltage
Full-wave Bridge - This circuit consists of four diodes,biased by the secondary of the transformer. Thelayout is normally shown in a diamond shapedarrangement. There is a resistor (RL) in series withthe diodes, and is used to develop the output voltage
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Operation - Half-Wave Rectifier
We apply the AC to the transformer
If a high voltage is required, a step-up transformer is
used; if a low voltage is required, a step-down
transformer is used
If we do not need a change in voltage level, a one-to-
one (1:1) transformer is used
AC INPUT
T1
1:1 CR1
RL
+
+
+ OUTPUT
VOLTAGE
0V
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Operation - Half-Wave Rectifier
The transformer also helps to isolate the DCoutput from the AC input
The phasing dots on this transformer signify
that the voltage polarities at these points are
the same
AC INPUT
T1
1:1 CR1
RL
+
+
+ OUTPUT
VOLTAGE
0V
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Operation - Half-Wave Rectifier
When a diode is forward biased, its resistancedecreases, and majority current flows
When a diode is reverse biased, its resistance
is very large, and we have no majority current
flow
AC INPUT
T1
1:1 CR1
RL
+
+
+ OUTPUT
VOLTAGE
0V
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Operation - Half-Wave Rectifier
A diode placed in series with an AC source and a loadresistor (RL) will have both forward and reverse biasapplied with every cycle
A forward biased diode allows current to flow, so wehave a pulse of DC in the output
RL represents all of the circuits that will draw currentfrom the rectifier
AC INPUT
T1
1:1 CR1
RL
+
+
+ OUTPUT
VOLTAGE
0V
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Operation - Half-Wave Rectifier
We will start with the positive alternation
The voltage at the top of T1s primary is positive
The voltage on the top of the secondary is also
positive (because of the phase dots)
The secondary is functioning as the power source forthe rectifier and the load circuits
AC INPUT
T1
1:1 CR1
RL
+
+
+ OUTPUT
VOLTAGE
0V
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Operation - Half-Wave Rectifier
The positive voltage felt on the anode of CR1 will
forward bias it
Majority current flows AGAINST the arrow
Current will flow from the bottom of the secondary,through RL, through the diode, and back to the top ofthe secondary
Since RL is very large, it will drop (develop) nearly all
the secondary voltage across RL, and it represents thepositive half of the AC input voltage
We disregard the voltage drop across the forwardbiased CR1
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Operation - Half-Wave Rectifier
When the input goes through the negative alternation,
the voltage at the top of T1s secondary is negative
This puts a negative potential on the anode of CR1,
reverse biasing it
The diodes resistance is so large that majority current
stops
AC INPUT
T1
1:1 CR1
RL
+
+
OUTPUT
VOLTAGE
0V
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Operation - Half-Wave Rectifier
Even though minority current could flow, we consider it
to be negligible, and say that the output is zero
This circuit is called a half-wave rectifier because itonly allows majority current to flow for half of the inputAC waveform
This circuit produces a positive output
If a negative output is required, we can reverse thediode, allowing current to flow in the opposite direction
The next slide compares the positive output rectifier toone with a with a negative polarity output
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Operation - Half-Wave Rectifier
In the first diagram, the positive alternation forward biases the
diode, while in the second diagram the negative alternationforward biases the diode
AC INPUT
T1
1:1 CR1
RL
+
+
+ OUTPUT
VOLTAGE
0V
AC INPUTT11:1 CR1
RL
OUTPUTVOLTAGE
0V+ + +
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Operation - Half-Wave Rectifier
The direction of the diode determines the polarity of the output,
not the phasing of the transformer As proof, our next slide will compare two circuits, with different
transformer phasing
AC INPUT
T1
1:1 CR1
RL
+
+
+ OUTPUT
VOLTAGE
0V
AC INPUTT11:1 CR1
RL
OUTPUTVOLTAGE
0V+ + +
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Operation - Half-Wave Rectifier
During the positive alternation, the transformer in the first circuit
passes a positive to the anode (forward biasing it), while in thesecond circuit, the transformer puts a negative potential on the
anode (because of the phase difference)
OUTPUT
O
OUTPUTVOLTAGE
0V
AC INPUT
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Operation - Half-Wave Rectifier
