VETERINARY INVESTIGATION GUIDE ON MAMMARY GLAND … · Jean-Philippe Roy DMV, M.Sc. Canadian Bovine...

VETERINARY INVESTIGATION GUIDE ON MAMMARY GLAND HEALTHFarm

Phone

Address

Postal code

Breed

Date

Veterinarian

Authors: Simon Dufour DMV, Ph.D. candidate

Luc DesCôteaux DMV, M.Sc., ABVP Dipl. (Dairy)

Jean-Philippe Roy DMV, M.Sc.

Canadian Bovine Mastitis Research Network, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte,

St-Hyacinthe, Québec, J2S 7C6

Collaborators: Jérôme Carrier, DMV, M.Sc., Ph.D., Association des Médecins Vétérinaires Praticiens du Québec

Guy Séguin, P. Eng., Dairy Farmers of Ontario

www.mast i t isnetwork .org VETERINARY INVESTIGATION GUIDE ON MAMMARY GLAND HEALTH 2

1. Review of procedures performed during milking (milking visit)

1.1 Items to verify during milking

1.1.1 Milking system

Type of system:• Milking parlour yes no

• Pipeline yes no

Pipeline diameter:

End of milking indicator yes no

Automatic takeoff device yes no

Number of milking units:

Number of active units per slope:

Milk forms slugs in the pipeline(splashing visible in receiver jar) yes no

1.1.2 Cow preparation

Milkers wear gloves during milking yes no

Milkers wash their hands or gloves during milking yes no

Milker fore strip each teat yes no

Foremilk is checked for abnormalities yes no

Foremilk is stripped:• Into a strip cup yes no

• On the floor where the cow is standing yes no

• In the hands of the milker yes no

• In the gutter yes no

• Other:

Use of a pre-milking teat dip before milking yes no

• Product used:

• The product has a DIN code (approved product). yes no

Application method:

• Dipping yes no

• Spraying yes no

• Foam yes no

• At least 2/3 of the teat is covered by the teat dip. yes no

• Wait at least 30 seconds before wiping teat. yes no


All teats were cleaned prior to milking. yes no

Cleaning method:

• Dry wipe yes no

• Teat dip before milking yes no

• Cleaned with water yes no

• Water with disinfectant yes no

• Alcohol pad (ex: Ready-wipe) yes no

• Other:

The water used is clean and hot yes no

Use of single service paper towels yes no

Use of reusable cloth towels yes no

Same towel used to dry the teats of different cows during the same milking. yes no

Teats dried before attaching milking yes no

Teats and teat ends are clean yes no

Unit attached between 60 and 90 seconds after first stimulation. yes no

Teat cleaning effectiveness test:

After teat preparation, just before attaching the milking unit, scrub the teat end with

an alcohol pad.

1 Clean

(no teat dip solutionor manure)

2 Clean

(teat dip solution, no manure)

3Dirty

(traces of manure on teat)

4Very dirty

(teat is covered with manure)

Acceptable preparation Inadequate preparation

Note! Presence of the evaluator may strongly impact results!

1.1.3 Handling milking units

Units are attached with little air loss. yes no

Units are aligned with the udder. yes no

Hoses are supported. yes no

One operator is responsible: units

Slipping or squawking teat cups are corrected within 20 seconds. yes no

Units are removed quickly once milk flow stops. yes no

Vacuum is shut off at the claw prior to removing the unit. yes no


1.1.4 Milking techniques

Most cows are milked between 5 to 7 minutes. yes no

The udder is rarely massaged to milk out the cow. yes no

The claw is rarely handled to milk out the cow. yes no

Use of a post-milking teat dip immediately after milking unit is removed. yes no

• Product used:

• The product has a DIN code (approved product) yes no

Application method:

• Dipping yes no

• Spraying yes no

• At least 2/3 of the teat is covered by the teat dip. yes no

Cows under treatment are clearly identified. yes no

Cows treated for mastitis are milked last. yes no

Milking units are disinfected correctly (see Appendix 1) after milking infected cows.

