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Zahir MEKSEMZahir MEKSEM

Tagmert d tesleḍtTagmert d tesleḍt

TISEKKIWINN YIḌRISEN

Asqamu Unnig n Timmuzɣa2010

Asqamu Unnig n Timmuzɣa2010

Zahir MEKSEM

Tisekkiwin n yiḍrisen

Tagmert d tesleḍt

Asqamu Unnig n Timmuzɣa 2010

Enchainez un peuple

dépouillez-le fermez-lui la bouche,

il est encore libre.

Privez-le de son travail, de son passeport

de la table où il mange du lit où il dort

et il est encore libre.

Un peuple devient pauvre et esclave

lorsqu'on lui vole la langue qu'il a héritée de ses aïeux

il est perdu à jamais.

Ignazio Buttit, Lingna e dialetu ( Sicile 1899)extrait de Marti F. et al. Un monde de paroles, paroles du monde, Paris, L’Harmattan, 2006, p. 61.

Qqen

agdud

âerr-it

ndel-as imi,

ad yeqqim d ilelli.

Kkes-as amahil-is,

apaspor-is tagida $ef itett

ussu $ef yeggan

ad yeqqim d ilelli.

Agdud

yettu$al d igellil, d akli

mi ara s-tettwakkes tutlayt

i yas-d-ǧǧan yimezwura-s.

Tasuqqilt : Meksem Zahir

AƔAWAS 1. Asissen n umahil 11 2. Tarrayt n usismel 13

Iɣef amezwaru Asismel n yiḍrisen

Tazwart 17 1. Tawuri n tsensekka n yiḍrisen deg uselmed 18 2. Tabadut n tmiḍrant tasekka 24 2.1. Tasensekka taḍrisant 25 2.2. Tasensekka talemmast 26 2.2.1. Tasensekka ilmend n twuri 27 2.2.2. Tasensekka n waddad n yinan 28 2.2.3. Tasensekka ilmend n wadeg (typologie situationnelle) 29 2.2.4. Tasensekka timgerredt (hétérogène) 29 3. Tamiḍrant n tewsit deg tesnalmudt 31 3.1. D acu-tt tewsit ? 33 3.2. Tawsit deg uselmed 34

Iɣef wis sin Tasleḍt n yiḍrisen ilmend n tsekka

Tazwart 41 1. Tasekka n wullis 42 1.1. Taɣessa n wullis 43

1.1.1. Addad amezwaru 43 1.1.2. Addad n tigawin 43 1.1.3. Addad n taggara 44 1.2. Azenziɣ n wudmawen 44 1.3. Allalen n tutlayt 46 1.4. Amedya ɣef wullis 47 1.4.1. Tasleḍt n tuddsa 49 1.4.2. Azenziɣ n wudmawen 51 1.4.3. Allalen n tutlayt 51 1.4.3.1. Talɣiwin n umyag 51 1.4.3.2. Udmawen n tjerrumt 52 1.4.3.3. Isuraz 54 2. Tasekka n yimsegzi 55 2.1. Tuddsa n yimsegzi 56 2.2. Allalen n tutlayt 58 2.2.1. Isuraz 58 2.2.2. Udmawen n tjerrumt 59 2.2.3. Talɣiwin n umyag 60 2.3. Amedya ɣef uḍris imsegzi 62 2.3.1. Asnekwu n temsukt-is 64 2.3.2. Allalen n tutlayt 65 2.3.2.1. Isuraz 65 2.3.2.2. Udmawen n tjerrumt 66 2.3.2.3. Talɣiwin n umyag 67 3. Tasekka n uḍris afuklan 68 3.1. Tuddsa n uḍris afuklan 69 3.1.1. Taɣessa taḥerfit 69 3.1.2. Taɣessa tuddist 69 3.2. Allalen n tutlayt 71 3.2.1. Udmawen n tjerrumt 71

3.2.2. Talɣiwin n umyag 71 3.2.3. Isuraz 72 3.3. Amedya ɣef uḍris afuklan 72 3.3.1. Tuddsa 74 3.3.2. Iferdisen n tutlayt 76 3.3.2.1. Isuraz 76 3.3.2.2. Udmawen 79 3.3.3. Talɣiwin n umyag 81 3.4. Amedya wis sin ɣef usfukel : aḍris n usussen 82 3.4.1. Tuddsa 83 3.4.2. Allalen n tutlayt 85 4. Tasekka n uḍris n tgelma 87 4.1. Tuddsa 87 4.1.1. Tiɣin (ancrage) 88 4.1.2. Asettwel (aspectualisation) 88 4.1.3. Aleddem n usentel 89 4.1.4. Agassaɣ (mise en relation) 89 4.2. Tarrayin n uglam 90 4.3. Iferdisen n tutlayt 91 4.4. Amedya ɣef tgelma 91 4.4.1. Tuddsa-s 92 4.4.2. Iferdisen n tutlayt 93 4.4.2.1. Arbib 93 4.4.2.2. Asemmad n yisem 93 4.4.2.3. Imataren n wadeg 94 5. Tasekka n uḍris imsendeh/imwelleh 95 5.1. Tuddsa n udṛis imwelleh 95 5.2. Iferdisen n tutlayt 96 5.3. Amedya ɣef uḍris imwelleh 96 5.4. Tuddsa-s 99

5.5. Iferdisen n tutlayt 99 5.5.1. Talɣiwin n umyag 99 5.5.2. Udmawen n tjerrumt 100 5.5.3. Isuraz 100 6. Tasekka n udiwenni 102 6.1. Tuddsa 102 6.2. Iferdisen n tutlayt 103 6.3. Amedya n udiwenni 104 7. Taggrayt 106 8. Iɣbula 108 9. Amawal 112 10. Ammud n yiḍrisen 116 Ullis 116 Ullis + imsegzi 132 Ullis + aglam 136 Imsendeh / imwelleh 138 Imsegzi 142 Aglam 162 Afuklan 170 Asussen (adellel) 180 Tawsit tamezwarut : asusen n radyu 180 Tawsit tis snat : isusnen n ssuq 182

Tisekkiwin n yiḍrisen – Tagmert d tesleḍt

1. ASISSEN N UMAHIL Iswi n umahil-a d agmar d tesleḍt n yiḍrisen ara yilin

ilmend n tsekkiwin yemgaraden. Deg tama, iḍrisen-a ad ilin d allalen isensegmiyen i kra n win yesran i tsekkiwin n yiḍrisen: wid ara d-yessufɣen idlisfusen, iselmaden, inelmaden. Deg taɣult-a ammud ad yili daɣen d aɣbalu i yiselmaden akken ad suddsen tugzimin n uselmed ara yessifsen aselmed n tsekiwin n yiḍrisen akken inelmaden ad siwḍen ad d-snekwun yerna ad semgirden gar yiḍrisen n tmaziɣt. Deg tama-nniḍen, zemren ad ilin d ammud i yimnuda deg tesdawiyin akken ad gen tiselḍin deg taɣulin yemgaraden : tasnilest, tasnilest taḍrisant d tsensekka taḍrisant akked tesnalmudt, atg.

Ma nmuqel anagar ɣer tixutert-is tasensegmit, ammud-

a ad yili d aɣbalu ideg ara yaf yiwen iḍrisen ara yessemres deg taɣulin yemgaraden. Tamezwarut, ad yili d tala i yiselmaden ideg zemren ad d-kksen iḍrisen ara sqedcen deg tneɣriyin acku deg umahil-a llant aṭas n tsekkiwin. Tin ɣur-s, tisekkiwin-a ad ilint d amedya ideg ara ẓren, ladɣa yinelmaden, llant aṭas n tsekkiwin n yiḍrisen deg tmaziɣt ; iḍrisen-a ur mgaraden ara kan deg yisental, maca mgaraden daɣen deg talɣa-nsen. Nnig wannect-a, inelmaden ad gzun amek ttwrun yiḍrisen ayen ara

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ten-yeǧǧen ad awḍen ɣer tzemmar tutlayanin n tegzi d ufares. D annect-a ara d-yessegmun tigensas yelhan yelhan ɣef tutlayt-a deg wallaɣ, amedya, n yinelmaden.

Iḍrisen-a i d-negmer ad nessassen-iten-id ilmend n tulmisin yerzan yal tasekka : taɣessa (tuddsa) d wallalen utlayanen. D tineggura-ya ara yilin d allal s yezmer yimeɣri ad yaru, ad ifares war uguren deg tmaziɣt.

Ammud-a d win i d-nekkes seg yiɣbula : ungalen,

tulizin, tisɣunin, iɣmisen… i d-yeffɣen s tmaziɣt aṭas-aya -segmi tebda tettwaru seg tazwara n tasut tis 19- D iɣbula-ya, s umata, iseg nessaweḍ negmer-d iḍrisen iḥeqqaniyen (authentiques) ilmend n tsekkiwin yemxalafen, yerna d wid yettwasmettin. Tin ɣur-s iḍrisen d wid yettmeslayen ɣef yisental yemgaraden i d-icudden ɣer waṭas n taɣulin : tudert tatrat, ilmeẓyen, timetti…

Amgired n yiḍrisen yeskan-d tutlayt n tmaziɣt tuɣ deg

waṭas n taɣulin, yes-s nezmer ad naru ɣef waṭas n yisental i yesɛan assaɣ d waṭas n taɣulin, ur tenṭiḍ ara kan deg yiwet tewsit yecban timucuha d tmedyazt. Γef waya ad negzu tamaziɣt tennerna tihawt-is deg tmetti.

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2. TARRAYT N USISMEL

Deg tazwara nessasmel iḍrisen-a d tigruma ilmend n tsekkiwin : aḍris afuklan, imsegzi, aḍris imwelleh (imsendeh), ullis, atg. Asismel am wa yella-d ilmend n yiswi amaynut iɣer tezzi tiṭ n tesnalmudt i yefkan azal, taggara-ya, i tsekkiwin n yiḍrisen iwatan i uselmed n tutlayin.

Seld afran d usismel n yiḍrisen-a nessassen-d ittewlen s

yezmer umdan ad d-yesnekwu yal tasekka n uḍris. Gar-asen ad naf ittewlen i d-yeqqnen ɣer tuddsa d wid i d-yeqqnen ɣer wallalen utlayanen. D wi, s umata, ara yessifsen tigzi d ufares n uḍris.

Ixef amezwaru

Asismel n yiḍrisen


TAZWART Deg yixef ad d-nessegzi tamḍrant n usismel n yiḍrisen

d wayen akk i d-icudden ɣur-s. deg tazwara ad d-nuɣal ɣer taɣult n tsensekka, ssyin akin ad d-nessegzi tisensekkiwin yemgaraden, s ɛerḍen yimusnilsen ad d-ad d-sbedden isismlen n yiḍrisen. Maca, send ameslay ɣef wannect-a ad d-nebdu seg txutert n tsensekka deg taɣult n uselmed.

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1. TAWURI N TSENSEKKA N YIḌRISEN DEG USELMED

Iswi agejdan n uselmed n tutlayt, am wakken yeẓra yal yiwen, d asiweḍ n yinelmaden akken ad smeɣren tamussni-nsen n umawal n tutlayt akked usiweḍ-nsen akken ad sɛun tizemmar iwatan deg tɣuri d tira1 n yifuras n tutlayt akken ma llan. D annect-a i d iswi amezwaru n uɣerbaz.

Deg tilawt, mi ara nmuqel ad naf d tirmad i d-icudden

ɣer uselmed n yilugan n tira akked tseddast i yeṭṭfen amur ameqqran deg tneɣrit. D acu, ma nerra tamawt deg uɣerbaz anagar ɣer uselmed n tirawalt d tjerrumt ad nerr deg rrif ayen yellan d agejdan yerna yesɛa azal deg tmusni n tutlayt. Annect-a yerza tira d tɣuri n yiḍrisen yemgaraden. D tamawt am ta i yeǧǧan tasnalmudt ad tger tiṭ-is ɣer yiswiren-nniḍen deg uselmed n tutlayt. Yerna terra deg rrif tarrayt n zik i yefkan azal anagar i yiḍrisen n tsekla d uselmed n tjerrumt d tirawalt. Tura tettwali tixutert deg yiferdisen-nniḍen, wid izemren ad ilin d tallalt i unelmad akken ad yezmer ad yaru, ad yegzu

1 Tira : anamek-is deg tseddart-a d amatu, yerza akk ayen yettwarun deg tutlayt akken tebɣu tili.

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iḍrisen akken tebɣu tili tsekka-nsen. Acku tutlayt ur tettwaseqdac ara kan neɣ ur d-ttbin ara kan anagar deg taɣult n tsekla.

Tutlayt d ayen i d-yettmagar umdan yal ass deg tmetti. D ta i d-yewwi ad yelmed unelmad ma nra ad yuɣal d anesɣim n tmetti ideg yettidir. D annect-a daɣen ara t-yesmettin. Deg waya ad negzu tutlayt d aferdis agejdan i ila umdan akken ad yekcem deg tmetti acku s tutlayt ara yelmed akk ayen yerzan timetti : ansayen-nsen, tasekla-nsen, axemmem-nsen. A.S. Boulifa yuki-d i tmuɣli-ya aṭas aya, asmi i d-yura adlis-is wis sin ideg d-yessegza tarrayt i yssemres deg-s i uselmed n tmaziɣt. Hata wayen i d-yenna deg useggas 1913 :

«Win yebɣan ad yissin tutlayt, yessefk ad yissin lɛeqliya,

tidmi akked tḥerci n wid i tt-yettmeslayen : d acu lɛeqliya n ugraw imetti ur yezmir yiwen ad tt-yekcem, ad tt-yegzu s telqey anagar ma yezrew s wudem usdis axxemmem-nsen d wansayen-nsen. D annect-a i nettwali d abrid s nezmer ad nesseqdec tarrayt tusridt 1»2.

D wasmi tura tutlayt tettwaselmad ilmend n wamek i

tettwaseqdac deg tmetti. Dɣa ttarran tamawt ɣer tutlayt akken

1 A.S. Boulifa, 1913, Méthode de langue kabyle-Cours de deuxième année, Ed. Jourdan, Alger. 2 D tasuqqilt n yinnan-a : «Connaître la langue, c’est connaître la mentalité, l’esprit, le génie, de ceux qui parlent cette langue : or, la mentalité d’un groupe quelconque d’individus, ne peut être pépétrées, saisie et comprise que par une étude exacte de leur caractère et de leurs moeurs. C’est là, pensons-nous, l’esprit de la méthode directe ».

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tella deg tmetti acku ur nezmir ara ad neǧǧ tutlayt n uɣerbaz tegguga (tebɛed) aṭas ɣef tin n yal ass. Timentelt-a tewwi-d ɣef tesnalmudt ad tewwet amek ara d-tesbedd tarrayin s ara yelmed unelmad tutlayt akken ad tessemres deg tudert-is taɣurbizt akked tin n yal ass. D annect-a i yeǧǧan aṭas n yimsensegmiyen ad d-gren kra n yiseqsiyen ɣer taɣult n tesnalmudt. Anezgum i d-ilulen d wa : ma ur d-yewwi ara deg uselmed n tutlayt ad nbeddel tarrayt-a taqburt i yerran tamawt ɣer uselmed n yilugan n tjerrumt yerzan anagar aswir n tefyirt. S wawal-nniḍen, ma, deg uselmed n tutlayt, ur ilaq ara ad nẓer amek ara nessiweḍ inelmaden ad gzun amek i ttwasuddsen yiḥricen yugaren tafyirt akken ur nettiɣimi ara kan deg uselmed n tjerrumt n tefyirt. Amek ara d-naf abrid ara yawin inelmaden ad gzun iḍrisen, ad d-farsen s timad-nsen, daɣ nutni, iḍrisen ? Γef wannect-a i d-tenna C. Barré-De Miniac :

«D tidet, tamussni n tutlayt d wamek i tettwasuddes d

ayen yellan d agejdan. Acku amek ara naru ma ur negzi ara ayen i d-icudden ɣer tseddast, ɣer umawal akked yiḍrisen ? Maca tizemmar-a, iman-nsent, ur caḍent ara akken ad seknent amek ara d-nfares iḍrisen yelhan, igerzen yerna lan tawuri, atg.1«.

1 Barré-De Miniac C., 2000, Barré-De Miniac C., 2000, Le rapport à l’écriture. Aspects théoriques et didactiques, Paris, Presses universitaires du Septentrion, p. 13.

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S umata d iɣeblan am wi i d-yewwin tamuɣli-nniḍen ɣer uselmed n tutlayt. Deg tama, deg wayen yerzan iḍrisen, tura tezzi tiṭ ɣer yisemras utlayanen n tmetti (productions langagières de la société). Deg tama-nniḍen isemras-a ilaq ad ttwaslemden deg talɣa-nsen tummidt i yettakken anamek i tutlayt. D ti i wimi yessemma M. Bakhtine1 iḥricen imeqranen n tutlayt (grandes masses verbales) acku wi (iḥricen-a) ttbinen-d amzun d leqwaleb neɣ d timudmawin ideg yessuddus umdan tiktiwin-is mi ara nebɣu ad tent-id-yessenfali, ad tent-id-yessufeɣ. Ihi, ticki ira ad d-yini kra, yesɛa yakan deg uqerruy-is tarrayin i yas-d-yeskanen amek ara d-yalles, ara d-yeglem, ara d-yessegzi…

D aswir-a (aselmed n yisemras imettiyen deg talɣa-nsen

tummidt) iɣer terra tamawt tesnalmudt deg uselmed tura acku d nutni i yeskanen talɣa d unamek n yiznawen-nneɣ. D iswi am wa i yeǧǧan taggara-ya ad yettunefk wazal ameqqran i usmudem n yiḍrisen. Anamek-is d asbedded n yiḍrisen d tisekkiwin ; yal aḍris ila tasekka iɣer yettekki.

1 Bakhtine Mikhaïl Mikhaïlovitch (1895-1975) est considéré avant tout comme un historien de la littérature. Il a écrit aussi sous le pseudonyme de V.N Volochinov. Mais ce n’est qu’en 1963 que son œuvre s’est affirmée comme essentielle. Il a écrit notamment : Le marxisme et philosophie du langage, paru en 1929, traduit en français en 1977 et Esthétique et théorie du roman en 1978 et Esthétique de la création verbale, traduit en français en 1984. Informations citées dans le Dictionnaire de genres et notions littéraires, 2° édition, Paris, Encyclopaedia Universalis et M Albin, p. 60.

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Tikti-ya n usmudem tuɣ-d aẓar seg yimahilen n Yirussiyen (les formalists russes) i gan ɣef uḍris. S yimahilen-a sawḍen ad d-snekwun taɣessa (neɣ tamsukt) n wullis, azenziɣ n wudmawen akked wassaɣ yellan gar tikli tamatut n uḍris (son fonctionnement global) d tikli-is tagensant (son fonctionnement local). Imahilen-a, mi d-kecmen annar n uselmed, wwin-d yid-sen amaynut. Seg tama, ldin tawurt i tezrawt n tewsatin-nniḍen n wullis i yecban : tamacahut, tadyant yeḍran, atg.. Nnig n waya lulent-d waṭas n tirmad n tira i yessifsusen almad n wullis. Gar-asent ad naf : iluɣma yerzan aseggem n uḍris, tačcart n yilmawen, tifin n tazwara n wullis, asemmed n taggara n uḍris… Seg tama-nniḍen imahilen-a neǧren-d abrid akken ad ilint tezrawin d timaynutin i yerran tamawt ɣer tsekkiwin-nniḍen n yiḍrisen s ara yishil uselmed n tutlayt.

D annect-a, ihi, i yefkan tagnit akken ad d-ffɣen aṭas n tezrawin d yimahilen. Imnuda, deg tallit-nni, ran ad gen tasleḍt i tsekkiwin n yiḍrisen-nniḍen yerna ad d-sbedden aswir-nniḍen i tesleḍt n tutlayt ara yeflen akin i uswir n tjerrumt imi, taneggarut-a, terza ladɣa ayen i d-yeqqnen ɣer tefyirt D tiktiwin am ti, d imahilen am wi i d-yeslulen tasnilest taḍrisant. Tasleḍt deg taɣult n tesnilest-a tezzi ɣer tuddsa n yiḍrisen akked unadi n yiferdisen n tutlayt (neɣ n tjerrumt) imezgiyen. S wawal-nniḍen deg tesleḍt n uḍris ttmuqulen tuddsa neɣ aɣawas i yellan d llsas i tira n yal aḍris. S yin akin ttmuqulen allalen n tesnilest i yettusemrasen deg yal aḍris. Tasleḍt am ta tettili ilmend n wakken mgaraden yiḍrisen. S wakka yal tasekka n uḍris ad d-nesnekwu aniwi allalen iwatan

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akken ad tt-id-naru. Iswi n usnekwu n tuddsa n uḍris akked yiferdisen utlayanen d tikci i unelmad tissura ara s-yilin d tasalelt akken ad yezmer ad yegzu yerna ad d-yaru, daɣ netta, aḍris ilmend n tsekkiwin yemgaraden. Ihi, d tamusni-ya ara yeǧǧen anelmad ad yezmer ad yesseqdec tutlayt deg yal taɣult, ama deg uɣebaz ama deg tegnatin yeffɣen i uɣerbaz.

Deg wayen yerzan tikti-ya, E. Roulet, yenna-d : «Seg yiseggasen n 70 d asawan, medden akk ḥsan d

akken iswi n uselmed d ulmad n tutlayin : tanyemmat neɣ tis snat mačči d awwaḍ ɣer tezmert tasnilsant yeɛni tazmert deg usuddes d tegzi n tefyar, maca anelmad yessefk ad yaweḍ ɣer tezmert n teywalt neɣ ad d-iniɣ tazmert n yinaw, s unamek-nniḍen tazmert deg ufares d tigzi n yinawen yemgaraden 1»2.

Deg tikti-ya ad negzu aselmed n tutlayt ibeddel tanila ; yuɣal yerra tamawt ɣer wayen yellan d amatu ideg yezmer unelmad ad iẓer, deg tazwara, amek tettwaseqdec tutlayt deg yal tagnit. Tin ɣur-s, ad yesɛu allalen s ara tt-yelmed akken ad d-yessenfali ɣef yal tikti-s, ɣef yal tamuɣli-s, deg yal tagnit. S wakka anelmad ad yuɣal mačči d tamusni ara yesɛu ɣef tutlayt maca d tamusni ara tt-yissin s ufares d tigzi.

1 E. Roulet, 1999, La description de l’organisation du discours, LAL, Didier, Paris, p. 9. 2 Innan-a s tefransist : «On admet généralement depuis les années soixante-dix que l’objectif de l’enseignement-apprentissage des langues maternelles et secondes n’est pas seulement d’acquérir une compétence linguistique, c’est-à-dire la capacité de construire et d’interpréter des phrases, mais d’acquérir une compétence de communication, ou je dirais plutôt une compétence discursive, c’est-à-dire la capacité de produire et d’interpréter des discours variés ».

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Segmi neẓra s umata tixutert s d-glan yimahilen n tesnilest n uḍris i taɣult n uselmed, ad neɛreḍ tura ad d-nuɣal ɣer usenfar-nneɣ yerzan tisekkiwin n yiḍrisen. Awal ad aɣ-yawi ɣer umeslay ɣef tesnsekka s umata, ɣef tmiḍrant n tsekka.

2. TABADUT N TMIḌRANT TASEKKA Aṭas n yimahilen i yellan ɣef tsensekka n uḍris. Yal

amnadi yewwet amek ara d-yesbedd tarrayt s ara yezmer ad d-yessemgired gar yiḍrisen. Amgired deg tsensekkiwin-a yettuɣal ɣer tiẓri n tasleḍt n yal amnadi. Maca, aseqsi iwatan d wa : d acu i d imataren s nezmer ad d-nesbedd tasensekka ? Tiririt ɣef useqsi-ya ad aɣ-tawi ad d-nebder H. Isenberg i d-yesseknen amek i d-yettili usbedded n tsensekka. Γur-s :

Tasensekka tbedd ɣef : - Llsas n tsensekka, deg-s ad naf : isfernen ibanen (ama

mtawan, ama mgaraden, ama msezwaren ama ala) n usismel n yiḍrisen ;

- Taɣult n validité, ta terza ammud n yiḍrisen i ilan ittewlen i d-yettwasbadun deg llsas n tsensekka ;

- Tigin n wassaɣ gar llsas d taɣult, annect-a yebɣa ad d-yini yessefk ad yili wassaɣ gar yisfernen-nni akked d yiḍrisen1»1.

1 D tasuqilt n : «La typologie met en œuvre :

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S umata d wa i d adasil n tsensekkiwin yettwasnen. Hatenta s umata tsensekkiwin iɣef d-yettili wawal.

2.1. Tasensekka taḍrisant Tasensekka-ya tettwassen daɣen s yisem n tsensekka

tamtawit (homogène) acku adasil n usismel-ines ibedd ɣef yiwet kan n taɣult n usismel. Asismel-a yettuɣal ɣer umahil n E. Werlich akked d umahil n J. M. Adam. Tasensekka-ya tettarra tamawt ɣer uɣawas neɣ ɣer tuddsa iɣef tbedd tira n uḍris akked d wayen i wimi semman « imataren n tesnilest « i yellan d ittewlen n yal tasekka.

Amedya i nezmer ad d-nefk ɣef wannect-a d aseqdec n talɣiwin n umyag, asemres n yimqimen udmawanen, asemres n yisuras, atg. Tisekkiwin yettwasnen, yeqqnen ɣer usismel-a d ti : ullis, aglam, imsegzi, afuklan, adiwenni, tamedyazt, aḍris n usfilet neɣ ukacef (iḍrisen n « ukacef» ideg amaru yeqqar-d d acu ara yeḍrun deg yimal : prédictifs.

Maca deg teɣzi n umahil n J. M. Adam2 yerzan taɣult-a n tesnilest n uḍris, yuɣal yassader aswir n tesleḍt ɣer yiwen n

- Une base de typologisation : ensemble de critères explicites (homogènes ou hétérogènes, hiérarchisés ou non) de classement des textes ; - Un domaine de validité : c’est-à-dire un corpus de textes qui possèdent les caractéristiques définies dans la base de typologisation ; - Une mise en rapport de la base et du domaine, c’est-à-dire un certain nombre de principes d’application mettant les critères en relation avec les textes… 1 K. Canvat, 1996, idem. 2 J.M. Adam, 1990, Eléménts de linguistique textuelle. Théorie et pratique de l’analyse textuelle, Liège, Mardaga.

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uḥric yellan ddaw n uḍris i wimi yefka isem «tugzimt».Tugzimt d aḥric neɣ d amur deg uḍris. Γef wannect-a yenna-d, s umata, yuqa akken ad naf aḍris ibedd anagar ɣef yiwet n tsekka acku deg uḍris nezmer ad naf dduklent-d tikwal aṭas n tsekkiwin. Γer J. M. Adam, yal aḍris deg-s aṭas n tugzimin, yal tugzimt d tasekka deg uḍris-nni. Ilmend n waya i d-teffeɣ tmiḍrant « agetsekka : polytypologie» i d-yeskanan deg uḍris ttilint aṭas n teskkiwin taddayin (prototype). Ma d ayen yerzan tugzimt, hatan tabadut i yas-d-yefka Adam :

D tayunt i ikecmen deg uḍris. Tayunt-a, nettat daɣen,

tettwasuddes s tayunin1 timeqqranin i yettwasuddsen s waṭas yisumar»2.

S wakka tugzimt d allal s nezmer ad d-nesnekwu tayunin yemgaraden yettwasmersen deg yiwen n uḍris.

2.2. Tasensekka talemmast Fkan-as isem-a acku adasil (llsas) n tsensekka-ines

ibedd ɣef waṭas n yisfernen n usismel. Asismel deg tsensekka-ya ibedd ɣef : addad n yinan (mode énonciatif), iswi n teywalt akked waddad n ufares (conditions de production). Dɣa ɣef

1 Sqedceɣ awal «tayunin» s unamek «macro-proposition, ma d awal «isumar» yabɣa ad d-yini «micro-propositions». 2 J.M. Adam, 1990, op. cit., p. 85.

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wannect-a ad naf ffɣent-d deg tasensekka-ya kraḍ (03) n yisismlen yemgaraden.

2.2.1. Tasensekka ilmend n twuri Ta tbedd ɣef yimahilen n R. Jakobson, ladɣa azenziɣ n

teywalt i d-yesnekwa ideg llan sdis n yiferdisen : amazan, izen, anermas, tamselɣut (asatal) targa, tangalt. D azenziɣ-a i yellan d llsas i tsensekka-ya acku, ilmend n yal aferdis yellan deg-s, nezmer ad nessemgired gar yiḍrisen yerna ad d-nessufeɣ tawuri n yal yiwen. Yal tikelt ideg nra ad d-nesnekwu tawuri n uḍris ad nennadi deg-s anwa aferdis i wimi yefka azal ameqran umaru deg uḍris-is. Amedya ma yella aḍris yefka azal i tangalt (code), akka am deg yisegzawalen, deg tjerrumt, deg tbadut ; ad d-nini aḍris-a ila tawuri taɣeftutlayant acku yesseqdec tutlayt akken ad d-yemmeslay ɣef tutlayt. Ma yella deg uḍris awal iress ɣef umazan, ad d-nini tawuri n uḍris-a d tanfalant acku ad naf win i d-yettmeslayen yuɣ-d awal ɣef tektiwin-is, ɣef yiḥulfan-is d wayen i t-iceɣben. Ihi, tasensekka-ya terra tamawt ɣer sdis n twuriwin i nezmer ad naf deg uḍris. S umata, yal aferdis yellan deg uzenziɣ n teywalt, yesɛa tawuri : *Ẓer ismawen-nniḍen i twuriwin-a : tanermisant ilaq assaɣ Amazan : tawuri tanfalant : (Fonction expressive, émotive) ; Izen : tawuri tudyizt : (Fonction poétique) ; Anermas ; tawuri tanaḍant : (Fonction impressive, conative) ; Tameselɣut : tawuri tamselɣant : (Fonction référentielle) ;

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Targa : tawuri tanermisant : (Fonction phatique) ; Tangalt : tawuri taɣeftutlayant : (Fonction métalinguistique).

2.2.2. Tasensekka n waddad n yinan Taggayt-a tis snat tuɣ-d aẓar seg yimahilen n E.

Benvesniste, ladɣa Problèmes de linguistique générale de 1966, i d-yewwin ɣef waddad n yinan (énonciation). E. Benveniste, yessemgared gar sin n wudmawen n usemres n tutlayt. Annect-a yessaweḍ-it ad yebḍu gar wayen yellan d ullis akked wayen yellan d inaw. Deg tama, ma inan icudd ɣer win i t-id ifarsen, yewwi-t-id ɣef ddemma-s, neɣ tban titlin-is deg-s, ad d-nini d inaw. Deg tama-nniḍen, ma yella beṭṭu gar yinan d win i t-id-ifarsen, s wawal-nniḍen ma yella amaru ur yekki ara deg wawal i d-yuɣ ad d-nini d ullis. Deg waya ad negzu win i d-yettmeslayen, deg yinaw ad tili tihawt-is deg yinan ; ma deg wullis, ad yili d uffiɣ i yinan-is.

Deg snat n tegnatin-a llan yiferdisen i seqdacen

yimdanen akken ad d- semgirden gar-asent. Iferdisen-a d : imqimen, imataren, talɣiwin n umyag, imataren n wakud d wadeg… Tawuri n yineggura-ya d askan n wassaɣ n umsiwel deg yinan-is d wamek tella tihawt-is daxel. Tasenkka-ya terra tamawt ladɣa ɣer yiferdisen i d-yeskanen asatal neɣ addad n yinan ideg yella : umsiwel, win neɣ wid i wimi yettmeslay, adeg akked wakud d wi i d iferdisen igejdanen ɣef tres tsensekka-ya.

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2.2.3. Tasensekka ilmend n wadeg (typologie situationnelle)

Asismel-a yerza amahil n J-P. Bonckart d ugraw d wi yettmahal. Deg tazwara, deg tezrawin-nsen rran azal i waddad n yinan : adeg, akud, amsiwel, anermas (win d wi yettmeslay). Maca, segmi ddan deg umahil-nsen, rnan gren-d aferdis agejdan ɣer tezrawin-nsen, wa d adeg imetti (lieu social) ideg tḍerru termidt tutlayant.

2.2.4. Tasensekka timgerredt (hétérogène) Tasensekka-ya tis kraḍ terza asismel n yiḍrisen ilmend

n tewsit. Fkan-as isem n tsensekka timgerredt (hétérogène) acku llsas n usismel-is ibedd ɣef waṭas n yisfernen. M. Bakhtine deg udlis-is Esthétique et théorie du roman yenna-d yettwali d akken yewwi-d ad kecmen iferdisen-nniḍen deg usismel n yiḍrisen yeffɣen i tesnilest. S umata ibder-d :

«Adeg imetti d tsuddwin*, addad n ufares, iswi n

teywalt, udem n waddad n yinan, tuddsa n uḍris, asentel-is1»2. Maca, send ad d-nemmeslay ɣef wawal amaynut i d-

yellan ɣef tewsit, ilaq ad nẓer tamiḍrant-a n tewsit d tin i d-yuɣen aẓar deg tsekla. Ssyin, taggara-ya kan i tettusemres deg taɣulin n tesnilest n uḍris iwakken ad d-temmel ifuras utlayanen (productions langagières) akken ma llan. Deg tsekla

1 «L’ancrage socio-institutionnel, la situation de production, l’intention communicationnelle, le mode énonciatif, l’organisation formelle, le contenu thématique». 2 K. Canvat, 1996, op. cit.

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tawsit tettbin-d amzun d tamudemt (d lqaleb) terza taɣult n tira n yidlisen n tsekla: tamedyazt, ungalen, amezgun… Tawsit d tasekka timezgit i yeṭṭafaren wid yettaraun. Yal tira n tsekla teṭṭafar yiwet seg tewsatin yettwasnen. S umata, d Hegel i d-ibanen d amaru i d-yewwin awal ɣef unagraw n tewsit (système générique). Hegel yemmeslay-d ɣef tilin n kraḍ n tewsatin tigejdanin iɣef tbedd tsekla tansayt : l’épopée, poésie lyrique et la poésie dramatique.

Maca, ma neffeɣ i taɣult n tsekla, ad naf d ayen-nniḍen,

ɣef wannect-a i d-yenna D. Maingueneau : «Ticki annect-a ur yerzi ara ayen i d-yesnulfa umaru s

timad-is akka am ungal, akka am uneqqis n tannant, neɣ akka am uneqqis anaddal deg tiliẓri neɣ tamsirt deg tesdawit, atg., wi ur sɛin ara assaɣ d wayen yellan yakan yettwassen (s wawal-nniḍen ur telli ara tmudemt tban ara ḍefren) ; ttbinen-d d tannumi, d tiwsatin timezgiyin ɣer medden akk. Maca, d tiwsatin yezgan ttbeddilent, ttneflint»1.2

Tiwsatin am ti, i yellan d ifuras imettiyen iɣer d-yewwi ad tezzi tiṭ tura acku simmal ntteddu keccmen-d annar n uselmed.

1 D. Maingueneau, 1998, Analyser les textes de communication, Nathan, Paris, p. 50. 2 Quand il s’agit non d’œuvres singulières mais de rapports de stage, de reportages sportifs télévisés, de cours d’université, etc., il n’y a pas de relation de filiation à l’égard d’œuvres consacrés : ce sont des routines, (souligné par l’auteur) des comportements stéréotypés et anonymes qui se sont stabilisés peu à peu mais sont sujets à variation continuelle.

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3. TAMIḌRANT N TEWSIT DEG TESNALMUDT

Deg unnar n tesnalmudt n tutlayin, mi ara d-ttwabder tmiḍrant n tewsit ur tt-ttwalin ara s unamek i tla deg tsekla. Hatan n umamek-is deg usegzawal Dictionnaire de didactique du français langue étrangère et langue seconde :

«Deg tsensekka n yiḍrisen d yinawen, nezmer ad naf

amgired gar tsekkiwin am : ullis, afuklan, aglam, atg., akked tewsatin ; tid yeṭṭafaren tasuddut n tsekla am : tamacahut, tullizt, atg, ideg nezmer ad naf myekcamen uglam d wullis. Deg tsuddwin-nniḍen, amedya taɣamsa ad naf ttwasmersent tewsatin-nniḍen. Ihi, tisekkiwin d timadwanin, ur ttbiddilent ara neɣ rekdent (stabes) deg wakud. Ma d tiwsatin d tid yettbeddilen ilmend n wakud, n yidelsan akka am tewsatin n tsekla d tid n uɣerbaz1«2.