During the negative alternation, the transformer in thefirst circuit will pass a negative to the anode (reversebiasing it), while in the second circuit, the transformerwill put a positive potential on the anode (forwardbiasing it)
The diode was facing in the same direction in both ofthese circuits, but because of the phase differencethey receive different alternations
Transformer phase has no effect on output polarity
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Operation - Half-Wave Rectifier
Now that weve seen how current flows andhow we develop an output in the half wave
rectifier, lets apply an AC voltage of definite
values
These same values and formulas will work no
matter if were using a positive output or
negative output rectifier
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Operation - Half-Wave Rectifier
In this diagram, we have a positive output half-wave
rectifier with an input voltage of 200VAC (200 Veff)
The secondary is also 200VAC, or 282.8 Vpk
The positive alternation passes, leaving a positive
voltage output pulse of 282.8 Vpk
We disregard the voltage drop across the diode in our
calculations
AC INPUTCR1
RL
AC INPUT
0V
200 VAC
60 Hz
200 VAC (EFF)OR 282V PEAK
PEAK
AVERAGE
282V
0V
+282V
VOLTAGE = +282V
VOLTAGE = +90V
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Operation - Half-Wave Rectifier
We can measure the voltage peak across RL
using an
oscilloscope
However, if we were to use a voltmeter, we would read
the average voltage
The average voltage of an unfiltered half-wave rectifier
is .318 x Peak output voltage
Therefore, a DC voltmeter would read about +90VDC
(.318 x +282.8 Vpk = +89.93VDC)
AC INPUTCR1
RL
AC INPUT
0V
200 VAC
60 Hz
200 VAC (EFF)OR 282V PEAK
PEAK
AVERAGE
282V
0V
+282V
VOLTAGE = +282V
VOLTAGE = +90V
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Operation - Half-Wave Rectifier
The output voltage of the half-wave rectifier is in theform of pulses
In a half-wave rectifier, we get one pulse of outputvoltage for every cycle of input AC; this means that thefrequency of the output is the same as the input
The output frequency of a rectifier is given in Pulses-per-Second (PPS); we call it the ripple frequency(here, the input frequency is 60Hz, and the ripplefrequency is 60PPS)
AC INPUTCR1
RL
AC INPUT
0V
200 VAC
60 Hz
200 VAC (EFF)OR 282V PEAK
PEAK
AVERAGE
282V
0V
+282V
VOLTAGE = +282V
VOLTAGE = +90V
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Operation - Half-Wave Rectifier
Notice that the output voltage in this circuit goes from
zero to 282V and back to zero
We call this peak voltage change of 282V the ripple
amplitude
The lower the ripple frequency, and the higher the
ripple amplitude, the more difficult it will be to change
this pulsating DC to a smooth DC
AC INPUTCR1
RL
AC INPUT
0V
200 VAC
60 Hz
200 VAC (EFF)OR 282V PEAK
PEAK
AVERAGE
282V
0V
+282V
VOLTAGE = +282V
VOLTAGE = +90V
I t i S
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Interim Summary
Half-wave Rectifier Has one diode
Direction of diode determines polarity of output voltage
Output peak voltage determined by turns ratio oftransformer
Output ripple frequency (in PPS) equals input
frequency (in Hz)
Output ripple amplitude is the same as the transformersecondary voltage
Average DC output voltage equals .318 times the peak
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Operation - Full-Wave Rectifier
We apply the AC to the transformer
The phase dots signify that the voltage polarities at
these points are the same
The most noticeable difference is the center tap on the
secondary of the transformer
AC INPUT
T1
1:1 CR1
RLCR2
OUTPUT
VOLTAGE
+ +
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Operation - Full-Wave Rectifier
The center-tapped transformer divides the secondary
voltage into two equal amplitude voltages that will beopposite in polarity with respect to the tap (ground)
The transformers center tap is also tied to one end ofRL providing a current path through the load resistor
AC INPUT
T1
1:1 CR1
RLCR2
OUTPUT
VOLTAGE
+ +
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Operation - Full-Wave Rectifier
The circuit could be drawn like this, creatingtwo half-wave rectifiers, producing an outputpulse for each of the alternations
Both of the pulses will be the same polarityand amplitude
AC INPUT
T1
1:1 CR1
RL
CR2
OUTPUTVOLTAGE
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Operation - Full-Wave Rectifier
The positive voltage at the top of thesecondary (with respect to ground) will forwardbias CR1
The negative voltage at the bottom of thesecondary (with respect to ground) will reversebias CR2
AC INPUT
T1
1:1 CR1
RLCR2
OUTPUT
VOLTAGE
+ +
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Operation - Full-Wave Rectifier
Ground is negative with respect to the top of the
secondary, so current flows from ground, up through