yes no

Comments about the milking techniques observed:


Preparation

time

Teat

stimulation

time

Pre-milking

teat dip

application

time

60 - 90 s

> 15 s

> 30 s

5 - 7 min

~1 kg / min

Milking

time

Flow

rate at

removal

Farm

:#

of m

ilker

s:Pr

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ilkin

g pr

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use

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Her

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# of

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ing

units

:Pr

e-m

ilkin

g te

at d

ip a

pplic

atio

n

Milk

ing

frequ

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(circ

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2x

3xTe

at d

ip p

rodu

ct(s

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rest

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Type

of m

ilkin

g sy

stem

: Pr

e-m

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Clea

ning

Post

-milk

ing:

Dry

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teat

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Asse

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nd a

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g ro

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ACTO

CORD

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LACTOC

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plete b

elow

)Un

itattach-

ment

Unit

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Comments (double letdown

peaks, low flow

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Goals

Timing

Sourc

e:

Corn

ell

Univ

ers

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adapte

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DM

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ontr

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Cow #


1.2 Additional questions for the producer after milking

1.2.1 Milkers

How many different attendants milk the cows on your farm?

Do all milkers always use the same milking technique? yes no

Do you have a written milking procedure posted for all milkers? yes no

How often are milkers on your farm trained? times/year

Milkers have:• Attended a course on mastitis yes no

• Read about mastitis control yes no

1.2.2 Equipment

How often do you clean the teat dip container? times/week

If reusable cloth towels are used, are they washed correctly (see Appendix 2) after every milking? yes no

What is the pulsation rate of milking units?

If automatic take-offs are used, at what milk flow are they set? kg/min

When (date) was the last complete verification of your milking system performed?

Do you have a written copy of the verification report? yes no

Teat cups are replaced:

• Every day(s) or every milking(s)

Manufacturer’s recommendation for teat cup replacement:

• Every day(s) or every milking(s)

1.2.3 Milking sequence and culling

Do you milk cows that have clinical mastitis (e.g.: clots in milk, abnormal milk, etc.) last or with a designated milking unit? yes no

Do you milk cows that have a chronic infection (e.g.: Staph. aureus) last or with a designated milking unit? yes no

Do you visually mark cows that must be milked last? yes no

Are chronic intramammary infections (e.g.: Staph. aureus) an important factor in culling decisions for your herd? yes no

Number Number

Number Number


1.3 Assessment of teat condition

Use illustrated fact sheets:

• Teat Abnormalities

• Teat Condition Evaluation Table

Milking Section – Comments and items requiring attention


2. Analysis and Maintenance of the milking system

Dealers who supply milking equipment can conduct a complete analysis and adjustment of the systemthey install. You should make sure that a detailed written report is prepared following an analysis. Askto see the written report as needed.

In Quebec, milking system analysis can be conducted by an independent agency such as Valacta. TheVerification of Milking Equipment and Methods (VMEM) service offers an analysis of milking equip-ment performances against guidelines established by the National Mastitis Council (NMC). They canalso conduct a thorough evaluation of the milking routine to detect possible deficiencies. In theAtlantic Provinces, private advisors and producer associations offer equipment analysis and milkingmanagement services.In other provinces, analysis services are conducted by the respective producerassociations, veterinarians, independent milking equipment specialists, or a combination of serviceproviders.

Inspection of the milking equipment should include the following components:

• Pulsation;• Vacuum regulator response and effectiveness;• Vacuum reserve capacity;• Air consumption of claws and pulsators, air leaks;• Pith of milkline;• Measurement of claw vacuum during milking• Measurement of claw vacuum fluctuations;• Vacuum variations in the milkline and pulsation line.

Milking system section – Comments and items requiring attention

(Include detailed verification report)


3. Treatments and monitoring

3.1 Treating lactating cows

How many cows have had an episode of clinical mastitis during:• The last month?

• The last year?

