Typographie et cinema

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    Ynub ehmt`dm idmtrn`rh, fhs `ffustrnt`dms idmthmuhslnms ih f`vrh dmt t rhlhss`mhs pnrt`r lh pcdtdgrneehs

    dr`g`mnux, hm thmtnmt lh rhtrduvhr fn typdgrnpc`h ut`f`sh.

    \duths fhs enrquhs ht `enghs nppnrt`hmmhmt fhurs prdpr`tn`rhs rhsphit`bs.

    Idffhit`dm l`r`gh pnr Lnv`l Qnuft

    Nthf`hr _hrrdusshnux l`thur, 1?>8www.phrrdusshnux.ide

    www.nlvhraue.br@YAM073-1-0>>11?-07-8

    Qhprdluit`dm mthrl`th

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    F@DMHF DQ@HM\ LX\Q@HXS

    FN \P_DGQN_C@H

    NX I@MENHY\C\@^XH LX \HS\H FIQNM

    prbnih lh e`ichf ic`dm

    nvnmt-prdpds lh jreh fnsshrrh

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    Inrnitr`st`quhs ht rfhs

    lu bfux thxtuhf Fhs threhs el`n, s`gmnf, bfux, euft`el`n ht euft`s`gmnuxlb`m`s, mdus pduvdms en`mthmnmt nadrlhr fh bfux thxtuhf. Ih bfux shinrnitr`sh pnr fnthepdrnf`t ht fn f`mnr`t, lhux idmihpts hxpf`-qus lnms ih icnp`trh. Yhs rfhs shrdmt hmsu`th nmnfyss.

    Fir`t hst nthepdrhf

    Fn prhe`rh inrnitr`st`quh lh fir`t hst qu`f lb`h fh theps.Qdahrt Hsinrp`t hxpf`quh quh fir`t hst fn rhmidmtrh lh lhuxfnmgnghs, um fnmgngh pcdm`quh ht um fnmgngh lh trnih 01. Fn phren-mhmih hst fn qunf`t pr`mi`pnfh lu thxth, pu`squ`f ut`f`sh um systehlh trnih, ir`t-`f pfus fd`m09. Lnms fNmt`qu`t ht nu Edyhm gh, fhsedts mtn`hmt jusqunfdrs quumh trnmsir`pt`dm lum fnmgngh drnf.Fn fhiturh sh bn`sn`t tdujdurs cnuth vd`x0

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    thmluh lh sdms quh mdus nvdms idmvhmu syeadf`quhehmt lh thm`rpdur `lhmt`quhs hm lp`t lh fhurs l`bbrhmihs rhffhs. 07Mdus prd-mdmdms hm hbbht fhs edts lh l`bbrhmths enm`rhs ht nvhi l`bbrhmts

    niihmts snms ideprdehttrh fhur ideprchms`dm. Enrscnff EiFucnmnjduth quh mdtrh nfpcnaht sh l`st`mguh nvnmt tdut pnr sn inpni`tlh l`ssdi`hr mdm shufhehmt f`engh ht fh sdm, en`s nuss` fn sdmdr`tlhs fhttrhs ht fhur s`gm`b`int`dm, lnms fn ehsurh d fhs fhttrhs ht fhssdms quhffhs rhprshmthmt sdmt lmus lh s`gm`b`int`dm prdprh 03.Fdrsqu`f ir`t it lumh p`ph ihi` mhst pns umh p`ph , Qhm En-gr`tth, lnms Fn trnc`sdm lhs enghs(>013), trnlu`t fn l`icdtde`h hmtrhfhs edts ht ih qu`fs rhprshmthmt.

    \duthbd`s, s` fir`turh sua`t um prjul`ih fdrs lh sdm trnmsidlnghlh fdrnf nu sir`pturnf, fn typdgrnpc`h hst umh thmtnt`vh lh rhstnurhrpdthmt`hffhehmt fhs pnrt`iufnr`ts phrluhs. Lnms fh b`fe lh QndufWnfsc \ch \c`hb db Anglnl (>01, N Ypnih Dlysshy(>023), YtnmfhyKuar`ik ut`f`sh fh bfux thxtuhf pdur ehttrh hm simh um ehurtrh euht.Mtnmt pfus idmtrfnafh, fdrl`mnthur nssnss`mh v`n lhs ehmt`dmsir`ths. Heprumtnmt fn inrnitr`st`quh nthepdrhffh lu thxth, Kuar`ikrhmbdrih n`ms` fn pu`ssnmih `eentr`hffh ht dem`si`hmth lh fdrl`mn-thur CNF 0??? pnr fusngh lu bfux thxtuhf. Jhnm-Fui Gdlnrl l`rn :

    _dur ed`, fhs `enghs ihst fn v`h ht fhs thxths, ihst fn edrt. 00

    E`s pnrt sdm rfh lh sdus-t`trngh, fir`t bdmit`dmmh ldmi cdrs lutheps. Iht hbbht hst niihmtu fdrsquh fh thxth hst spnr lh f`engh.Ihst fh ins lhs gmr`quhs sur bdml md`r. Fh thxth sh l`ssdi`h lu bfdt

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    Npcdr`seh td`f nu laut lu b`fe lh Qnduf Wnfsc\ch \c`hb db Anglnl(>01: N Ypnih Dlysshy

    (Ytnmfhy Kuar`ik, >023).Inrnitrh : Xm`vhrs 27 Adfl Idmlhmshl (Nlr`nm Brut`ghr,>082).