Γef wannect-a deg taɣult n uselmed tamiḍrant n tewsit terza yal afares utlayan yettwseqdacen deg teywalt, ama d ayen

1 Tasuqqilt n : «Dans la typologie des textes et discours, on peut ainsi distinguer des types comme narratif, le descriptif, l’argumentatif, etc., et des genres, caractéristiques de l’institution littéraire comme le conte, la nouvelle, etc., qui mêlent moments descriptifs et moments narratifs. D’autres institutions, comme la presse par exemple utiliseront à un moment donné un autre éventail de genres. Alors que les types abstraits seraient a priori stables diachroniquement et synchroniquement, les genres varieraient d’une manière très sensible en fonction des époques et des cultures comme le montrent les genres littéraires ou scolaires». 2 J.P. Cuq, (dir.), 1990, Dictionnaire de didactique du français langue étrangère et seconde, CLE International, Paris.

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u ɣ1«2.

yellan s tira, ama d ayen yellan d timawt. Ilmend n waya B. Schneuwly yura :

«Yal aḍris yettlal-d seg usatal imetti. Yal win ara d-

yarun aḍris ila iswi (asenfali ɣef yiḥulfan, asedhu n yimsefliden, tazrirt n umserti neɣ asegzi n kra n tɣawsa), yesɛa win i wimi yettmeslay iban, deg kra wadeg imetti (d anelmad ad yaru i uselway n tɣiwant, d amezdaɣ ad yaru i yimezdaɣ-nniḍen deg uɣmis, d amaru amanun i yinelmaden n tneɣrit, atg.). Yal asatal yessawal (neɣ yesra) i talɣa n uḍris i t-yeɛnan. Talɣa-ya n uḍris tettili d allal n taywalt ara yessiwḍen ɣer yiswi d wayen ttrajun yims lɣa. D tal a-ya i wimi semmaɣ tawsit

S yifuras-a utlayanen yettilin deg tmetti deg tudert n yal

ass, s nezmer ad d-nefk anamek i uḍris am wakken d tawsit timettit. Akeccum n tmiḍrant n tewsit ɣer unnar n tesnalmedt, ɣef wakken yettwali K. Canvat3, yeqqen ɣer umusnaw M.

1 Tout texte résulte d’un contexte social. C’est-à-dire qu’à travers son texte, le scripteur vise un certain but (exprimer ses sentiments, divertir un public, convaincre un politicien ou encore expliquer un processus complexe), s’adresse en tant qu’énonciateur d’un certain type à un certain destinataire dans un lieu social donné (en tant qu’élève au maire, en tant que citoyen à travers le quotidien local aux concitoyens, en tant qu’apprenti-écrivain aux élèves d’une classe, etc.). A chaque contexte correspond typiquement une forme textuelle - qui est l’outil communicatif le plus performant pour atteindre le but étant donné les usages et les attentes des destinataires. J’appellerai cette forme un genre ». 2 B. Scheuwly, 1993, « Enseigner à écrire des textes», dans A. Bentolila (dir.) Les entretiens Nathan. Parole, écrit, image. Nathan, Paris, pp. 14 -152. 3 K. Canvat, 2003, «L’écriture et son apprentissage : une question de genres ? Etat des lieux et perspectives», dans Pratiques, n° 117/118, pp. 171 - 179.

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ellan d llsas akken ad nissin ittewlen n tewsatin n iḍrisen.

tewsit i d-yesbedd K. Canvat

qdec ilmend

a d taɣessa-s ama d tuddsa-s tagensant. (Strucure et texture).

-nessegzi tamiḍrant-a. Ihi, ne

twagzant anagar ilmend n wadeg akked wakud ideg d-ffɣen

ssis n wallaɣ, acku kecment deg tnummi n umeslay n yal ass.

Bakhtine, i yewten akken ad tili tezrawt n wayen i wimi yessemma (iḥricen imeqranen n tmenna : les grandes messes verbales). Yenna-d daɣen K. Canvat seg yimahilen n M. Bakhtine i yy

3.1. D acu-tt tewsit ? S umata hatnan yittewlen n seg yimahilen n M. Bakhtine. - Tiwsatin bḍant d lesnaf war tilas. - Tiwsatin d talɣiwin timezgiyin n yinaw yettwasnen.

Tineggura-ya d timudmawin i neṭṭafar deg tmeslayt n yal ass, maca ttaǧǧant tagnit akken yal amsiwel ad tent-yesse

-is. (Rendent possibles les variations singulières). - Tiwsatin sɛant tazrirt ɣef yal aswir deg uḍris, am

Imenzayen-a d iferdisen igejdanen ɣef tres tmiḍrant n

tewsit. D nutni ara yilin d allal s ara dzmer ad d-nini tiwsatin s umata : - Mgaradent seg yidles ɣer wayeḍ, seg tmetti ɣer tayeḍ ; - Tt ; - D tismilin i yettwaseqdacen s wudem usrid

(spontanée), war u

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ge), ad d-inin d akken anamek n tmiḍrant n tewsit yugar anamek i tla deg tsekla imi tawsit, terza a

graw n Genève ladɣa ayen gan B. Schneuwly et J. Dolz

Tazmert n usastel1, amsiwel yessefk ad yezmer ad yessem

es neɣ n usileɣ (structuration) n yinaw,

erza tamusni n tutlayt, amsiwel yewwi-d ad yezmer d d-yefren tayunin tisnilsanin akken ad d-yaru aḍris d

amayn

S wakka sawḍen yimusnawen deg taɣult n tussniwin n tmeslayt (sciences du langa

kk tiwsatin n yinaw. K. Canvat, deg umagrad i d-nebder yakan, yuɣal ɣer

yimahilen n u yesken-d d akken tawsit tbedd ɣef kraḍ n tzemmar

(capacités) : - tawi (adapter) gar yinan-is akked usatal imetti ideg t-id-

yenna ; - Tazmert n usuddamsiwel yessefk ad yezmer ad yesseqdec timudmawin

iwatan yal tagnit n yinan ; - Tazmert n tira n uḍris (textuallisation : aseḍres ?*),

annect-a ya

ut.

3.2. Tawsit deg uselmed Gar yiseqsiyen igejdanen ɣer tezzi tiṭ deg tesnalmudt,

ad naf aseqsi-ya : amek ara nesselmed ? D acu ara nesselmed ? Ma amezwaru, akken neẓra, d win yeqqnen ɣer tarrayin n uselmed, wis sin yerza agbur ara yesselmed uselmad deg

1 - Asastel : awal-a yekka-d seg wawal «asatal : contexte» i wim rniɣ amatar «S» n uswaɣ + talɣa n yisem s uzwir «A». Sqedeceɣ-t s unamek «contextualisation».

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selmad yezmer ad tent-yessemres, ad tent-yesselmed akken ad d-isuddes yes-sent tugzimin neɣ isenfaren deg tneɣrit

i-ya deg uɣerbaz i yeǧǧan simmal tettnefli tudert ttilint-d tmuɣliwin d teẓriyin timaynutin i yessemhazen tasnalm

fli ɣef d-nemmeslay, deg taɣult

ɣef uselmad ad iẓer d acu i wimi

tneɣrit. Deg wayen yerzan aselmed n tutlayt, iseggasen-a ineggura imnuda ttwalin tuɣalin neɣ asekcem n tewsit ɣer uɣerbaz, i wakken ad tili d allal n ulmad n tutlayt tla tixutert d tameqqrant acku tiwsatin tinmettiyin (genres sociaux) d tid ara yeǧǧen anelmad ad yessiweḍ ad yesɛu tizemmar tutlayanin iwatan. A

. Tin ɣur-s, akken ẓran akk medden, yella wassaɣ gar

wayen i wimi tesra tmetti akked d wayen yettwaselmaden deg uɣerbaz. Deg wassaɣ-a ad negzu taneflit n tmetti deg tallit ɣer tayeḍ yeslalay-d lḥewǧ amaynut d yiswan imaynuten deg wayen yerzan asegmi s umata, d wayen yerzan tasnalmedt s wudem usdis. Ihi, d assaɣ-a gar unefli n tmetti d wayen tettraju tmett

udt. Dɣa taggara-ya, ilmend n unen uselmed n tutlayin lulen-d inezgumen-nniḍen neɣ

iberdan-nniḍen deg unadi, amedya : - Tura tuɣal tigawt n uselmed tettarra tamawt

tameqqrant ɣer unelmad imi yessefk yesra unelmad ad t-yelmed, akken ad d-yesbedd ahil

neɣ ad yessewjed agbur ara yesɣer ;

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azal deg uselmed ɣer tirmad n tira akked

iyen, (sociaux) n timawit d wid yu

yiḍrise

dt akked yisental imaynuten, deg tama-nsen, slulen iseqsiyen-a :

t ? Ma esselmed tiwsatin tinmettiyin akken ma llant ?

D acu ara nesseɣer deg tewsatin ?

- Aselmed n tutlayt akken i tettwasemres deg tmetti. Γef wannect-a i yuɣal w

tirmad n tmenna ; - Asekcem n yiḍrisen inmettran, ɣer uɣerbaz ; - Lebɣi akken ad yili umtawi neɣ umqarab gar yiḍrisen

iɣurbizen d wid yettilin deg tmetti. - Asekcem ɣer uɣerbaz n tewsatin n yiḍrisen

yettwaseqdacen deg tmetti, smenyifen-tent ɣef tsekkiwin nn i d-yettbanen d tiẓrayanin1. Tanila-ya tamaynut n unadi i d-yetilin deg tsenalmu

- Aniti tiwsatin i d-yewwi ad ttwaslemdennezmer ad n

- - Amek ara d-nesbedd tarrayin s ara nesselmed

tiwsatin-a ? Deg tmaziɣt, tiririt ɣef yiseqsiyen-a ad aɣ-tessiweḍ ad

nẓer amek ara tt-nesselmed, d acu ara nesselmed deg-s. Acku iwakken tutlayt ad tuɣal d tin ara yettwalmaden ilaq ad tbedd ɣef kuẓ n tzemmar tutlayanin tigejdanin : snat rzant taɣult n timawt : tigzi n wayen yella d imaw akked ufares s timawt ; snat rzant taɣult n tira : tigzi n wayen yellan yura akked ufares

1 Γef tektiwin-a, ẓer : Z. Meksem, 2007, Pour une sociodidactique de la langue amazighe : approche textuelle, thèse de doctorat, Université Grenoble 3, p. 128/129.

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37

a-nniḍen, ad d-ifares s wawal akked tira. Ihi, kuẓ n tzemmar-a yessefk ad d-awint anelmad ad yezmer

ttilint d timudmawin (leqwaleb) s nezmer ad nemsel s tefses tutlayt, yerna w

ara yakan anta tawsit ideg yella, nettaki-d i teɣzi n wawal-is akked tuddsa

aw deg udem-is amatu 2»3. Hatan, deg tneggarut, acuɣer aselmed n tutlayin i yerra

tamawt ɣer uselmed n tewsatin.

s tira. S wudem-nniḍen tizemmar-a sawaḍent anelmad akken ad yegzu ayen yellan d timenna d wayen yuran, deg tama ; sawaḍent-t daɣen, deg tam

ad yessemres tutlayt deg yal tagnit ama deg uɣerbaz, ama deg tudert n yal ass.

S wakka ad negzu tiwsatin n yiḍrisen

ad nessiweḍ ad tt- negzu, ad d-nfares yes-s. Γef annect-a i d-yenna Y. Reuter ɣef yimi n Bakhtine :

«Almad n umsal1 n tmeslayt yettili-d s tewsatin. Yal

tikelt ara nsel i umdan yettmeslay, nettḥulfu deg tazw

-s. Nezmer ula ad nḥulfu i taggara n tmesalyt-is, acku deg tazwara i nettaki i talɣa n yin

1 Amsal : sqedceɣ-t s unamek n tikci n talɣa i tɣawsa. 2 Tasuqqilt n «Nous apprenons à mouler notre parole dans les formes du genre et, entendant la parole d’autrui, nous savons d’emblée, aux tout premiers mots, en pressentir le genre, en deviner le volume, la structure compositionnelle donnée, en prévoir la fin, autrement dit, dès le début nous sommes sensibles au tout discursif ». 3 Bakhtine M., cité par Y. Reuter, ????????

Ixef wis 2

Tasleḍt n yiḍrisen ilmend n tsekka


TAZWART Aselmed n tutlayt yefka daɣen azal i tsekkiwin n

yiḍrisen. Tamiḍrant-a akken i tt-nesbada iwsawen (ẓer 2.1. tasensekka taḍrisant) ula d nettat tla azal deg uselmed acku tettili d tamudemt s yezmer unelmad ad yegzu aḍris, am wakken ara yissin amek ara t-d-ifares. Deg tesleḍt n tsekka n uḍris nettakk azal ladɣa i tɣessa-ines akked yiferdisen utlayanen i yettwasqedecen deg-s. Sin n yiferdisen-a i s nezmer ad d-nesnekwu yal tasekka iman-is.

Deg umahil-a ad neɛreḍ ad nessukk tiṭ ɣef 6 n

tsekkiwin n tmaziɣt akken ad nẓer aniwi i d ittewlen n yal yiwet. S yin akin, ad yili d talalt i uselmad d unelmad akken ad walin d acu i ilaqen deg tira n yal aḍris.

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1. TASEKKA N WULLIS D aḍris ideg amaru yettales-d (iḥekku, yettawi-d) ayen

yeḍran neɣ ayen yellan d asugnan. Yessemlili-d aṭas n tigawin yerzan kra n tedyant teḍra neɣ d tasugnant, iḍerrun deg wakud. Ullis yerza akk ayen i d-ttalsen yimdanen. Γas ulama yella wayen yellan d asugnan akka am ungal, tamacahut, tullizt ; yettili daɣen wayen yellan d tilawt akka am tadyant yeḍran, tudert n umaru.

1.1. Taɣessa n wullis S umata, akken t-id-snekwan yimnuda n tsekla, ullis

ibedd ɣef semmus n waddaden. D nutni i d-yemmalen tuddsa neɣ taɣessa iɣef ibedd wullis. S wawal-nniḍen, mi ara d-yawi umdan tamacahut neɣ ad yales i kra n tedyant d addaden-a ara yeḍfer akken ad d-yebdu seg tazwara alma d taggara n wullis. Asnekwu n tɣessa n wullis yettili d tagnit akken ad tifsus tegzi-s akked tira-s. Hatenta semmus n tegnatin iɣef yebna wullis

1. Addad n talwit, d tagnit tamezwarut; 2. Aferdis n urway ; 3. Tigawin ;

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4. Tifrat n ugur ; 5. Addad n taggra.n tegnatin. Nezmer daɣen ad nwali tuddsa-ya ilmend n kraḍ n

waddaden igejdanen : Addad amezwaru ; Addad n tigawin ; Addad n taggara. Deg wayen i d-iteddun ad neɛreḍ ad d-nesnenkwu

azenziɣ-a : 1.1.1. Addad amezwaru D tazwara n wullis, qqren-as addad n talwit acku kra ur

yeḍri. Deg waddad-a yettil uglam neɣ usissen n wudmawen, n wadeg akked wakud. S umata d tagnit n talwit yersen, kra ur yeḍri deg-s. Akken ad bdunt tigawin, yessefk ad ad yennulfu uferdis d amaynut, ara d-yeslalen uguren.

1.1.2. Addad n tigawin Deg waddad-a ad naf :

- Aferdis n urway D ayen ara d-ikecmen ɣer tegnit, ad d-yennulfu ; ad d-

yas ad ibeddel udem i tegnit-nni n talwit n tazwara, s wawal-nniḍen ad yesluɣ tagnit. - Tigawin

Segmi ara yerwi wudem n talwit-ni n tazwara neɣ segmi ara d d-yennulfu umaynut, ad yebdu ḍerru n tigawin.

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Iswi-nsent d asisi n talwit-nni jennejlan neɣ d tuɣlin ɣer tegnit-nni tamezwarut yersen. - Tifrat n ugur

Deg-s ad kfunt tigawin. Deg-s ad yili uferdis-nniḍen d amaynut ara d-yefken tagnit-nniḍen n talwit, dɣa ad yefru wugur.

1.1.3. Addad n taggara Taggara n wullis neɣ taggara n tesri tezmer ad tili s

wudem yelhan neɣ s wudem n dir. Deg-s, tagnit ad d-tuɣal tres, ad tfak tesri, ad fakent tigawin.

1.2. Azenziɣ n wudmawen Azenziɣ-a yeskan-d udmawen yettilin deg tedyant

Imnuda i wimi semman «les fromalistes ruses» i d imezwura i iɛerḍen ad d-sbedden udmawen ilan tawuri deg wullis, fkan-asen isem «les forces agissantes, les actants», iɣalen i isedduyen ullis. Azenziɣ-a ires ɣef kraḍ n tyugwin : asaḍ/ (iswi) objet, amazan/anermas, amalal/amnamer. Ad naf ihi :

«Seddis n wudmawen i yettikkin deg wullis. Seddis-a n wudmawen ttemlilin sin sin ilmend n twuri-nsen. Sin yesdukel-iten wassaɣ n lebɣi «bɣan ad awḍen ɣer kra», asaḍ yettnadi taɣawsa neɣ yebɣa ad yaweḍ ɣer yiswi. Sin-nniḍen, yesdukel-iten wassaɣ n tezmert, amalal yeggar afus n talalt, amnamer ireggel-d abrid i wasaḍ. Ma d sin ineggura, amazan d unermas yesdukel-iten wassaɣ tmusni/taywalt acku d nutni i

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d-yemmalen d acu ara yexdem wasaḍ, d nutni daɣen ara d-yefken tamuɣli ɣef tigawt n wasaḍ telha neɣ xaṭi»1.2

- Asaḍ : d win iɣef beddent tigawin n wullis. S wawal-nniḍen d udem agejdan.

- Iswi : d ayen i isedduyen asaḍ, d ayen iɣer ira ad

yaweḍ. Yezmer ad yili d yal taɣawsa ɣef yettnadi wasaḍ : d amdan ad t-id-yefdu, d ttar ad t-yerr, d tayri n tmeṭṭut, d agerruj, d nnif, d tilelli, atg.

Amazan : d udem i yettnadin ad yaweḍ ɣer yiswi. D

win ara yaznen asaḍ ad yeg tigawin ilaqen iwakken ad d-yaweḍ ɣer yiswi. Tikwal ur nezmir ara ad nebḍu neɣ ad nessemgired gar-asen acku asaḍ yezmer ad yesɛu snat n twuriwin, yettili d udem agejdan d amazan deg yiwet n tegnit.

- Anermas : d udem iɣer ara tuɣal tigawt neɣ d win ara

yesfaydin seg tigawt n wasaḍ. - Amalal : d udem ara yefken afus n talalt i wasaḍ.

1 REUTER, Y., 2005, L’analyse du récit, Paris, Armand Colin, p.31. 2 Ces six catégories se reproupaient deux par deux selon des axes fondamentaux pour définir les conduites humaines. Sur le premier axe -celui du désir, du vouloir- le sujet chercherait à s’opproprier l’objet. Sur le second axe -celui du pouvoir- l’adjuvant et l’opposant aident ou s’opposent à la réalisation de la quête. Sur le troisième axe -celui du savoir et de la communication- le destinateur et le destinataire, déterminent l’action du sujet en le chargeant de la quête et en désignant les objets de valeur. Ils sanctionnent cette action en reconnaissant son résultat et le sujet qui l’a accompli.

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- Amnamer : d win ara d-yeffɣen mgal asaḍ, dɣa ad as-yili d ugur.

Tamawt : Tikwal kra n wudmawen zemren ad ilin d tiɣawsiwin

tikmamin : adrar, iɣẓer, times, adfel… neɣ d tiɣawsiwin tudmawanin : tismin, tayri, ttar, ddɣel…

1.3. Allalen n tutlayt Allalen n tutlayt rzan iferdisen n tjerrumt i yettilin d

imezgiyen deg yal tasekka n uḍris. Ad negzu deg waya d akken deg tira n uḍris, ttilin kra n yiferdisen n tjerrumt zgan ttwseqdacen ilmend n tsekka n uḍris-nni. Ilmend n wannect-a i yasen-semman iferdisen imezgiyen. Wi rzan s umata : talɣiwin n umyag, imqimen, isuraz.1 Akken nezmer daɣen ad naf asemres n yiferdisen n tesnukyist. Amedya deg wullis, deg wayen i d-icudden ɣer talɣiwin n umyag, ad naf, s tuget, ttwasemrasent talɣiwin-a : izri, urmir ussid. Deg wayen yerzan imqimen akked yimataren, ad naf : udem wis kraḍ. Ma d isuraz ttilin wid i d-yesnekwayen akud n ḍerru n tigawin. S umata, d nutni i d-yemmalen amek i yettili umyezwer gar tigawin, seg tmezwarut ar tneggarut. Yewwi-d ad nerr tamawt

1 Ẓer amahil : Z. Meksem, 1999, taywalt ɣef wullis, ??????. Deg wayen yerzan isuraz, ẓer amahil : Z. Meksem, 2008, Isuraz n usdakel d tnemẓla n tmaziɣt : agmar d tesleḍt, HCA, Alger.

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deg wullis ugten s waṭas, yal aḍris aniwi i yellan deg-s. Maca, ad ten-naf bḍan ɣef sin n wudmawen :

- Wid i d-yeskanen ayen iḍerrun ilmend n wayen yellan

deg yimir n yinan ; qqnen ɣer umatar n wakud : ass-a, imir-a, tura… Mmalen kraḍ n tegnatin : wid i d-yemmalen tigawin yeḍran deg yizri, wid i d-yemmalen tigawin iḍerrun imir-nni akked wid i d-yemmalen ayen ara yeḍrun deg yimal ;

- Wid i d-yemmalen ayen yeḍran, yekfan. Wi cudden

ɣer umatar n wakud i nezmer ad naf deg wullis-nni. Bḍan daɣen ɣef kraḍ n tegnatin : wid i d-yeskanen tigawin yezrin, tid iḍerrun, tid ara yeḍrun ɣer zdat ilmend n umatar n wakud d tid iḍerrun deg yimir n umatar. Amedya, ma yebda-d umdan ullis akka : yiwen n wass : akud-a (yiwen n wass) ad yili d amatar iɣer qqnent akk tigawin n wullis acku ayen-nniḍen nettmuqul-it ilmend-is. Tigawin yezrin nesseqdac isuraz-a : zgelli, iḍelli-nni, ilindi-nni, aseggas uqbel… Ma d tigawin i yeḍran seld amatar «yiwen n wass» nesseqdac isuraz-a : azekka-nni, qabel-nni, kra n yiseggasen akken… S umata yal ullis aniwi isuraz ɣef yebna.

1.4. Amedya ɣef wullis Aḍris : Tukksa n sser Qbel nfaq1 aneggaru, yella yiwen n uxxam d ameqqran

1 Nfaq : d tanekra n ugdud mgal amnekcem am tnekkra n Ccix Aḥeddad deg useggas 1871.

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n ccurafa deg Ɛmrawa i wimi qqaren axxam n Sidi Crif Ajennad. Deg lweqt-nni, la s tjadit-is, la s leqraya-s, ulac wi mechuren am Sidi Crif deg Leqbayel. Yella d netta i d aqerru deg lɛerc. Γur-s yiwen n wakli i d-irebba am mmi-s, ɣef ur iḥeǧǧeb ara. Sidi Crif, ttkabaren akk medden, yella yesɛa sin n warraw d teqcict.

Asmi meqqrit, taqcict tewweḍ d tameṭṭut, tekker teɛceq deg wakli n baba-s armi teɣli yid-s. Kra akka, iban-d fell-as uɛebbuḍ. Ma yella d akli-nni yefhem tin yexdem, yerwel deg yiḍ, ur yeẓri ḥedd anta tamurt i t-yeččan. Akken yesla Sidi Crif s lmusiba i d-yeɣlin fell-as, iceyyeɛ ɣer lɛerc ad yennejmaɛ akken yella ɣer temḍelt. Iruḥ netta d mmi-s ɣer tmeqbert, yeɣza aẓekka. Yiwen ur yefhim i wimi. Lweqt deg i d-leḥqen akk medden, yewwi-d yelli-s gar lɛerc akk, armi d aẓekka. Iɛedda yezla-tt netta s ufus-is. Yekker netta d mmi-s meḍlen-tt. Imdanen akk ad yili akter n walef, ttmuqqulen wehmen deg leɛjeb yeḍran.

Lweqt deg yeffeɣ lexber, fehmen yimdanen ssebba n wannect-a, uɣalen ameẓẓyan, ameqqran ttcekkiren deg-s ; yalmi yuɣal, ɣef tin yexdem, ɣef nnif, ttawin-t-id d lemtel ; win yekkren ar wayeḍ yini-yas : «D anifi am Sidi Crif».

Aɣbalu : M. S. Boulifa,

1913, Méthode de langue kabyle-Cours de deuxième année, Ed A. Jourdan, Alger, isebtar 13 d 14.

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1.4.1. Tasleḍt n tuddsa Deg wayen i d-iteddun ad neg tasleḍt i uḍris-a akken

ad nẓer amek i yebḍa wullis. Beṭṭu-ya yeskan-d ayen iwimi qqaren azenziɣ n wullis neɣ tuddsa n wullis yebḍan ɣef kraḍ n waddaden.

- Addad amezwaru

S umata yettili d aglam n wayen i d-yezzin i tigawin. Deg-s yettili usissen n wudmawen, n wadeg akked wakud. D addad-a ara d-yefken i yimeɣri iferdisen s ara yegzu ullis. Deg uḍris-a yellan d amedya, ad naf addad amezwaru yebda seg : Qbel nfaq1 aneggaru… alma d : yella yesɛa sin n warraw d teqcict.

Am wakken neẓra, amaru deg uḥric-a n uḍris

yessassen-d : - Udmawen : Sidi Crif Ajennad, sin n warraw d teqcict, akli ; - Adeg : Ɛmrawa (deg tmurt n Leqbayel). - Akud : Qbel nfaq aneggaru. - Addad wis sin

D aḥric agejdan deg yal ullis ; deg-s i ḍerrunt tigawin. Γef waya i yas-semman aḥric n tigawin. Ad t-naf yebḍa ɣef kraḍ n tegnatin neɣ llan deg-s kraḍ n yiferdisen :


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- Aferdis n urway : nezmer ad t-naf daɣen s yisem aferdis n ubeddel. Yettban-d mi ara ibeddel wudem n tegnit tamezwarut, ad tuɣal ad tenwawel cwiṭ talwit-nni. Deg wullis-a, yebda mi meqqrit warraw n Sidi Crif, yelli-s :

Tekker teɛceq deg wakli n baba-s armi teɣli yid-s. Kra akka, iban-d fell-as uɛebbuḍ. Ma yella d akli-nni yefhem tin yexdem, yerwel.

D ta i d tadyant i yerwin tagnit yersen n wullis. Ayen ara yeḍrun ɣer zdat icudd ɣur-s.

- Tigawin : segmi tenwawel tegnit n tazwara d ayen

tluɣ, udem agejdan yewwi-d ad yeg kra akken ad tifrir tegnit yerna ad d-tuɣal talwit-nni yennejlan. Dɣa lulent-d aṭas n tigawin ara yessiwḍen ɣer yiswi-ya. Hatenta tigawin tigejdanin :

- Akli yefhem tin yexdem, yerwel… Akken yesla Sidi

Crif… iceyyeɛ ɣer lɛerc… Iruḥ netta d mmi-s ɣer tmeqbert, yeɣza aẓekka… yewwi-d yelli-s… Iɛedda yezla-tt… Yekker netta d mmi-s meḍlen-tt. Imdanen… ttmuqqulen wehmen…

- Tifrat n ugur : s tifrat-a ara kfunt tigawin, ad tefru

tmukrist n wullis. Deg wullis-a, taggara n tigawin tettbin-d mi ara yessired Crif Ajennad nnif-is ad gzun yimdanen d acu i yexdem.

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- Addad n taggara Taggara n wullis-a tettbin-d deg ferru n tedyant, mi

medden ẓran d acu yexdem Crif Ajennad yerna sbedden-t d azamul n lḥerma yalmi d-yeǧǧa awal deg tmetti.

1.4.2. Azenziɣ n wudmawen Tazrawt n uzenziɣ n wudmawen teskan-d iɣalen

(forces) ilan tawuri deg wullis. Deg uḍris-a udmawen yekkin deg tigawin d wi : - Asaḍ : Sid Crif Ajennad ; - Iswi : tarda n nnif-is ; - Amazan : d netta yakan Crif Ajennad ; - Anermas : netta akked uxxam-is i wimi yessefk ad as-d-yerr isseɣ; - Amallal : mmi-s - Amnamar : deg ḍerru n tigawin Sidi Crif Ajennad ur d-yemlal ara imnamren, maca ayen i yas-d-yeslulen uguren d yelli-s akked wakli-is.

1.4.3. Allalen n tutlayt Yerza asnekwu n yiferdisen n tjerrumt imezgiyen deg

wulli-s. 1.4.3.1. Talɣiwin n umyag Akken neẓra deg wullis yettili usuget n talɣiwin-a : izri,

urmir ussid. Hatenta tigawin tigejdanin yeftin ɣer yizri :

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Yella… qqaren… Yella… i d-irebba… yella yesɛa… tewweḍ … tekker teɛceq… teɣli yid-s... iban-d… yefhem tin yexdem, yerwel… yesla… iceyyeɛ... Iruḥ… yeɣza aẓekka… yewwi-d... Iɛedda yezla-tt... Yekker… meḍlen-tt.

Tuget deg tigawin-a mmalent-d ayen yezrin ; tuget deg-

sent ad tent-naf deg waddad wis sin n wullis. Tigawin-a ttbint-d myezwarent ta deffir ta, yerna wezzil ḍerru-nsent deg wakud.

- Tid yeftin ɣer wurmir ussid : Ur iḥeǧǧeb ara… Ttkabaren… ttmuqqulen...

ttcekkiren… Ttawin… Tigawin-a ftint ɣer wurmir ussid, talɣa-ya tettwasemres

akken ad d-temmel tigawin ɣezzifen, yeṭṭfen aṭas n wakud deg ḍerru-nsent. Ma nmuqel-itent ad naf kuẓ seg-sent kkant aṭas deg walud, yeɛni d iseggasen, akka am : ur iḥeǧǧeb ara, Ttkabaren, ttcekkiren, Ttawin. Anagar yiwet seg-sent i d tameẓẓyant deg ḍerru-ines, tekka kra n teswiɛt kan, ma nesserwes-itt d tid-nniḍen : ttmuqqulen.

1.4.3.2. Udmawen n tjerrumt Deg uḥric-a ad nẓer aniwi udmawen n tjerrumt i

yugten deg wullis. Ad d-nesmekti tasleḍt i nga yakan ɣef usentel-a, nufa-d tuget n wudmawen i d-yettuɣalen deg wullis n tmaziɣt d wid n wudem wis kraḍ, maca tikwal ttwasemrasen

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wudmawen-a : XXXX1. Yewwi-d ad negzu udmawen-a zemren ad ilin d imqimen, d imataren neɣ d iwsilen i d-yemmalen win terza tigawt. Deg wayen yerzan aḍris-a haten udmawen yettwasqedcen : - Udem wis kraḍ asuf

wid yerzan Crif Ajennad : la tjadit-is, la s leqraya-s,... Yella d netta... Γur-s… am mmi-s, ɣef ur iḥejjeb ara… yella yesɛa…

Akken yesla Sidi Crif… fell-as, iceyyeɛ… Iruḥ netta d mmi-s, yeɣza… yewwi-d yelli-s. Iɛedda yezla-tt netta s ufus-is. Yekker netta d mmi-s meḍlen-tt… ttcekkiren deg-s ; yalmi yuɣal… yexdem… ttawin-t-id…

Wid yerzan akli-s : ɣef ur iḥejjeb ara… teɣli yid-s… akli-nni yefhem tin yexdem, yerwel… ur yeẓri ḥedd anta tamurt i t-yeččan.

Wid yerzan yelli-s : taqcict tewweḍ… tekker teɛceq n baba-s armi teɣli yid-s / iban-d fell-as uɛebbuḍ… Iɛedda yezla-tt… meḍlen-tt… - Udem wis kraḍ asget

- Wid yerzan imdanen i d-yusan ɣer tmeqbert : d-leḥqen akk medden, imdanen ttmuqqulen wehmen… fehmen…

- Wid yerzan imdanen s umata : i wimi qqaren axxam n Sidi Crif Ajennad… uɣalen ttcekkiren deg-s ; ttawin-t-id…

1 Tazrawt n lmajister akked d umagrad n temlilit.

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Tamawt : Asnekwu n wudmawen yettilin deg uḍris yerza akk

iferdisen i d-yemmalen udem neɣ taɣawsa i d-yettwabedren yakan deg uḍris. Akken amaru ur d-yettales ara anagar i yiwen n yisem n wudem neɣ n tɣawsa yessemras tikkesrert.

Tikkesrert-a tettili s sin n yiberdan : - Yezmer umaru, deg tama, ad yesseqdec tikkesrert n

umawal ; da ad yessexdem awal deg umḍiq n wawal-nniḍen. Amedya amaru yezmer deg wadeg n Sidi Crif Ajennad ad yesseqdec awalen-nniḍen ; amɣar, amɣar n taddart, aqerruy n Lɛerc, anifi,…

- Yezmer, deg tama-nniḍen, ad yesseqdec tikkesrert n tjerrumt ; da deg wadeg n wawal ad yessemres iferdisen-nniḍen n tjerrumt, s umata wiyi ttilin d udmawen : imqimen, imataren, iwsilen, imassaɣen. Amedya deg uḍris, ad naf :

- Imqimen : netta ; - Imataren : yesla, teɣli, uɣalen, - Iwsilen n yisem neɣ n umyag n tenzeɣt: yelli-s, afus-

is, i t-yeččan, meḍlen-tt, ttawin-t, deg-s, fell-as… - Imasaɣen : iwimi qqaren. 1.4.3.3. Isuraz D awalen i yettgen assaɣ gar tefyar d tsedarin deg

uḍris. Yes-sen i yezmer yimeɣri ad yegzu akken iwata aḍris. Deg wullis tuget n yisuraz d wid n wakud i yettwaseqdacen. Deg uḍris-a, ad naf :

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Qbel nfaq1 aneggaru… Deg lweqt-nni... Asmi meqqrit… Kra… Akken… Lweqt deg… Lweqt deg… Deg tneggarut d annect-a s umata ɣef ibedd wullis, d wi i d iferdisen iɣer ttarrant tamawt deg tseleḍt n tsekka n uḍris-a.

2. TASEKKA N YIMSEGZI 2 Aḍris imsegzi d aḍris i d-yessegzayen kra n tɣawsa.

Deg yal taɣult, win ara terr tegnit ad d-yessegzi yalmi ila tamussni yugaren win i wimi yettmeslay. Aneggaru-ya d amdan yessuturen ad yissin neɣ ad yegzu kra n tedyant, n tɣawsa neɣ n tumant. Ihi, ad t-naf d aḍris i yekkaten amek ara isemmed tamussni n umdan. Aḍris imsegzi yerza yal taɣult. Nezmer ad t-naf deg tudert n yal ass mi ara ttmeslayen yimdanen; nemzer daɣen ad yerzu taɣulin timadwanin n tfelseft ; maca nettaf-it s tuget deg taɣulin n tussna akken ma llant. S umata aḍris-a d win s ara d-yebnu umdan tamussni tamaynut neɣ d win s ara isemmed tamussni-s yerna ad tt-id-yeǧǧ i wiyiḍ.