What proportion of mastitis cases (abnormal milk) do you take milk samples for culturing prior to initiating treatment? %

What proportion of cows with mastitis (abnormal milk) is treated with antibiotics? %

What product do you first use to treat mastitis?

How often and for how many days do you usually treat infected quarters?

Frequency: Number of days:

How many tubes of antibiotics for the treatment of mastitis have you purchased over the last 12 months?

Do you clean and dry the teats before infusing antibiotics? yes no

Do you disinfect the teat end with an alcohol pad before infusing antibiotics? yes no

Do you use the partial insertion method (short cannula)? yes no

Do you apply a teat dip after infusing antibiotics? yes no

Do you have written records for:• All mastitis cases? yes no

• The cows and quarters that were treated? yes no

• The products used? yes no

3.2 Treating dry cows

Cows are dried off:• Abruptly yes no

• By intermittent milking yes no

Over how many days?

What proportion of cows do you treat with antibiotics at drying off? %

If you do not treat all dry cows, how do you select those that will be treated?• Positive CMT yes no

• High SCC yes no

• Clinical mastitis yes no

• Other:

�9


What product do you use as an antibiotics infusion at dry off?

Do you clean and dry the teats before infusing antibiotics? yes no

Do you disinfect the teat end with an alcohol pad before infusing antibiotics? yes no

Do you use the partial insertion method (short cannula)? yes no

What proportion of cows receives teat sealant at dry off? %

Do you apply a teat dip after infusing antibiotics and/of and/of applying a teat sealant? yes no

Are dry cows visually marked and/or segregated from lactating cows? yes no

Do you have written records for the date of treatment and the products used? yes no

3.3 Monitoring udder health

How often do you check the SCC report of individual cows?• Every month, the same day I receive my report. yes no

• Every month, as soon as I have some time to do it. yes no

• When I have mastitis problems. yes no

• Never check the report yes no

• Other:

Do you use the CMT (California Mastitis Test) on a regular basis to detect subclinical mastitis? yes no

Do you take milk samples for bacterial culture from:• All cows at the beginning of lactation? yes no

•Cows that have a positive CMT result? yes no

• Cows exceeding a SCC threshold (e.g.: 200,000)? yes no

Do you have written records of milk culture and/or CMT results? yes no

Do you take regular samples from your bulk tank for bacterial culture? yes no

Over the past year, referring to your milk pay, what was:The somatic cell count (SCC):

• Average for the year • Maximum for the year

The total bacteria count:

• Average for the year • Maximum for the year

The number of:

• Notifications • Penalties


Treatments and monitoring section – Comments and items requiring attention


4. Review of the environment

4.1. Cow cleanliness assessmentUse the illustrated factsheet

4.2. Housing condition assessmentUse the Housing condition assessment questionnaire(TACTIC Veterinary Kit, Udder Health, Segment 5 – Resistance and transition period.)

Environment section – Comments and items requiring attention

Housing Condition Assessment questionnaire

SEGMENT 5 Cow resistance and the transition period

* See stall dimensions and recommended distance for electric trainers on page 18.

Dimension of stalls (free-stall housing)

cm or in Heifers near Post-Partum Early Mid/end of calving Standard* Dry Transition (0-15 DIM ) lactation lactation Standard*

Width

Length up to adjustable rail

Height of adjustable rail

* See stall dimensions on page 19.

Dimension of stalls (tie-stall housing)

cm or in Heifers near Post-Partum Early Mid/end of calving Standard* Dry Transition (0-15 DIM ) lactation lactation Standard*

Width

Length up to tie-rail

Height of tie-rail

Lengthof neck chain

Presence of electric trainers: Yes No If yes, distance forward of the gutter curb: _____ cm or in.