    Ehtrd-Gdflwym-Enyhr (EGE)

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    nul`dv`suhf ht ideehmth fh b`fe, sn l`gsh>??, du f`lhmt`b`h. Fh t`trhhst nfdrs suppft`b fuvrh b`fe`quh. Ihrtn`ms i`mnsths idms`lrhmteeh quh fh b`fe sh s`tuh um`quhehmt hmtrh fh gmr`quh lh laut ht

    fh gmr`quh lh b`m, bn`snmt f`epnssh sur fhxpr`hmih lu sphitnthur qu`, fu`, nurn phru fhmsheafh lh fheanffngh i`mentdgrnpc`quh.En`s ihst nuss` rhidmmntrh um nsphit thepdrhf: fh thxth hst gm-rnfhehmt njdut fn b`m lu prdihssus lh prdluit`dm. @f mn ldmi pnsfh eeh stntut quh fuvrh, inr `f prhml sdm dr`g`mh lnms um nutrhhspnih-theps. Fh thxth n, ls fdrs, idmsi`hmih lh f`engh quhffhprshmth ; f`mvhrsh mtnmt pns ihrtn`m.

    Fdrsquh fir`t mh shrt pfus rhtrnmsir`rh fhs l`nfdguhs, `f

    niqu`hrt fn sdfhmm`t lumh prdifnent`dm, rnppdrth E`ichf Ic`dm>?>.N`ms`, fn pcrnsh pnr fnquhffh lauth Gddlbhffns (Enrt`m Yidrshsh,>00?), \c`s b`fe `s anshl dm n truh stdry ( Ih b`fe hst ans sur umhc`std`rh vrn`h ), idml`t`dmmh mdtrh v`s`dm. Mdtrh iufturh thml nt-tr`auhr lh f`epdrtnmih fir`t, ld sdm usngh pnri`edm`hux pduranf`shr fhs s`tunt`dms spnt`dthepdrhffhs. Ghdrghs Ynlduf nvn`trhenrqu quum edt `epr`e mh prdlu`t pns hxnithehmt fh eehhbbht quh fh edt prdmdmi>?1.

    Lnms Lns Ina`mht lhs Lr. Inf`gnr`(Qdahrt W`hmh, >01?), fhs diiurrhmihsthxtuhffhs Lu eut Inf`gnr` whrlhm! ( \u ld`s lhvhm`r Inf`gnr` )hmihrifhmt ht tdurehmthmt fh snvnmt. Lnms Ljnmgd Xmicn`mhl(^uhmt`m\nrnmt`md, 1?>1), ihst um nmirngh thxtuhf qu` s`tuh fnit`dm hm >383._nr n`ffhurs, dm mh stdmmhrn pns quh, lnms fn l`gsh lh ih b`fe,fn v`h lhs phrsdmmnghs lphmlh lum enmlnt lnrrt, ihst--l`rh lhfir`t. Ihs hxhepfhs edmtrhmt quh fir`t hst um edyhm lnbb`rent`dm,lh idhri`t`dm, vd`rh ldem`pdthmih. @f trnmsihmlh fcdeeh, inr `f sh

    s`tuh um m`vhnu supr`hur du l`bbrhmt. Ihtth inrnitr`st`quh`mbfuhmih idms`lrnafhehmt mdtrh phrihpt`dm lh fir`t nu i`men.

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    Fh rfh `mlhx`inf hst gnfhehmt prlde`mnmt lnms fhs anmlhs-nm-mdmihs. \rd`s pcrnshs `mtrdlu`shmt fh b`fe prdedt`dmmhf lu rh-enkh lh _syicd (Gus Rnm Ynmt, >003)>702?, fh trn`fhr lh _syicdlautn`t pnr umh `mtrdluit`dmsheafnafh : \ch bnaufdus Er. Nfbrhl C`ticidik `s nadut td hsidrt ydudm n tdur db tch fdint`dm db c`s mhw edt`dm p`iturh, _syicd. ^unmt _ufp B`it`dm (^uhmt`m \nrnmt`md, >0000< _nfeh LDr, tch Ahst _`iturh db tchInmmhs B`fe Bhst`vnf. \rd`s t`rs lh anffh v`hmlrdmt ifturhr ihtth hm-

    tneh prthmt`hush.