1 Nfaq : d tanekra n ugdud mgal amnekcem am tnekkra n Ccix Aḥeddad deg useggas 1871. 2 Z. Meksem, 2004, «Aḍris imsegzi», deg Tannant n usileɣ n tmaziɣt / «L’explicatif» Actes du «Stage de perfectionnement des enseignants de la langue amazighe ». Zeralda, les 30 et 31 mars 2004, Publication de HCA, Alger. - M. Fedila «Le texte explicatif de la langue amazighe », Mémoire de licence, soutenu en juin 2003, universite de Béjaia. - Z. Meksem, 2007, Pour une sociodidactique de la langue amazighe : approche textuelle, Thèse de Doctorat, Laboratoire LIDILEM-Grenoble 3.

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Deg tuget n tegnatin aḍris imsegzi yettili d tiririt ɣef yisastan-a :

- Acuɣer ? - Amek ? 2.1. Tuddsa n yimsegzi Tuddsa neɣ tamsukt n uḍris imsegzi tbedd ɣef kraḍ n

yiḥricen. - Aḥric amezwaru : d aḥric n usastan, n ugnu (Problématisation). S umata, aḥric-a yettili deg tazwara n uḍris. Deg-s i d-yessissin umaru asentel n uḍris, ssyin akin ad d-yefk aseqsi iɣef ara d-yerr. Yezmer daɣen ad t-id-yefk srid deg uzwel. Maca llant tikwal yettili d uffir, s leqraya n uḍris ara yegzu yimeɣri agnu-ines. - Aḥric wis sin : deg uḥric-a i tettili tririt ɣef useqsi n tazwara. Deg-s i d-yessegzay umaru ayen yerzan asentel-nni. - Aḥric wis kraḍ : d aḥric n tsemlilt, deg-s ara d-yesmekti umaru ayen i d-yessegza.

Tamawt : Maca, mačči anagar tuddsa-ya iɣef ibedd uḍris imsegzi.

Llan yiḍrisen i iḍefren talɣa-nniḍen, am wakken i d-yenna D. Coltier :

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«Kraḍ n yiḥricen ur d-ttbinen ara yal tikelt s umyezwer-a, yerna mačči yal tikelt yewwi-d ad yili useqsi deg uḥric amezwaru.

Tin ɣur-s, ma ulac, llan sin n wudmawen s zemren ad myezwaren yiḥricen n usegzi.

Seg tama, nezmer ad d-nebdu s useqsi imir ad d-teḍfer tririt neɣ ad d-nefk srid tiririt ssyin akin ad d-nessegzi 1« 2.

- Tikwal aḥric-a aneggaru ur yettili ara. Kra n yimnuda

ttwalin yezmer ad yili akken yezmer ur yettili ara. Ma yella, yettbin-d s sin n wudmawen :

- D awal aneggaru ɣef usentel-nni ; amedya, ma

yessegza-d amek i d-yekkat ugeffur, amaru yezmer ad d-yini : hata ihi amek i d-iɣelli ugeffur…

- D ameslay ɣef tɣawsa-nniḍen yerzan asentel-nni,

amedya, yezmer ad d-yini: ageffur d ayen ilan azal deg tudert n umdan.

1 Coltier D, 1986, «Approches du texte explicatif», dans la revue Pratiques, n° 51, pp. 3 – 22. 2 Bien entendu, ces trois moments du texte explicatif n’apparaissent pas nécessairement, ni dans cet ordre, et la phase de questionnement ne contient pas obligatoirement une interrogative indirecte. Pour ce qui est de l’ordre, il existe deux façons au moins d’enchaîner les différents éléments qui composent le texte explicatif: on peut, soit aller de la question à la solution, soit donner la solution dès le début et enchaîner par un énoncé qui justifie la solution.

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2.2. Allalen n tutlayt Anadi ɣef wallalen n tutlayt yerza anadi ɣef yiferdisen n

tjerrumt imzegiyen deg yal tasekka. Deg yimsegzi wid i d-yettwaseqdacen s waṭas d wid i izemren ad fken i uḍris udem amesɣaran. Γef wannect-a, deg tira-nsen, yewwi-d ɣef win ara yarun, ad yeɛreḍ amek ara t-yebrez seg wayen akk yesɛan assaɣ d yiḥulfan-is d tmuɣliwin-is. Swakka ara d-ibin d amesɣaran. D acu ihi i d allalen-a ?

2.2.1. Isuraz Deg wayen yerzan isuraz, deg uḍris imsegzi

ttuwaseqdacen s tuget isuraz n tmeẓla, d wi i d-yesskanen assaɣ gar tektiwin akked d ubrid i yewwi umaru deg usegzi-s. Haten yisuraz yettilin deg yimsegzi.

- Wid n usmiwer neɣ n ubdar, d isuraz i d-yeskanen

amyezwer yellan gar tektiwin n umaru, amedya : amezwaru, wis sin..., deg tazwara, tin ɣur-s..., deg tama, deg tama-nniḍen...

- Wid n tguri (n usekcem) n yimedyaten : d awalen i

yettwaseqdacen akken amaru ad d-yessekcem amedya deg uḍris-is, amedya : nezmer ad d-nefk amedya… amedya, ɣef umedya, akka am...

- Wid n ulsegzi : d awalen neɣ d tinfaliyin s nezmer ad

d-nger asegzi s wudem-nniḍen i kra n tikti neɣ n wawal i d-

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yettbanen yuɛar i yimeɣri, amedya : s wudem-nniven, s wawal-nniḍen, s unamek-nniḍen…

- Wid n userwes : am, amzun, yettanzi, yettak anzi, ad

as-tinniḍ… - Wid n tmeẓla neɣ n useɣzen : acku, akken, imi,

axaṭer… 2.2.2. Udmawen n tjerrumt Deg yiḍrisen n usegzi, akken neẓra deg yimahilen-

nniḍen, imqimen yugten s waṭas d wid s yezmer umaru ad d-yefk udem amesɣaran i uḍris-is. S umata ttilin wudmawen-a :

- Udem amezwaru asget : «Nekni», yetwaseqdac wudem-a mi ara yebɣu umaru ad d-yemmeslay ɣef kra n tɣawsa i ixeddem netta, i xeddmen medden-nniḍen yellan am netta, wid yezdi kra n umahil neɣ kra n lḥirfa. S umata, yerza nek + nutni.

Amedya : aselmad mi ara d-yemmeslay ɣef uskazal, ad

d-yini : «Deg uselmed nessemras askazal deg tazwara, deg tlemmast akked taggara n tugzimt n uselmed».

Afran n wudem-a yettili akken win i d-yettmeslayen ad

d-yesken mačči anagar netta i terza taluft maca medden akk xeddmen akka neɣ ttwalin akka.

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- Udem wis kraḍ asget : «Nutni», udem-a yettwasemras mi ara yili ayen ɣef d-yella usegzi yerza imdanen akken llan. Mi ara t-yesseqdec umaru yettak-as azal ardabu.

Amedya : mi ara d-yettmeslay yiwen ɣef usuter n

uselmed n tamziɣt ad d-yini : «Suturen medden aselmed n tmaziɣt acku d tutlayt-nsen yerna ẓran ma ur tt-slemden ara ad tenger…».

- Udem wis kraḍ asuf : «netta, nettat», s umata

udmawwen-a ttwaseqdacen mi ara d-nettmeslay ɣef yimdanen i yezdi kra n umahil neɣ kra n tɣawsa. Deg tegnit udem wis kraḍ asuf ur yerzi ara kan yiwen n umdan. Ihi, nessemras-it mi ara yezmer ad yili d agensas n ugraw neɣ n medden

Amedya : «Aselmad ara yesseɣren s usenfar, ad d-

yessewjed isental, s yin akin ad ten-yessumer ɣef yinelmaden akken ad fernen win i yasen-yehwan…»

2.2.3. Talɣiwin n umyag Timeẓra i yettwaseqdacen s tuget deg uḍris imsegzi d

urmir ussid d ad + urmir. Tamawt : Ɣas deg waṭas n tegnatin urmir ussid akked ad+urmir i

d-yessenfalyen azal awarkudan neɣ amatu (atemporel ou général), maca tikwal yettili umgired, amedya gar umyag amagnu d umyag n tɣara. Yella wadeg anida azal-a amatu

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yessenfaly-it-id yizri, amedya mi ara d-nini «Iṭij zeggaɣ», ɣas d tidet tamatut (vérité générale) maca anagr izri i izemren ad d-yessenfali tikti-ya tawerkudant acku ur nezmir ad nessexdem la Ad + urmir «Iṭij ad-yettizwiɣ», la urmir ussid : «Iṭij yettizwiɣ». Deg waya ad negzu tikwal d tasekka n yinaw akked tɣara n umyag i d-yeqqaren talɣa iwatan ad tettwaseqdec, akken d-yenna S. Chaker1.

- Urmir ussid: acku d timeẓri i d-yessenfalayen tigawt

ɣezzifen urɛad temmid d ayen iḍerrun deg yimir n tmeslayt yeɛni deg umha. Deg yimsegzi yettwasemras akken ad d-tessenfali tigawt ɣezzifen i d-yettalsen neɣ i d-yettuɣalen, yal tikelt kif kif-is. S wawal-nniḍen temmal-d tigawt iḍerrun yal tikelt s yiwen n wudem.

Amedya : «Imdanen ttidiren d igrawen acku yiwen,

iman-is, ur izemmer ara ad iqabel uguren n tudert».

1 S. Chaker, 1989, «Aspect (verbe)», Encyclopédie berbère VII, p. 971-977. – «C'est en fait toute une typologie des discours qu'il convient d'élaborer : discours didactique, descriptif, poétique... Chacun de ces conditionnements discursifs peut déterminer un fonctionnement particulier du système verbal : dans chacun d'eux, l'inventaire des formes n'est pas nécessairement le même et les signifiés peuvent être profondément différents. Ainsi, une séquence ad + aoriste sera un indicatif futur dans un échange d'information courant (ad yaweḍ azekka = «il arrivera demain») et un atemporel général abs-trait dans l'énoncé d'un mode de fabrication (ad kksen anåadn-nni... = «on enlève les poils»). Variabilité à laquelle il faut, bien sûr, rajouter celle liée au sémantisme particulier des verbes qui suppose de son côté l'élaboration d'une typologie lexico-sémantique des verbes. Un thème déterminé n'aura évidemment pas la même valeur pour un verbe d'action ponctuelle, un verbe d'action à durée intrinsèque, un verbe d'état ou de qualité...».

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- Ad + urmir : ugtent tegnatin ideg tettwasemras tmeẓri-ya acku tla aṭas n wazalen. Tezmer ad d-tessenfali : imal, warilaw, asirem neɣ tigawin tiwarkudin. Γef wurmir + ad, S. Chaker yenna-d :

Deg tugzimt1n tmeslayt n yal ass Ad+urmir yezmer ad

yili d imal, amedya «ad yaweḍ azekka». Yezmer, deg tugzimt-nniḍen, ad yili d warakud amadwan amedya «ad kksen anzaden-nni2«3.

Ihi, deg yimsegzi ttwaseqdacent talɣiwin-a acku

mmalent-d tigawin iḍerrun yal tikelt s yiwen n wudem yerna ur cuddent ara ɣer kra n tiremt deg wakud. Yal tikelt kif kif i ḍerrunt.

2.3. Amedya ɣef uḍris imsegzi Aḍris : Taɣerma d uwanek ɣer Ibn Xeldun Taɣerma d uwanek akken i ddukulen ɣer Ibn Xeldun.

Di tlalit ad tt-id-yezwir cwiṭ uwanek, acku war awanek ur

1 Awal tugzimt ila anamek n uḥric n uḍris neɣ n yinan ilan anamek yemmed. 2 Une séquence ad+aoriste sera un indicatif futur dans un échange d'information courante (ad yaweḍ azekka = « il arrivera demain») et atemporel général abstrait dans l’énoncé d'un mode de fabrication ad kksen anzaden-nni = «on enlève les poils. 3 Chaker S., 1991, Manuel de linguistique berbère II. Syntaxe et diachronie, Alger, ENAG. p. 58.

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tettili tɣerma, ma d tamettant ad tili deg yiwen n wakud. Tudert n tɣerma icuba-tt ɣer tin n wales, acku yebḍa-tt ɣef kraḍ n yiḥricen : tallit n unegmu, temɣer d ufrak, di taggara tewser d ugrireb ! Hatan wamek yettwali iḥricen-a deg yidlisen-is :

Di tazwara, ad d-yekker uɣella, ad yessali awanek s yiserdasen n udrum-is. Ssyin ad yebnu tamdint tamaynut ara yilin d taɣremt i udabu-s. anabaḍ n tallit-a ad yili gar yiεeggalen n yiwen udrum. Taluft-a isemma-yas Ibn Xeldun «lεasabiyya», yerra-tt d ajgu alemmas di tezmert n udabu.

Aḥric wis sin yerza abeddel neɣ tamhezt n tɣerma i d-

yettilin di tegti di tallit n ugellid wis sin neɣ wis kraḍ. Di tsertit, adabu ad ibedd ɣef yifadden-is akken

iwulem, asrad (lehna) d tneflit ad d-uɣalen ɣer yal tamnaḍt n tmurt. Assaɣ n «lεasabiyya» ad yeqqers, acku ad bdun ijentaḍen ad kecmen ɣer udabu. Dɣa yenna ɣef waya : «deg uḥric wis sin, ageldun ad yekkes ayetma-s seg udabu».

Di tdamsa, afares n yisufar n tudert ad yali, asnuzu ad

yefti, acku tagnit n tsertit ters. Idles d tẓuri ad ǧǧuǧgen di temdinin. Di tallit-a, awanek d tɣerma ad awḍen ɣer tqacuct-nsen.

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Deg uḥric wis kraḍ, adabu ad teɣli tezmert-is. Agellid ad yuɣal d asnaraf (d amesbaṭli) ɣef ugdud, ad yessenker ṭṭrad d yiwunak icerken yid-s tilisa.

D wi i d udmawen n tewser n tɣerma ɣer Ibn Xeldun.

Dɣa tamettant-is ur tettεeṭṭil ara ad d-taweḍ, s tnekra n kra n uɣella neɣ s ufus n yiwunak i das-d-yezzin.

H. Belaid,

1996, «Tira n Ibn Xeldun», deg Izen Amaziɣ, uṭṭun 6, isebtar 35, 36.

2.3.1. Asnekwu n temsukt-is Deg tazwara ad d-nesmekti aḍris imsegzi ibedd ɣef

kraḍ n tegnatin ; maca tikwal ur ttilin ara akk. Deg umedya-ya, amaru yebḍa aḍris-is akka :

- Tazwert n uḍris d aḥric ideg yettili useqsi ɣef ara d-

yerr umaru. Aḥric-a yebda seg : «Taɣerma» alma «yidlisen» ; deg uḍris-a mačči d aseqsi i d-yefka umaru maca yessassen-d deg-s ayen ɣef ara d-yemmeslay. Deg-s, yesnekwa-d asentel yerzan assaɣ gar tɣerma d uwanek ɣer Ibn Xeldun. Dɣa s tezwert-a ad negzu ɣef wacu ara d-yawi uḍris. Ladɣa yessexdem tafyirt taneggarut : «hatan wamek yettwali iḥricen-a deg yidlisen-is» i d-yeskanen s wudem usdis d acu i ira ad d-yessegzi.

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- Taneflit n uḍris d aḥric ideg tettili tririt ɣef ugnu, tebda seg «Di tazwara» alma «d tilisa», deg uḥric-a yessegza-d tudert n tɣerma i yettakken anzi ɣer tudert n umdan acku nettat daɣen tettekk-d ɣef kraḍ n waddaen. Dɣa amaru yessegza-d amek i ttilin waddaden-a d wamek i yella wassaɣ gar tɣerma d uwanek.

- Taggara n uḍris aḥric-a, deg tama, yezmer ad yili

yezmer ur yettili ara. Deg tama-nniḍen, ma yella yezmer ad yili d tasemlilt n usentel neɣ amaru yezmer ad d-yaɣ awal-nniḍen yerzan asentel-nni. Deg uḍris-a ad naf taggrayt tella-d d tasemlilt ɣef wayen yezrin. Amaru yessegra-d s tikti tamaut : D wi i d udmawen n tewser n tɣerma ɣer Ibn Xeldun…

2.3.2. Allalen n tutlayt 2.3.2.1. Isuraz Tura ad d-nesken iferdisen i yesseqdec umaru akken

ad yeg assaɣ gar tefyar d tektiwin n uḍris iwakken ad yessiweḍ ad d-yesken aseɣzen ɣef ibedd uḍris-is.

- Isuraz n usmiwer : yes-sen i d-yesken umaru addaden

ɣef d-tettekk yal taɣerma, ɣef waya i yefren isuraz-a : D tazwara,… ssyin,… aḥric wis sin,… aḥric wis kraḍ…

- Isuraz n useɣzen : d iferdisen n tjerrumt : tisɣunin n

tuqqna neɣ d tisɣunin n usentel i d-yeskanen assaɣ gar tefyar d tseddarin n uḍris. Deg uḍris-a amaru yessemres isuraz-a :

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- Di tlalit ad tt-id-yezwir cwiṭ uwanek acku war awanek ur tettili tɣerma.

- Tudert n tɣerma icuba-tt ɣer tin n wales acku yebḍa-tt ɣef kraḍ n yiḥricen.

- Hatan wamek yettwali iḥricen-a deg yidlisen-is. - Aḥric wis sin yerza abeddel neɣ tamhezt n tɣerma…

wis sin neɣ wis kraḍ. - Dɣa yenna ɣef waya : «deg uḥric wis sin, ageldun ad

yekkes ayetma-s seg udabu». - D wi i d udmawen n tewser n tɣerma. - Dɣa tamettant-is ur tettεeṭṭil ara ad d-taweḍ. Yal yiwen deg yisuraz-a ila tawuri : acku yessenfalay-d

tamentilt, hatan, D wi : d isuraz n usissen neɣ d imeskanen, neɣ : yessenfalay-d afran gar tɣawsiwin, dɣa : yessenfalay-d tagrayt neɣ agmuḍ.

2.3.2.2. Udmawen n tjerrumt Deg yimsegzi seqdacen udmawen n tjerrumt i izemren

ad d-senfalin tikti n tmesɣara s yezmer umaru ur d-yeskan ara iḥulfan-is. Hatnan yimataren i d-yemmalen udmawen-a deg uḍris :

- Udem wis kraḍ asuf : a)- Nettat (taɣerma) : ad tt-id-yezwir, icuba-tt, ur tettili

ara tɣerma, tamettant-is. b)- Netta : (awanek) : ad tt-id-yezwir.

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- Netta (aɣella) ad d-yekker, ad d-yessali, udrum-is, ad yebnu, udabu-s. Ageldun ad yekkes ayetma-s, Agellid1 ad yuɣal… ad yessenker ṭṭrad d yiwunak icerken yid-s tilisa.

- Netta (adabu) : ad ibedd, ifadden-is, tezmert-is, Taɣerma d uwanek : ad awḍen ɣer tqacuct-nsen. Udmawen-a akken ma llan ttwasqedcen s unamek

amatu acku Ibn Xeldun, deg taɣult-a n tussna, yettmeslay-d ɣef yal taɣerma, ɣef yal awnek d wamek i ttnernin ssyin akin amek i ɣellin.

2.3.2.3. Talɣiwin n umyag Ma nuɣal ɣer yimahilen yemmugen yakan ɣef usentel-a,

ad naf deg yimsegzi tuget n talɣiwin i d-yettuɣalen d urmir ussid akked urmir + ad. Ttwasemrasent talɣiwin-a acku, yes-sent, nezmer ad nefk taɣara tamesɣarant i uḍris. Ad nẓer dag uḍris-a anta timeẓra i yettwasqedcen d waniti tiwuriwin i ilant.

Amaru deg uḍris-a ideg d-yessegzay tiẓri tussnant n Ibn Xeldun yesseqdec Ad + urmir. Yes-s ira ad d-yesken udem amesɣaran n wayen i d-yura. Timeẓri-ya tettwaseqdec akken ad d-yemmel yes-s ayen i wimi yessemma S. Chaker tigawin tiwarkudin. Tigawin-a d tid ur nli ara asaɣ d kra n wakud ibanen imi d tigawin izemren ad ḍrunt yal akud. D ta i d tawuri-s deg uḍris-a. Hatnan yimedyaten ideg yettwaseqdec wurmir + ad. - Ad d-yekker uɣella, ad yessali awanek.

1 Agellid neɣ aɣella d imegdawalen, senfalyen-d yiwet n tikti.

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- Anabaḍ n tallit-a ad yili gar yiεeggalen n yiwen udrum. - Adabu ad ibedd ɣef yifadden-is. - Ad d-uɣalen ɣer yal tamnaḍt n tmurt. - Assaɣ n «lεasabiyya» ad yeqqers, acku ad bdun ijentaḍen ad kecmen... - Ageldun ad yekkes ayetma-s seg udabu. Afares n yisufar n tudert ad yali. - Asnuzu ad yefti. -. Idles d tẓuri ad ǧǧuǧgen di temdinin. - Awanek d tɣerma ad awḍen ɣer tqacuct-nsen. - Adabu ad teɣli tezmert-is. - Agellid ad yuɣal d asnaraf (d amesbaṭli) ɣef ugdud, ad yessenker ṭṭrad …

3. TASEKKA N UḌRIS AFUKLAN Aḍris afuklan d aḍris ideg amaru yekkat amek ara yefk

afud i rray-is neɣ i tmuɣli-s akken ad tettwaqbel sɣur win i wimi yettmeslay neɣ sɣur yimeɣri. Iswi n usfukel d abeddel n tmuɣli neɣ n uxemmem n yimeɣri. Dɣa yal tikelt asfukel yettbin-d tagnit ideg amaru yettaɛraḍ ad d-yesken tidet n tmuɣli-s zdat n tmuɣliwin-nniḍen akken ad tesɛu azal ugar tidyiḍ. D wasmi i semrasen deg usfukel tarrayin n useɣzen. S useɣzen-a ara yezmer umaru ad ig tazrirt ɣef yimeɣri ; ssyin akin ad as-ibeddel tamuɣli, ad t-iwelleh ar tnila i yas-yehwan. D wa, deg taggara, i d iswi n yal aḍris afuklan, s wawal-nniḍen deg uḍris-a amaru yekkat ad izerrer amselɣu (imeɣri neɣ d

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amseflid). D wasmi aḍris afuklan, akken yebɣu yili, ibedd ɣef ugemmir (tamuɣli n wid i d-yettmeslayen neɣ ayen yettxemmim). Ssyin yal agemmir ila ifukal i yas-yettilin d tasalelt s ara ibedd. Tin ɣur-s yal afakul, tikwal, rennun-d ɣur-s imedyaten ara yefken tazmert neɣ ara d-yesseknen tidet n yifukal.

3.1. Tuddsa n uḍris afuklan Tasleḍt n uḍris afuklan tettili akken ad d-nesnekwu

tarrayt i yeḍfer umaru deg usfukel-is. Tarrayt-a teskan-d amek i d-yefren abrid s yezmer ad izerrer imeɣri. S wawal-nniḍen tasleḍt ad tili d allal s ara d-nesnekwu talɣa s yesbedd asfukel s ara yefk afud i tmuɣli-s akken ad tesɛu tazmert ugar tin neɣ tid ira ad yesseɣli.

S umata aḍris n usfukel yettili s snat n tuddsiwin neɣ snat n tɣessiwin.

3.1.1. Taɣessa taḥerfit Tuddsa-ya tettili mi ara yili uḍris ibedd kan ɣef yiwen n

ugemmir. Amaru deg tegnit-a ad yesnekwu tikti-s neɣ tamuɣli-s, ssyin akin, deg tneflit n uḍris, ad d-yefk ifukal s ara d-yesken tixutert akked tidet n wayen ɣef d-yettmeslay. Deg teggrayt ad d-yefk awal aneggaru izemren ad yili d tasemlilt ɣef tmuɣli-s.

3.1.2. Taɣessa tuddist Tuddsa-ya tettili mi ara yili uḍris ibedd ɣef sin n

yigemmiren yemgaraden. Yettwasuddes s kraḍ n tegnatin.

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Yettili deg-s ugemmir amezwaru d ugemmir i yellan mgal-is (amgelgemmir) akked tsemlilt ara yessemtawin gar-asen. Tuddsa-ya tettwassen s tuget deg taɣulin n tfelseft akked tsertit…

Akken ad d-naf tuddsa-ines tameẓlant nettmuqul deg tazwara anwa i d agemmir iɣef yesseḥbibir umaru neɣ anwa i d agemmir i yekkat ad yesseɣli. Tin ɣur-s, nettnadi ɣef tmuɣli-s n umaru, ifukal-is, akked yimedyaten i yettilin d anzaten ɣef usentel.

Agemmir : yezmer ad yili d ayen ibanen neɣ d uffir deg uḍris. Ma yella d uffir d imeɣri ara t-id-yesnekwun ar taggara n tɣuri n uḍris-nni.

Ifukal : d nutni i d-yeskanen tazmert n ugemmir, ttilin akken amaru ad d-yesken d akken tamuɣli tebna ɣef wayen yellan yerna ad d-yesken timental ɣef ibedd ugemmir-s.

Imedyaten : ttilin akken ad d-rnun tixutert i yifukal, ad

asen-fken afud ugar yerna ttakken i usfukel udem akmam. Tikwal, mi ara yili ufakul d uffir d amedya ideg nezmer ad t-id-nesnekwu.

Isuraz : ttilin akken ad d-seknen tanmeẓla d wassaɣ yellan gar yifukal.

Tarrayt n usfukel Llan yiḍrisen ideg amaru yessissen-d agemmir-is deg

tazwara, llan wiyiḍ ttaǧǧan-tt d taneggarut alamma ibder-d aseɣzen-ines s yifukal d yimedyaten.

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3.2. Allalen n tutlayt Deg uḥric-a ad nẓer iferdisen n tjerrumt i d-yettuɣalen

s tuget deg uḍris afuklan. 3.2.1. Udmawen n tjerrumt Ayen i d-yufraren deg uḍris n usfukel deg wayen

yerzan udmawen yugten deg-s d akken deg yal asfukel imsulɣa (win i d-yettmeslayen d win neɣ wid i wimi yettmeslay) ttbinen, acuɣer ? Acku neẓra iswi n usfukel d azerrer ; azerrer-a yettili s tiktiwin n umaru dɣa, ama s wudem usrid, ama s wudem arusrid, d udem amezwaru d wudem wis sin i yerza usfukel.

Amedya deg uḍris n usussen (adellel), s umata d udem wis sin i yugten acku amaru yettmeslay srid i win ara yaɣen ; d acu yezmer, deg kra n tegnatin, ad yessemres udem wis kraḍ. Dwasmi ur yettwagdel ara tilin n wudmawen-nniḍen. Yal aḍris amek ila tarrayt n useɣzen. Dɣa asemres n wudmawen ur iris ara ɣef kra n udmawen ulmisen. Ad nwali annect-a deg tesleḍt ara neg i yiwen dg yiḍrisen.

3.2.2. Talɣiwin n umyag Deg ufran n tmeẓra aḍris afuklan yesseqdac timeẓra

ilmend n waddad n yinan ; nezmer ad naf aseqdec n yal timeẓri tid i d-yessenfalayen ayen yeḍran, ayen iḍerrun d wayen izemren ad yeḍru. Am wudmawen n tjerrumt asemres-nsent icudd ɣer talɣa n useɣzen akked waddad n yinan.

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3.2.3. Isuraz Akken ad yessiweḍ umaru ad d-yesbedd aḍris n

usfukel s ara yezmer ad izerrer imeɣri, yewwi-d fell-as ad isuddes akken iwata asfukel-ines. Γef waya i yesra ad yesseqdec isuraz s ara d-yesbedd aseɣzen-ines s wudem anmeẓlan. Dɣa deg uḍris n usfukel ttagten yisuraz i d-yeskanen assaɣ ɣer yifukal d ugemmir assaɣ gar yimedyaten d ugemmir d yigmaḍ n useɣzen. D annect-a ara yefken tagnit i yimeɣri ad yegzu abrid i yeḍfer uḍris. Ihi, deg usfukel amaru yesra i yakk isuraz.

Isuraz i d-yettuɣalen s waṭas d wi : - Timentelt : acku, imi, laxaṭer… - Agmuḍ (analkam) : dɣa, d wasmi, ihi, - Amgired : d acu, meɛna, maca - Timerna : amezwaru, wis sin…, deg tazwara, tin ɣur-

s, rnu, deg taggara… 3.3. Amedya ɣef uḍris afuklan Γef usfukel ad d-nessisen sin n yiḍrisen yemgaraden,

yiwen ad yili d aḍris amagnu ɣef wazal n tmeṭṭut deg tmurt n Leqbayen, wayeḍ d aḍris n usussen.

Aḍris : Tameṭṭut n Leqbayel Aṭas n wid iheddren, inesxen lektub ɣef tmeṭṭut d lḥala

n Leqbayel, nutni ur ssinen acu ɣef llan, wala fehmen ṭṭbiεa n

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lejdud-nsen, yettwassnen seg wasmi d-texleq yemma-s n ddunit.

Гret, steqsit, sani terram, anda tewḍem ad tafem awal

yiwen : d ayen yenna umezwaru i yenna uneggaru. Гef wawal-nsen, ɣef wakken i yasen-tefka tmussni-nsen «tameṭṭut ɣer Leqbayel ur teswi, ur terri ; argaz yeḥseb-itt am nettat am zzayla, ur aken-εniɣ ; ad tt-yaɣ, ad tt-yezzenz am wakken ara yaɣ, yezzenz taɣaṭ neɣ tafunast deg ssuq. Deg uxxam ur tesεi rray ula deg ucemma ; kra ara yili mazal-itt meẓẓiyet, deg-s cwiṭ n lmenfiεa, hatan iban; asmi meqret, tekcem-itt tewser, ad tt-εezlen ɣer rrif, ad tt-deqren am nettat, am uqecwal iqersen «.

Aya yakk d lekteb. Nekni yessnen akken tella lḥala n

Leqbayel, ifehmen, yeẓran acu yellan deg wul n Uzwawi, nezmer ad neggal ur nḥennet belli ulac i yeεzizen ɣer Uqbayli am tmeṭṭut-is, εlaxaṭer yeẓra bla nettat ddunit-is tefreɣ, axxam din ur yelli. Kra n lbaḍna d rray yellan, teεlem yes-s tmeṭṭut. Yak d Igawawen i yas-yeqqaren : «Ulac i yuεren, i nettagd am lehḍur n tsumta». Meẓẓi meqqer, ɣur-sen, yiwen ur yettuqam lḥaǧa melba ccwer n uxxam-is. Lemmer d lecɣal n rray d ttedbir i yettarran bunadem d argaz, yili amur ameqqran deg Leqbayel yessefk d nutni ara yelsen icwawen, ad ǧǧen iberniyas i tulawin-nsen εlaxater, ɣef wakken nessen neẓra teddun lecɣal, d rray-nsent i ixeddmen.

Kullec ɣef ufus-nsent, ula ma ur heddrent ara deg tejmuyaε akked leswaq, d lehḍur-nsent i iḍerrun, d rray-nsent i

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ixeddmen s ddaw ufus; aqerru n uxxam d tameṭṭut, am wakken i yas-qqaren : «Axxam bla tameṭṭut am lebḥer melba lḥut». Meḥsub d lḥaǧa ur nekmil ara.

Aɣbalu : S. A. Boulifa,

1913, Méthode de langue kabyle-Cours de deuxième année, Alger, Adolphe Joudan (Editeur), Isebtar, 276/277.

Deg tesleḍt n uḍris-a, ad d-nessukk tiṭ ɣef yiferdisen

imezgiyen i d-yettuɣalen deg usfukel. S umata d nutni i yettakken i uḍris udem n usfukel. Dɣa ad nwali tuddsa-s ssyin akin ad nezrew iferdisen n tutlayt ɣef yezmer uselmad ad yesbedd tugzimin-is deg tneɣrit.

3.3.1. Tuddsa S.A. Boulifa deg uḍris-a ira ad yesseɣli neɣ ad d-yesken

tikerkest n tmuɣli n yiberraniyen yettwalin tameṭṭut ɣer Leqbayel ur tli tixutert, d tin rran deg rrif am tɣawsa kan. Akken ad yaweḍ ɣer yiswi-s yefren aḍris afklan s tɣessa tuddist ibedden ɣef sin n yigemmiren. Yessasen-d deg tazwara d acu i ttxemmimen wiyiḍ, ssyin yefka-d tamuɣli-s netta i yellan mgal tamezwarut. Hattan tuddsa n uḍris amek tella.

- Tazwert : d taseddart tamezwarut, deg-s amaru

yessasen-d s umata asentel n uḍris. Asentel-a yerza wid yettmeslayen ɣef Leqbayel nutni urǧin ẓran amek ttidiren neɣ amek tella tmetti-nsen.

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- Agemmir : (neɣ tamuɣli tamezwarut) d taseddart tis snat, deg-s i tella tmuɣli n medden, wid yettwalin tameṭṭut ɣer Leqbayel ur tli azal, tettwaḥsab d taɣawsa neɣ d aɣersiw. Γef waya yessassen-d umaru ifukal ɣef ibedd ugemmir-a.

Ifukal n ugemmir-a : - Tameṭṭut ɣer Leqbayel ur teswi, ur terri. - Tettwaḥsab am zzayla.

Amedya : ttaɣen-tt, znuzun-tt am yal aɣersiw yettnuzun deg ssuq.

- Ur tesɛi rray deg kra, yerna mi wesret ur tezmir i kra, ttarran-tt deg rrif am tɣawsa.

Amgelgemmir : tiseddarin tis kraḍ akked tis ukuẓ, deg

uḥric-a n uḍris ad naf tamuɣli tis snat yemgaraden ɣef tmezwarut. S tmuɣli-ya amaru yewwet amek ara d-yesken tikerkest n tmuɣli n wiyiḍ iwakken ad tt-yesseɣli yerna ad d-yesken amek tella tidet ɣef waddad n tmeṭṭut ɣer Leqbayel. Dɣa yessassen-d ifukal i yefkan afud i tmuɣli-s.

Ifukal : Ad naf deg uḍris yal afakul amaru yefka-d tamuɣli-

nniḍen magal tin n yiberraniyen yerna yessegza-d annect-a s s yifukal d yinzaten neɣ imedyaten. Hattan tmuɣli numaru : Tameṭṭut tla azal tla rray yerna tettucawar deg kra yellan. Acku :

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- Ulac i yeεzizen ɣer Uqbayli am tmeṭṭut-is. - Teɛlem s kra n lbaḍna d rray yellan. - D rray-nsent i ixeddmen. - Kullec ɣef ufus-nsent. - Aqerru n uxxam d tameṭṭut. Anzaten : - Ɛlaxaṭer yeẓra bla nettat ddunit-is tefreɣ, axxam din

ur yelli. - Yak d Igawawen i yas-yeqqaren : «Ulac i yuεren, i

nettagad am lehḍur n tsumta». - Meẓẓi meqqer, ɣur-sen, yiwen ur yettuqam lḥaǧa

melba ccwer n uxxam-is. - Ula ma ur heddrent ara deg tejmuyaε akked leswaq, d

lehḍur-nsent i iḍerrun, d rray-nsent i ixeddmen s ddaw ufus ; - Am wakken i yas-qqaren : «Axxam bla tameṭṭut am

lebḥer melba lḥut». Meḥsub d lḥaǧa ur nekmil ara. Deg usfukel-is amaru yewwet amek ara iqenneɛ imeɣri

s tektiwin-is, dɣa yal afakul yerna-yas-d amedya, tin ɣur-s yuɣal ɣer yidles d wansayen n tmetti yewwi-d kra n yinzan s d-yesken d akken ayen i d-yenna d ayen ttxemmimen akk medden, ur yelli d tamuɣli-s iman-is.

3.3.2. Iferdisen n tutlayt 3.3.2.1. Isuraz Isuraz mmalen-d assaɣ yellan gar tefyar, yes-sen i

nezmer ad negzu tidmi n umaru d useɣzen-is deg uḍris ; yes-sen i tettifsus tɣuri-ines. Deg uḍris-a n Boulifa llan yisuraz-a :

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- Ulac i yeεzizen ɣer Uqbayli am tmeṭṭut-is, εlaxaṭer yeẓra bla nettat ddunit-is tefreɣ.