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11 Canadian Bovin

e Mastitis Research Network

www.mast i t isnetwork .org TACTIC Udder Health | Veterinary Kit


Bedded pack pens*:Square feet per cow: ________

Calving pens*:Square feet per cow: ________

*standard: minimum 125 ft2 per cow (Dairy Practices Council, 2009, Guidelines for Planning Dairy Freestall Barns, USA)

Free-stall housing: Are there more animals than stalls for... heifers near calving? Yes No Specify _______________

dry cows? Yes No Specify _______________

cows in transition? Yes No Specify _______________

post-partum cows (0-15 DIM)? Yes No Specify _______________

cows in early lactation (>15 DIM)? Yes No Specify _______________

cows in mid/end of lactation? Yes No Specify _______________

Number of rows of stalls per feed bunkHeifers near calving 1 2 3 Other______

Dry cows 1 2 3 Other______

Cows in transition 1 2 3 Other______

Post-partum cows 1 2 3 Other______

Lactating cows 1 2 3 Other______

Type of tie-stall floorSand Concrete Rubber mat Mattress

Type of free-stall floorSand Concrete Rubber mat Mattress

Type of beddingStraw Wood shavings Sawdust Sand Other__________________

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11 Canadian Bovin




Cleaning frequency of tie-stalls or free-stallsHeifers about or near calving X per day

Dry cows X per day

Cows in transition X per day

Post-partum cows X per day

Lactating cows X per day

Cleaning frequency of bedding pack areasX per day

Cleaning frequency of feed bunk area Inside X per day

Outside X per day

Cleaning frequency of alleywaysX per day Cows in the pen during cleaning? Yes No

Type of surface on alleywaysGrooved Smooth Other______________________

VentilationHeifers Natural Forced transverse Tunnel Other______________________

Cows Natural Forced transverse Tunnel Other______________________

PastureGeneral condition Dry Muddy

Area around water trough Dry Muddy

Area around feed bunks Dry Muddy

Shaded and covered areas Acceptable Non acceptable© 20

11 Canadian Bovin




Stall dimension for cows (tie-stall housing)4

Dimension of stalls*Weight of Length up to tie-rail Width Height of tie-rail

Breed animals (kg) m (in.) m (in.) m (in.)

Holstein 515 2.10 (83) 1.23 (48) 1.09 (43)

590 2.10 (83) 1.29 (51) 1.10 (43)

635 2.13 (84) 1.37 (54) 1.17 (46)

725 2.18 (86) 1.45 (57) 1.22 (48)

815 2.28 (90) 1.52 (60) 1.27 (50)

Ayrshire 450 1.66 (65) 1.17 (46) 1.04 (41)

510 1.68 (66) 1.23 (48) 1.05 (41)

575 1.73 (68) 1.30 (51) 1.09 (43)

650 1.77 (70) 1.37 (54) 1.14 (45)

700 1.83 (72) 1.45 (57) 1.19 (47)

Jersey 370 1.56 (61) 1.08 (43) 0.98 (38)

415 1.61 (63) 1.12 (44) 1.01 (40)

460 1.60 (63) 1.12 (44) 1.07 (42)

500 1.65 (65) 1.19 (47) 1.12 (44)

550 1.75 (69) 1.27 (50) 1.42 (56)

Length of tie chain: 86 to 96 cm (34 to 38 in.) + snap(must not extend beyond the height of the feed bunkcurb).

Height from tie-rail to water trough: minimum 60 cm (24 in.).

Electric trainers**:

For platforms that are 1.78 - 1.83 m (70 – 72 in.), thetrainer should be 1.22 m (48 in.) (range 1.19 – 1.24 mor 47 – 49 in.) forward of the gutter curb.

For platforms that are 1.57 – 1.68 m (62 – 66 in.), thetrainer should be 1.06 m (42 in.) (range 1.04 – 1.10 mor 41 – 43 in.) forward of the gutter curb.