    Ihrtn`mhs ehmt`dms ir`ths ld`vhmt gnfhehmt b`gurhr nu gmr`quh,sur fhs nbb`ichs ht nutrhs suppdrts nb`m l`lhmt`b`hr ht intgdr`shrfh b`fe. Fh systeh lh ifnss`b`int`dm vdfdmtn`rh lh fn Edt`dm _`iturhNssdi`nt`dm db Nehr`inrhqu`hrt mdtneehmt umh ehmt`dm cna`tuhffh-ehmt pfnih fn b`m lhs irl`ts ht nu laut lhs anmlhs-nmmdmihs.Hm Ahfg`quh, fhs LRL amb`i`hmt lh ehmt`dms ir`ths ldmmnmt um

    stntut nu b`fe>78

    . _nr n`ffhurs, hm Brnmih, fn rhprshmtnt`dm i`men-tdgrnpc`quh hst suadrldmmh fdathmt`dm lum v`sn lhxpfd`tnt`dm>72.Hm vuh lumh l`bbus`dm puaf`quh, tdut b`fe, brnmn`s du trnmghr, lhidurt du fdmg etrngh, n`ms` quh tduth anmlh-nmmdmih, ld`vhmt trhprshmts prnfnafhehmt umh idee`ss`dm lh ifnss`b`int`dm>77. Fnehmt`dm lu v`sn ld`t trh `ml`quh lnms fh gmr`quh. Lh fn eehenm`rh, um arhvht Ldgen 08 b`gurh nu laut lh Bhsthm(\cdensR`mthrahrg, >003).

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    Qfh idmmdtnt`b

    Hmb`m, fh thxth hst nuss` umh `engh. Y` fir`t n nppdrt f`e-edrtnf`t nu l`sidurs drnf, `f fu` n nuss` njdut mdearh lh idmmdtn-t`dms. Fn bdreh lu thxth, ihst--l`rh sn typdgrnpc`h, nmirh fir`tlnms umh c`std`rh, umh pdquh ht lnms um idmthxth iufturhf htsdi`nf. Dm pnrfh lh idmmdtnt`dm fdrsquh fn typdgrnpc`h vc`iufh umshms shidmln`rh nu shms prhe`hr lu thxth. Fn idmmdtnt`dm lphml luidmthxth : um inrnitrh nurn um shms l`bbrhmt hm bdmit`dm lh sdm he-pfnihehmt, lh sn tn`ffh, lh sn idufhur ht lhs nutrhs inrnitrhs hmv`-rdmmnmts. Fn fhttrh shrt mdm shufhehmt fn fhiturh, en`s prdvdquh

    ichz fh fhithur lhs rnit`dms rytce`quhs ; hffh hxpr`eh umh `lh,idmtr`auh irhr fnea`nmih, ldmmh fhs munmihs >73, hxpf`quh Jhnm-Ifnulh Y`hgr`st. Lnms um edmlh d fn ideeum`int`dm hst ehmhsur pfus`hurs m`vhnux, fn typdgrnpc`h fhs styfh, tn`ffh ht idufhur hst umh lhs enm`rhs pnr fnquhffh mdus vc`iufdms umh s`gm`b`in-t`dm njduth >70, dashrvh Ycnugcmhssy. Fh icd`x lumh typdgrnpc`hspi`b`quh nmmdmih fh idmthmu lu b`fe. Ihfn hst pnrt`iuf`rhehmtenm`bhsth lnms fhs b`fes lh ghmrh. N`ms`, fn si`hmih-b`it`dm prshmthgmrnfhehmt lhs t`trnghs lnms um rnppdrt lh idmt`g`t hm rb-

    rhmih nu edmstrh du fn intnstrdpch quhffh nmmdmih.

    Fh icd`x lumh typdgrnpc`h pfnih fh b`fe lnms umh idmt`mu`t hstc-t`quh. Nu tdut laut lu i`mentdgrnpch, fhs t`trhs mtn`hmt pns pnr-t`iuf`rhehmt dr`g`mnux, hxpf`quh Nlne Luminm Cnrr`s : Xm eehinrnitrh pduvn`t trh ut`f`s pdur `mtrdlu`rh um b`fe bnmtnst`quh duumh idel`h. >3?Fhs styfhs lh inrnitrhs vdmt prdgrhss`vhehmt trhnssdi`s lhs ghmrhs lh b`fe : Fh puaf`i vhrrn l`epdsnmts inrni-trhs v`itdr`hms `mtrdlu`rh fhs Whsthrms, lhs fhttrhs efnmghs ht

    linfhs nu laut lhs idel`hs ht lhs nrnahsquhs nmmdmihr fhs rd-enmihs. Fhs t`trhurs rnf`srhmt quum gmr`quh ideeum`quh a`hmpfus quh fh s`epfh t`trh lu b`fe.>3> Fdrgnm`snt`dm lu trnvn`f nynmtt rnt`dmnf`sh, hffh n hu pdur hbbht lh idmb`mhr fhs stul`ds lnms lhsghmrhs i`mentdgrnpc`quhs. Fhs inrnitrhs typdgrnpc`quhs burhmt

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    Xt`f`shs lh b`fes hm b`fes, ihrtn`mhs typdgrnpc`hs lhv`hmmhmt`mspnrnafhs lu ghmrh quhffhs rhprshmthmt f`mstnr lhs inrnitrhs

    hepntthehmt rhitnmgufn`rh pdur fhs whsthrms ideeh, `i`,

    lnms Bdrt Npnich(Jdcm Bdrl, >0029) hm trnlu`snmt v`suhffhehmt fn s`gm`b`int`dm lu t`trh pnr fh

    icd`x lum inrnitrh nmgufhux.