- Lemmer d lecɣal n rray d ttedbir… - Ɛlaxater, ɣef wakken nessen neẓra teddun lecɣal, d

rray-nsent i ixeddmen. Ulama ur heddrent ara deg tejmuyaε akked leswaq, d

lehḍur-nsent i iḍerrun, d rray-nsent i ixeddmen. Yak d Igawawen i yas-yeqqaren «Axxam bla tameṭṭut

am lebḥer melba lḥut». Meḥsub d lḥaǧa ur nekmil ara. Amaru yessemres ɛlaxaṭer (snat n tikal) akken ad d-

yefk timental n tikti-s. Yesseqdec daɣen lemmer akken ad yessenfali assaɣ n tewtilt. Assaɣ n umgired yessemres ulama. Ar taggara n uḍris yessemres meḥsub d asaraz n usegzi yessexdem-it iwakken ad d-yefk anamek n yinzi i d-iger deg uḍris.

Ma nerra tamawt ad naf deg uḍris-a amaru ur yessuget

ara deg yisuraz, yesmenyif ad ilin d uffiren (implicites). Hatna yimedyaten ideg imeɣri ad iḥulfu s wassaɣ gar tefyar maca amaru ur ten-yessemres ara :

- Aṭas n wid iheddren, inesxen lektub ɣef tmeṭṭut d

lḥala n Leqbayel, nutni ur ssinen… Assaɣ i nezmer ad d-nesnekwu deg tefyirt-a d assaɣ n

umgired (n tmegla), amaru yesmenyif asemres n ticcert deg wadeg n usaraz i izemren ad yili d : meɛna, d acu, maca, ɣas, ulama…

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- Gar tseddart tis snat d tis kraḍ, amaru ur d-yessenfali ara assaɣ yellan gar-asent s usaraz n tenmegla, amedya : meɛna, d acu, maca…; Γas akken imeɣri yezmer ad t-id-yesnekwu seg tɣuri n uḍris. Ladɣa imi amaru yebda taseddart-a s tefyirt : Aya yakk d lekteb… i d-yeskanen tamuɣli-s temgarad maḍi ɣef tmezwarut. Yes-s yesken-d ayen qqaren wiyiḍ seg rrif ɣer rrif d tikerkest.

- Yella wadeg-nniḍen anda amaru yefren ad yesseqdec

asmiwer1 deg wadeg n usemres n yisuraz n tmerna neɣ n ubdar asemres am wa ttarran ɣur-s yimura mi ara xsen ad fken udem afessas i uḍris deg tɣuri, dɣa beddren-d iferdisen wa deffir wa, war isuraz. Amedya aḥric-a n uḍris :

«Tameṭṭut ɣer Leqbayel ur teswi, ur terri ; argaz

yeḥseb-itt am nettat am zzayla, ur aken-εniɣ ; ad tt-yaɣ, ad tt-yezzenz am wakken ara yaɣ, yezzenz taɣaṭ neɣ tafunast deg ssuq. Deg uxxam ur tesεi rray ula deg ucemma ; kra ara yili mazal-itt meẓẓiyet, deg-s cwiṭ n lmenfiεa, atan iban ; asmi meqret, tekcem-itt tewser, ad tt-εezlen ɣer rrif, ad tt-deqren am nettat, am uqecwal iqersen».

Am wakka d-yettbin deg tseddart-a yezmer umaru ad

iger aṭas n yisuraz n tmerna (addition) : rnu, tin ɣur-s, nnig n

1 Asmiwer : ila anmek n «abdar», deg tefyirt-a sqedceɣ-t s unamek n «juxtaposition».

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waya, rnu ɣur-s… s ara yeqqen ifukal i d-yessassen. Deg umedya :

Tameṭṭut ɣer Leqbayel ur teswi, ur terri yerna argaz

yeḥseb-itt am nettat am zzayla, ur aken-εniɣ… Tin ɣur-s, deg uxxam ur tesεi rray…

Ad negzu s wakka deg uselmed n tsekka n uḍris-a

yewwi-d ad nerr tamawt tameqqrant ɣer yisuraz acku lan tawuri tameqqrant deg usfukel.

3.3.2.2. Udmawen Amdiq i sɛan wudmawen deg tsekka-ya ur yelli d

ameẓyan acku asfukel s umata ires ɣef uzerrer n umselɣu. D wasmi, deg tama, yewwi-d ad d-nesnekwu tihawt n umaru deg udṛis. Acku yezmer ad yessemres udem amezwaru asuf neɣ amalay «nek, nekni, nkenti » ; yezmer daɣen ad yefren ad yesseqdec udem wis kraḍ asget «nutni » s unamek n medden akken ma llan, ideg ila azal n wardabu. D annect-a ara d-yesseknen, i win ara igen tasleḍt, ma amaru yebna «assumer» ɣef tektiwin-is, ma yekcem s yiḥlfan-is deg wayen i d-yeqqar ; neɣ ira ad as-yefk udem amatu ideg ara negzu mačči anagar netta i yettxemmimen akka.

Deg tama-nniḍen, yewwi-d ad nezzi tiṭ ɣer wudmawen

yerzan amselɣu iwakken ad nẓer anwa i wimi yettmeslay umaru, ma i yiwen ibanen neɣ i medden s umata. Annect-a ad d-yemmel amek i yasen-yettmeslay, anwa udem i yesseqdec.

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Deg uḍris-a, deg wayen yerzan win i wimi yettmeslay, win i d-yeqsed s wawal, amaru yessemres udem wis sin asget, yettmeslay-asen srid akken ad yessiweḍ ad yekkes yir tamuɣli i zemren ad sɛun ɣef tmeṭṭut n Leqbayel. D wasmi i yasen-yettmeslay srid, annect-a yettban deg yimedyaten-a :

Гret, steqsit, sani terram, anda tewḍem ad tafem awal yiwen.

Deg uḍris-a amaru yessemres udem amezwaru asget

akken ad d-yemmeslay s yisem n yimezdaɣ n tmurt n Leqbayel, yerna akken ad yefk afud ameqqran i yifukal-is. Yes-s ira ad d-yini mačči d rray-is kan i d-yefka maca d tamuɣli n wid akk yesnen tilawt n tmurt n Leqbayel. Dɣa yefren udem amezwaru asget «nekni», akka am :

- Nekni yessnen akken tella lḥala n Leqbayel, … nezmer ad neggal ur nḥennet…

S umata ur ɛdilen ara yiḍrisen n usfukel, yal yiwen

anwa udem i yezmer ad yesseqdec. Maca s umata imi iswi-nsen d azerrer, ttarran tamawt tameqqrant i wudem wis sin, ama d asuf ama d asget. S wannect-a amaru iqessed srid amselɣu.

A. S. Boulifa, deg tesddart tamezwarut d tis snat ira ad

yesseɣli tiktiwin n wid i d-yuran d wid iheddren akked d wid-nniḍen ur nban. Dɣa yesmenyif ad yesseqdec udem wis kraḍ asget «nutni », yeqsed-d yes-s wid d-yessufɣen tikerkas ɣef waddad n tmeṭṭut ɣer Leqbayel. Maca ur asen-yettmeslay ara

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srid i nutni, yeǧǧa tagnit d tamatut ideg yal yiwen ad yeɛqel iman-is. Imedyaten :

- Aṭas n wid iheddren, inesxen lektub ɣef tmeṭṭut d

lḥala n Leqbayel, nutni ur ssinen acu ɣef llan… - Гef wawal-nsen, ɣef wakken i yasen-tefka tmussni-

nsen … 3.3.3. Talɣiwin n umyag Akken i yaɣ-d-iban deg yiḍrisen i wimi nga tasleḍt, yal

amaru iferren talɣiwin iwatan aḍris ilmend n waddad n yinan akked d yiswi n usfukel-ines. S wannect-a ad negzu yal talɣa n umyag tezmer ad tettwasemres deg usfukel.

Deg uḍris-a, d amedya, amaru yessemres : - Amaɣun : iheddren, inesxen, yesnen, ifehmen,

yeẓran,… amaɣun yettusemres ilmend n tsekka n tefyar i yessemres umaru aḍris-is ; ad tent-naf srant i useqdec n umasaɣ « i » i d-igellun s umaɣun s wazalen yemgaraden : ama akken ad d-yessenfali tigawt ɣezzifen deg wakud, amedya : iheddren, inesxen…, ama akken ad d-yessenfali ayen yeḍran yekfa, amedya : yesnen, yeẓran…

- Izri + izri ibaw : ur ssinen, llan, yettwasnen, tefka, yeẓra, tefreɣ, teɛlem…

- Anaḍ : Гret, steqsit. - Ad + urmir : ad neggal, ad ǧǧen…

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Ma d timeẓra-nniḍen, azal-nsent icudd ɣer waddad n yinan yal yiwet yettusemres akken ad d-yessenfali tigawt ilmend n ḍerru-ines.

Izri i wayen yekfan, anaḍ i usendeh, ad+urmir yesqedce-it umaru s uzal amatu neɣ s wazal arakudan akken ad d-yessenfali tigawt timezgit, i d-yettuɣalen s yiwen n wudem.

3.4. Amedya wis sin ɣef usfukel : aḍris n usussen Aḍris n usussen ila ismawen-nniḍen s yettwassen ; yella

wanda s qqaren adellel, yella wanda s qqaren aberreḥ. Yettili s waṭas n wudmawen. Nezmer ad t-naf d aḍris yuran deg uɣmis, deg tesɣunt,nezmer adt-naf daɣen d aḍris imaw deg radyu, nezmer ad t-naf d aḍris aselẓri (audio-visuel) deg tiliẓri, deg Internet.

Deg usussen amaru yekkat amek ara izerrer amdan akken ad yaɣ taɣawsa d wasmi i yettwaḥsab d tawsit i ikečmen deg taɣult n asfukel. Deg tmaziɣt ɣas adellel s timawt yella seg zik deg leswaq, udmawen-nniḍen n usussen d imaynuten ; nnulfan-d taggrara-ya, segmi tuɣal tmaziɣt tesɛa amḍiq deg wallalen n teywalt yerna tuɣal d tutlayt taɣelnawt.

Ayen yerzan tuddsa-s akked wallalen n tutlayt imezgiyen ad ten-id-nesukkes deg tesleḍt ara neg i uḍris-a i d-nessekles seg radyu Summam d wiyiḍ iseg ara d-nefk imedyaten.

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Aḍris n usussen : Ssif ilḥeq-d. Asewjed n tmeɣriwin yebda. La grande surface du lac, di ssuq n lfellaḥ n zik n

Yiḥeddaden, tessewjed-d le salon wis sin n leǧhaz n teslit, seg 26 mai alma d 10 juin i d-iteddun.

Ili-ken di ttiɛadd, mreḥba yes-wen yal ass, seg 10 n sbeḥ alma d 10 n yiḍ.

Aɣbalu: Radyu Summam.

3.4.1. Tuddsa Taɣessa n usussen tbedd ɣef kraḍ n yiḥricen.

Aḥric amezwaru yettili d awezlan, tafyirt neɣ snat ; deg-s amaru yettak-d isalli ɣef tɣawsa iɣef d-yella usussen. Tawuri-s d ajbad n lwelha n win ara yaɣen. S umata yettili-d s kraḍ n wudmawen.

- Yezmer ad yili d aseɛlem kan n medden ɣef tɣawsa-nni ; amedya : «Ilmend n useggas ajdid «Bougie-viande» tettxebbir belli asenqes deg ssuma n uksum d lḥut seg wass n sebt 20 disembr ». (Aḍris uṭṭun 21).

- Yezmer ad yili d asmekti ɣef wayen snen, ẓran akk medden; amedya: «Ssif ilḥeq-d, asewjed n tmeɣriwin yebda» (ẓer ɣer zdat aḍris i d-nefren d amedya, uṭṭun 1).

1 D uṭṭun n uḍris deg tjenṭeḍt.

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- Yezmer ad yili d asmekti ɣef wayen ttnadin akk madden, amedya : «Tettnadim ɣef tkerrust i ken-ilaqen».

Aḥric wis sin d agejdan deg usussen acku deg-s i yettili usissen n yifukal s ara izerrer umaru imeɣri neɣ amseflid. Deg uḥric-a i yekkat umaru amek ara d-yeslal lebɣi i tiɣin n tɣawsa-nni d wasmi i yesseqdec akk allalen n tutlayt: irbiben, aserwes, akken ad d-yesken ayen yufraren deg-s.

Dɣa, tikwal yettili usmiwer neɣ ubdar n yiferdisen yelhan deg tɣawsa-nni, akka am uḍris (uṭṭun 2) :

«Ayen tebɣam ad tafem-t dina s rxa : lmakla-nwen, lebsa-nwen, les cosmétiques akked les articles de ménage ».

Tikwal-nniḍen, aḥric wis sin yettili d askan n ubrid ara yawi win yettnadin kra neɣ d tiririt ɣef useqsi-ines, akka am uḍris (uṭṭun1) :

«La grande surface du lac, di ssuq n lfellaḥ n zik n Yiḥeddaden, tessewjed-d le salon wis sin n leǧhaz n teslit, seg 26 mai alma d 10 juin i d-iteddun. «

Ahric wis kraḍ, d asiwel neɣ d tiɣri srid i umsaɣ akken ad yaɣ. Yettili s umata d tafyirt tawezzlant ideg semrasen akk iferidisen n tesnukyist, akka am: anya, tameɣrut, imesliyen1. Yes-sen i tettcebbiḥ tiɣri taneggarut n usussen, yes-s daɣen i zuzunen tamezuɣt n yimeɣri. S umata wid i d-yessewajeden

1 Sqedceɣ awal s unamek n «sonorités».

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asussen semrasen tafakust i yettwaseqdacen deg udellel imawi n leswaq1.

Ama deg udellel2 ama deg yiḍrisen yuran neɣ n radyu, amsussen yekkat amek ara tili tefyirt n tiɣri neɣ tafyirt taneggarut d tawezlant, d tagrurzant, d tafessast i cfawat d umekti. Maca llan yiḍrisen ideg aḥric aneggaru yettili d awelleh n umsaɣ ɣer umḍiq ideg ara yaf ayen yettnadi neɣ yettili d awal uḥdiq n ukyis n usnebgi. Amedya :

«Les galeries marchandes de l’Atlas, c’est la classe »3 /ẓer wiyid r turagt/

«Ili-ken di ttiɛadd, mreḥba yes-wen yal ass, seg 10 n sbeḥ alma d 10 n yiḍ».

«Aigle Azur tessaram-awen tirza yelhan». 3.4.2. Allalen n tutlayt Iswi n uḍris-a d azerrer n umseflid akken ad d-yas ad

yaɣ ayen ɣef d-yella usussen. Dɣa, amaru yekkat amek ara d-yesken cbaḥa n tɣawsa-nni, ayen yellan d iferdisen, aniti tulmisin i tesɛa iman-is kan. Tin ɣur-s, iwakken ad d-yejbed amsaɣ yessaqdac allalen s ara iḥulfu umseflid i netta srid i wimi d-yettmeslay neɣ d netta i terza taluft. Dɣa ɣef wannect-a i ttwasemrasen s tuget yiferdisen-a :

1 Ẓer imedyaten deg tjentaḍt ɣef usussen imawi n ssuq. 2 Hatnan kra n yimedyaten i germreɣ deg leswaq ɣef usussen imawi : - «Lubya n lefuruḥ, lhem ad iruḥ». - «Tiẓurin, d ddwa i umuḍin». - «D amerreḥ, d aserreḥ, mačči d aderreḥ». - «Ččina n yilmaten, ččem, ɛerḍem ay atmaten». 3 Amedya-ya n radyu Summam yettwaxdem akka s tefransist.

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- Irbiben : mmalen amek temmug, amek tga, amek tettwaxdem tɣawsa ; amedya : aẓidan, ameqqran, ahrawan, awraɣ, uḥdiq…

- Asmiwer : d abdar n wayen tla tɣawasa akka am uḍris

(uṭ.2) : «Ayen tebɣam ad tafem-t dina s rxa : lmakla-nwen, lebsa-nwen, les cosmétiques akked les articles de ménage ».

- Anaḍ : yettwaseqdac akken ad nini i umseflid d acu

ara yexdem neɣ ad t-nwelleh, deg usussen nesseqdac-it akken ad nessegzi srid i win ara yaɣen d acu n tigawt ara yeg. Amedya :

- Aḍris (uṭ.1) : «Ili-ken di ttiɛadd...». - Aḍris (uṭ. 5) : «Azelt ɣer…». - Udem wis sin : acku d allal s ara d-nejbed win i d-

isellen akken yebɣu yili. Ad iḥulfu i netta srid i wimi nettmeslay Amedya :

- Aḍris (uṭ.1) : «Ili-ken di ttiɛadd, mreḥba yes-wen». - Aḍris (uṭ. 3) : «Aigle Azur tessaram-awen tirza

yelhan». - Uudem wis kraḍ : tikwal yettili maca iseɛɛu azal

ardabu. Udem yettussemras ladɣ deg yiḍrisen n usussen n leswaq, wid i yettilin d iamawiyen. Amedya :

- «Win yesɛan afrux, ad as-yawi lxux». - «Win yebɣan ad yili labas, yawi abesbas». Tamawt : Mačči anagar iferdisen-a i yettilin deg usussen, mazal

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allalen-nniḍen ɣef ur d-nemmeslay ara akka am : urmir, ad + urmir. Imeɣri yezmer, ma yesra i waṭas n yisallen, ad imuqel amahil n doctorat ideg giɣ tasleḍt ɣef tewsit-a n uḍris.

4. TASEKKA N UḌRIS N TGELMA Aḍris n uglam yeskan-d amek iga neɣ yemmug umdan,

taɣawsa neɣ adeg. S umata aglam d asnekwu n tulmissin n wayen i d-yettwagelmen neɣ d abdar n yiferdisen iɣef ibedd wayen i d-yettwagelmen. Ih, aglam d asissen n tɣawsa s wawalen.

Nezmer ad t-naf d aḥric deg ungal ideg amaru

yessissen-d udmawen, imeḍqan neɣ n tiɣawsiwin ara yefken i yimeɣri tikti ɣef wayen iḍerrun deg wullis-nni. Aglam, ihi, d tugna tusdist n i d-yettakken tikti i yimeɣri ɣef wayen i d-yettwagelmen. S umata, amaru, mi ara d-yeglem taɣawsa, yezmer ad d-yebder iḥricen-is, neɣ tiɣarawin-is, neɣ tulmisin-is. Am wakken i yezmer ad –t-id-yessissen ilmend n umḍiq ideg yella, ilmend n wakud neɣ ilmend n yiferdisen-nniḍen i d-yezgan ɣer tama-s.

4.1. Tuddsa Adam J.-M. deg umahil-is (1990) yettwali aglam ibedd

ɣef tuddsa i d-yettbanen deg tnemhal-a (opérations) : tiɣin : (ancrage), asettwel : (aspectualisation), agassaɣ : (mise en

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relation), alsawal (reformulation), aleddem n uglam : (thématisation)1. Tinemhal-a i d-yettakken talɣa i uḍris n uglam.

4.1.1. Tiɣin (ancrage) Tiɣin d asnekwu n tɣawsa iɣef d-yella uglam, J.-M.

Adam yessemma-yas daɣen asentel-azwel. Nessemma-yas tiɣin acku d netta i d aferdis agejdan iseg ara yaɣ uglam. Yes-s i d-yessissin umaru asentel amatu n uglam.

Yezmer ad yili deg tazwara n uḍris neɣ ar taggara-s, d asegri (affectation). Ma yella-d deg taggara, alamma yekfa yimeɣri taɣuri n uḍris ara iẓer asentel n uglam.

4.1.2. Asettwel (aspectualisation) Nefren awal asettwel acku send asnekwu n usentel-

azwel, amaru ad yebdu aglam n yiferdisen neɣ iḥricen n tɣawsa i yerza uglam yiwen yiwen. Yal yiwen deg-sen ad d-yefk ittewlen-ines.

Deg tegnit-a i yettili uglam, deg-s ara yebḍu umaru taɣawsa i d-yeglem d iḥricen, yal yiwen ad d-yini : amek iga, amek yemmug, d acu n yinni ila, atg.

1 - Tiɣin, asettwel, aleddem n uglam, agasseɣ, alsawal : Awalen-a d isumar, ur lin ara d timiḍranin i d-yeddan deg kra n usegzawal, nesseqdec-iten i tikelt tamezwarut deg umahil-a. Sin deg-sen : tiɣin d agassaɣ ttwasqedcen yakan deg tezrawt n turagt n : Rabdi K. & Rabhi L., 2005, Aḍris aglaman, tasdawit n Bgayet.

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4.1.3. Aleddem n usentel Aleddem1 n usentel (thématisation) d aseɣzef n uglam

neɣ d aglam deg uglam. Annect-a yettili mi ara d-yuɣal umaru ɣer kra n uferdis n usentel-azwel ad as-yeg daɣen aglam.

4.1.4. Agassaɣ (mise en relation) Deg uglam yella wanda i d-ngellem (nessidig : situer)

taɣawsa ilmend n wadeg neɣ ilmend n wakud ideg tella. Maca tikwal nessemras aserwes neɣ tanɣumnayt akken ad d-nesken tiɣawsiwin iɣer tettkanzi (tettemcabi). D annect-a i wimi qqaren agassaɣ.

S umata deg wayen yerzan tuddsa, aḍris n uglam

ibeddu s usissen n wudem amatu ssyin yettuɣal-d ɣer yiferdisen yiwen yiwen. Yezmer daɣen ad yebdu seg yiferdisen, ssyin ad yefk tugna tamatut neɣ ad yeǧǧ imeɣri ad d-yesbedd iman-is udem amatu n tɣawsa-nni.

Amedya : mi ara yili uglam n taddart, taddart ad tili d

asentel-azwel. Ssyin ad yeḍfer usettwel : d aglam n yiferdisen neɣ n yiḥricen yiwen s yiwen, amedya : ixxamen, iberdan, tibḥirin… izemren ad d-fken tugna-s tummidt. Ma yuɣal-d ɣer yiwen n uḥric igellem-it-d daɣen, qqaren-as aleddem n usentel.

1 Aleddem : yekka-d seg umyag «ldem» anamek-is timerna n kra i wayen iteddun ad yekfu. Amedya: ma tella lḥila teččur d aman, mi qrib ad tfak ad as-nernu, timerniwt-a i wimi qqaren «aleddem ».

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.

Ma d agassaɣ d aseqdec n userwes n tinɣumnayin. Yes-s i d-yeskan umaru ɣer wacu i tettkanzi tɣawsa-nni.

Hattan temsukt taddayt n uglam i d-yefka J.-M. Adam1. Tuddsa-ya tettemgirid seg uḍris ɣer wayeḍ. Tezmer ad timɣur ma aḍris ila aṭas n yiḥricen i d-yeglem yerna yefka-d i yal yiwen ittewlen-ines s usemres n yirbiben, aserwes akked d ulsawal

Asentel - azwel

Asettwel : agassaɣ

Iḥricen ittewlen 4.2. Tarrayin n uglam Deg uglam amaru ila aṭas n tarrayin s yezmer ad d-

yessissen taɣawsa. Tarrayin-a nezmer ad asent-nsemmi iɣawasen i yezmer ad yessemres deg uglam. Yella wanda amaru ad d-yezwir seg udem n zdat, ayen i d-yettbanen d amezwaru, (avant-plan) ɣer wayen yellan deffir

1 J.-M. Adam, 1990, Eléments de linguistique textuelle, Bruxelles-Liege, Mardaga, p.135.

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(arriere-plan), s wawal-nniḍen izewwir-d deg wayen yellan akka, yečča-d tiṭ neɣ yeččur-d tiṭ ɣer wayen yellan akkin, i d-yezgan d asmadan. Yella wanda ara naf amaru izewwir-d seg iwsawen d akessar neɣ seg ukessar d asawen, seg zelmeḍ ɣer yeffus, seg yeffus ɣer zelmeḍ.

Annect-a yezmmer ad d-ibin s uzenziɣ-a : - (akka akkin), (iwsawen akessar, akessar iwsawen ), (zelmeḍ yeffus, yeffus zelmeḍ). 4.3. Iferdisen n tutlayt Deg uglam ugten ladɣa iferdisen i d-yemmalen s

wudem usdis tugna n wayen i d-igellem ; dɣa ttilin : yirbiben, isuraz n wadeg i ilan azal meqqer acku d nutni i yessuddusen tagelma amedya : ɣef yeffus, ɣef zelmeḍ, nnig, ddaw…, isemmaden n yisem, imyagen n tɣara, imeskanen akked kra n yiferdisen n tesnukyist akka am aserwes d tanɣumnayt / amerwes1.

4.4. Amedya ɣef tgelma Aḍris : Taxxamt n Salas Deg texxamt deg yella Salas, llan rebɛa n wusawen, sin

n ṭṭiqan i d-yezgan ɣef tama n ufella weɛɛan ɣer temdint. Mi

1 Sin n wawalen-a ttwasemrasen s unamek n «métaphore».

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ara tbedeḍ zdat-sen, ad k-id-iqabel udrar n Yicellaven, ɣer tama tayeffust, yella unnar n ddabex n uḍar, ɣef yiri-s d ixxamen n usɣar bnan Yibiljikiyen. Ixxamen-nni d iqehwiyen, derren wa zdat wa, wa nnig wa, seg yal tama yezzi-yasen-d ẓẓerb.

B. Tazaɣart,

Salas d Nuja, 200 ?, asbt. 07 Aḍris-a, ɣas d ameẓyan, deg-s aṭas n yiferdisen ara yilin

d imataren akken imeɣri ad yegzu amek i yettili uglam. 4.4.1. tuddsa-s Deg uḍris-a amaru yezwar-d seg usissen n usentel-

azwel taxxamt d takemmalit d wayen yellan deg-s : usawen, ṭṭiqan. Ssyin akin yesken-d ayen i yas-d-yezzin : adrar n Yicellaḍen, annar n ddabex, ixxamen.

D ineggura-ya i wimi qqaren isental-isuddimen neɣ iḥricen. Ad negzu deg tgelma-ya d akken amaru yefka-d tugna tamatut n texxamt ssyin akin yuɣal-d ɣer yiḥricen yiwen yiwen. Akka ad yesɛu yimeɣri tugna ɣef wayen terza tgelma. S uzenziɣ-a ad negzu amek tbedd tuddsa-s.

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Asentel-azwel

Taxxamt Asettwel : Agassaɣ (Ayen i yas-d-yezzin) Iḥricen ittewlen Icellaḍen annar ixxamen (ulac aglam-nsen) Ussawen ṭṭiqan n ddabex n usɣar Iqahwiyen… rebɛa sin

4.4.2. Iferdisen n tutlayt Deg uḍris-a taselḍt ad terzu anagar wid ilan tixutert

deg uglam : irbiben, imyagen n tɣara, isuraz neɣ imataren n wadeg…

4.4.2.1. Arbib Arbib d awal i d-yeskanen amek tga neɣ temmug

tɣawsa, deg uḍris-a amaru yessemres yiwen : Iqahwiyen, yes-s i d-yefka inni n yixxamen.

4.4.2.2. Asemmad n yisem Asemmad n yisem, d isem wis sin i yessimiden isem-

nniḍen i t-id-yezwaren. Gar-asen tettili tenzeɣt «n» i ten-yetteqnen. Tawuri-s am urbib, yeskan-d taɣara n tɣawsa neɣ amek temmug. Amedya deg uḍris-a ad naf :

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Yella unnar n ddabex n uḍar, ɣef yiri-s d ixxamen n usɣar. Awalen : ddabex, uḍar, usɣar yesseqdec-iten umaru

akken ad d-yemmel s wacu ttwaxedmen neɣ amek gan : annar, ddabex, ixxamen.

4.4.2.3. Imataren n wadeg D wi i ilan azal ameqqran deg uglam acku yes-sen i

yettwasuddes uḍris, tin ɣur-s d nutni i d-yemmalen i yimeɣri amek ara yeḍfer tiṭ yettwalin n win i d-igelmen. Hatnan wid yellan deg uḍris :

Ɣef tama n ufella… zdat-sen… ɣer tama tayeffust… ɣef yiri-

s… derren wa zdat wa, wa nnig wa, seg yal tama... Tamawt : 1. Akken nwala mazal aṭas n yiferdisen yerzan aglam,

ur llin ara deg uḍris-a, yessefk ɣef win ara iselḍen neɣ win ara yeslemden aḍris n uglam, ad yerr tamawt ɣur-sen, amedya : amyag n tɣara, asmiwer akked yiferdisen n tesnukyist : aserwes d tenɣumnayt neɣ amerwes. (Comparaison et métaphore).

2. mazal daɣen deg uglam ayen yerzan amgired gar

uglam urkid d uglam imwiwel (itinérante et statique).

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5. TASEKKA N UḌRIS IMSENDEH/IMWELLEH Aḍris-a d win ideg amaru yettak-d nehwat, iwellihen,

tisunḍiwin (ordres), tinemlin (indications). D aḍris i d-yeskanen i umdan amek ara yeg kra neɣ d acu ara yeg, d acu ur yetteg ara.

Iswi-s d askan i umdan neɣ d ahettem fell-as akken ad yerr tamawt ɣer yisuḍaf neɣ ɣer yiwellihen i yettilin anda yettidir. Aḍris-a, tikwal teddun-d yid-s kra n yizenziɣen akked tugniwin.

Nezmer ad t-naf deg tsafart n tenwalt, ilugan n

useqdec (mode d’emploi), iwellihen n usellek (règles de secours) seg kra n twaɣit, akka am tmes, znezla…, tiferret n userkeb, (notice de montage) isuḍaf (règlements intérieurs) i yettilin deg tsuddwin akka am yiɣerbazen, sbitarat, luzinat) ara ayeḍfer umdan deg umahil-is ; yettili daɣen deg tfertin n ddwa, atg.

5.1. Tuddsa n udṛis imwelleh Deg wayen yerzan talɣa-s, ad tt-naf temgarad ɣef

yiḍrisen-nniḍen acku aḍris-a ur ibidd ara d tiseddarin akken nwulef nettwali wiyiḍ.

Taɣessa-s s umata tettili d abdar s wudem usdis, wa deffir wa n yiwellihen neɣ n yilugan. Amaru yessissen-d yal alugen neɣ awellih deg tseddart iman-is, yettbin-d s ujerrid deg tazwara.

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5.2. Iferdisen n tutlayt Allalen n tjerrumt i yugten deg tsekka-ya d ayen

fessusen i usnekwu yerna d wid i d-yettwafernen akken ad tifsus tigzi n yizen. S wannect-a imeɣri ad iẓer srid d acu i yessefken ad ig neɣ d acu ur d-yewwi ara ad yexdem.

Dɣa deg uḍris imwelleh yettili wanaḍ neɣ ad + urmir, udem wis sin neɣ udem amezwaru ma amaru iger iman-is deg yiwellihen i d-yettak. Ma d ayen yerzan isuraz, i izemren ad seknen tarrayt n useɣzen neɣ assaɣ gar tefyar d tseddarin, mačči d wid i yugten aṭas acku aḍris yettwasuddes s tefyar neɣ s tugziminn d tilelliyin, ur srint ara i tuqqna gar-asent.

Maca nezmer ad naf isuraz ttwasqedcen kan deg tefyar akken ad d-mmlen assaɣ gar yiferdisen-is.

5.3. Amedya ɣef uḍris imwelleh Aḍris : Lqanun n taddart n Teslent Wa d lqanun n taddart n Teslent, ɣef wakken llant

tudrin n Leqbayel deg zman amezwaru almi d tura. 1.u. Win yukren axxam deg yiḍ, iban fell-as ayen i

yewwi, ad yefk xemsin n teryalin d lexṭiyya i tejmaɛt ; xemsin d lɣerm i bab n uxxam. Ad yernu ad yefk azal n wayen yewwi neɣ, ma yella, ad t-yerr.

w.2. Win yukren tibḥirt, iban fell-as wayen yewwi, ad yefk xemsa u ɛecrin n teryalin d lexṭiyya i tejmaɛt, xemsa u

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ɛecrin d lɣerm i bab n tebḥirt. Ad yernu ad yerr ayen yewwi i bab n tebḥirt.

w.3. Win yewten s tmekḥelt ad yefk meyya i tejmaɛt d lexṭiyya. Wa ma yella ur yejriḥ ara yes-s, win akken yewwet. Wamma ma yejreḥ-it, ad yerr ttar-is win yettewten. Alama yeɛfa-yas, imir-nni ad ad yaɣ lḥeqq n yidammen-is, ayen i yas-iqedder lqaḍi.

w.4. Ma yella yenɣa, ayla-s ulamma deg waman, ad t-yečč lɛerc, ad yernu ad yemmet, neɣ ad yefk ddiya, ma qeblen yimawlan n win yemmuten.

w.5. Win yewten s ujenwi neɣ s tgelzimt, ad yefk xemsin n teryalin d lexṭiyya i tejmaɛt. Wa ma yella ur yejriḥ ara yes-sen. Wamma ma yejreḥ yes-sen, ad yerr ttar win yettewten. Neɣ ma yeɛfa bab n lǧerḥ ɣef ttar-is, ad yaɣ ayen i yas-iqedder lqaḍi deg yidammen-is.

w.6. Win iwehhan s ujenwi neɣ s tgelzimt, ur yewwit ara yes-sen, ad yefk tmanya n teryalin.

w.7. Win yewten s tɛekkazt neɣ s udɣaɣ, ad yefk xemsa n teryalin d lexṭiyya i tejmaɛt. Ad yerr ttar win yettewten, neɣ ma yeɛfa fell-as, ad yefk lḥeqq n lǧerḥ, ma yejreḥ-it. Ma yella ur t-yejriḥ ara, ur yettak wayra.

w.8. Win iwehhan s tɛekkazt neɣ s udɣaɣ, ur yewwit ara yes-sen, ad yefk taryalt d lexṭiyya i tejmaɛt.

w.9. Tameṭṭut ma tɛeyyeḍ s lɛerḍ-is, yewweḍ-d chada ɣer tejmaɛt, ad yefk urgaz xemsin n teryalin d lexṭiyya i tejmaɛt d timecreṭ. Ad ternu tejmaɛt ad terẓ lqermud n uxxam n win ixedmen lamer-nni.

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w.10. Win yukren ṭerḥa neɣ taffa deg yiḍ, iban fell-as wayen yewwi, ad yefk lɣerma i bab n ṭerḥa neɣ n taffa. Ad yernu ad yexser ayan yewwi. Ad yernu, ma yeccekta yes-s i umeqran n tejmaɛt, ad yefk ɛecrin n teryalin d lexṭiyya. Ma yella ur yeccekta ara yes-s win yettwakren, ulac fell-as.

w.11. Win yukren lexrif neɣ azemmur neɣ rremman, neɣ tiẓurin, neɣ ddukkar, yeṭṭef-it bab n cci, ad as yefk lɣerm, ayen i t-ihan Rebbi fell-as. Ad yernu ɛecra n teryalin i tejmaɛt d lexṭiyya. Ma ur yeccekta ara yes-s bab n cci i umeqran ur yettak wayra.

w.12. Win yennuɣen d tmeṭṭut ad yefk xemsin d lexṭiyya i tejmaɛt, ama tewweḍ-it tmeṭṭut neɣ ur t-tewwiḍ. Lameɛna ma tewweḍ-it tmeṭṭut ad yefk urgaz-is ayen iger fell-as umeqran.

W.13. Win ur neḥdir ara i unejmaɛ ad yefk snat n teryalin. Win ur d-nelḥiqq ara lɛadad ad yefk rebɛa alamma iserreḥ-as umeqran neɣ ṭṭamen.

Aɣbalu : A. Hanoteau,

1858, Essai de grammaire kabyle, -Les principes du langage parlé par les populations du versant nord du Djurdjura et spécialement

les Igaouaouen ou Zouaoua. Suivi d’une note et d’une notice sur quelques inscriptions en caractères dits Tifinar’ et en langue tamacer’t-,

Bastide, Alger, Isebtar: 315, 316, 317.