* Adapted from:

1. CRAAQ, Les bovins laitiers 2008, p. 233-234, Source: Leblanc and Dussault.

2. AAFC, Code of Practice for the Care and Handling of Dairy Cattle 2009, Appendices C and D, p. 54-55.

3. Nigel B. Cook MRCVS, 2005, Dimensions and Design Tips for Freestalls, University of Wisconsin-Madison.

4. Ken Nordlund and Nigel B. Cook, 2008, Flowchart for Evaluating Freestalls, University of Wisconsin-Madison.

** Neil Anderson, January 2008, Tie Stall Dimensions for Dairy Cows, OMAFRA.See also: http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/livestock/dairy/facts/info_cowbehave.htm

Notes :

1. These standards have been established to promote cow comfort. However, it is possible that animal cleanliness will be more difficult to maintain than in case of reduced dimensions. This effect may be alleviated by implementing frequent cleaning and attention to bedding management.

2. In tie-stall housing, the use of electric trainers may be recommended to foster animal cleanliness.

4 Refer to tie-stall diagrams on page 20.

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11 Canadian Bovin




Stall dimension for cows (free-stall housing)5

Dimension of stalls *Weight of Length up to neck-rail Width Height of neck-rail

Breed animals (kg) m (in.) m (in.) m (in.)

Holstein 515 1.74 (69) 1.14 (45) 1.22 (48)

590 1.76 (69) 1.22 (48) 1.22 (48)

635 1.78 (70) 1.22 (48) 1.19 (47)

725 1.83 (72) 1.30 (51) 1.24 (49)

815 1.93 (76) 1.37 (54) 1.29 (51)

Ayrshire 450 1.66 (65) 1.09 (43) 1.04 (41)

510 1.68 (66) 1.14 (45) 1.05 (41)

575 1.73 (68) 1.14 (45) 1.12 (44)

650 1.77 (70) 1.22 (48) 1.17 (46)

700 1.83 (72) 1.30 (51) 1.22 (48)

Jersey 370 1.56 (61) 1.02 (40) 0.98 (38)

415 1.61 (63) 1.04 (41) 1.01 (40)

460 1.61 (63) 1.04 (41) 1.09 (43)

500 1.65 (65) 1.04 (41) 1.14 (45)

Note:

These standards have been established to promote cow comfort. However, it is possible that animal cleanliness will be moredifficult to maintain than in case of reduced dimensions. This effect may be alleviated by implementing frequent cleaning andattention to bedding management.

5 Refer to free-stall diagrams on page 20.

*Adapted from:

1. CRAAQ, Guide bovins laitiers 2008, p. 252-253, Source: Leblanc et Dussault.

2. AAFC, Code of Practice for the Care and Handling of Dairy Cattle 2009, Appendices C and D, p. 54-55.

3. Nigel B. Cook MRCVS, 2005, Dimensions and Design Tips for Freestalls, University of Wisconsin-Madison.

4. Ken Nordlund and Nigel B. Cook, 2008, Flowchart for Evaluating Freestalls, University of Wisconsin-Madison

See also: http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/livestock/dairy/facts/info_tsdimen.htm

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11 Canadian Bovin




Free-Stall:Not to scale

Tie-Stall: Not to scale


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11 Canadian Bovin


Source: DFO Udder Health Management Program, January 2003


5. Summary and Plan of Action

1. Milking

2. Milking Equipment

3. Treatments and Monitoring

4. Environment


Appendices

1. Milking unit disinfection protocol

After milking a cow with a suspect udder health status, shut off the vacuum and rinse the liners threetimes - one pair at a time - in hot water (85 °C). Make sure the water passes through the liners andreaches the interior of the claw, and drain thoroughly afterwards. Change the water after each rinse.

CAUTION: This technique has proven effective only when performed correctly. Misuse can promotethe propagation of pathogens. Check your milking unit rinsing technique, where applicable.

Note: Some milking parlours are equipped with a back-flushing system to clean out milking unitsbetween groups of cows. This type of system is more reliable than manual rinsing of milking units.

2. Udder cloth towel disinfection

• Include in the washing procedure at least two of the following three steps:

• Machine wash in hot water;

• Use bleach;

• Machine dry at high temperature.

• If you elect to wash in hot water, ensure that the water temperature is at least 70 °C (160 °F).

• Use an efficient high-capacity washing machine.