RL, through CR1 (against the arrow), and back to the
top of T1
Since CR2 is reverse biased, it is shut off during this
alternation
AC INPUT
T1
1:1 CR1
RLCR2
OUTPUT
VOLTAGE
+ +
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Operation - Full-Wave Rectifier
This develops an output voltage across RL
that is
positive with respect to ground
The peak amplitude of the output is the peak
secondary voltage because the secondary is center
tapped
We ignore the voltage drop across CR1
AC INPUT
T1
1:1 CR1
RLCR2
OUTPUT
VOLTAGE
+ +
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Operation - Full-Wave Rectifier
The negative alternation causes a negative voltage at
the top of the secondary (with respect to ground) will
reverse bias CR1
The positive voltage at the bottom of the secondary
(with respect to ground) will forward bias CR2
200 VAC
60 Hz
T1
1:1 CR1
RL
CR2+ +
O R f
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Operation - Full-Wave Rectifier
Ground is negative with respect to the bottom of the
secondary, so current flows from ground, through RL,
through CR2 (against the arrow), and back to the
bottom of T1
CR1 is reverse biased, so it is shut off
200 VAC
60 Hz
T1
1:1 CR1
RL
CR2+ +
O ti F ll W R tifi
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Operation - Full-Wave Rectifier
The current flows through RL in the same direction for
both alternations of the input
This produces two pulses of the same polarity and
amplitude
Reversing both diodes will reverse the polarity of the
output pulses
200 VAC
60 Hz
T1
1:1 CR1
RL
CR2+ +
O ti F ll W R tifi
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Operation - Full-Wave Rectifier
Since we produce two pulses for every cycle,
the ripple frequency is two times the AC input
frequency (output in PPS equals 2 x input
frequency in Hz)
Also, since we have two pulses per cycle, wellcompute the average voltage differently (the
formula will be .636 x Peak)
Remember, the peak is only of the full
secondary
O ti F ll W R tifi
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Operation - Full-Wave Rectifier
If we use our earlier example of a 200VAC (282.8 Vpk)
input, and a 1:1 transformer, we get a voltage acrossthe full secondary of 282.8 Vpk
The center tap puts of this voltage available foreach diode (141.4 Vpk)
200 VAC
60 Hz
T1
1:1 CR1
RL
CR2+ +
O ti F ll W R tifi
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Operation - Full-Wave Rectifier
We now use our formula (.636 x Epk) to get
the resulting average voltage:
.636 x 141.4 Vpk = 89.93 VDC
200 VAC
60 Hz
T1
1:1 CR1
RL
CR2+ +
O ti F ll W R tifi
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Operation - Full-Wave Rectifier
You can see that both the half wave andfull wave rectifiers can have the same
Average voltage (as long as the inputamplitude and transformer turns ratio isthe same)
When compared to a half wave rectifier,we find that the full-wave has a higherripple frequency
This allows us to easily filter the output ofa full-wave rectifier
O ti F ll W R tifi
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Operation - Full-Wave Rectifier
The ripple amplitude of the unfiltered full-wave rectifier may be smaller than that ofthe half-wave, only because the peakoutput of the full-wave rectifier is half the
peak of the secondary
In order for the half-wave and the full-wave rectifiers to have the same peak
outputs, the transformer of the full-wavemust have double the turns ratio of thehalf wave
Full Wave Bridge Rectifier
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Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier
The bridge rectifier is a type of full wave
rectifier
It differs from the previous full-wave rectifier in
that a center-tapped transformer is not used,
and it requires four diodes
200 VAC
60 Hz
1:1
CR1
RLCR2
CR4
CR3282 V
PEAK
Full Wave Bridge Rectifier
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Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier
This rectifier, like the previous full-wave,
allows both the positive and negative
alternations of the sine wave to be used
Our next slides will show how this is possible
200 VAC
60 Hz
1:1
CR1
RLCR2
CR4
CR3282 V
PEAK
Full Wave Bridge Rectifier
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Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier
The positive alternation forward biases CR3 and CR4
CR2 is reverse biased (has a negative voltage appliedto its anode)
CR1 is reverse biased (has a positive voltage appliedto its cathode
AQR30020010-9307-138
AC
INPUT
+282V
0V
OUTPUT
VOLTAGE0V
+282V
282V
200 VAC
60 Hz
1:1
CR1
RLCR2
+ +
+CR4
CR3282 V
PEAK
Full Wave Bridge Rectifier
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Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier
Current flows from the transformer, through CR4 to the
ground The ground is attached to one end of RL, so current
flows up through RL From the top of RL, current flows through CR3 back to
the transformer
AQR30020010-9307-138
AC
INPUT
+282V
0V
OUTPUT
VOLTAGE0V
+282V
282V
200 VAC
60 Hz
1:1
CR1
RLCR2
+ +
+CR4
CR3282 V
PEAK
Full Wave Bridge Rectifier
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Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier
Current flows through the diodes against the
arrows
You see that the voltage at the top of RL ispositive with respect to ground
AQR30020010-9307-138
AC
INPUT
+282V
0V
OUTPUT
VOLTAGE0V
+282V
282V
200 VAC
60 Hz
1:1
CR1
RLCR2
+ +
+CR4
CR3282 V
PEAK
Full Wave Bridge Rectifier
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Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier
The negative alternation forward biases CR1
and CR2
CR3 and CR4 are reverse biased
200 VAC
60 Hz
1:1
CR1
R
L
CR2
AQR30 020010 -9307-1 38
+
OUTPUT
VOLTAGE
AC
INPUT
+282V
0V
CR4
CR3282 V
PEAK
OUTPUT
VOLTAGE
+
+
0V
+282V
282V
Full Wave Bridge Rectifier
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Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier
Current flows from the transformer, through
CR1 to the ground Current flows up through RL From the top of RL, current flows through CR2
back to the transformer
200 VAC
60 Hz
1:1
CR1
R
L
CR2
AQR30 020010 -9307-1 38
+
OUTPUT
VOLTAGE
AC
INPUT
+282V
0V
CR4
CR3282 V
PEAK
OUTPUT
VOLTAGE
+
+
0V
+282V
282V
Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier
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Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier
You see that the voltage at the top of RL is positive
with respect to ground The direction of the diodes determines the polarity ofthe output voltage (direction of current through RL
200 VAC
60 Hz
1:1
CR1
R
L
CR2
AQR30 020010 -9307-1 38
+
OUTPUT
VOLTAGE
AC
INPUT
+282V
0V
CR4
CR3282 V
PEAK
OUTPUT
VOLTAGE
+
+
0V
+282V
282V
Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier
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Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier
The Bridge rectifier produces two output
pulses for each input cycle (output freq in PPS
= 2 x input freq in Hz)
200 VAC
60 Hz
1:1
CR1
R
L
CR2
AQR30 020010 -9307-1 38
+
OUTPUT
VOLTAGE
AC
INPUT
+282V
0V
CR4
CR3282 V
PEAK
OUTPUT
VOLTAGE
+
+
0V
+282V
282V
Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier
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Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier
Since both alternations produce a pulse, andthe voltage of the entire secondary is used,then the average voltage equals .636 x peakof the secondary
200 VAC
60 Hz
1:1
CR1
R
L
CR2
AQR30 020010 -9307-1 38
+
OUTPUT
VOLTAGE
AC
INPUT
+282V
0V
CR4
CR3282 V
PEAK
OUTPUT
VOLTAGE
+
+
0V
+282V
282V
Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier
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Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier
The unfiltered bridge rectifier has a higher
average voltage that either the half or full wave
rectifiers
200 VAC
60 Hz
1:1
CR1
R
L
CR2
AQR30 020010 -9307-1 38
+
OUTPUT
VOLTAGE
AC
INPUT
+282V
0V
CR4
CR3282 V
PEAK
OUTPUT
VOLTAGE
+
+
0V
+282V
282V
Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier
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Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier
The ripple frequency is higher than that of a
half wave, which makes it easier to change the
pulsating DC to smooth DC
200 VAC
60 Hz
1:1
CR1
R
L
CR2
AQR30 020010 -9307-1 38
+
OUTPUT
VOLTAGE
AC
INPUT
+282V
0V
CR4
CR3282 V
PEAK
OUTPUT
VOLTAGE
+
+
0V
+282V
282V
Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier
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Full Wave Bridge Rectifier
The ripple amplitude of the bridge rectifier will
be the same as that of the half wave
200 VAC
60 Hz
1:1
CR1
R
L
CR2
AQR30 020010 -9307-1 38
+
OUTPUT
VOLTAGE
AC
INPUT
+282V
0V
CR4
CR3282 V
PEAK
OUTPUT
VOLTAGE
+
+
0V
+282V
282V
Rectifier Summary
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Rectifier Summary
Unit 2 - Objective
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Unit 2 Objective
2a. Identify power supply rectifieroperating principles
1. Purpose
Power Supply
Transformer
Rectifier
Filter
Voltage Regulator
AC Terms
Unit 2 - Objective
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Unit 2 Objective
2a. Identify power supply rectifieroperating principles
2. Characteristics
Half-wave Rectifier
Full-wave Rectifier
Full-wave Bridge Rectifier
3. Operation Half-wave Rectifier
Full-wave Rectifier
Full-wave Bridge Rectifier
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