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5.4. Tuddsa-s Deg talɣa-s yettbin d aḍris imwelleh acku, tamezwarut

aḍris-a yettwasuddes s usmiwer (abdar) n yisuḍaf. Tin ɣur-s yal taseddart tbedd iman-is s tuɣalin ɣer uzarig amaynut yerna yettwassissen-d s wuṭṭun-is iman-is. Maca llan yiḍrisen deg wadeg n wuṭṭunen, semrasen ijerriḍen deg tazwara n yal asaḍuf. Ihi, tugna-ya n uḍris i ɣef d-nemmeslay i d-yettaken talɣa n yimwelleh.

5.5. Iferdisen n tutlayt 5.5.1. Talɣiwin n umyag Deg uḍris-a, d wid yettakken anzi ɣur-s, llant snat n

tmeẓra, ttwasuddsent d tayuga : izri d ad + urmir. Maca azal n yizri deg uḍris-a ibedd ɣef umaɣun d yizri i d-yemmalen tigawt yemden, tekfa. Tayuga-ya tessenfalay-d sin n wazalen yemcudden deg ḍerru-nsen. Izri yemmal-d tigawt tamezwarut (antérieure), ad + urmir yemmal-d agmuḍ neɣ ayen s ara d-teglu tigawt yeftin ɣer yizri. Assaɣ-a yettili akka : mi ara teḍru tigawt, d ayen temmed = izri tgellu-d s unelkam neɣ s ugmuḍ = ad + urmir. Isuḍaf yellan deg uḍris-a ad ten-naf akk ftin s wassaɣ-a ameẓlan. Amedya :

- Win yukren axxam deg yiḍ, iban… ad yefk xemsin n teryalin... Ad yernu ad yefk azal… ad t-yerr.

- Win yennuɣen d tmeṭṭut ad yefk xemsin d lexṭiyya i tejmaɛt…

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Tamawt : Ɣas deg uḍris-a nufa d amaɣun, d yizri akked ad +

urmir i yugten, deg yiḍrisen-nniḍen, i yettilin s tuget, d anaḍ. Ẓer imedyaten-nniḍen deg tjenteḍt.

5.5.2. Udmawen n tjerrumt Deg tsekka-ya d ayen ibanen udem iɣef tbedd d udem

wis sin d asuf neɣ d asget. D udem-a i yugten acku iswi n uḍris d nehwat neɣ d awelleh n yimdanen, yemmal-asen d acu i d-yewwi ad t-gen, d acu ur nlaq ara ad t-gen. Am wakken i yasen-yemmal daɣen abrid ara win deg kra n tegnatin. Deg uḍris-a i wimi nga tasleḍt, d udem wis kraḍ i yugten. Hatnan yimedyaten n uḍris :

- Win… fell-as… yewwi, ad yefk… Ad yernu ad yefk… yewwi… ad t-yerr.

- Win… ad yefk… yewwet. Wamma ma yejreḥ-it,… - Win… fell-as… ad yefk... Ad yernu ad yexser ayen

yewwi. Ad yernu,… yes-s… ad yefk ɛecrin n teryalin d lexṭiyya...

Aḍris-a aken ma yella yerza udem wis kraḍ. Yessemres-it umaru akken ad yefk azal amatu i yisuḍaf, s wawal-nniḍen, udem-a ila azal amatu, yerza yal amdan.

5.5.3. Isuraz Am wakken d-nenna iwsawen aḍris imwelleh ur yesri

ara i yisuraz, ara d-yesseknen aseɣzen d wassaɣen gar tseddarin acku tineggura-ya d tilelliyin, ur zdint ara d aḍris yedduklen. Dɣa isuraz i yellan deg uḍris-a d wid yettgen assaɣ

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gar tefyar n yal taseddart neɣ n yal asaḍuf. Hatnan kra n yimedyaten.

- Win yewten s tmekḥelt ad yefk meyya i tejmaɛt d lexṭiyya. Wa ma yella ur yejriḥ ara yes-s, win akken yewwet. Wamma ma yejreḥ-it, ad yerr ttar-is win yettewten. Alama yeɛfa-yas, imir-nni ad yaɣ lḥeqq n yidammen-is, ayen i yas-iqedder lqaḍi.

Deg tseddart-a yella usaraz yessenfalay-d tawtilt : ma,

yiwen yessenfalay-d amgired : wamma, yiwen yessenfalay-d akud maca deg tefyirt-a ila azal n ugmuḍ : imir-nni.

Deg taggara yewwi-d ɣef yimeɣri ad yerr tamawt, tuget

deg uḍris imwelleh neɣ imsendeh seqdacen deg-s anaḍ neɣ ad+ urmir d wudem wis sin. Yettili wannect-a acku mi ara yebɣu umdan ad yesken abrid neɣ ad iwelleh wayeḍ yewwi-d ad as-yemmeslay srid i netta, dɣa iwellihen yesseftay-iten ɣer wanaḍ imi s talɣa-ya s yezmer ad t-yessendeh. Amdya deg ferret n ddwa iwellihen ttilin s wudem-a :

- Uqbel ad tesweḍ ddwa-ya, seḥmu aman. - Smir-iten ɣer tqeɛet alma teččur. - Rwi taqeɛet-nni alma texleḍ akken iwata. - S wakka ad tili ddwa tewjeḍ, tess snat n tɣenǧawin n

wučč i wass ɣer yimekli. Iwellihen-a zemren daɣen ad ilin ftin ɣer ad + urmir.

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6. TASEKKA N UDIWENNI Tasekka n udiwenni, d aḍris i d-yettawin tameslayt

yellan gar sin neɣ ugar n yimdanen. Nezmer ad t-naf deg teywalt n yal ass, deg umezgun, deg tsastanin i ttgen yineɣmassen, deg uskasi akken yebɣu yili. Ibedd s umata ɣef useqsi d tririt.

Adiwenni yettili daɣen deg ungalen mi ara yebɣu umaru ad d-yawi tameslayt ɣef yimi n wudmawen yellan deg wullis. Awway-a n tmeslayt yettili srid war kra n ubeddel1.

6.1. Tuddsa Adiwenni yettwaɛqal s tefses ama iman-is i yella, ama

yekcem deg uḍris am wullis. Ila sin n wudmawen neɣ n talɣiwin :

Udem amezwaru : yettbin-d s kra n yittewllen i d-icudden, s tuget, ɣer usenqeḍ, dɣa amaru mi ara t-iger deg uḍris yessemras :

- Amyag n wuduf neɣ n tguri am «yenna, yerra…» i wimi d-yesseḍfar snat n tneqḍin.

- Tuccar (« … ») deg tazwara n udiwenni akked tagarra-s, ti skanent-d tilist-is.

1 Awway n tmeslayt deg yiḍrisen d aḥric-nniḍen i yesran i tezrawt akken ad d-ibin amek i yettili deg tmaziɣt yinnaw usrid akked yinaw arusrid. Yezmer yimeɣri ad iẓer imahilen yemmugen ɣef usentel-a, amedya : Senhadji Wassila, 2008, Inaw usrid d yinaw arusrid, Tasdawit n Bgayet.

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- Tuɣalin ɣer uzarig amaynut, d tririt n ujerrid yal tikelt ara d-yemmeslay wudem.

Udem wis sin : s umata d talɣa-ya yakan i yettɣiman maca llan kra n yimura ur rennun ara tuccar-nni acku ttwalin yezmer yimeɣri ad d-yesnekwu s tefses adiwenni deg uḍris. Dɣa semrasen anagar tuɣalin ɣer uzarig amaynut akked ujerrid yal tikelt ara tbeddel tmeslayt. (ẓer aḍris amezwaru).

Tamawt : Llan yiḍrisen akka am umezgun bedden anagar ɣef

udiwenni srid maca amaru yettaru-d yal tikelt deg tazwara n yal tameslayt isem n win ara d-yemmeslayen. Am wakken yella udiwenni ideg amaru yessissin-d tuddma n wawal tamaynut s tuɣalin ɣer uzarig akked umyag n tguri. (ẓer aḍris wis sin).

6.2. Iferdisen n tutlayt Deg udiwenni s umata tettuɣal tamawt ɣer yimayagen

n tguri neɣ wuduf n tmeslayt, am : yenna, yerra, isuɣ, iɛeyyeḍ, yessawel, inebbeh, yeggul, iṛgem, yesseqsa, yessegza, yessumer,…. Ma deg wayen yerzan timẓra d addad n yinnan (situation d’énonciation) i d-yemmalen aniti talɣiwin i iwatan i izemren ad mlent ayen yeḍran, ayen ara yeḍrun ilmend n tegnit-nni neɣ imir-nni n tmeslayt. D ta i yettilin d amatar (repère) n ḍerru n tigawin. Akken ula d udmawen n tjerrumt rzan srid wid yettmeslayen : udem amezwaru d wudem wis sin.

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6.3. Amedya n udiwenni Adiwenni deg wullis Aḍris 1. Snat n tullas d timecṭaḥ sawalent gar tuɣmas, daxel n

ujelbab, awal n Rebbi. Tullas-nni ur wwiḍent ara ahat rbeɛṭac n yiseggasen deg leɛmer-nsent. D tulawin n uzekka. D Lezzayer n uzekka, daɣen. D tḥdayin-nni d azekka, d aẓekka.

- Ur nettɣimi ara ! Ad nruḥ, ma yehwa-yas ɣer Burkina Fasso !

- D acu ? - Ulac asirem deg tmurt-a, a Dalila ! Nɣan-aɣ ula deg

dduḥ. - Anida ara naf asirem ? - Anda ur ttmettaten yifrax. Tewweḍ-d tmacint. Nerkeb. Neṭṭef imukan. - Tif lkar ! - Amek, a Dalila ? - Nniɣ-ak : tamacint-a tif lkar. - Ula d tamacint armi d ass-a i tt-tesneḍ ? - Armi d ass-a. Tesla-yaɣ-d Nadya, tecmumeḥ. - Twalaḍ akken tettaḍsa fell-am Nadya. - D sseḥ, fell-i i teḍsiḍ ? - Ala fell-awen ! Amacint tsadd. Dalila tettmuqqul deg yidurar nettaǧǧa

deffir. Nadya tḥennec ɣer Murad, awal ulac. Nettayeṭṭef-as

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afus. Muqqleɣ seg ṭṭaq, iban-iyi-d wiss ma d bururu neɣ d agerfiwyers ɣef teslent. Neffeɣ Bumerdas ? Tserreḥ tmacint i tikli.

T. Oould-Amar, 2006, Bururu, Tizrigin Azur,

Isebtar : 122, 123. Aḍris 2 : Irgazen1 Nnig leḥkem d cci ssebba tis tlata n tezmert d irgazen.

Lketra n tegmat d cci, neɣ ɛad tif cci. Tusa-d yiwet n tmeṭṭut ɣer Ccix, tebda la s-tettru,

tuɣḍaḍ aṭas. Yenna-yas : Acu kem-yuɣen ? Tenna-yas : Anɛam a Ccix, efk-iyi-d kra s lemɛun. Yenna-yas : Ayen ? Tenna-yas : Kkatent deg-i tulawin s wawal. Yenna-yas : Amek ? » […] Tenna-yas : Yiwet ad testeɛmil ad tcennu zdat-i,

teqqar-as : «Ay yifer n yibawen Yegman d asawen Amek ara k-id-yas yiḍes A win yeɛan yiwen». Yenna-yas Ccix : Daya ? Tenna-yas : Anɛam a Ccix, nek awal-a yerḥa-yi […]

1 Aḍris- a yella d ummid deg tjenṭeḍt.

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Yenna-yas : Ad am-d-mleɣ amek ara sent-teqqareḍ, mi ara m-d-qqarent akka.

Tenna-yas : Anɛam a Ccix amek ? Yenna-yas : qqar-asent : «Ay yifer n yibawen Yegman d asawen Xellun-tt ɛecra Iɛemmer-itt yiwen». Dɣa seg wass-nni yeqqim-d wawal-a d lemtel.

M. Mammeri, 1990, Yenna-yas Ccix Muḥend,

Laphomic, isebtar : 123, 124. 7. TAGGRAYT Amahil-a yekcem deg tesnilset n uḍris, yella-d akken ad

d-yeldi abrid i tselḍin yerzan iḍrisen iwakken ad nissin iferdisen imezgiyen n yal yiwen deg-sen, ama d ayen yerzan tuddsiwin-nsen, ama d ayen yerzan iferdisen n tulayt yettwaseqdacen deg yal yiwen. Asnekwu d tmusni n wallalen s yettwaru yal aḍris yessifsus, deg tama, i yimeɣri tigzi akked tira-ines acku d iferdisen-a i d tisura i yessefk ad ilint ɣer unelmad akken ad yesnerni tizemmar-is tutlayanin. Deg tama-nniḍen, asnekwu-ya yezmer ad d-yefk tikti i uselmad akken ad iẓer aniwi iferdisen iwatan yal tasekka n uḍris akken ad ten-yesselmed neɣ akken ad d-yesbedd tugzimin-ines tisnalmudin.

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Amahil-a ur d-yessukk ara tiṭ ɣef tsekkiwin akken ma llant ; mazal amedya tasekka tudyizt neɣ tasekka n tesnukyist (type poétique ou rhétorique) akked tsekka n ukacef neɣ n usfilet1 (type prédictif). Tin ɣur-s yessefk ad ilint tezrawin2 ara yerren tamawt ɣer tewsatin n yiḍrisen acku lulent-d tura deg tmaziɣt aṭas n tsekkiwin3 yuklalen tiselḍin akken ad ten-id-negmer, ad tent-nesleḍ, ad tent-nissin.

Dɣa amahil-a nezmer ad t-nwali zun d tirẓi n usalu

akken ad d-rnunt tezrawin-nniḍen deg taɣult n tesnilest n uḍris acku tamaziɣt tesra i waṭas n yimahilen yecban wa. D imahilen-a, akken nettwali, i izemren ad ilin d tallalt i tmusni n tulmisin n yal aḍris akked tmusni n wayen teḥrez tutlayt d tiwsatin iwatan ad ttwaslemdent. Tiwsatin neɣ akken tent-ttwalin yimusnilsen «ifuras utalayanen : productions langagières» d nutenti i d iqulab neɣ d nutenti i d timudmawin i neṭṭafar mi ara nettmeslay neɣ mi ara nebɣu ad d-naru aḍris.

1 Aḍris n ukacef d win i d-yemmalen d acu ara yeḍrun deg yimal. Adris-a yerza sumata: tawenza (horoscope), tugnewt(météo), akked ugezzen. Ur as-yettunefk ara yisem ulmis iban, dɣa deg umahil-a smerseɣ awal «akacef, neɣ asfilet». 2 Iɣer ara d-nuɣal deg yimahilen i d-iteddun. 3 Yezmer yimeɣri ad iẓer tazrawt n Doctorat ideg d-snekwaɣ twsatin yemgaraden n tmaziɣt yellan deg tallit-a.

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8. IƔBULA Adam J.-M., 1990, Eléments de linguistique textuelle,

Bruxelles-Liège, Mardaga. Adam J.-M., 1992, Les textes : types et prototypes -

Récit, description, argumentation, explication et dialogue, Paris, Nathan.

Adam J.-M., 1999, Linguistique textuelle. Des genres de discours aux textes, Paris, Nathan.

Adam J.-M., 2005, La linguistique textuelle, Paris, Armand Colin.

Ayt Yiɣil M., 2001, Atalanta, tasuqqilt n Instant crucial n Pierre Bellemare.

Belaid H., 1996, «Tira n Ibn Xeldun», deg Izen Amaziɣ, uṭṭun 6.

Bouamara K., 1998, Ussan di tmurt, Tasuqqilt n ungal «Les jours de Kabylie» M. Feraoun.

Boulifa A.-S., 1913, Méthode de langue kabyle–Cours de deuxième année, Alger, Adolphe.

Boutal A., Iẓuran 38, Yennayer 2003. (Aḍris «Tamaziɣt»).

Canvat K., 2003, «L’écriture et son apprentissage : une question de genres ? Etat des lieux et perspectives», dans Pratiques, n° 117/118, pp. 171 - 179.

Chaker S., 1989, «Aspect», Encyclopédie berbère VII, p. 971-977.

Chaker S., 1991, Manuel de linguistique berbère II. Syntaxe et diachronie, Alger, ENAG. p. 58.

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Chaker S., E.D.B n° 12. (Aḍris Tifinaɣ). Chemakh S., Tasɣunt «Timmuzɣa», HCA, Un 16, 2008.

(Tullizt «Ɛecrin duru»). Coltier D., 1986, «Approches du texte explicatif», dans

la revue Pratiques, n° 51, pp. 3–22. Djellaoui M., 2007, Tiwsatin timensayin n tmedyazt

taqbaylit, HCA, Alger. FDB n° 102, «Quatre aspects de la coutume en voie

d’évolution». FDB, n° 102, (Aleszreg wis 2) 1969 (2), aḥric wis kraḍ

«Tigujelt». FDB, Un wis 102–1960, Yamina At Ɛmer U Saɛid

1947. (Aḍris n ???). Genevois H., «Un village kabyle Taguemount-Azouz»,

FDB, 1972. Genevois H., Educaion familale en Kabylie, FDB

n°89, 1966. Genevois H., «Le sage Bou-Amrane», 1965. Hanoteau A., 1858, Essai de grammaire kabyle. Les

principes du langage parlé par les populations du versant nord du Jurjura par les Igaouaoouen ou Zouaoua, suivi de notes et d’une notice sur quelques inscriptions en caractères dits tifinagh et en langue tamachr’t, Bastide, Alger.

Imarazen M., 2006-2007, Timɛayin n Leqbayel, HCA, Alger.

Kezzar A., Tasɣunt TIRA, uṭṭun 02, 2000. Mammeri M., 1990, Inna-yas Ccix Muhend, Alger,

Laphomic.

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Meksem Z., «Aneskin ɣef wullis», yedda-d deg Yirit (Document) n temlilt n yiselmaden, 1997, deg Bgayet.

Meksem Z., Ammud n yiḍrisen n uselmed, i d-sufɣen yiselmaden deg temlilt n 15 ar 17 mayyu 1999, Bgayet. (Aḍris : Tamɣart n setti).

Meksem Z., «Aḍris imsegzi», deg Tannant usileɣ n tmaziɣt, Actes du «Stage de perfectionnement des enseignants de la langue amazighe». Zeralda, les 30et 31 mars 2004, Publication de HCA, Alger 2004.

Meksem Z., Communication «L’introduction de tamazight à l’école et la didactisation des textes», présentée au colloque : «L’évolution de l’amazighité depuis son introduction dans les institutions étatiques» organisé les 12 et 13 mai 2008, au Palis de la Culture d’Oran.

Meksem Z., 2007, Pour une sociodidactique de la langue amazighe : approche textuelle, Thèse de Doctorat, Laboratoire LIDILEM-Grenoble 3.

Merahi Y., 2008, Tigejdit n tesɣunt «Timmuzɣa», HCA, uṭṭun 16.

Mezdad A., 1990, Iḍ d wass, Asalu/Azar, Alger. Nekkar H., Yugar ucerrig tafawet. Ed. Yuba Wis sin. Ould Amar T., 2006, Bururu, Azur, Bgayet. Ouslimani, 2004, Akli ungif, Lezzayer, HCA. Alger. Picard A., 1958, Textes berbères dans le parler des

Irjen, Imprimerie «La Typo-Litho et jules Carbonel, Alger. Abdenbi R., 2008, «Tamaziɣt di internet», Tasɣunt

«Timmuzɣa», Uṭṭun 16.

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Reuter Y., 1992, Enseigner et apprendre à écrire - Construire une didactique de l’écriture, ESF, Issy-les-Moulineaux.

Reuter, Y., 2005, L’analyse du récit, Paris, Armand Colin.

Scheuwly B., 1993, «Enseigner à écrire des textes», dans A. Bentolila (dir.) Les entretiens Nathan. Parole, écrit, image, Nathan, Paris, pp. 14 -152.

Tasɣunt n Tiddukla tadelsant n Udrar n Fad, meɣres 2008.

Tazaghart B., 200?, Lǧerrat. Tazaghart B., ????, Salas d Nuja. Tizrawin n turagt Zemmour S. & Benchalal S., 2007, Tasleḍt nusussen n

tutlayt n tmaziɣt, Tasdawit n Bgayet. Sadou S. & Hassani A., 2008, Adris afuklan, Tasdawit

n Bgayet. Senhadji W., 2008, Inaw usrid d yinaw arusrid,

Tasdawit n Bgayet. Rabdi K. & Rabhi L., 2005, Aḍris aglaman, Tasdawit n

Bgayet. Fedila M., 2003, Le texte explicatif de la langue

amazighe, universite de Béjaia. Agaoua O. & Akli N., 2007, Tasekka n wullis : amedya

temɛayt, Tasdawit n Bgayet.

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9. AMAWAL

A adasil

base 25 agemmir

thèse 69 allalen isensegmiyen

moyens pédagogiques 11 amatar / n wakud

repère / indice temporel 47 amesɣaran / tamesɣara

objectif / objectivité 58 ammud

corpus 10 amsussen

publicitaire 85 anesɣim

membre 19 asatal

contexte 27 aseɣzen

raisonnement 65 asisseɣ / agassaɣ

mise en relation, mise en rapport 9 asmiwer

énumération 78 asussen

publicité 10

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azenziɣ n teywalt schéma de la communication 27

azenziɣ n wudmawen schéma actanciel 22

I idlisfusen

manuels 11 imsensegmiyen

pédagogues 20 isfernen

critères 24 L leqwaleb neɣ d timudmawin

moules 21 S snekwun

identifier 11 T tadyant yeḍran

fait divers 42 taɣult

domaine 11 tamsukt

structure 22 tasensekka

typologie 7 tasnalmudt

didactique 18

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tazrirt influence 32

tasnukyist rhétorique 46

tezmert tasnilsant compétence linguistique 23

tidmi pensée 19

tigensas représentations 12

tigruma (cf : tagruma) ensembles 13

tihawt tirant présence graphique 12

tikkesrert substitution 54

tirawalt orthographe 18

tirmad n tira activités d’écriture 22

tisekkiwin n yiḍrisen types de textes 24

tugzimin n uselmed sequences d’enseignement 11

tumant phénomène 55

U urkud (awarkudan)

atemporel 60

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usis effort

usmudem (asmudem) modélisation 21

Y yettwasmettin

socialisés 12 yettwasmettin, asmetti

socialisés, socialisation 12 yinefkan

données

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10. AMMUD N YIḌRISEN1 ULLIS

Nnmara n sin n yimekraḍen

Yiwen n wass ruḥen sin n lxuyan ad d-akren. Fetken ɣer yiwen, kecmen i sin ar daxel n uxxam ; bdan ttqelliben, ttnadin armi mlalen d yiwet n tdebrit ; wet kksen-as aɣumu ufan-tt teččur d udi yesbek lamer n Rebbi.

Yenṭeq umeẓyan ɣer umddakel-is, yenna-yas ar umeẓẓuɣ : Rfed s lemḥadra ad tt-nessufeɣ, d udi aleqqaq i teččur. Yesferfec wayeḍ s ufus-is armi d immi n teqdurt-nni yebbeɣ-it, yeɛreḍ-it : Ḥḥay, d leɛǧeb i tesneḍ ? Ta d tamemt mačči d udi. Tuɣal tekker gar-asen : win yeqqar-as d tamemt, win yeqqar-as d udi. Ula yiwen deg-sen ur yebɣi ad yerẓ awal-is, armi mesḍalen yimeslayen, rran-tt imir-nni akken dina deg ṭṭlam u ṭellis d rregmat d uxucim. Yaki-d bab n uxxam-nni, yessazel iluɛa-d akk i lǧiran-is ; kkren-d, zzin i uxxam armi ten-id-ṭṭfen cudden-ten seg yiḍaren d yifassen, kkaten-ten armi ttfuḥun ; ddmen-ten, zuɣren-ten qbala ar leḥkem. Akken wḍen, bedden ar craɛ, yeḥkem fell-asen s lḥebs ameqran s ur

1 Ɛerḍeɣ deg ummud-a amek ara d-fkeɣ imedyaten i yal tasekka n uḍris akken imeɣri ad yesɛu tikti ɣef yal yiwet. Maca ur d-seddaɣ ara adiwenni acku yella deg waṭas n yiḍrisen n ummud-a, tin ɣur-s ur sawḍeɣ ara ad d-germreɣ ugar n yiḍrisen n uwelleh neɣ n usendeh.

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tettun ara s kra ara ilin ddren, lemxilaf yellan gar wudi d tamemt.

Aɣbalu : M. S. Boulifa, 1913, Méthode de langue kabyle.

Cours deuxième année, Alger, A. Jordan, p. 333.

* * *

Tamsirt n yimdukal

Tizerzert yiwen n wass teɣli, tuɣwas. Ussan-d ɣur-s lewḥuc, imdukal-is, ad tt-ẓren. ččan-as akk rbiɛ i yas-d-yezzin, aquran azegzaw; win i tt-qerben s idisan-is. Mi d-tekker deg waṭṭan tnuda kra ara tečč ur tufi ara.Yenɣa-tt laẓ.

Lmeɛna n wawal : win yesɛan aṭas n yimdukal ɣur-s aṭas n uɣilif.

Aɣbalu : A. Hanoteau

1858, Essai de grammaire kabyle. Les principes du langage parlé par les populations du versant nord du Jurjura par les Igaouaoouen ou Zouaoua,

suivi de notes et d’une notice sur quelques inscriptions en caractères dits tifinagh et en langue tamachr’t,

Bastide, Alger, p.255. *

* * Tamnafeqt

Tella yiwet n tmeṭṭut tejweǧ seg Waḍiyen ɣer

Tgemmunt n Ukerruc. Ass-nni deg ussan n Rebbi, truḥ-d ar taddart-is telsa-d lfeṭṭa-ines. Teqqim ayen teqqim ɣer

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yimawlan-is. Mi d-tuɣal, tuɣ-d abrid n Tgemmunt Ɛezzuz. Tufa-d imeksawen ksan deg lexla. tɛeda-d d tama-nsen. Armi twala ur d-nṭiqen ara ɣur-s, tusem deg-sen : tebɣa ad sen-ternu iɛdawen akken ad tecɛel gar at Tgemmunt Ɛezzuz yakked Tgemmunt n Ukerruc. Teẓra seg zik ur ɛdilen ara gar-asen. Temmeɣ tekkes lfeṭṭa-ines, tenṭel-itt dinna deg-yiwen n umruj, anda ur tt-id-walan ara.

Tewweḍ ɣer Tgemmunt n Ukerruc, tenna-yasen : - Ay at taddart, -Ay at taddart, ɛerran-iyi At

Tgemmunt-Ɛezzuz, kksen sser fell-i : ḥeqren-iyi imi d tameṭṭut. Refden At Tgemmunt n Ukerruc tiɛekzin bla

leɛqel. Ufan-d imeksawen-nni la kessen. Arrac-nni messakit ugaden-ten, rewlen. Wḍen ar taddart, nnan-asen :

- Hatan usan-d At Tgemmunt n Ukerruc, kksen-aɣ lmal-nneɣ, ḍefren-aɣ-d ad aɣ-nɣen. Aql-aɣ d tarewla i d-nerwel.

At Tgemmunt-Ɛezzuz refden leslaḥ ula seg lǧiha-nsen, ruḥen s amerẓi nutni d Tgemmunt n Ukerruc. Tekker lfetna.

Almi d yiwen n wass At Tgemmunt n Ukerruc faqen-as i tmeṭṭut-nni asmi telsa lefeṭṭa-ines. Seqsan-tt, ḥersen-tt, ɛeqlen d lfeṭṭa-nni n zik.

Kkren yimeqranen-nsen wwin-tt-id ɣer Tgemmunt-Ɛezzuz; kkren ula d imeqranen n taddart-nneɣ nnan-asen :

- Ay At Tgemmunt-Ɛezzuz, ad d-nejmaɛem irkelli akken ad awen-d-neḍleb smaḥ akken ma tellam, am urgaz am tmeṭṭut. Hatan newwi-d tin i d-yegren lbaṭel.

Rran-tt deg tlemmast, nɣan-tt.

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Seg yimir-nni At Tgemmunt n Ukerruc uɣalen d iḥbiben-nneɣ.

Aɣbalu : H. Genevois,

«Un village kabyle Taguemount- Azouz», FDB 1972, Asebter 139.

* * *

Ul yemmuten yedder

Yusef, i wimi ttlaɛin Roméo, yedder deg yiwen n uxxam netta d yimawlan-is akked gma-s ameqqran Rafiq. Atlanta, fell-as 14 n yiseggasen, ula d nettat tezdeɣ deg yiwen n uxxam d yimawlan-is.

Atlanta, teɣba ɣef lakul azal n ddurt; tekcem ɣer sbiṭar, acku tuḍen ul-is, Yusef, segmi yesla, tenbeddal lḥala-s, tudert tuɣal-as d tarzagant : ur yessibnin učči, yeddelwiḥ ur yeẓri anida itteddu.

- Bɣiɣ ad am-d-iniɣ kra n wawalen a yemma ! i yas-yenna Yusef i yemma-s.

- Ini-d a mmi, ini-d, aql-i da, ad k-d-sleɣ. - Ma mmuteɣ, fkem ul-iw i Atlanta. Yezmer ad as-iliq.

Steqsaɣ imawlan-is, nnan-iyi-d tuḍen nezzeh ul-is. - Acu i d-teqqareḍ akka ! Anwa i k-yennan ad temteḍ ?

Ilemẓiyen ma ǧehden am kečč, ur ttmettaten ara. Yerwi-k wayen yeḍran d Atlanta ! Sexdem aqerruy-ik, i wimi-ten ṭṭebbat ? Nutni ad as-d-afen ul, mačči d ayla-k i uḥwajen.

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- Bɣiɣ ad yi-tɛahdeḍ, ma mmuteɣ, ad as-tefkem ul-iw. Akka ara nekfu tamacahut.

Deg uqerruy n Yusef, taluft tefra : Iḥemmel Atlanta, ilaq ad as-yefk ul-is, D aya. Imawlan n Yusef, iɣaḍ-iten mmi-tsen iḥemmlen taqcict armi yebɣa ad as-yefk ul-is.

Zrin kra n wussan, Atlanta mazal-itt deg sbiṭar. Yusef, tikwal, irezzu yur-s yesteqsay anda tewweḍ lḥala n tin iḥemmel. Simmal zerrin wussan, lḥala tessefcal, ul ur d-iban i Atlanta. Tuḍen nezzeh, udem-is ssellaw.

Leḥzen yuɣ deg wudem n Yusef, itett drus, ur t-yessibnin, lqerḥ n uqerruy-is yal ass yettzid, asekkud-is yenqes. Mi ara d-yezdi lqedd-is seg wusu, s yiɣil i yteddu.

Yemma-s n Yusef tuggad, mmi-s tura yeggugem. Refden-t srid yer sbiṭar. Yiwen ur yeẓri acu t-yuɣen ; deg ddunit-is werǧin yuḍen.

Ṭṭbib, mi yekfa aḥuffu, s usurrif ẓẓayen, yeɛna imawlan n Yusef. Yenna-yasen :

- Mmi-twen yessalqaf. Aqerruy-is yensa ! - Yemmut ? - Ur yemmut ara, aqerruy-is yensa, ma d ul-is mazal

ixebbed. Ulac ara s-nexdem. Deg sbitar-nniḍen, Atlanta tettraju ul ansi ara tt-id-

yaweḍ. Yemma-s n Yusef tenna i ṭṭbib : - Yeẓra ad yemmet, yenna-yi-d d akken ilaq ad as-

tefkem ul-iw i Atlanta, anaɣ meqqar mačči ɣef waya i yemmut?

- Ala a massa, yiwen ur yezmir ad yefru taluft akka. I yas-yerra awal ttbib.

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- Ur fhimey ara, deg ddunit-is yuḍen. Azekka-nni, iqeddacen n sbitar heyyan-d takerrust ara

d-irefden Yusef yer sbiṭar anda tella Atlanta. Ṭṭebbat nnan i Atlanta, ufan-as-d ul, ilaq ad theyyi iman-is.

Γer tlemmast n yiḍ n wass wis kraḍ teḥla, tuki-d, gar yidmaren-is d ul n yiwen-nniḍen i yzedyen.

Acemma acemma, tewreɣ ɣef wudem n Atlanta tettekkes, tikwal tettbeddad-d tneqqeb kra n wučči. Ul n Yusef icudd-itt ɣer ddunit, yesserwel-itt-id ɣef lmut. Yiwen n wass, mi d-yerza baba-s n Yusef ɣer Atlanta, yefhem deg wallen n teqcict, yezdeɣ usteqsi ɣef mmi-s, yenna-yas :

- Yusef yedder deg yidmaren-im !

Aɣbalu : Aḍris-a yettwakkes-d seg : Pierre Bellemare, Instant crucial. 2001.

Yerra-t-id ɣer tmaziɣt : Muhend Ayt Yiɣil. *

* * Tilifun

Mi yessawel tilifun, lliɣ ddaw tduli ṭṭseɣ, ttrajuɣ am

wakken rekbeɣ di lbabur ad inigeɣ. Ladɣa ruḥen akk wid ukud d-kkreɣ, wid lwaḥi d-nekka

tizerbatin n wussan, nezreɛ iɛeqqayen n tirga. Racid, Ɛtman, Lɛaziz, Murad xtaren tamuɣli s mebɛid, tilelli n tilit, ǧǧan-iyi-d irrij n tmes i nessaɣ ad as-iliɣ d aɛessas.

Nniɣ mi yessawel tilifun, s tmara i d-ldiɣ allen-iw. Refdeɣ-tent s leɛddez d cwiṭ n zzɛef. Iḍ yezrin ur ṭṭiseɣ ara,

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nfuk aqeɛɛed n wudem anaggaru n tceqquft i nessawjad. Mi akken d-yewweḍ ssut s imezzaɣ-iw, yefferfer leɛddez, yefruri zzɛef.

- D kem ? - Anita tenwiḍ ihi ? Teṭṭerḍeq d taḍsa. - Ur tufiḍ anita, teẓriḍ d kem kan i sɛiɣ ! Ansa i d-

tessawaleḍ ? - Da, seg lexmis. Arju din, tegnit ad n-awdeɣ. Allu, allu…

Aɣbalu : B. Tazarart, 200, Lǧǧerat, isebtar : 45 d 46.

* * *

Mmi-s n Bu Ɛemran

Mmi-s n Bu Ɛemran yeḥmel yiwet n taklit. Yenna-yas baba-s : Eǧǧ tameṭṭut-a… ur k-tlaq ara. Mmi-s yugi. Bu Ɛemran isewweq yuɣ-d turin1 d uksum. Gren-ten ɣer tugi2. Akken yettewwa, yenna-yas i mmi-s :

- Ger afus-ik,… yewwa uksum-nni. Iger afus-is, yeddem-d anagar turin, yerɣa axaṭer

azeggaɣ-nni yezzer. Amɣar-nni iger, daɣ netta, afus-is yeddem-d aksum, yenna-yas :

1 Afewwad. 2 Taccuyt.

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- Win yerɣan, ireɣ meqqar ɣef wayen yelhan. Seg tedyant-a mmi-s yeǧǧa taklit-nni.

Aɣbalu : H. Genevois, Le sage Bou-Amrane, Kabyle,

1965. Asebter 89. *

* * Ɛecrin duru1

Ah ! saḥḥa deg yemma-s saḥḥa ! D wi i d imeslayen i

wumi d-yebra Urezqi mi yeqqim ɣer ṭṭabla di ttberna... Yettkemmil ihedder uḥd-s.

