Vostok Vostok Vostok Vostok

José M. Carcione (OGS, Italy)

Location in AntarcticaLocation in Antarctica

Model Model

Seismic-reflection dataSeismic-reflection data

Temperature profileTemperature profile

Ts : - 55 C, at the surfaceEarth’s geothermal heat fluxC: Thermal conductivity of iceh: Thickness of the ice sheetk: Thermal diffusivity of iceB: Mean annual accumulation of ice (2 cm/yr)

Medium propertiesMedium properties

Medium propertiesMedium properties

Reflection-transmission coefficientsReflection-transmission coefficients

PP

PS

PP (T)

Ice/water interface Water/sediment interface

PPPS (T)

PP (T)

SnapshotSnapshot

SeismogramSeismogram

Ray tracingRay tracing

Plane-wave decompositionPlane-wave decomposition

VSPVSP

AVA AVA

CROP (DEEP CRUST) CROP (DEEP CRUST) CROP (DEEP CRUST) CROP (DEEP CRUST)

José M. Carcione (OGS, Italy)

Location of CROP-03Location of CROP-03

CROP-03 - OnshoreCROP-03 - Onshore

Wave equationWave equation

Variable density

Slowness surface

Anisotropy index

Exploding-reflector equationExploding-reflector equation

ImpedanceReflection coefficient

Source at each point of the interfaces

TitleTitle

random numbers

von-Karman correlation function

velocity field

convolution

Time integrationTime integration

CROP-03CROP-03

CROP-03 - OnshoreCROP-03 - Onshore

Line drawingLine drawing

CROP 15 - OffshoreCROP 15 - Offshore

Line drawingLine drawing

Ray tracingRay tracing

InterpretationInterpretation

Model for exploding-reflector experimentsModel for exploding-reflector experiments

TitleTitle

An exploding-reflector experimentAn exploding-reflector experiment

Time section re-interpretedTime section re-interpreted

Final geological modelFinal geological model

Velocity variationsVelocity variations

Common-shot gatherCommon-shot gather

Near-offset seismogramNear-offset seismogram

Far-offset seismogramFar-offset seismogram

Stacked seismogramStacked seismogram

Migrated seismogramMigrated seismogram

The offshore lineThe offshore line

The offshore lineThe offshore line

MethodologyMethodology

1. Line drawing to identify the interfaces.2. Zero-offset ray tracing to generate a first version of

the model in terms of seismic velocities.3. Exploding reflectors to generate a geological model

in terms of velocities and densities. Use relative amplitudes.

4. Interpreter refines the model including a-priori information, faults, etc.

5. Final check. Compute shot gathers, process and migrate.

CO2 - rock physics CO2 - rock physics CO2 - rock physics CO2 - rock physics

José M. Carcione (OGS, Italy)

CO2 and CH4 velocity and impedanceCO2 and CH4 velocity and impedance

Brine and oil velocity and impedanceBrine and oil velocity and impedance

Brine-CO2 velocity and impedanceBrine-CO2 velocity and impedance

Brine-CO2 velocity and impedanceBrine-CO2 velocity and impedance

Patchy saturationPatchy saturation

CO2-brine. Patchy saturationCO2-brine. Patchy saturation

CO2-oil. Patchy saturationCO2-oil. Patchy saturation

North-Sea modelNorth-Sea model

Utsira sandstoneUtsira sandstone

North-Sea modelNorth-Sea model

4D-time lapse simulation4D-time lapse simulation