    Ahrm-B`hfl _rdluit dms

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    ls fdrs mnturhffhehmt nssdi`s lhs ghmrhs ideeh fh whsthrm,fh efdlrneh du fn idel`h. Fhs inrnitrhs inff`grnpc`s shrdmtsymdmyehs lh rdenmihs ht fhs pdf`ihs ful`quhs shrdmt s`gmhs lh

    idel`hs. Fhs b`fes lcdrrhur dmt, n`ms`, pnrt`iuf`rhehmt hxihfflnms fhs typdgrnpc`hs hmsnmgfnmths ht fhs whsthrms lnms fhs inrni-trhs gypt`hms hepntthehmts qunlrnmgufn`rhs. En`s fhs rhfnt`dmshmtrh inrnitrhs ht ghmrhs sheafhmt trh fh bru`t lu cnsnrl : `f myn pns hu, mdtrh idmmn`ssnmih, lh rgfhs spi`b`quhs ih prdpds,s`mdm lu adm shms. A`hm quh ihs pdf`ihs lh inrnitrhs prdprhs Cdffywddl tn`hmt npprdpr`hs ht ideeum`int`vhs, fn quhst`dm lhfn rhfnt`dm firnm hmtrh fh edt ht f`engh mh sh pdsn`t pns >31,hxpf`quh He`fy K`mg. Hm hbbht, ih qu` tn`t `epdrtnmt pdur fhs stul`ds,

    itn`t quh fh puaf`i pu`ssh sn`s`r fh ghmrh lu b`fe hm um if`m l`f.

    N`ms`, fn inff`grnpc`h hst umh trnih, ihffh lumh phrsdmmnf`t, pnrhxhepfh, f`mstnr lh fn s`gmnturh lh Zdrrd qu` ntthsth lu pnssnghlu just`i`hr ensqu. Fn typdgrnpc`h phut gnfhehmt rhssheafhr sdm rbrhmt : fh t`trh lu b`fe @rdm Enm (Jdm Bnvrhnu, 1??3) hst bdrglu eeh bhr idepdsnmt fnreurh lu crds. Fh inrnitrh lu ldiu-ehmtn`rh Inp`tnf`se: N Fdvh Ytdry(E`icnhf Eddrh, 1??0) hst `mstnafh

    ht nmgufhux ht idmmdth lh ihtth enm`rh fcuedur ht fn iup`l`t. _nrfh phmic lhs inrnitrhs, fh t`trh lu b`fe Anik td tch Buturh(QdahrtZhehik`s, >038) trnlu`t v`suhffhehmt fh shms lhs edts. Hmb`m, H.\.:\ch Hxtrn-\hrrhstr`nf(Ythvhm Yp`hfahrg, >031) sheafh nvd`r t lhs-s`m fn irn`h pnr um hmbnmt, ih qu` idmmdth fn ghmt`ffhssh lh fhm-bnmih : fh inrnitrh vc`iufh f`lh quh fnf`hm mhst pns ngrhss`b. f`mvhrsh, fh inrnitrh gfdaufhux lh Enrs Nttniks!(\`e Aurtdm, >002)mh prsngh r`hm lh adm. Fn grnpc`sth Ynrnc Cymlenm hxpf`quh quhfhs lhs`gmhrs dmt fcna`tulh lh jduhr sur fhs nssdi`nt`dms ht fhs rhfn-

    t`dms quh mdus hbbhitudms lh enm`rh qudt`l`hmmh hmtrh um idmthxthht umh typdgrnpc`h pnrt`iuf`rh. Xmh bdmth phut n`ms` idrrhspdmlrh nuedt, lnms fh aut lhm bn`rh l`rhithehmt ideprhmlrh fh shms, du phutfu` nppdrthr umh s`gm`b`int`dm suppfehmtn`rh, vd`rh hm nftrhr f`lh`m`t`nfh>39.

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    Fn typdgrnpc`hsur grnml irnmFhs icd`x ht fhs idmtrn`mths

    Fnrt lh icd`s`r fn admmh typdgrnpc`h lphml lh mdearhuxpnrnetrhs qu` sdmt pnrbd`s suajhit`bs : _dur icd`s`r umh bdmth, fhsgrnpc`sths prhmmhmt hm idms`lrnt`dm fc`std`rh lhs pdf`ihs lh in-rnitrhs, fhurs idmmdtnt`dms nituhffhs, n`ms` quh fhurs qunf`ts bdr-ehffhs 1?>, hxpf`quh Hffhm Fuptdm. Lhs idffhit`dms lh e`ff`hrs lhbne`ffhs lh inrnitrhs sdmt l`spdm`afhs, hm pfus lhs inrnitrhs lhs-s`ms icnquh jdur pdur lhs prdjhts spi`b`quhs.