- Ruḥ tura keč amen-iten !... Am win yettrebbin azrem s iri-s ! Arezqi ur nennum ara ttbernat, d tikkelt taxeṭṭayt mi ara yerr ad d-isew tabyirt neɣ snat netta akked yimeddukal-is, ɣas ad bɣun ad qqimen, netta yettaf-d amek ara yennser mebla ma yella win ara inadin ad t-yeṭṭef din s uḥiwet neɣ s wawal. Maca d acu i t-id-yewwin ass-a, hatan yekcem-d am uzger ihajen. Yerra-d nnehta, yessawel-as i ucqcic-nni yesserbayen, yessuter-as taqrɛet n ccrab. Dɣa akken i s-d-yenna uqcic-nni :

- Ur nesserbay ara ccrab mebla lmakla... Arezqi iruḥ am win izeɛfen yenna-yas : - Awi-d, ma yella ad sweɣ s wučči neɣ mebla učči,

mačči di ceṭṭneɣ...

1 Tullizt.

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Simi yettraǧu, simi yettayes, iḥar, qqlent ddqayeq d sswayeɛ...

- Uuk !... Atan yewweḍ-d uqcic s teqrɛet n uzeggaɣ, yekkes-as-d

aɣummu-nni uqeccuc, yerra ad d-yesmir, yemmeɣ Urezqi ɣef tqerɛet-nni yekkes-as-tt-id seg ufus yenna-yas :

- Hhe ! D nekk ara d-yesmiren iman-iw, awi-yi-d acu ara ččeɣ, ternuḍ-d taqerɛet-nniḍen...

Aqcic yezzi s tɣawalt, Arezqi la yesmaray, itess... Yebda yettmekti-d, yettwali kra yedder, udmawen i d-yettaḍsan, isell i imeslayen n wid yettwali... Arezqi mačči akka i yettwassen ɣur medden d acu i t-yewwin ad yuɣal akka ? Ad ibeddel di ciṭ n lweqt ? Amek i yuyal d asekran netta yellan d amedya n yirgazen ? Hata wakken teḍra yid-s... D ayen yettwali deg temdint n Lezzayer i yewwin Arezqi ad iruh ad d-yesli (ney ad d-yezweǧ) si taddart-nni iseg d-rewlen yimawlan-is deg lgirra-nni ɣer da, ɣer La Kasba. Feṭṭa, akka i d isem n teqcict-nni i yuɣ ur teɣri ara, ur tessin ara d acu i d lakul. Imawlan-is ur tt-fkin ara ad tɣer acku deg tallit-nni urɛad fhimen medden acu i teswa leqraya n tullas. D arrac kan i yeqqaren, ma d tullas messakit ttɣimint deg uxxam qeddcent, ttxiḍint... neɣ xeddment tibḥirin d lecɣal-nniḍen n lexla. Ttɣimint, akken qqarent «...Ttrajunt lmektub-nsent !». Lmektub- a d albaɛḍ n yilmeẓyen neɣ ahat d albaɛḍ n yimɣaren i wumi ara tt-fken yimawlan-is. Lmektub n Feṭṭa d Arezqi. Arezqi yenna-yas deg wul-is : «ad aɣeɣ tin ur neɣri ara, tin ur nessin ticmatin-a i ssnent temserrḥin yeɣran...». Iyil umeɣbun d leqraya i d-yeslalen kra n leɛyub yellan deg tmetti tazzayrit. Mbaɛd anadi

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d tifin n Feṭṭa, tella-d tnefkit di taddart, tedda-d teslit. Sakin, usan-d yislan ɣer Lezzayer anda ara zedɣen. Axxam ideg llan yezga-d di lbaṭimat yebnan d timaynutin, deg wannag wis ukuz. Arezqi ixeddem deg lbiru, segmi ara yeffeɣ tifawt ɣef ssebɛa d uzgen armi d lxemsa n tmeddit i d-itezzi. Itett imekli anda ixeddem. Si laman yellan gar-as d tin yellan d tacrikt n ddunit-is, Arezqi iḥulfa i yiman-is seg wid uɣur i d-yerza lferḥ. Ussan ideg ur ixeddem ara, Arezqi yesɛedday-iten d Feṭṭa deg ttemriḥ, d tirza ɣer yimeddukal neɣ ɣer yiḍulan. Tameṭṭut ur yelli kra i txuss ad tlum fell-as :

- Kra tebɣa yella ma ur yelli ad d-yili ! Maca tettxiqi deg tɣimit uḥd-s deg uxxam kra yekka wass.

Kra n tmeddit n wass, yekcem-d urgaz si lxedma, aqrab ddaw ufus, yesla i Čučan, aɛessas n tewwurt n lbaṭima yessawel-as-d. Yenna-yas :

- Mselxir ay Arezqi, ass-a yusa-d ɣur-k yiwen n uqcic s axxam, ur t-ssiney ara iqder d gma-s n tmettut-ik.

Yenna-yas Urezqi : - Saḥḥa a Dda Čučan ! Arezqi yettali tirekkabin yettxemim yef teswiɛt amek

tella : limmer i d-yusa mmi-s n udeggal-is, hatan ad yerr yur-s ɣer lxedma akken i iwulef seg zik... Amek ur t-yessin ara uɛessas n tewwurt mi yi-d-yenna «iqder d gma-s»...? Mi yewweḍ s axxam, Arezqi yerra s lferḥ yessuden tameṭṭut-is, ssyin akin yečča imensi. Maca ur yesteqsa ara Feṭṭa ɣef win d-yusan. Nettat ur s-d-tenni acemma, amek ara tt-yesteqsi ? Azekka-nni, iruḥ ɣer lxedma, yekkes akk kra yesɛa d ccek, iɣil ahat d aɛraq kan i yeɛreq uɛessas-nni n tewwurt. Ulac uɣilif

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ɛerrqen akk medden, tikwal. Maca, tameddit mi d-yekcem, yenna-yas-d uɛessas-nni :

- Mselxir ay Arezqi ! Ula ass-a yusa-d uqcic-nni iɣef k-d-mmeslayeɣ idelli...

Arezqi yerra am win iwehmen, yeqqel am win ffɣen yidammen, maca yugad yella kra yettɛikki ukunsyirj-nni dya yenna-yas :

- Ah ! ttuɣ ur ak-d-nniɣ ara, d mmi-s n udeggal-iw maca ur t-tessineḍ ara acku urǧin d-yusi ɣer da armi d tallil-agi... Yenna-yas ukunsyirj :

- Semmeh-iyi ay Arezqi di leɛnaya n tɛebbut-nni i k-id-yefkan, ur t-ssineɣ uqcic-nni d mmi-s udeggal-ik acku yennezruref yekcem ula d awal ulac-it, ula d udem-is yeffer-it fell-i amzun d amakar, maca ttwaliɣ yettara ɣer wannag wis rebɛa, uggadeɣ ad yili d albaɛd ur tessinem ara, ad yili kra ideg ara ken-iḍurr... Yeqqim din Urezqi qessren cwiṭ, awal yettawi-d wayeḍ armi yessaweḍ yezra amek iga uqcic-agi i d-yettasen, d acu yelsa, amek ileḥḥu... ayagi mebla ma icukk ukunsyirj yella kra yellan. Mbeɛd Arezqi yuli s axxam. Temmugger-it-id Feṭṭa s taḍsa maca, mbeɛd mi qqimen akken ur tufiḍ acu i yas-d-tenna. Aqcic-nni iɣef yas-d-imesslay ukunsyirj sin yiberdan ur t-id-yewwi ara akk wawal. Ur tufiḍ acu i d-tesban n lɣid neɣ n wayen-nniḍen iɣef ara tt-yesteqsi. Yerra iman-is amzun ur yesli kra s yimezzuɣen-is, yečča-t wul-is ad iẓer ma yeskiddib uɛessas neɣ d tameṭṭut-is i yeffren kra fell-as. Yeṭṭes deg lḥir...

Azekka-nni, akken yuɣ tannumi, yeffeɣ iruḥ... maca mačči ɣer lxedma i yerra, yerra ɣer yiwen n umkan iqubel

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lbatima-nni ideg yezdeɣ. D kra ubedaḥdaḥ ideg rsen yiqudas n waman. Amkan-nni yewɛa s axxam-is. Yeqqim din yessikid deg wid ikeččmen tteffyen, deg warrac yetturaren ; yettaḍsa imi netta yezmer ad d-iwali medden, nitni ur t-id-ttwalin ara acku yedduri deffir n yiqudas. Tikkelt-nni, iwala Feṭṭa teffeɣ-d s abalku, iwala-tt tesweɛday ɣer yiwen n uxxam di lbaṭima-nniḍen anda i d-yettban yiwen n yilemẓi i s-d-yettarran... Cwiṭ akka iwala ilemzi-nni yerra ɣer lbaṭima-nni anda yezdeɣ, yekcem...

Arezqi yerǧa azal n mraw n ddqayeq, yekker yeḍfer-it. Yuli tirekkabin, yewweḍ zdat tewwurt yesmeḥsis dɣa yesla i taḍsa tekka-d si daxel n uxxam-is. Yemmeɣ ɣer lǧib n lbista yeddem-d tasarut tis snat n tewwurt, tin akken i d-iheyya iḍ-nni izeryen. Yeldi tawwurt, yekcem, yesla i taḍsa tekka-d seg texxamt n tguni, yerra ɣer din. Yekcem, yeqqur s yibeddi mi iwala tameṭṭut-is ɛeryan gar yifassen n uqcic-nni i d-yeḍfer… Aqcic akken i d-iwala Arezqi iserreḥ i Feṭṭa ɣef umetreḥ, yebda la yettergigi. Ttmesmuqalen, amzun mraw n yiseggasen i iɛeddan deg ddunit-nsen... Allen n Urezqi urwent-d aldun yerɣan mi d-mlalent d tmuyli n Feṭṭa, dya akken i t-twala la tt-yettxeẓẓir tserreḥ d imetti acku tɣil ad tt-ineɣ ad yernu aqcic-nni. Arezqi yezzi s ilemzi-nni yenna-yas :

- Els iceṭṭiḍen-ik ! Aqcic am win ara d-tekksed seg yimi n lmut, iḥuref

yelsa aserwal, yerna atriku mbaɛd yekkes-it-id acku yetti-t, ad as-iɛawed timelsiwt... Arezqi yenna-yas :

- Awi-d ɛecrin duru...

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Yemmeɣ uqcic ɣer lǧib-is yeddem-d ɛecrin duru, yefka-yas-tent-id. Arezqi yenna-yas :

- Tura, nnejli, acu tettraǧud ? Geffel ! Yeffey uqcic-nni seg texxamt ; ddeqs-zzalla, teṭṭerdeq

tewwurt n berra ḥala tiɣri n warkasen ɣef trekkabin i wumi ara tesleḍ tama n usmicrew n Feṭṭa. Ahat teḍra yid-s am win ara d-tessuksed seg tizi n lmut, ahat ad ibeddel tanezduɣt werǧin ad d-yezzi s akartyi-ya. Arezqi yettmuqul deg tmettut-is, yesteqsay ma d nettat i d nettat neɣ mačči d nettat i d nettat. Ma d Feṭṭa tettru tugi ad tesusem. Yenna-yas :

- Aha ! tura dayen ! Susem ! Yya-d ɣur-i !... Terra ɣur-s s urgagi, yenna-yas :

- Serreḥ tura i tmelḥeft-nni swayes tɣummeḍ tafekka-m ! Aha bru-yas ! neɣ tessetḥaḍ-iyi ? Tebra i tmelḥeft ɣer tmurt, allen-is ttazzalent d imeṭṭi. Arezqi la tt-yettmuqul, yettxemmim : ayenakk i yella yid-s seg wasmi zewǧen, d tikkelt tamezwarut i yas-d-tban tecmet. Amzun akken sser-nni i tt-yedlen yenser, yerwel, yennejla, yenfa deg yiwet n tikkelt. Yenna-yas :

- Els iceṭṭiḍen-im ! ad yi-d-tafed deg usalu. Yeffeɣ seg texxamt n tguni. Ciṭ akka tekcem-d ɣer

tmesrit, targagit ur tekkis ara. Iwehha-yas-d akersi yenna-yas : - Qqim ! rfed-d allen-im, muqel-iyi-d, tiniḍ-iyi-d d acu i

kem-ixussen ? Γur-m ad truḍ... Terra ad tsuɣ, ad tru, tuɣal tessusem, tenna-yas : - Ulac ! Semmeḥ-iyi ay Arezqi ! deg leɛnaya-k... - Xaṭi ! ini-yi-d acu i kem-ixussen ? Limer ur kem-ixuss

wacemma, yili ur txeddmeḍ ara akka.

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- Ulac acu i xusseɣ, di leɛnaya-k, semmeḥ-iyi... Yenna-yas :

- Anaɣ seg wasmi i kem-uɣeɣ, kra ur kem-ixuss... Tferḥeḍ mačči d kra ahat di leɛmer-im ur tefriḥeḍ am wasmi i telliḍ yid-i, ur telluẓeḍ, ur kem-yenɣi usemmid ; ayen akk i tebɣiḍ s tawant i kem-id-yettaweḍ ; kra i d-tesutreḍ xedmeɣ-am-t-id. Ur am-kkiseɣ ara imawlan-im, yal tikkelt i lebɣiḍ ttawiɣ-kem ɣer tmurt. Yal ass ɣur- m i gganeɣ, ur ṭṭafareɣ ara sut iberdan, ur am-d-sekkreɣ ara s axxam, ur kem-ttaǧǧaɣ ara uḥd-m ad txiqeḍ : anda i rriy ad kem-awiɣ. Ayen i yi-txedɛeḍ?...

Tebbejneq d imetti, teɣli ɣer yiḍarren-is, teqqar-as s usnexfet «Semmeḥ-iyi...». Netta yekker amzun mačči d netta i wumi tettmeslay neɣ uɣur teckenṭeḍ. Yeldi leqjer n texzant, yeddem-d lesqa «Scotch», yebbi-d yiwen umur s lemqes, yenneḍ-it i ɛecrin duru-nni, yenna-yas :

- Nek hatan semmḥeɣ-am maca wissen kan allaɣ-im d wul-im ma ad am-semmḥen, kem ixedmen tagi acemma ur t-tectaqeḍ...

Azal n ssmana i iɛeddan, Arezqi ur yeggan ara ɣer tmeṭṭut-is, ur itett ara imensi wala tiremt n tifawt deg uxxam. Yal ass d ssekran, si ttberna ɣer tayeḍ, hala tissit. Itess am win iffuden aman deg unezruf. Maca fad yeggumma ad yekkes, yezga yettnerni... Ass-nni yenna-yas Urezqi i Feṭṭa :

- Heyyi-d imekli i uzekka, ad d-asen yimawlan-im... Awal ur t-id-yerni ara, yeffeɣ, iruḥ ɣer ttberna. Azekka-

nni mi d-ussan yimawlan n Feṭṭa, yefreḥ yes-sen mačči d kra, am zik neɣ ugar. Tuɣ d netta i iceyɛen yiwen uqcic ɣur-sen ɣer

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taddart yenna-yas : Ini-yasen ad d-asen, ɛerḍeɣ-ten-id s imekli...

Iḍulan n Urezqi usan-d s axxam, ur yelli kra i cukken yella-d gar yelli-tsen d urgaz-is. Qqimen mmeslayen ɣef tmurt, ɣef lxedma, ɣef at uxxam... Uɣalen ččan imekli s taḍsa d uqesser. Mi fukken, qqimen deg usalu, yemmeɣ Urezqi ɣer lǧib-is yeddem-d cecrin duru-nni i wumi yenneḍ llesqa yenna-yasen i yinebgawen-is :

- Anwa seg-wen ara yi-d-yinin ansi iyi-d-kkant ɛecrin duru-ya ad as-fkeɣ ayen i das-yehwan ? Tekker Feṭṭa tenna-yasen :

- Ad ruḥeɣ ad awen-d-ssewweɣ llatay... Teffeɣ seg usalu, terra ɣer tenwalt (takuzint), yiwen ur

d-yelhi yid-s imi caxen akk di tteqsir akked Urezqi. Maca teqqim tesmeḥsis-d i wawal d-yellan gar-asen. Yezwar-d umyar (baba-s n Feṭṭa) yenna-yas i Urezqi :

- Ɛecrin duru-nni, iban d tid i k-d-iqqimen seg wayen i k-yefka baba-k, ad yettwarḥem, asmi yedder...

Arezqi yenna-yas : - Xaṭi. Dɣa yenṭeq-d gma-s ameqqran n Feṭṭa yenna-yas : - Ihi iban tufid-tent asmi tellid mezziyeḍ, teffreḍ-tent

armi d tura... Arezqi yenna-yas : - Xaṭi. Dɣa tenṭeq-d yemma-s n Feṭṭa tenna-yas :

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- A mmi ɛzizen, ihi, ɛecrin duru-nni d tid i k-d-yeqqimen seg wayen i k-d-teǧǧa yemma-k ɛzizen uqbel ad tsahel s anda akken ara naweḍ, ad tettwarḥem...

Yenna-yas Urezqi : - Xaṭi. Dɣa yenṭeq-d gma-s wis sin n Feṭṭa yenna-yas : - Dayen isehlen ihi, ɛecrin duru-nni d tid i k-d-

yeqqimen seg lexlas amezwaru i d-teṭṭfed, teffreḍ-tent acku d ayen i d-thellaḍ s tidi n yiyallen-ik...

Yenna-yas Urezqi : - Xaṭi. Dɣa slan i usṭebṭeb deg tewwurt, ṭṭubbnen

yimeẓẓuɣen-nsen akken ma llan deg uxxam. Akken d-yeldi gma-s n Feṭṭa tawwurt, kecmen-d sin n warrac ttcercuren d tidi, lehhten, zzin ɣer Urezqi nnan-as :

- Azzel ! azzel ! ɣiwel ! a Dda Arezqi ! tameṭṭut-ik teɣli-d seg ubalku, temmut...

Aɣbalu : S. Chemakh,

Tasɣunt Timmuzɣa, Un 16, 2008, isebtar 60-65.

* * *

131


ULLIS + IMSEGZI

Tukksa n sser (Nnif)

[Aḍris-a yettmeslay-d ɣef wazal yesɛa nnif deg tuddar n Leqbayel deg lqern wis 19]

Ulac i yettagden am tukksiwin n sser. Argaz ɣef ara yettwakkes sser, abeɛda zdat n tlawin, lmut axir fell-as, wala lefḍayeḥ n ddunit.

D leḥwayem ti ɣef ttmettaten neqqen Leqbayel. Kra yellan ttɛemmiden-as, xeddmen-t, ad ttaweḍ ɣer nnif, ulac din urar. Win ɣef ara yettwakkes sser, aya d ayen akk ẓran, ssnen yimdanen, ur yettirid ḥaca s yidamen n win yekksen fell-as sser. Ulama ulac ay yuɛren ɣer Leqbayel am temgerḍt, mi ara yili tewweḍ akken ara yettwakkes fell-as sser, lmut axir-as wala tudert n ddell.

Ḥekkun-d yimɣaren ɣef zik, asmi llan yimdanen ssnen acu yeswa nnif, ɣef i d-yenna lqanun. Win ara ẓren yečča seg usegres-is am zzayla, yerẓa nnif-is. Ad as-ɛelqen tabarda am uɣyul, ur aken-ɛniɣ, yerna ad t-nfun neɣ ad t-rejmen maḍi. D aymi i d-nenna tukksiwin n sser, tarda-s s yidamen.

Qbel nfaq1 aneggaru, yella yiwen n uxxam d ameqqran n ccurafa deg Ɛmrawa i wimi qqaren axxam n Sidi Crif Ajennad. Deg lweqt-nni, la s tjadit-is, la s leqraya-s, ulac wi


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mechuren am Sidi Crif deg Leqbayel. Yella d netta i d aqerru deg lɛerc. Γur-s yiwen n wakli i d-irebba am mmi-s, ɣef ur iḥeǧǧeb ara. Sidi Crif, ttkabaren akk medden, yella yesɛa sin n warraw d teqcict.

Asmi meqqrit, taqcict tewweḍ d tameṭṭut, tekker teɛceq deg wakli n baba-s armi teɣli yid-s. Kra akka, iban-d fell-as uɛebbuḍ. Ma yella d akli-nni yefhem tin yexdem, yerwel deg yiḍ, ur yeẓri ḥedd anta tamurt i t-yeččan. Akken yesla Sidi Crif s lmusiba i d-yeɣlin fell-as, iceyyeɛ ɣer lɛerc ad yennejmaɛ akken yella ɣer temḍelt. Iruḥ netta d mmi-s ɣer tmeqbert, yeɣza aẓekka. Yiwen ur yefhim i wimi. Lweqt deg i d-leḥqen akk medden, yewwi-d yelli-s gar lɛerc akk, armi d aẓekka. Iɛedda yezla-tt netta s ufus-is. Yekker netta d mmi-s meḍlen-tt. Imdanen akk ad yili akter n walef, ttmuqqulen wehmen deg leɛjeb yeḍran.

Lweqt deg yeffeɣ lexber, fehmen yimdanen ssebba n wannect-a, uɣalen ameẓẓyan, ameqqran ar ttcekkiren deg-s ; yalmi yuɣal, ɣef tin yexdem, ɣef nnif, ttawin-t-id d lemtel ; win yekkren ar wayeḍ yini-yas : «D anifi am Sidi Crif».

Hata wakken tella lḥala n Leqbayel n zik.

Aɣbalu : M. S. Boulifa, 1913, Méthode de langue kabyle – Cours de deuxième année,

Ed A. Jourdan, Alger, isebtar 13 d 14. *

* *

133


Asended1

Seg wass amezwaru mi yekcem ɣer lluzin tamcumt ur yufi iman-is. Wissen anda yexdem kra. Dayen yuɣal umdan d tamacint ur t-id-isaḥ ad yerfed aqerru. Ussan-nni imenza yekkat fell-as uzaylal awal ur t-id-yettali. Ahat d tugdin i yugad ad tt-id-yawi deg berra. Yeɛya deg yiɣimi.

Akken akken yalmi d yiwen n wass, s dat n yimddukal-is merra ccaf-is yebɣa ad t-yerr d ulac. Ass-nni yeddem-it Muḥend Ameẓẓyan seg lexnaq, iḥennec-it ɣer tmacint, yenna-yas :

- Ssya d afell-a ḥader iman-ik neɣ ad d-sneɣleɣ iẓerman-ik.

Deg wass-nni am win icektan i Rebbi. Ass-nni n larbɛa, deg lkantina, akken tessusem cwiṭ tegnit, yekker-d Muḥend Ameẓẓyan. Yezdi lqedd-is akken medden akk qqimen. Iserreḥ i yiles-is ulac algam. Ayen yellan deg tassilt yessuli-t-id uɣenǧa. Iɣez-d kra yellan yeffer. Medden akk ɛelqen ɣer yimi-s Awalen tteffɣen-d yugar asafsar. Yuɣal yiles-is d timezbert deg Wallaɣ-nsen. Yefres-asen kra n wacu iḍuren abrid n tmuɣli-nsen. Tban tidet deg tmurt. Γas aṭas i wen-d-sewwen lexrif deg tefsut, ttarran sseḥra d seksu. Maca ad tenger yemma-twen, d taguni i ken-sganayen. Yak zik ula d aɣrum ur t-terwim. ḥemdet Rebbi, tura kra yellan d ayla-nwen. Teččam, terwam. Akka Muḥend Ameẓẓyan yemmeslay tasaɛet neɣ tɛedda. Yekfa imekli. Uɣalen, yal wa s amḍiq-is.

1 D taganit : grève.

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Tameddit, iqerreb-d ɣur-s Ṭahar yenna-yas : - A Muḥend n twaɣit, tecfiḍ d acu yakk i d-tenniḍ deg

lkantina ? Kra din yewweḍ ɣer tmeẓẓuɣt-nsen. Ad as-qqaren wa mačči ɣer uxeddim i d-yusa ; i uhuddu i wimi i d-yestufa […]

Ammer ur as-d-iɛeyyen ara Ṭahar ahat Muḥend ad yertem mi s-d-sawlen azekka-nni. Yeldi tawwurt s tehri-s, udem n talext iqubel-d Muḥend. Ṭabla teččur d lekwaɣeḍ, wan nig wa. Yenna-yas wudem n talext :

- Ammer am nek ula d alaɛi fiḥel ma luɛaɣ-ak-d, taqsiḍt-ik ẓriɣ amek ara tt-fruɣ acku keč seg yimsedramen. Iles-ik yugar iɣalen-ik. Kra n wanda yella cwal aql-ik din. Kra n tikelt ara yili usendded, keč d amezwaru. Maca, abrid-a d aneggaru.

Cwiṭ akka yessuni-d tilifu, yerfed-it s zzɛef, yesseglef deg-s :

- D acu ?... Tura kan ? Yeǧǧa Muḥend din yeffeɣ. Yekcem-d Dda Rabeḥ,

yenna-yas : - Tesliḍ neɣ werɣad ? Imddukal-ik ugin ad kecmen ɣer

lkantina ḥacama teffɣeḍ ssya. Ixeddamen, nutni, ccna d ubendayer Ɣer tewwura : Walaɣ tasekkurt ! s ufell-a n tzemmurt, argaz-is iruḥ, ibeddel tamurt. Teḥma zedwa. Mi d-yeqqel Dda Rabaḥ yenna-yas :

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- La k-qqaren yiqemqumen ffeɣ ssya, d lawan n yimekli.

Deg lkantina, mi kecmen teḍra yid-sen am warrac taḍsa, anecreḥ. Mi kfan učči yenṭeq ɣur-sen lxuni : Tura mi nečča neswa ad yelhu umesllay. Ay atmaten ass-a d Muḥend, azekka d Ṭaher, wayeḍ d nek… Ad aɣ-ɛennun yiwen yiwen. Ihi, ulac am tagmat ! Ulac am tdukli! Ma neddukel yiwen ur aɣ-yezmir.

Aɣbalu : A. Mezdad,

1990, Iḍ d wass, Asalu/Azar, Isebtar 9, 70, 71, 130.

(Aḍris-a nessamtawi-it acku yettwakkes-d seg waṭas n yisebtar). *

* * ULLIS + AGLAM

Ayen i teǧǧiḍ ad ak-yeǧǧ

Uyaleɣ-d si jjiḥ, wwḍeɣ-d ɣer taddart tameddit n wass, qbel ad yeɣli yitij. Zegreɣ azniq n taddart, tabalizt deg ufus-iw. Ttmagareɣ-d lɣaci, ttmaqalen-iyi-d, meɛna ulac win ssneɣ, ulac win i yi-yessnen. Aṭas-aya segmi i yi-ggiɣ taddart. Tamurt tbeddel.

Wwḍeɣ ɣer lḥara-nneɣ, ldiɣ tawwurt n usqif, kecmeɣ ɣer ufrag ɣef yixef n tfednin, am umakar. D leḥyuḍ-nni i ǧǧiɣ,

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i mazal bedden, d isemmaḍen. Tawwurt n uxxam temdel. Tawwurt-nni ɣef ttɛeddiɣ asmi meẓẓiyeɣ, ur yi-d-teɛqil ara. Texla lḥara. Ɣef umnar n tewwurt, yeṭṭes uqjun ; akken kan i d-yesla i later, yeldi-d allen-is, yesken-iyi-d uglan-is.Ḥebseɣ. Serseɣ tabalizt-iw ɣer Iqaɛa, qqureɣ !

Γer lḥid n uxxam, isenned dduzan d aqdim, yulli-t sḍid, iban ulac win i ten-yessexdamen. Seg ṭṭaq, s nnig n tewwurt, yetteffeɣ-d dduxan, yettawi-d yid-s rriḥa n Iqahwa. Sliɣ i lehdur. Smuzegteɣ ma yella kra ara fehmeɣ, ulac. Yebɛed ssut. Nniɣ-as ahat d lbadna ay heddren. Cfiɣ asmi mezziyeɣ, mi ara d-qqleɣ deg uzniq, selleɣ i yimaw!an-iw heddren s tuffra, ttaggaden ad sen-d-slen lǧiran.

Qerbeɣ ciṭuh. Aqjun yesmezher-d fell-i. Iheyya-d iman-is. Uɣaleɣ ɣer deffir. Ttxemmirneɣ, nniɣ-as ad tafed ulac win yellan sdaxel n uxxam-a. Dayen selleɣ asmi meẓẓiyeɣ i d-yettuɣalen gar wallen-iw. D temẓi i d-yerran ssut. Bɣiɣ ad ssiwleɣ, setḥaɣ. Bɣiɣ ad seṭbeṭbeɣ, uggadeɣ. Anwi i yellan sdaxel ? Anwi ara yi-d-yeldin tawwurt ma seṭbeṭbeɣ ? D acu ara s-iniɣ ma yesteqsa-yi-d ?

Ad qerbeɣ, kukraɣ. Ad qqimeɣ... d axxam-nneɣ. Ɛewqeɣ. Nniɣ-as : lemmer ad d-yeffeɣ walbeɛd, ad yi-d-yini diri win yesmeḥsisen ɣer yixxamen ! d acu ara s-iniɣ ? Rǧiɣ zdat n tewwurt almi yeɣli yiṭij, ulac win i d-yeffɣen. Rǧiɣ almi ḥusseɣ i yiman-iw d aberrani, refdeɣ tabalizt-iw, uɣaleɣ...

Aɣbalu : A. Kezzar,

Tasɣunt TIRA, uṭṭun 02, 2000.

137


IMSENDEH / IMWELLEH

Lqanun n taddart n teslent

Wa d lqanun n taddart n teslent, ɣaf waken llant le D-nsen deg zman amezwaru almi d tura.

1.u. Win yukren axxam deg yiḍ, iban fell-as ayen i yewwi, ad yefk xemsin n teryalin d lexṭiyya i tejmaɛt; xemsin d lɣerm i bab n uxxam. Ad yernu ad yefk azal n wayen yewwi, neɣ ma yella ad t-yerr.

w.2. Win yukren tibḥirt, iban fell-as wayen yewwi, ad yefk xemsa u ɛecrin n teryalin d lexṭiyya i tejmaɛt, xemsa u ɛecrin d lɣerm i bab n tebḥirt. Ad yernu ad yerr ayen yewwi i bab n tebḥirt.

w.3. Win yewten s tmekḥelt ad yefk meyya i tejmaɛt d lexṭiyya. Wa ma yella ur yejriḥ ara yes-s, win akken yewwet. Wamma ma yejreḥ-it, ad yerr ttar-is win yettewten. Alama yeɛfa-yas, imir-nni ad ad yaɣ lḥeqq n yidammen-is, ayen i yas-iqedder lqaḍi.

w.4. Ma yella yenɣa, ayla-s ulamma deg waman, ad yečč lɛerc, ad yernu ad yemmet, neɣ ad yefk ddiya, ma qeblen yimalan n win yemmuten.

w.5. Win yewten s ujenwi neɣ s tgelzimt, ad yefk xemsin n teryalin d lexṭiyya i tejmaɛt. Wa ma yella ur yejriḥ ara yes-sen. Wamma ma yejreḥ yes-sen, ad yerr ttar win yettewten. Neɣ ma yeɛfa bab n lǧerḥ ɣef ttar-is, ad yaɣ ayen iyas-iqedder lqaḍi deg yidammen-is.

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w.6. Win iwehhan s ujenwi neɣ s tgelzimt, ur yewwit ara yes-sen, ad yefk tmanya n teryalin.

w.7. Win yewten s tɛekkazt neɣ s udɣaɣ, ad yefk xemsa n teryalin d lexṭiyya i tejmaɛt. Ad yerr ttar win yettewten, neɣ ma yeɛfa fell-as, ad yefk lḥeqq n lǧerḥ, ma yejreḥ-it. Ma yella ur t-yejriḥ ara, ur yettak wayra.

w.8. Win iwehhan s tɛekkazt neɣ s udɣaɣ, ur yewwit ara yes-sen, ad yefk taryalt d lexṭiyya i tejmaɛt.

w.9. Tameṭṭut ma tɛeyyeḍ s lɛerḍ-is, yewweḍ-d chada ɣer tejmaɛt, ad yefk urgaz xemsin n teryalin d lexṭiyya i tejmaɛt d timecreṭ. Ad ternu tejmaɛt ad terẓ lqermud n uxxam n win ixedmen lamer-nni.

w.10. Win yukren ṭerḥa neɣ taffa deg yiḍ, iban fell-as wayen yewwi, ad yefk lɣerma i bab n ṭerḥa neɣ n taffa. Ad yernu ad yexser ayan yewwi. Ad yernu, ma yeccekta yes-s i umeqran n tejmaɛt, ad yefk ɛecrin n teryalin d lexṭiyya. Ma yella ur yeccekta ara yes-s win yettwakren, ulac fell-as.

w.11. Win yukren lexrif neɣ azemmur neɣ rremman, neɣ tiẓurin, neɣ ddukkar, yeṭṭef-it bab n cci, ad as yefk lɣerm, ayen i t-ihan Rebbi fell-as. Ad yernu ɛecra n teryalin i tejmaɛt d lexṭiyya. Ma ur yeccekta ara yes-s bab n cci i umeqran ur yettak wayra.

w.12. Win yennuɣen d tmeṭṭut ad yefk xemsin d lexṭiyya i tejmaɛt, ama tewweḍ-it tmeṭṭut neɣ ur t-tewwiḍ. Lameɛna ma tewweḍ-it tmeṭṭut ad yefk urgaz-is ayen iger fell-as umeqran.

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w.13. Win yeksan deg uctal, ad yefk snat n teryalin d lexṭiyya ; lameɛna ma yufa-t ṭṭamen neɣ umeqran. Ma d bab n cci i t-id-yufan, ad yaɣ deg-s lɣerm. D acu i d actal ? D azemmur, d tazzart, d tenḥirt, d iger, d taffa, d abelluḍ, d aslen.

w.14. Win iɛeddan i uɛerban n umeqran deg tmuqqint ad yefk snat n teryalin, alamma iserreḥ-as umeqran neɣ ṭṭamen imir-nni ur yettak ara lexṭiyya. Aya deg wayla-s, fiḥel ayla n lɣir-is.

W.15. Win ur neḥdir ara i unejmaɛ ad yefk snat n teryalin. Win ur d-nelḥiqq ara lɛadad ad yefk rebɛa alamma iserreḥ-as umeqran neɣ ṭṭamen.

Aɣbalu : A. Hanoteau,

1858, Essai de grammaire kabyle, - Les principes du langage parlé par les populations du versant nord du Djurdjura et spécialement les Igaouaouen

ou Zouaoua. Suivi d’une note et d’une notice sur quelques inscriptions en caractères dits Tifinar’ et en langue tamacer’t -,

Bastide, Alger, Isebtar 315, 316, 317… (Aḍris-a mazal deg-s aṭas n leqwanen, rnu ẓer isebtar : 318, 319, 320).

* * *

Asaduf agensan n warraz

Amagrad 1 : Amyezwer, yezmer ad yekki deg-s yal amdan i imelken akk allay-is, i yesɛan seg 18 n yiseggasen dasawen. Wid yewwin arraz n twala yezrin, ur zmiren ad kkin deg warraz tikelt-a (tis 6), anagar ma yella kkin berra umyezwer ma tessuref-asen tegnit.

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Amagrad 2 : Arraz yessutur seg yimekkiyen : ad kkin s tutlayt n tmaziyt kan, ad kkin deg sin n yimuren : amur n tira d umur n tmenna ; daymi yessefk ad yili yimekki deg tfaska ass n tmenna.

Amagrad 3 : Isem n yimekki akked tansa-s, yessefk ad ilin uran akken ara teshel tɣuri-nsen ; isem n twacult s yisekkilen irneqqranen, isem uzzig (slid asekkil amezwaru) s yisekkilen imezzyanen.

Amagrad 4 : Ad d-yazen yimekki, ɣer tansa-ya deg wadda, kraḍ n yisefra s umedya uslig. Teɣzi n yal asefru, ur ilaq ad tili nnig kraḍ n yisebtar yuran s uselkim (tehri 14, agerjerrid : 1,5).

Amagrad 5 : Yessefk ad ilin yisefra uran s tira tamirant (tira tumrist n tmaziyt).

Amagrad 6 : Irusfusen i d-yewwɛlen yer warraz, ur ttuyalen i yimawlan-nsen.

