WestGeco Labrusse ENG SLB

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    Rock Mechanics and ApplicationsPore Pressure and Sanding Prediction

    Data Consulting Services, Caspian

    Ludovic de Labrusse, Rock Mechanics Coordinator

    [email protected]

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    Turkmenistan – Offshore & Onshore

    • Overpressure Area

    • Unconsolidated zone

    • Sanding issue

    • Unstable shale

    Events experienced on the field:

    Kick, well flowing,Stuck pipe, packoff,BHA lost,Sidetrack,

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    Know drilling hazards

    Breakouts

    Hydraulic Fracture

    Fractured Rock

    Good hole cleaning

    Wellbore Failure:Could lead toPackoff / Stuck Pipe

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    Understanding the problems

    Rock Mechanics is the prediction of themechanical properties of the rock.

    1. Elastic Modulus – Young Modulus, Poisson’s Ratio2. Rock Strength – Friction Angle, Compressive Strength3. Stress Analysis – Pore Pressure, Min. and Max. horizontal stress,

    Vertical stress

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    Rock Failure versus Stress Orientation

    Compression point- shear failure

    - breakout

    Tension point- tensile failure

    - hydraulic fracture

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    Mechanical Earth Model - MEM

    Structure/Stratigraphy Rock Mechanical Parameters

    Grain SupportFacies

    Clay SupportFacies

    Stratigraphy

    Strength

    UCS F

    20 400

    0 70

    UCS

    Friction Angle

    Earth Stress &Pore Pressure

    Pp S h S H S V

    MPa0200Stress W N E

    Stress Direction Sh

    fault ?

    RegionalTrend

    PR E

    1Poisson’sRatio

    Young’sModulus

    100

    Elastic

    1.0

    0

    10

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    Mud Weight OptimizationMud Weight WindowFailure Modes

    KickBreakouts

    LossesHydraulic Fracture

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    Calibration of the Modelusing offset dataDepth (m) Caliper (10-20 in) RAB images

    1200.0

    1220.0

    1240.0

    1260.0

    1280.0

    1300.0

    1320.0

    1340.0

    1360.0

    1380.0

    1400.0

    8 9 10 11 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 1 8

    Mud Weight Window (ppg)

    D e p t h ( m )

    Te ns ile Failure Shear Failure Lo ss es

    Pore Pres sure Min ECD Max ECD

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    Wellbore Stability Analysis for DeviatedWell

    Single Depth or Interval Analysis

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    3D Visualization 3D Modeling(Caviar, FloViz) (Eclipse)Well construction Optimization

    Completion OptimizationField Development

    Offset Well Information

    Drilling InformationHazards, Events

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    Pore Pressure introduction

    Terzaghi’s effective stress principal:

    Overburden = Effective Vertical Stress +Pore Pressure

    OBG = σ e + PP

    PorePress ure

    OBG

    T V D

    Pressure/Stress

    e

    • Rock matrix does not support full load ofoverburden and horizontal stresses

    • Pore Fluid supports part of the load

    •The effective stress e felt by only the rockmatrix

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    Pore Pressure Process

    Pore Pressure Analysis

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    T V D

    ( f t )

    OverBurden

    Real Time Sonic Data

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    T V D

    ( f t )

    Delta T

    Us/ft PPG

    Transit Time DT from ISONIC or DSI OBG computed using density

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    Pore Pressure Initial Calibration

    Pore Pressure Analysis

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    T V D

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    OverBurdenPore Pressure 1

    Mud Weight

    Real Time Sonic Data

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    T V D

    ( f t )

    Delta T

    Trend1

    PPGUs/ft

    Connection Gas requiredincreasing MW

    Draw a compaction trendline Computed Pore Pressure need Calibration

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    Refine the model

    Pore Pressure Analysis

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    T V D

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    OverBurdenPore Pressure 1Pore Pressure 2

    Mud Weight

    PPGReal Time Sonic Data

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    T V D

    ( f t )

    Delta TTrend1

    Trend2

    Us/ft

    Re-draw compaction trendlineCalibrate pore pressure model todrilling е vent

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    Pore Pressure Final Calibration

    Pore Pressure Analysis

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    OverBurdenPore Pressure 1Pore Pressure 2Mud WeightMDTs

    Real Tim e Sonic Data

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    T V D

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    Delta TTrend1

    Trend2

    PPGUs/ft

    Run wireline Formation Tester to confirm Pore Pressure model

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    Sand Production

    Objectives

    Identify potential sanding zones

    Determine sanding risks - PredictionRecommend optimum drilling, completion and

    production techniques to reduce sanding problems

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    Weak and unconsolidated rocks

    Zero strength Very very weak Very weak Weak

    Dry sand Damp sand Weakly-cemented Stronger cementhigh Φ lower Φ

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    Sand Prediction in weak rock

    To get sand from well or perforation:

    • Stress - sand must be separated from the rock (failure)

    • Flow Rate - sand must be transported

    Change the geometry of completion and/or stimulate flowrate

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    Sand Prediction - Methodology

    Wellpressure

    Reservoir pressure

    No oil

    Sand and oil

    Just oil

    Input required:

    Rock mechanicpropertiesIn-situ stresses(magnitude andorientation)

    Completions program

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    Sand PredictionSensitivity Analysis on input parameters

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    Stress state evaluation and reservoir

    characterisationReservoir performance and dynamics(coupled petrophysics)

    Reservoir compaction & subsidence

    Pore pressure prediction

    Wellbore stability evaluation andmanagement

    Mud window and ECD management

    Solids control & completion design

    Perforation design

    Well design

    Well and platform location planning, &

    trajectory planningROP prediction & drilling optimization

    Bit design & selection

    Reservoir stimulation (frac treatments &injection)

    Waste disposal (including cuttingsreinjection, NORM, liquids)

    Fault activation (loss of containment & lossof wells) & induced seismicity

    Underground storage (including gas, potablewater, rad waste)

    Application of Rock Mechanics