    Fh inff`grnpch ahfgh Ghdrghs Nmtd`mh n trnvn`ff lhpu`s fn b`m lhsnmmhs >01? jusquhm >032, lnth lh sn edrt, sur lhs `mthrt`trhs lh

    b`fes euhts, pu`s lhs gmr`quhs pdur fh i`men ht fn tfv`s`dm1?1

    .@f lhss`mn`t fhs fhttrhs fn pfueh, sur inrtdm, en`s nuss`, lh pfus hmpfus, sur ihffdpcnmh, ih qu` phrehttn`t lh vnr`hr fhs nrr`rh-pfnms. Fhtrnvn`f tn`t rnp`lh, inr fn irnt`dm lu gmr`quh hst gmrnfhehmt fnlhrm`rh tnph, pri`p`th, lh fn icnmh lh bnar`int`dm lum b`fe. Fhshrrhurs tn`hmt idurnmths, thfs fhs mdes enmqunmts du enf drtcd-grnpc`s. _dur fh i`men, fh icd`x typdgrnpc`quh shbbhitun`t nvhi fhrnf`snthur. _dur fn tfv`s`dm, Ghdrghs Nmtd`mh icd`s`ssn`t fu`-eehfhs inrnitrhs, sur fn ansh lu idmthmu ht lu tdm lu b`fe. Ideeh

    fh lhss`m tn`t enmuhf, `f nvn`t fn pdss`a`f`t lnlnpthr fn bdreh lhsfhttrhs pdur e`hux rvfhr fh prdgrneeh vhm`r.

    C`stdr`quhehmt, fn irnt`dm lum gmr`quh sh rsuen`t b`fehrlhs inrtdms hm pr`sh lh vuh rhffh. Fn pfupnrt lhs thicm`quhs lh

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    \`trhs lh gmr`quhs lhss`ms pnr Ghdrghs Nmtd`mh pdur fn Q\A (tfv`s`dm ahfgh) :Fhs Ydv`t`quhs(_c`f`pph Lnsmdy ht Jhnm Nmtd`mh, >022),Nrts Chald(>078),\`r pnrt : Y`mg Y`mg(_`hrrh Enmuhf ht _nuf Qdfnml, >023)

    ht Ic`mh `eeedr`nfh(Jhnm Nmtd`mh, >070).

    Ydmuen

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    Ahm-Cur(W`ff`ne Wyfhr, >080), idmu sur pfnquh lh vhrrh pnr_ni`b`i \`tfh & Nrt Ytul`d.

    Ehtrd-Gdflwym-Enyhr (EGE)

    \`trh lu gmr`quh lh \dpknp`(Jufhs Lnss`m, >02

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    _dur v`thr lh ichrichr umh pdf`ih pnrt`iuf`rh pdur um b`fe, `f hsttdujdurs pdss`afh lut`f`shr fh inrnitrh \rnjnm. Ir hm >030 pnrInrdf \wdeafy, ihfu`-i` hst `msp`r lhs `msir`pt`dms rhfhvhs sur fnidfdmmh \rnjnmh lh Qdeh. Fn syeadf`quh qu`f `epdsh hst bdrth,sdfhmmhffh, lrnent`quh eeh1>3. @f mh sh idepdsh quhm inp`tnfhs. @fhst fum fhs pfus ut`f`ss lnms fum`vhrs lu i`men. Dm fh rhtrduvh sur fhsnbb`ichs lhNpdffd >9 (>008), E`mdr`ty Qhpdrt(1??1), Bfngs db Dur Bntchrs(1??2), @ Ne Fhghml(1??7), hti. Eeh s`fs mhm bdmt pns fusngh sur fhs

    nbb`ichs, ihrtn`ms b`fes vd`hmt fhur LRL typdgrnpc` hm \rnjnm thf ihfu`lh Cdthf Qwnmln(\hrry Ghdrgh, 1??0; hm ut`f`snmt umh bdmth ideeumh, fhs prdluithurs thmth-rn`hmt ldmi lh mh pns brd`sshr fh puaf`i. Ihst phut-trh nuss` pnrihquh lh mdearhux fdmgs etrnghs ut`f`shmt um efnmgh lhs ghmrhs htrhic`gmhmt trh intgdr`ss11?. Qdldfpch Anmicht, lh Edmdtyph @en-g`mg, hxpf`quh quh ihst um icd`x s`euftnmehmt fgnmt ht pnrhsshux.

    fgnmt, pnrih quh ihtth bne`ffh lh inrnitrhs `minrmh um shmt`ehmtl`mthepdrnf`t ht lh ifnss`i`seh ; pnrhsshux, pnrih qu`f bn`t pnrt`h,lhpu`s pfus`hurs nmmhs, lhs pdf`ihs lh ansh lhs fdg`i`hfs [lh e`sh hmpnghU Nldah. Y` a`hm quh tdut lhs`gmhr qu` n ihs fdg`i`hfs sur sdm dr-l`mnthur n lj ihtth pdf`ih `mstnffh ht l`spdm`afh lnms shs ehmus11>.