• Do not exceed the loading capacity of the washing machine, otherwise:

• Towels will not circulate freely in the wash tub when the machine is overloaded, thereby reducing the effectiveness of the wash cycle;

• The rinse water volume will be insufficient to adequately evacuate all organic matter (manure) outside of the machine, thereby compromising the complete disinfection of the fabric.

• Consult a recognized milking product supplier for correct detergent that will be effective and adapted to the water quality on your farm.

• The addition of bleach is an effective method to disinfect towels. However, it can interact with the detergent. Adding bleach during the rinse cycle may also be considered.

• Machine dry towels at high temperature to complete disinfection. A dry towel will absorb the solution used for teat disinfection more readily.

• Ensure that the container used to store towels after washing and drying is clean. An unhygienic storage site may lead to recontamination of towels.

• Clean towels should not smell bad. If they do, review your disinfection procedure.

(Adapted from the TACTIC Veterinary Kit – Udder Health, Segment 4 - Milking)

Teat Abnormalities

www.mast i t isnetwork .org

Teat abnormalities visible right AFTER milking

Excessive canal dilationOrifice the size of the tip of a match after milking

Excessive congestionTeat wall thickening and red or blue coloration

Compression ringSwollen circular mark around the base of the teat

HemorrhageAccumulation of blood under the skin

Causes • Excessive vacuum

• Defective pulsator

• Overmilking

• Inadequate or worn teat cup liners

• Hypersensitive teats

Prevention • Regular and complete analysis of the milking system.• Verification of proper milking procedure.

Causes and prevention of abnormalities that are visible AFTER milking

This document may be reproduced in its entirety only, for educational purposes, without obtaining permission, if credit is given to CBMRN.Photo credit: Teat Condition Portfolio (2002) by Eric Hillerton and Nicola Middleton, with permission by NMC.

Teat Condition Evaluation Table

Compression ring Red or blue teat (congestion)Rough ring

Other lesions (hemorrhage/chapping/etc.)Da

te :

Cow ID LF LR RF RR

Cow

with

at l

east

1

abno

rmal

teat

LF LR RF RR

Cow

with

at l

east

1

abno

rmal

teat

LF LR RF RR

Cow

with

at l

east

1

abno

rmal

teat

LF LR RF RR

Cow

with

at l

east

1

abno

rmal

teat

LF LR RF RR

Examine teat condition immediately after the milking unit is removed and before teat dipping.

Record the condition of each teat in the table. If the herd has more than 100 cows, examine 25% of the herd selected at random.

Record the following in the appropriate box: 0 (zero) = normal / 1 = abnormal / No entry = teat not assessed

Farm

:

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

Very rough ring

Cow

with

at l

east

1

abno

rmal

teat

Subtotal abnormal

01/0

9/10

Herd result = (total of cows with at least 1 abnormal teat divided by the total of cows examined) X 100

Total

of ab

norm

al tea

ts pe

r qua

rter

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

Cow ID LF LR RF RR LF LR RF RR LF LR RF RR LF LR RF RR LF LR RF RR

Total of cows with at least 1 teat with very rough ring:

Total of cows with at least 1 teat with compression ring:

Total of cows with at least 1 red orblue teat:

Total of cows with at least 1 type of teat lesion:

Standard

< 10%Standard

< 10%Standard

< 5%

Herd result: Herd result: Herd result: Herd result: Herd result:

Total of cows with at least 1 teat with rough andvery rough ring:

Total

of co

ws ex

amine

d:

Add total ofcows with rough ring and very rough ring

Standard

< 2%%

(number of ) (number of )

% % % %

This document may be reproduced in its entirety only, for educational purposes, without obtaining permission, if credit is given to CBMRN.

Photo credits: Teat Condition Portfolio (2002) by Eric Hillerton and Nicola Middleton with permission from NMC.Adapted from: University of Wisconsin – “2003 Teat Scoring Statistics” and “Teat Condition and Scoring-an Effective Diagnostic Tool” by J.Eric Hillerton, NMC Regional Proceedings (2005).