Amagrad 7 : Uqbel amur n tmenna yakan, ad yeggal imekki :

- Ar ines usefru i d-yewwi, - Ard ad yeqbel tiytas n tseqqamut akked yigmaɛl n

warraz, ay akken byun ilin. Amagrad 8 : Taseqqamut n warraz, deg-s imusnawen n

tsekla akked yimedyazen. Amagrad 9 : Inesɣuma ad skizlen, ad zemlen, ad

semlen imekkiyen n umyezwer s umyeɛlfer n wuklal. Isefra yal imekki, ad ten-skazlen ma ulac maɛli sin n yinesyuma. Asesmel n taggara ad yili deffir tesnefrut (deg ugraw uffir, war inagan). Anagar kraḍ yimekkiyen imezwura ara yawin arraz.

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Amagrad 10 : Inesyuma n tseqqamut ssebdaden tafrent-nsen yef yisefranen n uskazal. Taggara n tfaska, deffir yigmaḍ, ad ten-id-sissnen iwakken, ma yella wakud, ad ten-yessezri ugraw deg tallumt, ad ten-yessifef.

Amagrad 11 : Win, seg yimekkiyen, yunfen i usaɛḍuf-a (ney ulama i yiwen seg yimagraden-is), ad yeffey seg twala-ya n warraz.

Tiddukla tadelsant Adrar n Fad, tamsuddest n warraz, tessutur seg yal (t)imekki(t) ad as-bedden i usaduf-a, akked tuddsa n tfaska s umata,iwakken ad tedru, ad tɛeddi tfaska deg talwit d tegmat.

Aɣbalu : Tasɣunt n Tiddukla tadelsant n Udrar n Fad,

meɣres 2008. *

* * IMSEGZI

Lemwarba

Xaṭi mexṭa mi ara tafeḍ tameṭṭut n Leqbayel tga ddunit deg uxxam n urgaz-is alamma temmut.

Llant tiggad yettwaraben, lameɛna ttuɣalent, ladɣa ma sɛant arraw-nsent. Llant tiyaḍ, mi wurbent, ur ttuɣalent ara i lebda : ttɛawadent zwaj. Llant tiggad yettaɣen tlata, rebɛa n

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yirgazen deg ddunit-nsent : mi d-wurbent s ɣur yiwen, ad asent-d- sebrun yimawlan-nsent, ad tent-fken ad zewǧent s axxam-nniḍen. Llant tiyaḍ daɣen i d-yettwaraben kul ass : tameddit-nsent tettegray-d ɣer yimawlan-nsent.

Aɣbalu : Y. At Ɛmer U Saɛid,

1947, Yeffeɣ-d deg FDB, uṭṭun wis 102 – 1960 *

* * Tifinaɣ

Tifinaɣ d tira tamezwarut n Yimaziɣen. Tella di tmurt-

nneɣ dat n tira n taɛrabt d tlaṭinit. Tennulfa-d dat n yimir n Massensen. Imaziɣen n yimir-nni ttarun-tt ɣef yeẓra, deg yifran ; ɣef yegduren, maca tigti ttarun-tt ɣef yiẓekwan : ttarun fell-asen isem n win yemmuten, d wi t-ilan, d wayen yexdem di tudert-is akken ur t-ttettun ara yineḍfaren.

Tura, ɣas d imucaɣ i yeṭṭfen deg-s, isul ar ass-a ttarun-tt ; wiyiḍ ǧǧan-tt akk. Macan aṭas i iran ad neqqel ɣur-s, ad tt-id-nessekfel, ad nettaru yes-s. D iseggasen i d-iteddun ara ɣ-d-yinin sani ara teffeɣ taluft-a.

Aɣbalu : S. Chaker,

E.D.B n° 12. *

* *

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Tiqqar

Tiqqar d urar tturaren-t warrac s yiḍarren-nsen, deg tefsut d unebdu. Urar n tiqqar yettili gar sin neɣ aṭas n warrac. Mi ara yili gar waṭas ttilin sin n lesfuf ; zeggen-d yiwen seg rrif, wayeḍ seg rrif, imir-nni ad myebdun d tiyita s yiḍarren-nsen, wa s ubuqeddam, wa s tunḍa : wet ad wteɣ ; mkul yiwen yettḥunu ɣef ssef-is.

Ad uraren ard ɛyun /…/ imir-nni ad ɛeddin ad qqimen, ad steɛfun.


Méthode de langue kabyle – Cours de deuxième année, Ed A. Jourdan, Alger, 1913, p.321.

* * *

D acu i d yir taqcict

Mačči d lebsa, mačči d lmakla i yuɛren ɣef teqcict. Yefka-tt-id Rebbi asmi i tt-id-yexleq ɣer ddunit : yexleq-as-d tamɛict-is ad tɛic alamma d asmi ara temmet. Ur nettḥebbir ara aṭas fell-as : nettḥebbir ammar ad d-teffeɣ d yir taqccit.

D acu i d yir taqcict ? D tin ur nesmeḥsis ara i yimawlan-is, ixeddmen rray n uqerruy-is. Nettḥebbir-as ammar leḥcumat. Tinna ur as-teṭṭiwil ara ddunit. Imawlan-is ur friḥen ara ; baba-s yewɛer fell-as lḥal. Ad yerr taqelmunt

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ɣef uqerruy-is mi ara yeffeɣ ɣer ssuq. Tinna, ttweqqimen-as iniɣem n Meḥyeddin1.

Ad tt-tettu yemma-s am tɛeqqayt n tẓuret, ɛlaxaṭer tafamilt n lɛali, akka i txeddem i teqcicit. Ma d yir tafamilt, baba-s ad yawi tihudit ɣef uɛrur-is am bururu : ur yesɛi ara lmedheb : ad yeḍfi cclaɣem-is. Tura, a Sidi Rebbi sser-aɣ, tesreḍ lmumnin. Dayen ɣef i yas-neqqar : win yesɛan taqcict am win yettwalasen ; taqcict am win yettfeẓẓen uzzal.

Ma d taqcict n lɛali am selɛa irebḥen, d tin yeksen tacebbubt i yimawlan-is2 : yes-s ara sellin deg tejmaɛt. A Rebbi, efk-aɣ-d taqcict s ara nehḍer tafenṭazit.

Aɣbalu : H. Genevois,

Educaion familale en Kabylie, FDB n°89, 1966 (1), asebter, 31.

* * *

Azuzen

Azuzen d yiwen n ssenf n tmedayzt i d-tettawi tyemmat s tjinantin d ccnawi ḥninen, mi ara tebɣu ad tesgen llufan-is.

Anagmay P. Zumthor yefka-d yiwet n tbadut i ssenf-a n teskla ideg d-yenna :

1 D semm. 2 Yeksen tacebbubt i yimawlan-is : annect-a yezmer yabɣa ad d-yini d akken taqcict iḥedqen, imawlan-is ur tteffren ara, sbeddaden iqerray-nsen.

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«Azuzen d yiwen n ssenf n ccna i yessen akk umaḍal… tamedyazt-a tcennu-tt tyemmat i llufan tessdhay-it yes-s akken ad yeṭṭes»1.

Mhenna Mehfoufi deg tektabt-ines i yura ɣef ccnawi iqdimen n kra n tudrin n Leqbayel, abeɛda At Yesseɛd, yefka-d rebɛa n yisemawen yemgaraden i ssenf-a n tmedyazt2 : (Ahuzzu, asberber, azuzen, ashulli.) Ma d Muḥend Akli Salḥi yettwali «Azuzen d ccnawi n usgan n llufan».

Yefka-d ula d netta rebɛa n yismawen i ssenf-a n tmedyazt : (Azuzen, ahuzzu, ashulli, adewweḥ)3. Kra seg yismawen-a ttwabedren-aɣ-d deg unnar4 mi d-nejmeɛ ammud-nneɣ n yisefra, rnu ttwaberdren-d daɣen ula deg yiḍrisen n tmedyazt am wakken ara ɣ-d-iban wannect-a-nni seg yimedyaten ara d-nefk.

Tthuzzuɣ-k ul-iw yefreḥ5. Sberber i lwens-inu. Zuznemt mmi di dduḥ.

Aɣbalu : M. Djellaoui, 2007, Tiwsatin timensayin n tmedyazt taqbaylit,

HCA, Alger, asebter 13.

1 P. Zumthor, 1983, Introducton à la poésie orale, Seuil, Paris, p.88. 2 M. Mehfoufi, 1992, Le repertoire musical d’un village berbère d’Algérie (Kabylie), thèse de Doctorat, Université de Paris, p.262. 3 M.A.Salhi, 2001, « Poésie féminie et poétique kabyle », in Actes du colloque international. Des femmes et des textes dans l’espace magnrebin, Constantine. Expression n°7. 4 Deg kra n tudrin n lɛerc n At Meddur : Slim, Ighil-Zeggaghen, Agentur. 5 Amaru yefka-d isefra d umiden, nekni nekkes-d anagar afyir ideg yella wawal-nni.

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Taεzzult

Taεzzult d ayen tteffrent tlawin i yiman-nsent, ḥedd ur yeεlim. Tameṭṭut, ma tesεa aεzzul, ur tesseεlam yiwen.

Ansi i sent-id-tekk ? Llant tid i yettekksen seg lerzaq n uxxam neɣ seg wayen weεεant : ttfarasent kan. Lameεna mačči ala deg tukerḍa i d-ttekk tεezzult. Llant tid yettrebbin iwtal, tiyuẓaḍ, itbiren, lebrak. Ttcarakent lmal, am tixsi, ara sent-yessefrurxen, neɣ taɣaṭ. Llant tid i tt-id-yetteḥtilin s tfucal n yiɣallen-nsent : zeṭṭent itrikuyen s lijara, izeḍwan. Tiyiḍ, d ayen tteẓẓunt deg tebḥrin-nsent i znuzunt. Llant tid yettḥawacen azemmur, tazart. Acḥal d yiwet i d-yewwin tacekkart n yifelfel, ad t-seɣrent, ad t-gezment ; mi yeqqur, ad t-zḍent d awren : wa, aṭas n lfayda i yesεa. Lḥasun mačči d yiwen.

Taqcict mi ara timẓi, s lxedma-s neɣ deg wayen i s-ttaken, i tbeddu taεezzult-is. Гef lmital, ma tuɣ-d tafruxt, ad tt-trebbi ; mi meqqret, ad as-d-tarew timellalin ad tent-tezzenz […]

Ma d tura, deg wasmi qqarent tullas, xaṭi d tin ara tafeḍ tesεuzzul, ḥaca ma tufa-d yemma-s ; wanag tiḥdayin yeɣran, ur ttxemmiment ara ɣer tεezzult, εlaxaṭer dhant deg leqraya akk d wayen ḥefḍent din. D acu kan aheyyi dayem taqcict tettheyyi lqecc i yiman-is.

Ma tessaweḍ tekcem ixxamen n medden, ɣas ur tesεi ara, yili εewqen-tt yimɣaren, akken yebɣu yili, tezmer i cwiṭ ɣer urgaz-is ara s-yettaken sya ɣer da cwiṭ n yidrimen.

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Laεwam imezwura ur seεεunt ara aṭas, meɛna, simmal ad tesserkad tmeṭṭut tiqejjarin-is deg uxxam, simmal ad tettxemmim ɣer tεezzult-is […]

Lamaεna ulamma qqaren medden diri-t, yella wayen deg yelha. Yiwet n tmeṭṭut akka dɣa d mm uεezzul ; nettat qwant ɣur-s tullas; tijiratin qqarent-as : «Tihin texla argaz-is». Nettat meskint telha kan s lqis ; taxxamt-is, akken yella wass i t-yeksa umeksa. D ssseḥ tejmeε cwiṭ, ayen i wimi tezmer. Asmi zewjent yessi-s, ur tt-yerra lḥewj ɣer yiwet; kulci tejbed-it-id d amelḥan, argaz-is tessafes-as taεkemt, nettat tedḥa-d ur tenneḥcam.

Aɣbalu : FDB,

uṭṭun wis 102, 1969. *

* * 1. Ssebbat n lemwarba2

Acimi ttwarabent tlawin ? Ttwarabent mi ara yili ur

tent -yeɛjib ara uxxam, mi ara yili weɛren yimɣaren, mi ara yili yewɛer urgaz-nsent. Tikwal ula ma yili ur sɛint ara dderya, ur seḥḥat ara. Yernu ula d tilawin, tikwal llant tid n dir.

Hatta yiwen n umedya n lemwarba1.

1 Aḍris-a deg-s d agetsekka : s umata d aḍris imsegzi maca yella deg-s udiwenni akked wullis i d-yefka umaru d amedya. Dɣa yezmer yiwen ad d-yekkes anagar tadyant-nni n Fariza ad tt-yeg d ullis. 2 Lemwarba: seg umyag wareb, anamek-is: mi ara teğğ tmeṭṭut axxam-is ad tuɣal s axxam-sen war ma tenebra. Yella wanda qqaren tuččḥa.

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Tella yiwet n teqcict isem-is Fariza. Meẓẓiyet : ḥḍac n sna deg lɛemer-is. Yessuter-itt yiwen n urgaz ad tt-yaɣ i mmi-s. Abrid mezwaru, yugi babab-s ad as-tt-yefk. Yuɣal yebɣa. Yenna-Yas :

- Ihi, ad as-tt-fkeɣ, lameɛna ur tetteddu ara d tislit ḥaca ma wḍen fell-as xemseṭṭac n sna.

Yenna-yas : - Yerbeḥ. Yuɣ-itt. Heḍren ɣef teɛmamat ? Ttren fell-as lfatiḥa, d

ayen. Akken yewweḍ uzgen n useggas, iruḥ umɣar-is ɣer

baba-s, yenna-yas : - Nekki ad awiɣ yelli-k d tislit. Yenna-yas baba-s n Fariza : - Ala ! Yelli meẓẓiyet, ur tezmir i cɣel, ur tezmir ara ad

tfareq imawlan-is. Amɣar-nni yebɣa ad tt-yawi d tislit, ad tt-yawi. Iruḥ,

yeṭṭef-as madden i urgaz-nni iwakken ad yeqbel. Yuɣal yeqbel, d acu yenna-yas zdat yak n medden :

- Ih, ad cerḍeɣ fell-ak ur d-tettagem, ur d-tettawi taɛkkemt, ur tettruḥu ɣer lexla; melmi i yas-yehwa, ad d-truḥ ad d-terzef ɣer uxxam. Ma d cɣel isehlen, ad t-texdem, ma ulac ala. Ḥaca ma wḍen fell-as xemseṭṭac n sna.

Amɣar-nni, zdat n medden-nni, yenna-yas : - Yerbeḥ, qebleɣ.

1 Tafyirt-a d nekni i tt-id-yernan akken ad d-nessegzi yes-s assaɣ yellan gar usentel d wullis-a i d-yessedda umaru deg tjenṭaḍ.

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Dɣa tedda d tislit. Aggur-nni amezwaru, xeddmen-as at uxxam-is akken yecreḍ baba-s. Txeddem kan cɣel fessusen fell-as.

Akken wḍen cehrayen neɣ telt chur deg tedda d tislit, bdan ttakken-as cɣel am tmeṭṭut : tettagem-d, tettawi taɛkkemt, tettruḥu ɣer lexla, lhasun txeddem am tmeṭṭut tameqrant.

Leɛwam imezwura, tesber ; ɣer taggara, tenna-yasen i yimawlan-is :

- Ur ttɣimaɣ ara ! Tettru kan mi ara truḥ ɣer yimawlan-is. Yemma-s, meskint, tendem imi i tt-fkan ar tekkat deg

uqerruy-is, teqqar-as : d nekkini yakk i tt-ixedmen. D nekkini i tt-yefkan mazal meẓẓiyet !...

Dima kan tettḥebbir fell-as, ma tečča ur tečči ara, ma telsa ur telsi ara. Tasa-s leɛmer tethenna seg wakken tesɛa aɣbel fell-as aṭas.

Tesɛa taqcict-nniḍen tamejṭuḥt : teggul ur tt-tefki ad tezweǧ hacama wḍen fell-as tmenṭac n sna !

Yiwen n wass, Fariza tennuɣ cwiṭ nettat d temɣart-is. Yemma-s, akken i yas-teḥka yelli-s amennuɣ, dɣa tenna-yas dɣa :

- Azekka ad n-ruḥeɣ ɣur-m, ad d-twarbeḍ. Azekka-nni, truḥ nettat d teslit-is, wwint amerkub,

ɛebbant-d lqecc, wwint-d taqcict ; rnant daɣen nutenti d temɣart-is nnuɣent.

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Fariza tefreḥ meskint : tebɣa ad teqqim ɣer yimawlan-is.

Mi d-tɛedda deg uzniq n taddart, tin i tt-walan ad tessiwel i tayeḍ, ad as-tini :

- Hattan Fariza tura i twureb-d. Yemma-s tɛebba-d merra lqecc.

Mazal tewwiḍ s axxam, taddart akk tesla, ta teqqar i ta. Tmanya n wussan neɣ ɛecra segmi d-twureb, at

uxxam-is ṭṭfen-d lejmaɛ i baba-s. Tuɣal s axxam-is. Tettru, meskint : ur tebɣi ara ad tuɣal, lamaɛna baba-s

yessetḥa ad yerr irgazen-nni i d-iruḥen : dɣa yeqbel, rran-tt yijmayɛiyen.

Seg wass-nni, ur d-twureb. Tura rbeɛṭac n sna deg leɛmer-is, terna ɣur-s teqcict.

Tga ddunit deg uxxam-is, tesber, meskint, i tlufa. Ad as-yessufeɣ Rebbi leɛtab ɣer tafat.

Aɣbalu : Quatre aspects de la coutume en voie d’évolution : Abandon par la femme du domicile conjugal ;

Nouvelle des des émigrés ; L’état des orphelins, Le pécule clandestin des femmes.

FDB, n°102, (aleszreg wis 2) 1969 (2), isebtar 5-49. *

* *

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Asegzi n tenfalit «amennuɣ deg yiciwi i yettili»

Iciwi d ayen iḥuz wagus d asawen, gar lǧetta n umdan d leḥwayeǧ : ayen yebɣa bab-is ad t-yaf i lmendad, yettarra ɣer-s, abeɛda tilawin d yimɣaren yettlusun ijellaben. Ma yeqqim bnadem, yuɣal yekker, ma ur yerri ara lbal-is, ad as-d-yeɣli wayen yellan deg yiciwi mi ara yeknu. Daɣ netta, amennuɣ yettili mi ara yerfu bnadem ; mi ibeddel taswiɛt, ad iɛeddi, meḥsub ad yeɣli.

Aɣbalu : Quatre aspects de la coutume en voie d’évolution :

Abandon par la femme du domicile conjugal ; Nouvelle des émigrés ; L’état des orphelins,

Le pécule clandestin des femmes FDB, n° 102, (aleszreg wis 2) 1969 (2), isebtar 5-49.

* * *

Ibn Xeldun

Ibn Xeldun iger irebbi i tsertit, maca yegra-d yisem-is deg umezruy s wayen yura d tussna d-yeǧǧa deg yidlisen-is.

Гas akken yuli-ten ugedrur (uɣebbar) n tatut almi d timiḍi tis XIX, anida i bdan ssufuɣen-d idlisen-is, taktiwin-is qqiment zwarent s waṭas tallit i deg yedder. Гef waya, yenna fell-as umassan V.Monteil «Ibn Xeldun iban-aɣ-d am wakken d anmezray -d ayen yellan- maca yella daɣen d amesnulfu n tussna n tmetti, semmus n tmiḍwin sdat umassan afransis Auguste Comte».

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Taɣerma d uwanek akken i ddukulen ɣer Ibn Xeldun. Di tlalit ad tt-id-yezwir cwiṭ uwanek, acku war awanek ur tettili tɣerma, ma d tamettant ad tili deg yiwen n wakud.

Tudert n tɣerma icuba-tt ɣer tin n wales, acku yebḍa-tt ɣef kraḍ n yiḥricen : tallit n unegmu, temɣer d ufrak, di taggara tewser d ugrireb ! hatan wamek yettwali iḥricen-a deg yidlisen-is :

Di tazwara, ad d-yekker uɣella, ad yessali awanek s yiserdasen n udrum-is. Ssin ad yebnu tamdint tamaynut ara yilin d taɣremt i udabu-s. anabaḍ n tallit-a ad yili gar iεeggalen n yiwen udrum. Taluft-a isemma-yas Ibn Xeldun «lεasabiyya», yerra-tt d ajgu alemmas di tezmert n udabu.

Aḥric wis sin yerza abeddel neɣ tamhezt n tɣerma i d-yettilin di tegti di tallit n ugellid wis sin neɣ wis kraḍ.

Di tsertit, adabu ad ibedd ɣef yifadden-is akken iwulem, asrad (lehna) d tneflit ad d-uɣalen ɣer yal tamnaḍt n tmurt. Assaɣ n «lεasabiyya» ad yeqqers, acku ad bdun ijentaḍen ad kecmen ɣer udabu. Dɣa yenna ɣef waya : «deg uḥric wis sin, ageldun ad yekkes ayetma-s seg udabu».

Di tdamsa, afares n yisufar n tudert ad yali, asnuzu ad yefti, acku tagnit n tsertit ters. Idles d tṭuri ad ǧǧuǧgen di temdinin. Di tallit-a, awanek d tɣerma ad awḍen ɣer tqacuct-nsen.

Deg uḥric wis kraḍ, adabu ad teɣli tezmert-is. Agellid ad yuɣal d asnaraf (d amesbaṭli) ɣef ugdud, ad yessenker ṭṭrad d yiwunak icerken yid-s tilisa.

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D wi i d udmawen n tewser n tɣerma ɣer Ibn Xeldun. Dɣa tamettant-is ur tettεeṭṭil ara ad d-taweḍ, s tnekra n kra n uɣella neɣ s ufus n yiwunak i das-d-yezzin.

Ayen i d-yufraren deg tira n Ibn Xeldun d akken taɣerma ur telli d akemmel ɣef wayen yezrin, maca yal tagelda s tɣerma-ines. Tin i d-ilulen ad tawi yid-s taɣerma ara yemten.

Aɣbalu : H. Belaid,

1996, Tira n Ibn Xeldun, deg Izen Amaziɣ, uṭṭun 6, isebtar 35, 36. *

* * Anamek temɛayt

Asentel-a n tsekla, am yinzan, yella deg tmetti iwakken

ad yemmel iberdan. Sexdamen-t at zik, deg tudrin n Leqbayel, am tmucuha, mi ara d-ttawin lweqt deg wuḍan-nni iberkanen n ccetwa.

Ad d-nesmekti belli at zit ur ɣur-sen ara ttawilat yella tura i usɛeddi n lweqt. Uḍan n ccetwa rnu ɣezzifit, yella ubrid-a yessiwzil-iten.

Rnu ɣer waya, tawacult n zik mačči am tin n tur. Tawacult n zik d adrum. Iderma ilaq-asen ad mlilen ɣas ula tameddit n wass ad mcawaren, neɣ ad myukkasen ɣef wulawen.

Azal wis sin i yesɛa unamek d tterbiyya imi t-sexdamen yimezwura akken ad rebbin neq ad wassin tadfert-nsen ɣer

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wayen yelhan s ttawil n wayen sɛeddan, ayen walan d wayen i yasen-d-ḥkan.

Azal wis tlata d ayen d –nebder deg tezwert. Imezwura ḥeffḍen inzan d tmucuha d temɛayin am win yettrebbin tineqlin, tizemrin d tmeɣrusin. Yes-sent i d-ttaǧǧwen neɣ i d-qeṭṭun mi ara ruḥen ad frun tadyant ama meẓẓiyet ama meqqret. Sexdamen-tent akken ad siwḍen tikti ɣer wallaɣ, d iḥulfan ɣer tasa d wul n win yellan d axsim.

Aɣbalu : M. Imarazene,

2006-2007, Timɛayin n Leqbayel, HCA, Alger, Asebter 22.

* * *

Talɣa n temɛayt

Tamɛayt d yiwet deg tewsatin n tsekla timawit n teqbaylit. Tettas-d, s tuget, s talɣa tawezzlant imi tcuba aṭas ɣer yinzi. Temxalaf ɣef tmacahut acku ayen iɣef d-ttawi icudd srid ɣer tudert n yal ass, isental-ines ttawin-d ɣef tilawt n tmetti.

Tebna ɣef teqsiṭ neɣ tamacahut tamecṭuḥt. Seg-sent i d-tufrar temɛayt am yinzi ; ama deg talɣa, ama deg yinumak. Aṭas n temɛayin i yeqqlen d inzan acku amdan yettaf lbenna deg usewzel n umeslay, dɣa yettekkes i temɛayt taqsiṭ ideg d-tefruri yettaǧǧa-d kan inzi-nni i d-turew.

Temgarad talɣa n temɛayin akken mgaraden yinumak-nsent akked tewsatin ɣef ttmeslayent. Zemrent ad ilint d awal

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yeddan ɣef yiwen n uḥric neɣ sin, maca ur sɛin ara tameɣrut. Zemrent ad ilint d inzi, d afyir neɣ d asefru ijebbden tameẓuɣt s tkatit-ines d tmeɣrut-is, yettawin leɛqel s unamek-is alqayan.

Imedyaten : Tamɛayt-a ttawin-tt-id ɣef lxir ur nettuɣal, neɣ win

yettuɣalen d ixmir imi nnan «Xdem lxir ad ak-yuɣal d ixmir». Tebna d asefru yesɛan tlata n yifyar deg ara naf sin n yiḥricen deg yal yiwen. Ttfakan akken ma llan s yiwet n tmeɣrut « is ».

Lukan yettuɣal lxir Ad yeqqel i tixsi d mmi-s Ay telles deg yilisen Ay tessels deg lɛebd-is Zlan-tt ččan-tt d imensi Ccah i iẓid uksum-is.

Aɣbalu : M. Imarazene, 2006-2007, Timɛayin n Leqbayel,

HCA, Alger, Asebter 10. *

* * Tuddsa timettit n Leqbayel1

Ttufiq, d taddart meqqren neɣ d tixliǧin yedduklen,

ideg yeḥkem yiwen n lamin, yesɛan lejmeɛ yiwen. Taddart tebḍa d tixerrubin, taxerrubt d ixxamen ; ixxamen d lekwanen.

1 Azwel-a d nekni i yas-t-yefkan.

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Mkul taxerrubt yeḥkem deg-s ṭṭammen, ttsemmin yimawlan n txerrubt. D lamin d ṭṭemman d lɛeqal i iferrun lecɣal n taddart. Lamin ur yezmir ad yexdem ula d acemma bla ccwer n ṭṭemman d lɛeqal n taddart, yellan deg yiwen n ttufiq.

Mi ara ilin lecɣal imeqqranen, ferru-nsen d lejmaɛ ideg iḥedder kra n win yettekkin deg ttufiq meẓẓi, meqqer. Ur yettili lejmaɛ ḥacama s laden n lamin

Ttufiq d ayen, am wakken id-nenna, ideg yeḥkem lamin. Ma yella d tama n walbɛaḍ n tuddar, llant texlǧin timeẓẓyanin ur nezmir ara ad kfunt iman-nsent uḥed-nsent, rennunt, ḥesbent ɣer taddart tameqqrant. Llan ttufiqat i yesɛan xemsa, setta n texliǧin. Ma yella ttufiq yefreq d tixliǧin, mkul taxliǧt tezmer ad tili s rray iman-is ama d tamḍelt, ama d timecreḍt. Idrimen n ssadaqa d wid n lɛid, ines ; yiwen ur yettalas deg-sen. Lemkayen ma yella-d fell-as kra n lmesruf neɣ kra n leɛtab-nniḍen yiwen ur tt-yettɛawan deg texliǧin-nniḍen, ama deg temḍelt, ama d lxedma n yiberdan, ama deg waggay n yisulas. Ayen deg teɛzel iman-is, ad tt-ɛezlen wiyiḍ ama deg txessart, ama deg lewqama.

Ur yezmir ad yettekki yiwen deg ttufiq, ḥacama yefka lḥeqq n lɛid deg useggas deg ara yekcem ttufiq […]

Daɣ netta, ulac Aqbayli ara tafeḍ ur yettekki ara deg ttufiq ideg yezdeɣ. Win ur nebɣi ara ad yettekki deg ttufiq n wabɛaḍ n tuddar tewwi-yas-d ad yeffeɣ tamurt, ad iruḥ anda ara yewqem ddunit uḥd-s.

Hata lqanun n taddart akken tella zik asmi llan Leqbayel s rray-nsen.

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S nnig n ttufiq yella udewwar deg yeḥkem lamin n lumna Mi ara ilin lecɣal imeqqranen, inefɛen akk ttufiqat n udewwar, ferrun-ten deg lejmaɛ deg heddren lɛeqal, ṭṭemman d lumna n udewwar. Iwakken ad frun ddɛawi yettilin gar yimdanen d wiyiḍ, ttsemmin tnac n yimdanen, yettɣiman d lamin n lumna, kra n tikelt deg aa sen-d-tili ddeɛwa n yimenɣi neɣ ccreɛ. D ta i wimi qqaren tajmaɛt n tnac. Leḥkem n udewwar akk yettili gar yifassen-is.

D ttufiq neɣ d adewwar, idrimen ttrusun dayem ɣer lukil yettilin sef ssef ur neɛdil ara d lamin. Idrimen n ttufiq ttmeččan d timecreḍt. Ma yella d wid n udewwar jemmɛen-ten i umneɣi ma yella ; ttaɣen-d yes-sen leslaḥ d lbarud.


1913, Méthode de langue kabyle – Cours de deuxième année, Ed A. Jourdan, Alger, isebtar 8, 9, 10.

* * *

1. Гer tala yettfun2

Гer tala yettfun, tilemẓiyin ttruḥunt ad merrḥent s ucrah ; am wakken i d-yella ucrah deg taɣect-nni n ccna yesεan cciεa meqqret.

Ilaq ad yerr yiwen iman-is deg umkan-nsent : nutenti, ur sεint ara tijmaεin am yirgazen, d tala i d tajmaεt-nsent kan ihi. Din, zemmrent ad meslayent, ad necraḥent, ad ḍsent alma

1 Aḍris-a yezmer daɣen ad yili d aḍris n uselɣu (informatif). 2 Yettfun (deg umyag fu ) : tin teɣwa tafat.

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yeččur-d usagem. Гer din, ttruḥunt d tirebbaε, dukkulent lwaḥid, akken i d–myezgent lεeqliya ; s yin daɣ i d-ttawint lexber amaynut, din i ttemyuzzament, din i d-ttemyukkasent tamussni gar-asent.

Nekni, s yirgazen, amḍiq tuɣ tala deg wulawen n yilmeẓyiyen-nneɣ, nessen-it ; s yin akin, ur aɣ-iruḥ wayra deg wayen iḍerrun din. Mi nmeyyez, naf tala d amur deg tmeddurt-nneɣ ; amur-nni teṭṭef tala annect n win teṭṭef lqahwa, tajmaεt neɣ lexla. Yiwen ur yettamen ad tili tudert lemmer ulac tala ɣur-nneɣ. Nekni d wid ur nezmir ad asen-xḍun waman, degmi i nettruḥ ɣef lbeεd i wakken ad ten-id-nagem. Aman-a nesseqdac-iten s lqis, deg unebdu. D ayen yellan : nettcuḥḥu akk i yisafaren yuqan ɣur-nneɣ, nbeṭṭu ten daɣ d imuren… […]

Zik-nni, i d-ttalsen yimɣaren-nneɣ, Leqbayel ur mqebban ara s tmezduɣt ɣef tɣaltin ; imir, ixxamen-nsen mfaraqen, am yibawen ɣef lluḥ, deg tmurt yečča umadaɣ. Yal yiwen yesεa, zdat-s neɣ tama-s, taεwint deg yezmer ad d-yagem. Asmi yulin ɣer tqucac, ttadren-d i wakken ad swen, terra-ten tmara. Iban-ak lḥal ihi, d ayen isehlen i ufham : aman ɣef d-nerwel akken deg tazwara, nuɣal armi i aɣ-terra tmara nettagem-iten-id, deg taggara. Hatan wamek i d-tlul tala.

Ilaq ad nessezwer awal ɣef tala-ya. Yezmer ad tili d targa yettazzalen kra kan n wussan n unebdu ; d taεwint n ccetwa neɣ d tin n tefsut i d-yeffalen seg kra n yidis i wimi bnan medden tidikelt ; d lεinser n tidet ɣef yesberber ugrur, ulmu neɣ aḍil ; d lεinser i d-yezgan deg kra n teɣzuyt teɣwa cbaḥa ; neɣ, ma ulac akk ya, d tala-nni i ssnen akk medden,

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tala yesεan agelmim d usarij abeddis1, tala mm yicercuren n neḥḥas, mm yinebdaden (tigejda) yebnan s tyajurin, mm tɣerɣert i wimi ssan (abeɣli) n ssiman ; ta , d tala n at leεraḍ, tin yebna akken umessali (ubennay) arumi d yiwiziwen n taddart, mačči aṭas aya, zdat n ṭṭemman d lamin n taddart i sen-yeqqlen i lmendad.

Aɣbalu : K. Bouamara,

Ussan di tmurtn, Tasuqqilt n ungal «Les jours de Kabylie» n M. Feraoun.

Isebtar : 116,117, 118. *

* * Abandi

Mi ara ixas bnadem lmesruf, ad yeṭṭef deg wayla-s, ad

iferreḍ2 tiselnin neɣ tizemrin ad idellel yes-sent i win yuḥwaǧen aslen akked uzemmur ; ad msewaqen ; ma ɛedlen di ssuma, ad asent-yezzenz, ad tent-yesɛu d ayal-as ; winna i yasent-yezzenzen, ur yezmir ara ad as-yini : «ur tkečmeḍ ara ɣer da».

Lmal ur yezmir ara ad t-yawi ɣer dinna siwa zzayla ɣef ara d-iɛebbi, tinna ilaq ad tt-yeqqen ḥacam yella lxir deg win i yas-yezzenzen ; lawan n uzemmur, ad truḥeḍ ɣer din ; ma yella uslen, lawan n leḥcic ad truḥeḍ, tjur-a tuɣeḍ, ad tent-tneqceḍ, a tent-tferseḍ ; ur tetttaǧǧaḍ ara afrasen di lqaɛa-nni,

1 Abeddis : seg bedd d idis. 2 Ad iferreḍ : yezmer ilmend n uḍris ad yesɣu anamek n yefren neɣ yebrez.

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imi mačči inek ; ma yeker-ak lḥal ula d keč tzemreḍ ad tezzenzeḍ i win i yak-yehwan ; ma tebɣiḍ ad tent-tezenzeḍ i bab-nsent aqdim, ad t-tecciwreḍ ; ma tnuqmeḍ-t, ad tent-terreḍ1 ad tent-teddelleḍ i wid ara t-iḍurren, netta ad yetteqliliḥ imir-nni ad tent-yaɣ akken ur as-yehwi ara, ad as-d-yesseɣli tuɣmas, ṭjur yuɣ akka ma qqurent ad yeẓẓu tiyiḍ deg umkan-nsent alamma ṭlata n yiberdan ; ma qqurent imir-nni d ayen ; d tigad-a i wimi neqqar ibunda.

Nesɛa yiwen n ubandu di Temdunin, d aḥeccad, yuli-t waḍil ; d amɣar ; ur as-d-yecfi ḥedd asmi yeẓẓa ; d lejdud-nneɣ maḍi i t-id-yeǧǧan ; nettalas akk deg-s ; ula deg At Yeɛqub llan leɛmum ukud i ɣ-yecrek ; sebâa neɣ tmanya n yixxamen ay yettalasen deg-s, At Qaḍi yirkel, win yeḥwaǧen asɣar, ad iruḥ ɣer din ; aḍil-nni ula d netta yecrek, meɛna d imeksawen kan i –itetten ; lukan d ara afen uxxam n At U Ɛezzuz ad t-aɣen, ad t-xelsen ayen ur yeswi ara, meɛna yiwen deg-nneɣ ur iqebbel ad yenz ; abandu ur t-znuzun ara medden alamma tewweḍ-asen ɣer sseḥ.