    Fh inrnitrh \rnjnm hst um lhs pfus ut`f`ss nu i`men. @f hst `msp`r lhs`msir`pt`dms rhfhvhs sur umh idfdmmh r`gh hm >>9

    pnr fhephrhur rden`m pdmyeh.

    38

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    000018), Yhrgh` E. H`shmsth`m `m-l`quh pnr um `mthrt`trh quh \dut hst infeh . Yduln`m, um shidmlinrtdm edmtrh um Cd ( En`s ) hm grnmlhs fhttrhs, fn fhttrh Csnm`enmt lnms fh D nvnmt um bdmlu hmicnm vhrs f`engh su`vnmth._nr umh hxprhss`dm grnpc`quh 190 l`rn Lz`gn Rhrtdv, ihst--l`rh

    fh icd`x lum inrnitrh, lumh tn`ffh ht, pnrbd`s, lum hbbht v`suhf, fhs`mthrt`trhs amb`i`hmt lh fnrghs pdss`a`f`ts syeadf`quhs ht senm-t`quhs. E`ichf Enr`h edmtrh quh lnms fh b`fe Ditdarh(>013), Yhrguh`H`shmsth`m eda`f`sh tdus fhs pnrnetrhs lu idlh typdgrnpc`quh : typh lh inrnitrhs, idrps, pn`sshur, n`ms` quh fn idepds`t`dm grn-pc`quh (l`spds`t`dm lhs fhttrhs lnms fh inlrh) ht rytce`quh (vnr`nt`dmsur fn tn`ffh lhs fhttrhs lum inrtdm fnutrh). 1

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    Eduvhehmt hm trnvhff`mg nrr`rh lu t`trh lh _ufp B`it`dm(^uhmt`m \nrnmt`md, >00020) pdur Fhtrnsht ht Br`z unlrntn

    (Hrmst Br`z nml R`itdr Inrusd, >028) pdur R`sunf Grnpc`is Idrpdrnt`dm.

    E`rnenx

    08

    Inrtdm nm`e lnms Fn grvh (Yhrgh` E. H`shmsth`m, >018).

    Gdsk`md

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    Xm `mthrt`trh lu b`fe FNurdrh(>017) lh Br`hlr`ic W`fchfe Eurmnu prshmth umhtypdgrnpc`h hm eduvhehmt : Mh pdurrn`s-tu pns fn mdyhr 4

    Bdx B`fe Idrpdrnt`dm

    02

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    Ihrtn`ms b`fes prshmthmt lu thxth nm`e. Lnms Bnust (Br`hlr`icW`fchfe Eurmnu, >012), fhepcnsh b`mnfh sur fh edt F`hah b`gurhfnedur tr`depcnmt. Lnms FNurdrh lu eeh rnf`snthur (>017), fh

    thxth idufh lh v`su ht rhmbdrih lh ihtth enm`rh um edehmt `epdr-tnmt lu l`nfdguh : Mh pdurrn`s-tu pns fn mdyhr 4 Fh eduvhehmttypdgrnpc`quh lu edt lrdwmhlmh fn`ssh nuium lduth sur fcdrrhurquh ihfn `epf`quh. ^unmt fhmtneh lh Ytnr Wnrs (Ghdrgh Fuins,>077), lautnmt pnr N fdmg t`eh ngd `m n gnfnxy bnr, bnr nwny , pu`sbuynmt vhrs f`mb`m`, hffh prpnrh fh sphitnthur um vdyngh ldmt fhsprdpdrt`dms mdmt r`hm lh idepnrnafh sur \hrrh1.

    07

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    _dur1??>: N Ypnih Dlysshy, fh inrnitrh G`ff Ynms (Hr`i G`ff, >013) hst ut`f`s pdur fhgmr`quh ht fn bdmth Buturn Adfl (_nuf Qhmmhr, >017) pdur fhs nbb`ichs.

    Ehtrd-Gdflwym-Enyhr (EGE)

    >>?

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    >>>>>>

    N`ms`, nbb`ichs ht gmr`quhs l`bbrhmt idurneehmt : Fnbb`ich lh i`-men mhst pns tdujdurs fhxnit rhbfht lu b`fe quhffh prshmth 10>,rnidmth He`fy K`mg. N`ms`, fnbb`ich lu b`fe Lr. Ytrnmghfdvh (Ytnmfhy

    Kuar`ik, >02: N YpnihDlysshy(>023), f but ut`f`s lhux inrnitrhs l`bbrhmts : G`ff Ynms pdurfh gmr`quh ht Buturn pdur fhs nbb`ichs.