Date

:

Farm

:

Standard

< 20%

(number of ) (number of ) (number of )

Compression ring Red or blue teat (congestion)

Other lesions (hemorrhage/chapping/etc.)

Cow

with

at l

east

1

abno

rmal

teat

Cow

with

at l

east

1

abno

rmal

teat

Cow

with

at l

east

1

abno

rmal

teat

Rough ring

Cow

with

at l

east

1

abno

rmal

teat

Very rough ring

Cow

with

at l

east

1

abno

rmal

teat

Cow Cleanliness AssessmentThe cleanliness of cows has a significant impact on udder health and more particularly on the rate of environmentalmastitis. Maintaining a clean udder and legs helps reducing the spread of environmental pathogens to the teat canal.Depending on what part of the cow is soiled, it is possible to determine what areas of the barn have an inadequatelevel of cleanliness, therefore appropriate corrective action can be taken.

Udder cleanliness(back and sides)

is an indicator of thecleanliness of stalls and bedding.(Examine right before milking)

If the standard is not met, check:• Cleanliness of stalls• Amount of bedding• Need to shave/singe udder hair• Manure consistency

Hind legs cleanlinessis an indicator of thecleanliness of alleywaysand the length of tiestalls.If the standard is not met, check:• Cleanliness of alleyways and

exterior areas• Cleanliness of holding area• Dimension of stalls• Manure consistency

Flanks and hipscleanlinessis an indicator of thecleanliness of stalls and bedding.If the standard is not met, check:• Cleanliness of stalls• Amount of bedding• Manure consistency

Photo credits: «Less Mastitis, Better Milk» (Pierre Lévesque, 2004), distributed by Hoard’s Dairyman (www.hoards.com).

Adapted from fact-sheets produced by the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, and Pfizer Animal Health. Most photos courtesy of Pfizer Animal Health.

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rd is

larg

er th

an 1

00 h

ead:

as

sess

25%

of h

erd.

2- E

xam

ine

each

of t

he a

reas

des

crib

ed

on th

e ph

otos

and

pro

vide

a s

core

on a

cle

anlin

ess

scal

e of

1 to

4.

3- R

ecor

dth

e co

w ID

in th

e co

lum

n of

the

appr

opria

te s

core

. Add

up

the

cow

s an

d ca

lcul

ate

the

% fo

r eac

h le

vel o

f cl

eanl

ines

s (1

to 4

).

Nam

e of

farm

:

Date

:He

rd s

ize:

____

____

____

cow

s%

____

____

____

cow

s%

____

____

____

cow

s%

____

____

____

cow

s%

____

____

____

cow

s%

____

____

____

cow

s%

____

____

____

cow

s%

____

____

____

cow

s%

____

____

____

cow

s%

____

____

____

cow

s%

____

____

____

cow

s%

____

____

____

cow

s%

Scor

e1

23

4

Udde

r

Tota

lSc

ore

12

34

Hind

le

gs

Tota

lSc

ore

12

34

Flan

ks/

hips

Tota

l#

of c

ows

asse

ssed

:#

of c

ows

with

hin

d le

gs s

core

of 3

and

4:

=...

......

......

..% (s

tand

ard:

<15

% ti

e st

all)

(sta

ndar

d: <

50%

free

sta

ll)

# of

cow

s w

ith u

dder

sco

re o

f 3 a

nd 4

:=

......

......

...%

(sta

ndar

d: <

10%

)#

of c

ows

with

flan

ks/h

ips

scor

e of

3 a

nd 4

:=

......

......

.....%

(sta

ndar

d: <

20%

tie

stal

l) (s

tand

ard:

<10

% fr

ee s

tall)

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VETERINARY INVESTIGATION GUIDE ON MAMMARY GLAND … · Jean-Philippe Roy DMV, M.Sc. Canadian Bovine...

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Transcript of VETERINARY INVESTIGATION GUIDE ON MAMMARY GLAND … · Jean-Philippe Roy DMV, M.Sc. Canadian Bovine...