    Lnms fh edmlh lh fl`t`dm, umh fdg`quh ideehri`nfh suppdsh quhicnquh i`afh n`t sn prdprh shms`a`f`t101. Fhs l`thurs dmt ldmi thm-lnmih vnr`hr fhs iduvhrturhs hm bdmit`dm lhs pnys ht lhs puaf`is.\duthbd`s, fh f`vrh hst um fd`s`r `ml`v`luhf, vd`rh `mt`eh, nfdrs quh fhi`men hst um l`vhrt`sshehmt idffhit`b. Fh entr`hf puaf`i`tn`rhlum b`fe amb`i`hrn lnvnmtngh lumh ihrtn`mh um`t f d fhs f`vrhsgngmhmt trh nu pfus prdich lhs shms`a`f`ts pnrt`iuf`rhs lh fhurfhitdrnt. \duthbd`s, fhs l`t`dms LRL ht lh RDL rhsphithmt rnrhehmt fnf`gmh grnpc`quh lhs b`fes, hm usnmt lh v`suhfs pnrbd`s trs l`bbrhmts

    lhs nbb`ichs i`men109. Jhnm-Brnmd`s Ine`ffhr` bn`t nehmlh cdmd-rnafh : Fh l`str`authur lu LRL n, hm sn pdsshss`dm, fhs rsuftntslu b`fe hm snffhs fdrsqu`f hbbhituh sn ideeum`int`dm. @f phut ldminjusthr fh t`r ht edl`b`hr ih qu`f fu` sheafh mh pns nvd`r bdmit`dmmfdrs lh fn sdrt`h snffhs du gnrlhr ih qu` n enric. Lh pfus, fh puaf`i

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    >>1

    n t hm idmtnit nvhi um prhe`hr v`suhf s`x ed`s pfus tt ht `f phuttrh `mtrhssnmt lh bn`rh vdfuhr f`engh lu b`fe fdrs lh sn shidmlhv`h hm LRL. Ihst ldmmhr nu idmsdeenthur umh v`s`dm mduvhffh, f-

    grhehmt l`bbrhmth. 10021) : fn squhmih luinmdm lh rvdfvhr, d fnghmt shirht, v`s pnr fnreh, sh rhtdurmh htt`rh vhrs fhs sphitnthurs, bn`snmt n`ms` idufhr lu snmg sur firnm. Ihihrifh hst fum lhs fehmts v`suhfs fhs pfus rhidmmn`ssnafhs lh fnbrnmic`sh. @f rhmvd`h, pnr symhildquh, fn fhttrh dlu lnmghrhux Lr.Juf`us Md. Hm ih qu` idmihrmh fnbb`ich, hffh prshmth um bus`f nssdi`

    nux muerds ??7lh fnghmt shirht, fh ic`bbrh 7lhvhmnmt fn pd`gmhlumh nreh bhu ht nssdi`nmt typdgrnpc`quhehmt fh phrsdmmngh sdm nutdr`snt`dm lh tuhr.

    Hmb`m, thre`mdms pnr fh ideehmihehmt : fhs fdgds lhs b`rehs lhprdluit`dm. @fs bdmt a`hm v`lheehmt pnrt`h lu b`fe ht idmst`tuhmtum edyhm lh l`bbrhmi`nt`dm, hm irnmt umh um`t lnms fn euft`tulhlhs prdlu`ts euft`el`ns. _dur mh pns hm b`fehr icnquh mduvhffhsdrt`h, ihs nm`ent`dms pnrbd`s idepfhxhs burhmt rhprdlu`ths sur lhs

    mgnt`bs ht niidfhs nu laut lh icnquh b`fe prdlu`t pnr fn b`reh108.@fs ihrt`b`hmt fn qunf`t lumh hxpr`hmih i`mentdgrnpc`quh qu` shlhst`mh trh rhmduvhfh en`s, mdus fnvdms vu, nvhi um prdlu`t icnquh bd`s um`quh : Fhs fdgds tn`hmt nssdi`s um rphrtd`rhlntthmths pnrt`iuf`hr, bndmm pnr fn lymne`quh idmiurrhmt`hffh ht

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    >>9

    fh styfh lhs en`sdms lh prdluit`dm lu systeh lhs stul`ds. 102Nu-jdurlcu`, ihs fdgds mdmt pfus lnutrh s`gm`b`int`dm quh lh vhmlrhlu grnml l`vhrt`sshehmt. Y`fs nlnpthmt fhurs bdrehs pdur sh bdmlrh

    lnms fn l`gsh lu b`fe, ihst pdur e`hux bn`rh pnrt`h lu sphitnifh hthm niqur`r fnurn. Fh g`gnmthsquh edmdf`tch lh fn 1?tc Ihmtury Bdxn t ph`mt hm >099 pnr He`f Kdsn Jr. pu`s rhlhss`m pnr Qdiky Fdm-gd lh _ni`b`i \`tfh. @f hst f` um sdm, fn Bnmbnrh Bdx, idepdsh pnrNfbrhl Mhwenm107. \ypdgrnpc`quhehmt, `fs rhprshmthmt fh sueeuelh fn grnml`fdquhmih, nvhi lhs thxths hm trd`s l`ehms`dms, fue`mhuxht nux rhbfhts ldrs.

    Nadrlhr fh thxth nu i`men, ihst fh rhpfnihr lnms um idmthxth : umh

    hxpr`hmih thepdrhffh inlrh ht idepdsh lh euft`pfhs s`gmnux hm`mthrnit`dm. Fh lhss`m lhs inrnitrhs n fn inpni`t l`mbfuhmihr rnl`-infhehmt fn phrihpt`dm lu thxth, en`s nuss` lhs `enghs ht lhs sdms.Lpnssnmt fhs f`e`ths lh firnm, fn typdgrnpc`h pnrt`i`ph tnmt fnbdreh qunu bdml lu ehssngh b`fe`quh. Hffh dbbrh nux rnf`snthurs htlhs`gmhrs um icnep lh pdss`a`f`ts bnsi`mnmt.

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    f@sth lh t`trhs lh b`fes

    & fhurs typdgrnpc`hs Fhs pnghs su`vnmths rnssheafhmt umh sfhit`dm lh t`trhslh b`fes ifnss`quhs, t`rs lh fhur gmr`quh, hm rhgnrl lu mdelu inrnitrh ut`f`s, lh sdm lhss`mnthur ht lh sn lnth lh irn-t`dm, fdrsquh ihux-i` dmt pu trh `lhmt`b`s. Hffh ted`gmh lh fnr`ichssh lhs ut`f`snt`dms typdgrnpc`quhs, quhfs quh sd`hmt fhspdquhs ht fhs ghmrhs. Ihtth `lhmt`b`int`dm hst sujhtth inut`dm, vu fn

    l`vhrs`t lhs vnr`nmths. Fh mde lu rnf`snthur ht fn lnth lh sdrt`h lub`fe sdmt `ml`qus hm `tnf`quh.

    >>

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    \rnlh Gdtc`i Jniksdm Aurkh (>0087)

    G`ff Ynms Hr`i G`ff (>013) Ytnmfhy Kuar`ik (>023)

    Xm`vhrs 87 Idml. Nlr`nm Brut`ghr (>087) Jdscun Dpphmch`ehr (1?>1)

    Adldm` G`neantt`stn Adldm` (>703) Enrt`m Yidrshsh (>009)

    Chfvht`in Enx E`hl`mghr (>087) Q`lfhy Yidtt (>070)

    Fhttrngh, nuthur `midmmu Bhlhr`id Bhff`m` (>079)

    _npyrus Icr`s Idsthffd (>031) Jnehs Inehrdm (1??0)

    Nmt`quh Df`vh Qdghr Hxidbbdm (>021) Brnmd`s \rubbnut (>023)

    Fhttrngh, nuthur `midmmu \hrrhmih Enf`ik (>079)

    Gnrnedml Ifnulh Gnrnedmt (>89?) Nfahrt Fnedr`ssh (>082)

    Fhttrngh, nuthur `midmmu Jdshb vdm Ythrmahrg (>09?)

    Adldm` G`neantt`stn Adldm` (>703) R. Lh Y`in, B. Bhff`m`, hti. (>021)

    Khmmhrfhy Brhlhr`i W. Gduly (>0>>) Nrtcur _hmm (>027)

    Rhmleh B. Gnmhnu & Q. Hxidbbdm (>081) Jhnm-Fui Gdlnrl (>02?)

    Insfdm W`ff`ne Insfdm (>711) Nmg Fhh (1??8)

    @mbdrent`dm Arh`tbhtt Br`hlr`ic Knrf Ynffwhy (>083) _hthr Pnths (>023)

    Nkz`lhmz-Grdthsk Gmthr G. Fnmgh (>302) _nuf Grhhmgrnss (1?>9)

    Fhttrngh, nuthur `midmmu Jniquhs Ahikhr (>081)

    >>8

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    tnafh lhs ent`rhs

    >83

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    _rbnih, nvnmt-prdpds, @mtrdluit`dm

    Fn typdgrnpc`h, lh fn pngh firnm

    Fhs edts ht fhs `enghsFn pcdtdgrnpc`h ht fh i`menCdrs lh fn pngh

    Fh s`gmnf thxtuhf

    El`n ht s`gmnf@mthrnit`dms

    Inrnitr`st`quhs ht rfhs lu bfux thxtuhf

    Fir`t hst nthepdrhfFir`t hst f`mn`rh

    Qfh trnmsidl`quhQfh squhmt`hfQfh mde`mnt`bQfh `mlhx`inf

    Qfh idmmdtnt`b

    Fn typdgrnpc`h sur grnml irnm

    Fhs icd`x ht fhs idmtrn`mthsL`ghsh ht hxnit`tulh

    Eduvhehmts

    Fh idmthxth hxthrmh

    Fnrt lu gmr`quh_uaf`i`t, nbb`ichs ht anmlhs-nmmdmihs

    Idmiurrhmih ht idcrhmih

    F`sth lh t`trhs lh b`fes & fhurs typdgrnpc`hs

    Mdths

    A`af`dgrnpc`hF`vrhsNrt`ifhs

    Y`ths wha

    Qhehri`hehmts

    1

    >7>011

    12129?

    911

    >87