Aɣbalu : A. Picard,

1958, Textes berbères dans le parler des Irjen, Imprimerie « La Typo-Litho et jules Carbonel»,

Alger, isebtar : 280-283. *

* *

1 Amaru mačči d awal-a i yesseqdec, ur sawḍeɣ ara ad t-id-ɣreɣ, rriɣ deg wadeg-is «err » ilan yiwen n unamek.

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AGLAM

Akli

Akli d amdan yellan d tidet, mačči d win d-yesnulfa wallaɣ. Iεac gar 1929 akked 1980 deg yiwet n taddart seg Yigawawen n lεerc ameqran At Ubeṭrun.

Akken, Akli yettban am tqejmurt. Ikersemmumi si lḥif, maca iqewwa. Gar uqerru d yiḍarren, ur telli ssura : d taxsayt n usendu. Hraw, yeččur abrid.

Abrid n taddart ɣezzif teɣzi n ddunit, yenneḍ, maca yedyeq ddiq n wulawen n lɣaci-s.

Ma yemlal-d Wakli tameṭṭut, alama s yidis ara iεeddi, ad iḥcer iman-is ɣer yiri, dɣa ma tbbub-d taεkkemt.

Tayet tayeffust temmwexxar ɣef tzelmaḍt tehri n ubrid n taddart. Aεebbuḍ-ines yexwa ɣas yečča, yeqber, yettban-d innejmaε. Iḍarren-is d tirukwin inegḍamen ɣer tigad mazal isura, dɣa mi ara yels arkasen n ukawičču, wigad s wayes ineqqec, iferres. Yal arkas iga-yas tifli seg ara teffeɣ rriḥa : Yeḥrec wungif !

Akli yettenneḍ agennur alma iga «rruḍa» tamellalt tesmundel tidi akked wakal ɣef uqerru […] tayuga n ṭaṭṭucin tuqmicin, timecṭuḥin ɣef tigad neggren lecfar. Nnig-sent tayeḍ n timmiwin tunciwin. Inzer-ines annect uyeddid yebḍan ɣef sin am tliwa. Dmuj neɣ leḥnak kkawen, εlulqen d icelbuḍen, wissen ma si tuɣmas yesḍer neɣ si kra n uksum yezwi. Lqewwa-ines yegla-d yes-s asmi d-ilul, d win kan i d aεwin s i

162


d-yegla si tεeddist n yemma-s ɣer ddunit. Seg-s akin ur yesεi aḥric-nniḍen s nnig dderz d usuɣu. Yezga lḥif, yettemderkal d ddunit. Tekkat-it netta yettarra-yas s ucmumeḥ d taḍsa : am win igan ul-is d imensi.

Deg yimi n Wakli, ttbanen-d sin n yiceqfan n tuɣmas deg uɣesmar n ufella, mmyenṭaden almi gan am yiwet n tuɣmest, maca mmalent ɣer tama taṭelmaḍt. Yiwen n uceqquf-nniḍen annect n sin-nni deg uɣesmar n wadda. Tuɣmas i tlala yid-sent d tiberkanin wissen seg wacu ? Akli yexḍa ccemma, neɣ igirru, neɣ ccrab. Yelha kan d laṭ-is, win akken yugin ad t-yeffeɣ. Limmer t-yettu ahat ula d netta ad t-yettu.

Akli d bu cclaɣem. Tayuga ɣef ucenfir-nni azuran ad as-tiniḍ d tazgent n temtunt, igan am snat n teflucin tiqdimin tigad i s-ttḍummun taḥsirt, neɣ am cḍeb n tezdayt tuɣrict leεmer yuli ufellaḥ. Wehmeɣ di tamart-ines, ur tengir ur texlif. Teffeɣ-d teqqim akken ur tegmi ur tḍer.

Akli d aqeddac. Ccɣel-is yezga yefrez. Ma yenɣec taferka tufaf, ma iqedder iqejmyar, ijmeε ticeqlalin, yessazdeg amkan, ma yefres tineqlin cebḥent, d ayen i d tislatin neɣ timnifriyin ass n unebgus (sebεa n wussan si tlalit n llufan), ma yeksa lmal yečča yerwa : daɣ keč yezga yefreḥ mi ara d-yerr lmal s axxam. Ur qqaren ara At Uyaden : yečča lmal yefreḥ bab-is ?!

Lḥasun leqdic-ines merra izehhu win t-yeṭran. Гur-s, ttemzazzalen at taddart wi ara t-yesxedmen. Anwa ara d-isaḥ wakli ?

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D acu kan ur yessin ad yeḥseb, ur yeṭri anga ddan wussan, ur yeṭri ma terεed neɣ tewwet.

Aɣbalu : R. Ouslimani,

2004, Akli ungif, Lezzayer, HCA, Alger, isebtar 2, 3, 4.

* * *

Jeǧǧiga

Jeǧǧiga d tuɣdimt, deg temdint i d-tegma. Tekkat yiwet lḥeṭṭa n yiceṭṭiḍen d ayen igerrzen nezzeh. Amzur teṭṭeggir-it ɣer deffir tutayt, d amubrik, mi ara d-yewwet ɣur-s uẓenẓar n tafukt yettara-d ini s tzegzew aẓrawal am tedmert n ujeḥmum. Γef tenyirt, tunef ɣlint kra n tmettulin n ucekkuḥ ttwagzement ɣer yiseḍra n timmiwin dɣa d ayenni i s-yernan sser n thuski. Tettrebbi ccuca armi ula d inelmaden n uɣerbaz semman-as mm ccuca. Udem-is d ahrawan, allen d timserrin, lecfur leɣẓamen s tebrek d asawen d akessar, amemmu d aberkan am uɛeqqa n uzemmur yettɛummu deg yimelli.

Timmiwin ur d-ttbanent ara, acku tɣum-itent ccuca-nni. Taqemmuct tewzen, ticenfirin s tezweɣ, ur teḥwaǧ ara izriran i wudem. Tahuski-s tagmawit terna-yas aṭas deg sser d wazal.

Aɣbali : A. Nekkar,

Yugar ucerrig tafawet, Tizrigin Yuba Wis sin. Sbt. 66.

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Tamɣart n Setti

Tugna tamezwarut i d-yettasen ɣer wallaɣ, mi ara tt-id mmektiɣ, d tin n umdan ur tessexleɛ tudert. D tin n umdan werǧin yessin tugdi yurzen talsa, s laẓ-is d tedyanin-is.

Ulac ula d yiwen n uwellih deg wudem-is ara d-yemmlen d akken terfa neɣ tennuɣna. Inezgumen-is akk, ɣas gten, ur ten- teǧǧi ad d-fflen. Udem-is yeqqim amzun d win n tlemẓit acku iɣeblan ur s zmiren ara ad tt-sseɣlin. Ula d allen-is ɣef yezga taẓẓult mmalent-d anagar talwit. Imi-s d awezɣi ad d-yeffeɣ seg-s wawal izelgen anagar awal yessujayen win yuḍnen i tessen.

Setti ur tessin ulac. «Yella» d awal yezgan ɣef yiles-is ɣer ugellil, neɣ ɣer umattar ney ɣer yinebgi. Imdanen akk s wazal-nsen, s tunett-nsen deg ddunit. Degmi ur tezmir ara ad tagi i yiwen mi ara d-yessuter deg-s tagella.

Ayen i yi-taǧǧan tweḥḥideɣ deg-s, d tiktiwin-is ɣef medden. Mi ara as-inin wihin yuker, wihin yeǧǧa arraw-is, wihin d aqemmar werǧin ad d-tewwet deg-s. awal-is yiwen : «Meskin, neɣ irad-itt Rebbi fell-as neɣ ah ! A Rebbi suref-asen».

Aɣbalu : Z. Meksem,

Ammud n yiḍrisen n uselmed, i d-sufɣen yiselmaden deg temlilt n

15 ar 17 mayyu 99 Bgayet. *

* *

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Tamaziɣt

Deg tmurt-a, tella yiwet n teqcict isem-is Tamaziɣt. Win ara yilin yid-s ur yettergigi. Ḥemlen-tt akk medden imi yesfa wul-is. Ur tessin ara lekdeb, tidet d ayla-s. Zzin-is ulac tin i t-issawḍen. Treqq am twizet. Lqedd-is d win n teɣzalt, tikli-s d tin n tsekkurt. Udem-is mellul am udfel. Leɛyun-is d wid n ṭawes. Dacu n tqemmuct i tesɛa ! Win ara tt-iwalin deg uzal ad tt-ittargu iḍ kamel akk medden bɣan ad taɣen. Qeblen ad mmten fell-as, acḥal n wallaɣ i tesleb.

Aɣbalu : A. Boutal,

Iẓuran 38, Yennayer 2003. *

* * Taxxamt n Salas

Deg texxamt deg yella Salas, llan rebɛa n wusawen, sin

n ṭṭiqan i d-yezgan ɣef tama n ufella weɛɛan ɣer temdint. Mi ara tbedeḍ zdat-sen, ad k-id-iqabel wadrar n Yicellaven, ɣer tama tayeffust, yella wannar n ddabex n uḍar, ɣef yiri-s d ixxamen n usɣar bnan Yibiljkiyen. Ixxamen-nni d iqehwiyen, derren wa zdat wa, wa nnig wa, seg yal tama yezzi-yasen-d ṭṭerb.

Aɣbalu : B. Tazaɣart, Salas d Nuja. Sbt 07.

* * *

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Muḥend

Muḥend d yiwen n bu leḥnak ur ikeččem ara di tewwurt. Aɛebbuḍ-is ad as-tiniḍ s tadist. Mi ara icennu, yettizwiɣ am ujiḥbuḍ. Tidi ad d- tettcercur, allen-is ad as-tiniḍ ad d-neṭṭgent seg twenza-s, ma d acebbub-is yettembiwil am yiẓerman. Yezga-d akk d yinemhalen n luzin akken ma llan, ulac win ur t-nessin. Hemmlen-t akk. Γas ifeqeɛ, ur s-ttattafen ara tuḥsift. Yerna axir win i t-yesɛan d amdakkel, ad yili Rebbi d ucengu-ines. Di tesmečča d netta i yasen-iferqen tagella. Aṭas i wimi yenna : «Ad teččeḍ ma yegra-d». Win i t-yesserfan ad as-yini : «Aɣenǧa, d abeḥri i d-yettagem».

Muḥend mačči d menwala, yeɣra yalmi yecɛef, ɣur-s agerdas n tusnakt asmi i teswa tɣuri, mačči am tura. Wiyyi i d-yessuffuɣ uɣerbaz ur ẓrin anda ara ffɣen ama s trumit ama s taɛrabt. Ula d tamaziɣt snen kan tin-a n : «ḥemmleɣ-tt teḥmmel-iyi baba-a yugi-yi».


1990, Iḍ d wass, Asalu/Azar, Alger. Sbt. 38.

* * *

Tagrest

Deg tegrest, ussan wezzilit, uḍan ɣezzifit. Igenni d aberkan s usigna, tamurt d tamellelt s udfel. Agris ur yeǧǧi

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amkan anda ara ires. Isekla d iɛeryanen. Aman gersen deg yiɣeẓran, sbedden tikli uɣalan d ijenwiyen.

Asemmiḍ n tegrest iman-is. Kerfen iwaɣzniwen deg teẓgi. Tɣelli-d tsusmi ɣef tmurt; ulac asrugmet n testan, ulac asbeɛbeɛ n wulli. Imeksawen tturaren tiddas deg tejmaɛt. D ussan n ubisar i yemdanen, d walim i i yizgaren. Ameɣbun d win ur as-nḥebber, d win ur nessager i wussan-a. Temẓi tḥebber i temɣer, anebdu iḥebber i tegrest.

Tewɛer tegrest acku ikufan qrib d ilmawen. Imi ayen ara yeffɣen yella, ayen ara d-ikecen ulac. La d imdanen ; ɣer tmes zɣalalyen, ttrajun melmi ad d-tas tefsut.


1990, Iḍ d wass, Asalu/Azar, Alger.

* * *

Axxam n Leqbayel

Ad tkecmeḍ s axxam si tewwurt ; tawwurt-ni tesɛa sin n lelwaḥ, ɣer lǧiha n ufell-a yella wagens d udekkan ; ɣef udekkan llan yikufan d leqsaḍ ; deg wagens yella lkanun, s ddaw udekkan, llan yikwaten srusun deg-sen tasilin, tibaqiyin, tiqedḥin, aḍajin d laḥwal-nniḍen ; s nnig lkanun, tella yiwet n teɛrust srusun fell-as taftilt ; nnig-s tɣelleq tufalt i tɣenǧayin, ɣef lǧiha n yeffus tella tesga ɣef ẓelmeḍ, yella srir, fella-as ay ttarran aẓeṭṭa ; zik asmi rekḍen azemmur d rkeḍ, lberka

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ttarran-tt di tɣemmart d tama n udekkan ; zdat lberka llant leɛǧali ; fell-asent i yettrusu useksut n uzemmur.

Si lǧiha n wadda, tella tdekkant, s ufell-as llan yikufan ; si tdekkant i yettalin ɣer teɛrict, deg teɛrict srusun akk leḥwal ; ayen iḍuren deg wagens, ad t-salin ɣer teɛrict ; tkeččem-d ɣer-s tafat seg yiwen n ṭṭaq d amecṭuḥ ; s ddaw tdekkant yella lemdawed deg itett lmal, s ddaw teɛrict, d addaynin i yizgaren d lmal-nniḍen.

Mi ara teqqimeḍ deg wagens, ad twaliḍ lmal ɣer uddaynin, yesḍilli-d maḍi aqerruy-is seg lemdawed ; ma yečča, teẓrid-t, ma yelluẓ, teẓrid-t ; abeɛrur n lmal yetteffeɣ seg tzullixt ɣer berra, iɣelli ɣer tebriḍt n ubeɛrur ; llan wid ur t-nejemmeɛ ara, yettazzal deg berra neɣ deg uzniq.

Ayen yesɛa bab n uxxam hatan gar wallen-is, ama d lmal, ama d zzit, ama d tazrt, ama d tafellaḥt ; kul lḥaǧa tesɛa amkan-is ; deg yiḍ iɛuss akk ayla-s, ur yettagad ara ad t-akren.

Aɣbalu : A. Picard,

1958, Textes berbères dans le parler des Irjen, Imprimerie «La Typo-Litho et jules Carbonel»,

Alger, Isebtar 286-288. *

* *

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AFUKLAN

Tigujelt

Tigujelt n teqcicit tesɛeb ɣef tgujelt n uqcic. Tewɛer tgujelt la ɣef uqcic la ɣef teqcict ; lameɛna i yecban tigujelt n teqcict, ur telli. Qqaren-s : arrac am yirden n waluḍ ; mi ɣlin ad kkren. Γas ad yili iɛedda fell-sen lhem deg temẓi, ceffun-as mi meqqrit, ad ɛemren, ad zuzzfen lḥif ɣef yiman-nsen. Yella ṭṭmaɛ ad d-ffɣen, ad ifen igad yesɛan ibabaten-nsen d tyemmatin-nsen imi igujilen ur sɛin win ɣef ara tteklen. Ma yella win i yasen-ixedmen ccerr, ceffun fell-as, d lewhayem. Mi yewweḍ ufus-nsen s imawen-nsen, ad as-t-rren i bab-is s umud u lufa1. Ma d lxir akken-nniḍen : win i yasen-t-ixedmen, ad cfun fell-as. Ydḥa-d lḥal ttuɣaḍen ula d arrac mi ara ggujlen, maɛna, ihi, cwiṭ n ccedda. Mi ten-fkan tmentac n sna d asawen, ad zemren i yiman-nsen. Ur cliɛen ara la deg baba-tsen la deg yemma-tsen.

Asyax n teqcicin weḥd-s. Mi ggujlent, ad runt fell-asent ṭjur, ad runt leḥǧur. A Rebbi tɣelbeḍ-aɣ ! Ad tebdunt tlufa si temẓi, awi-d ma ur tt-tewwi akken alamma d temɣer-is. Mi meẓẓiyet, ad teggani ; mi tewweḍ ɣef tizi n zzwaǧ, ur yelli wi ara tt-yessiɛezzen, wala wi ara tt-yesmeɣren deg uxxam-is, imi

1Anamek n tenfalit-a «ad as-t-rren i bab-is s umud u lufa» : ayen i xedmen medden i ugujil, mi meqqer ad asen-t-yerr akken yella ama d ccerr ama d lxir.

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i yessiɛzizen tawellit, d lwaldin-is. Ur tesɛi, meskint, wi ara ibedden fell-as.

D argaz neɣ d tameṭṭut, mi kkren ad mten, i d-ttaǧǧan leɣlila1 : d taqcict. Ad ttwessin ḥaca ɣef yessis-nsen. Ad ǧǧen leḥram d aseṭṭaf, akken i yettmettaten s uɣbel-nsent.

Tigujili ttwaḥeqrent ula deg zzwaǧ. Akken i yas-qqaren : agujil am leḥmegga2 ɛlaxaṭer ala aɛerḍi i t-ineffqen. Ḥaca ma lall-is, yewwet-itt s ubeqqa, yull-itt s wayeḍ3, teffeɣ-d tezyen, tesɛa ssura ; tin, ɣas d tagujilt, ur tetxuḍ ara. Acimi ḥeqqren tagujilt imi ula wi tt-id-ibudden ?

Aɣbalu : Quatre aspects de la coutume en voie d’évolution :

Abandon par la femme du domicile conjugal ; Nouvelle des des émigrés ; L’état des orphelins,

Le pécule clandestin des femmes. Aɣbalu : FDB, n° 102, (aleszreg wis 2) 1969 (2),

aḥric wis kraḍ «Tigujelt» isebtar 1-9. *

* * Awal ɣef usegmi

(Aḍris-a d adiwenni gar kra n wudmawen i d-yessugen

M.S. Bulifa. Yiwen d ccix d arumi, yesselmad deg taddart n

1 Leɣlila : Anezgum ameqqran. 2 Leḥmegga : d aksum i ttaɣen medden s nnig wul-nsen, ttaɣen-t d lemɛawna i win i wimi yemmut kra : d ikerr, d azger,… deg uxxam. 3 Anamek n tenfalit : «yewwet-itt s ubeqqa, yull-itt s wayeḍ » Rebbi yekkes-as seg tama imawlan, yefka-yas-d, seg tama-nniḍen, tihuski (zzin d lemleḥ). Ma d amyag «yull» talɣa-s n unaḍ «all», anamek-is «ɛiwen», amyag-a yekka-d seg-s tallalt, amallal, tasalelt…

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Leqbayel, d netta i d-yettakken akk iseqsiyen acku yebɣa ad yelmed tutlayt d wayen akk yerzan tamurt n Leqbayel. Wiyiḍ d imezdaɣ n taddart. Yal tikelt anwa ara yesseqsi ccix-nni).

Afellaḥ : Ur as qqar ara ṭṭbiɛa, neɣ d ihin neɣ d ihin ; azger ɣer ufellaḥ ay tella. Win yellan d abujad, i yebɣun tefkeḍ-as, ad t yessewser, ad t-yessexser ; xas ad ig Rebbi, yella uzger ikerrez ad yuɣal d amanun. Ma yella d win yuɣen tannumi d lmal, yessen i tfellaḥt akken tella, xas efk-as, awi-yas-d tayuga n yilfan, ad ten-yesseḥret, ad ten-yerr d izgaren imeɛnen, akken yebɣa wul, amzun d akraren. Kulec ɣer tterbiyya.

Ccix : Tterbiyya n uzger n tkerza, cubaɣ-tt am tin nuqcic mazal meẓẓi. Yezga-d gar yifassen n wungif, ḥseb-it ad d-yeffeɣ d ungif. Ma yella yekker-d yetturebba d wuḍrif, hatan ad d-yeffeɣ d uḍrif am netta. Am lmal am yimdanen ; lḥala ideg d-tetturebbaḍ ad tiliḍ deg-s, d bnadem neɣ d lmal.

Meẓyan : D tidet d awal iweqmen ; lemkayen gar-asen yiwet n lemxalfa : yiwen d bunadem ; wayeḍ d lmal. Bunadem yeǧǧa-yas-d Rebbi lefhama, yessen acu ay d taxessart, acu ay d luqama Wanag lmal ur yezmir ara ad yefreq gar waye iqewmen d wayen ixesren. Yessexser ur t-iqerreḥ ara wul-is am bnadem.

Ccix : Allah yehdi-k, ssnen, ayɣer ur ssinen ara. Teẓriḍ aqjun-iw, kra ara s-iniɣ ad t-yefhem. Mi ara refdeɣ tamekḥelt, ruḥeɣ ɣer ssyada, nniɣ-as azzel, ad yazzel ; nniɣ-as xmet, ṭṭes, ad yeṭṭes. Yessen ay xesren d wayen iqewmen. Ad wteɣ lḥaǧa ad teɣli, ad neddheɣ fell-as ad iruḥ ad tt-id-yawi i nek, yiwen ur yezmir ad iqerreb ɣur-s, ad as-tt-yekkes. Tis snat lukan d ur

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yessin ara, acu i d taxessart, yili i tt-yečča neɣ i s-yebra deg ubrid.

Llan yiḍan ay ten-ixussen ala ameslay. ẓriɣ deg tmurt-iw, asmi lliɣ deg Fransa, ulama meẓẓiyeɣ deg lweqt-nni, cfiɣ am wass-a. Yella yiwen deg taddart-nneɣ ɣur-s aqjun, ḥaca-twen, annect n yizem, d aberkan, yesɛa ccɛer d azuran ad d-yaweḍ ɣer lqaɛa. Yesemma-yas bab-is : Totos. Seg sbeḥ ar sbeḥ, d netta i yettruḥun iqeṭṭu-d seg temdint. Mi ara d-yeḥḍer ad t-iceyyeɛ, ad yekker bab-is ad as-yessiwel ad d-y ; ad as-yini isem n win uɣur ara t-iceyyeɛ, ad as-yefk aḍelaɛ, ad as-yernu iccer n lkaɣeḍ ideg yekteb ayen yebɣa, ad inebbeḥ fell-as, ad yekker uqjun ad yerfed lḥaǧa ara s-yefk, ad iruḥ, ama ar uxebbaz, ama ar ugezzar. Netta akken d tazzla alma d taḥanut, ad yekcem. Ur iberru ara i uḍellaɛ ḥaca ma yeṭṭef-it bab n tḥanut, yeddem lkaɣeḍ yellan daxel-is. D aɣrum neɣ d aksum ad as-t-id-iɣum s lkaɣeḍ, ad as-t-id-yefk deg uḍllaɛ-nni ; imir-nni ad t-yerfed s yimmi-s, ad d-yeffeɣ qbala s axxam. Yiwen ur yezmir ad iqerreb ɣur-s. Deg leɛmer yesruḥ lḥaǧa. Acḥal d abrid ad nili neqqim deg lqahwa, nelha d umeslay neɣ d wurar, hata-ya Totos qbala ar bab-is, ad yebdu ad yettinẓi, ad t-ijebbd seg yiceṭiḍen, seg ufus, ad t-yawi amzun d bunadem, ara s-yeqqaren : «rwaḥ s axxam la k-d-sawalen, la k-ttrajun».

Lḥasun aya akk d ayen teẓra tiṭ-iw. Γurwet ad yi-teskidbem deg wannect-a, u llan wiyiḍ iɣelban wa. Afellaḥ : Ur yettili lekteb deg waya. Nek ɣur-i azger yeṭṭafar-iyi am yikerri. Mi ara d-Yeḥḍer ad qqneɣ, akken ara s-siwleɣ ad d-yas iman-is ɣer uzaglu Lweqt n tanalt, ur yeṭṭixir ḥacama fkiɣ-as iniɣman,

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yečča amur-is. Deg tkerza, akken i yas-nniɣ ad yexdem. Aḍref ma yexser, yeẓra-t. Ma yella ɛeddaɣ qerbeɣ ɣer gma-s selfeɣ-as neɣ fkiɣ-as kra, netta ǧǧiɣ-t, ad t-tafeḍ ineffes seg urrif d tismin. Ay ixusen ala awal. Muqel tra, lemmer ur ifehhem ara lmal, ad yexdem akka, ad yissin, ad yefhem ayen ara s-yini, ara s-yexdem bnadem ? Meẓyan : D tidet, ad awen-iniɣ ihi yiwen n wawal, akken i yi-cebba lxaṭer-iw, deg kra i d-yexleq Rebbi ulac i yellan d axeddaɛ d amenkar n leḥsan d lxir am umdan. Ulac win ineḥsen ibeɣlen am netta ; lemmer yettaf ur irebbeḥ yiwen seg-s akin.


1913, Méthode de langue kabyle – Cours de deuxième année, Ed A. Jourdan, Alger, isebtar 71, 72,73.

* * *

Timmuzɣa s tmaziɣt

Asmi d-yeffeɣ wuṭṭun amezwaru n tesɣunt «Timmuzɣa» deg yebrir 1999, nessarem ad nessiweḍ yiwen n wass ad d-nessufeɣ yiwen wuṭṭun n tesɣunt-a s tmaziɣt. Asirem-a-nneɣ n yiḍelli, ass-a yuɣal d tilawt gar yifassen-nwen : Timmuzɣa deg wuṭṭun-ines wis 16 s tmaziɣt.

Uṭṭun-a d uṭṭun n nnmara d nnif ! D uṭṭun n nnmara acku aṭas i yas-yennan, asmi slan s

usenfar-a, belli d awal kan imi urǧin ad nessiweḍ ad d-nezreg tasɣunt s tmaziɣt. Wigad-a, ɣur-sen, tamaziɣt «c’est un objet d’étude» am wakken i yas-qqaren nutni s timmad-nsen

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«Taɣawsa-ya», tella-d yes-s tesɣunt akked yidlisen-nniḍen, imira, tessufeɣ-asen tirga mxalfa i nutni, ma d nekni, tessufeɣ-aɣ leɛtab ɣer tafat…

D uṭṭun n nnif acku yes-s i nessaweḍ ad nessali yiwet n tesɣunt n 166 d asebter s tmaziɣt deg yiwen n wayyur ! «Timmuzɣa» s tmaziɣt nessufeɣ-itt-id i wakken ad d-nini tamaziɣt mačči kan d seksu n yennayer neɣ d tameɣra n 20 yebrir… Tamaziɣt d tudert, d tasekla, d tira, d tayri, d amagrad, d tamedyazt… Tamaziɣt d nekni.

Hattan ihi tesɣunt «Timmuzɣa» s «ta-nneɣ». Teffeɣ-d deg tewwurt n useggas, deg yennayer. Nebɣa-tt d lfal i tmaziɣt akken aseggas-a amaynut 2958 ad yili d aseggas deg waydeg ara yaget ufares s tutlayt-nneɣ, ad ilin ugar n yidlisen ara d-yettwazergen s tmaziɣt ɣef tsekla, ɣef tgemmi, ɣef umezruy… d tutlayt.

Aɣbalu : Y. Merahi,

2008, Tigejdit n tesɣunt «Timmuzɣa», uṭṭun 16, isebtar 7 d 8.

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Talatinit

Ameslay ɣef tlatinit ur yezmir ad d-yili war ma nenna-d tidet-a. Yessefk ad ẓren kra n medden -neɣ ahat ẓran-tt, ɛemden- yettarran timeckukal i gemmu n tutlayt tamaziɣt : talatinit mačči d tutlayt n «listiɛmar». Maca, isekkilen n tlatinit tesseqdac-iten tefransist akken ten-tesseqdac teglizit d ddeqs

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n tutlayin-nniḍen ladɣa tid n tmura n l’Europe. D timura ur d-nekcim tamurt-nneɣ, ur ɣ-d-ḥettment tutlayin-nsent. Temgarad tmuɣli fkan yimnuda d yimusnawen imaziɣen -am Dda Lmulud- i ufran n yisekkilen n tlatinit i tira n tutlayt tamaziɣt d tmuɣli i yas-fkan widen yugin maḍi ad tili tira n tmaziɣt. Deg taɣult n tmusni d tussna, ḥala rray n yimusnawen i yesɛan azal.

Aɣbalu : R. Abdenbi,

2008, «Tamaziɣt di Internet», Tasɣunt «Timmuzɣa», uṭṭun 16, isebtar : 148-161.

* * *

Amezruy

Amezruy-nneɣ yebda kraḍ n yigima n yiseggasen aya war leḥsab n leqrun n wazermezruy. Di 3000 n yiseggasen-a, uran medden s tefniqit, s tlatinit, s tegrigit, s taɛrabt, s tefransist, yiwen ur yuri s tmaziɣt, armi teqqim tmeslayt-nneɣ tḍaɛ deg wakud-nni akk/…/

D taluft-a taqburt i ilaq ad nemḥu tura, ilaq-aɣ ad d-nessemnaɛ ayen akk i wimi nezmer deg wayen i d aɣ-d-yeqqimen seg yidles-nneɣ skud ur iruḥ ula d netta.

Di lqern-a n sant n tmerwin (20) ideg nella, tussna telḥa yezmer umdan ad yesseqdec allalen-is ad d-yessufeɣ idlisen i yas-yehwan.

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Maca axxam ibennu ɣef llsas. Llsas-nneɣ, nekni, d ayen nnan d wayen xedmen yimezwura-nneɣ. D win i d aɣ-ilaqen ad nejmeɛ ass-a.

Aɣbalu : M. Mammeri,

1990, Inna-yas Ccix Muhend, Alger, Laphomic, asbt. 15.

* * *

Tameṭṭut n Leqbayel

Aṭas n wid iheddren, inesxen lektub ɣef tmeṭṭut d lḥala n Leqbayel, nutni ur ssinen acu ɣef llan, wala fehmen ṭṭbiεa n lejdud-nsen, yettwassnen seg wasmi d-texleq yemma-s n ddunit. Гret, steqsit, sani terram, anda tewḍem ad tafem awal yiwen : d ayen yenna umezwaru i yenna uneggaru.

Гef wawal-nsen, ɣef wakken i yasen-tefka tmussni-nsen «tameṭṭut ɣer Leqbayel ur teswi, ur terri ; argaz yeḥseb-itt am nettat am zzayla, ur aken-εniɣ ; ad tt-yaɣ, ad tt-yezzenz am wakken ara yaɣ, yezzenz taɣaṭ neɣ tafunast deg ssuq. Deg uxxam ur tesεi rray ula deg ucemma ; kra ara yili mazal-itt meṭṭiyet, deg-s cwiṭ n lmenfiεa, atan iban; asmi meqret, tekcem-itt tewser, ad tt-εezlen ɣer rrif, ad tt-deqren am nettat, am uqecwal iqersen».

Aya yakk d lekteb. Nekni yessnen akken tella lḥala n Leqbayel, ifehmen, yeṭran acu yellan deg wul n Uzwawi, nezmer ad neggal ur nḥennet belli ulac i yeεzizen ɣer Uqbayli

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am tmeṭṭut-is, εlaxaṭer yeṭra bla nettat ddunit-is tefreɣ, axxam din ur yelli.

Kra n lbaḍna d rray yellan, teεlem yes-s tmeṭṭut. Yak d Igawawen i yas-yeqqaren : «Ulac i yuεren, i nettagd am lehḍur n tsumta». Meṭṭi meqqer, ɣur-sen, yiwen ur yettuqam lḥaǧa melba ccwer n uxxam-is.

Lemmer d lecɣal n rray d ttedbir i yettarran bunadem d argaz, yili amur ameqqran deg Leqbayel yessefk d nutni ara yelsen icwawen, ad ǧǧen iberniyas i tulawin-nsen εlaxater, ɣef wakken nessen neṭra teddun lecɣal, d rray-nsent i ixeddmen.

Kullec ɣef ufus-nsent, ula ma ur heddrent ara deg tejmuyaε akked leswaq, d lehḍur-nsent i iḍerrun, d rray-nsent i ixeddmen s ddaw ufus ; aqerru n uxxam d tameṭṭut, am wakken i yas-qqaren : «Axxam bla tameṭṭut am lebḥer melba lḥut». Meḥsub d lḥaǧa ur nekkmil ara.

Aɣbalu : S. A. Boulifa,

1913, Méthode de langue kabyle - Cours de deuxième année, Alger, Adolphe Joudan, Isebtar 276/277. *

* * Tabrat n yiɛeggalen

Atekki-nneɣ deg tfernin n tikelt-a d abrid-nniḍen ara

yessiwḍen imezdaɣ n tmurt ad d-sbedden, deg tsuddwin n uwanek, wid deg ttwalin ad babben taɛkkemt ẓẓayen n ukemmel n umenuɣ ɣef yizerfan-nsen.

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S uttekki-nneɣ deg tefranin-a, neḍfer ayen yuran deg umagrad wis 11 n tɣerɣert n Leqser : tuɣalin n yigrawen iɣerfanen ɣer yifassen n uɣref d tririt n yisseɣ i yas-yettwakksen aṭas aya.

Tuɣalin-nneɣ ass-a ɣer yimukan i yellan d ayla n uɣref, d imenɣi s wudem-nniḍen i usifer n taɣect n uɣref-a ; i uettekki, sdat n yiɣalen-nniḍen, deg lebni n uwanek ara iressin iman-is s tsuddwin-is d ugdud-ines.

Tikkin-nneɣ deg tefranin-a, ur d-telli ara s shala, aṭas n wuguren i yaɣ-d-yemmugren seg tazwara akken ad aɣ-sfeclen, ad aɣ-rẓen asɣar deg ufus.

Degmi nessuter tamɛiwna seg ukabar n PNSD. Akabar-a yuɣ abrid zeddigen, seg wasmi d-ilul, yexḍa i tkerkas n udabu. Yuklal leqder imi yesɛa am nekni tismin ɣef tmurt.

Aɣbalu : Tabrat n yiɛeggalen,

Elections Législtives 2007. Circonscription de Béjaia.

Umuɣ n tmetti taɣarimt s ufus n ukabar PNSD. *

* *

179


ASUSSEN1 (ADELLEL) Asussen d tawsit n uḍris i sismilen deg tsekka n

ufuklan imi iswi-s d azerrer n umdan neɣ d ajabad-is akken ad yaɣ ayen iɣef d-yella usussen. Ilmend n waya i tt-id-rniɣ deg taggayt-a. Maca aselmad, amedya, yezmer ad yesseqdec isusnen n ssuq akken ad yesken i yinelmaden-is kra n tugniwin n tesnukyist d tmedyazt2.

Tawsit tamezwarut : Asusen n radyu

1. Ssif ilḥeq-d. Asewjed n tmeɣriwin yebda. La grande surface du lac, di ssuq n lfellaḥ n zik n

Yiḥeddaden, tessewjed-d le salon wis sin n leǧhaz n teslit, seg 26 mai alma d 10 juin i d-iteddun.

Ili-ken di ttiɛadd, mreḥba yes-wen yal ass, seg 10 n sbeḥ alma d 10 n yiḍ.

Aɣbalu : Radyu Summam.

1 Asussen : d adellel (publicité), deg ummud-a llant snat n tewsatin : yiwet n radyu, tayeḍ d asussen n ssuq. Iḍrisen n n tamezwarut, skelseɣ-ten-id seg radyu Summam, ma d iṣrisen n tis snat, germreɣ-ten-id seg ssuq n Bgayet, aseggas n 2006. 2 Ma d ayen yerzan tasledt-is s telqi yezmer yimeɣri ad iẓer amahil-nneɣ n Doctorat neɣ asarag ɣef tewsit-a i d-fkiɣ deg temlilit “ Aselmed n tsekla n tmaziɣt s tmaziɣt – Tarrayin d yimawalen’’ i d-yellan gar 07 d 10 junyu 2009, deg tesdawit n Tubiret.

180


2. Les galeries marchandes de l’Atlas i d-yezgan zdat n l’stade ajdid, tessaɛlam-iken d akken tiwwura-s ldint deg wass amezwaru n juin 2003.

Ayen tebɣam ad tafem-t dina s rxa : lmakla-nwen, lebsa-nwen, les cosmétiques akked les articles de ménage.

Les galeries marchandes de l’Atlas, c’est la classe.

Aɣbalu : Radyu Summam. 3. Ma tebɣam ad d-beynem selɛa-nwen. Ma tebɣqam

ad tettwassen lxedma-nwen. Radyu Summam ad ken-tessiweḍ ɣer lebɣi-nwen.

Aɣbalu : Radyu Summam. 4. Ma tebɣiḍ ad taɣeḍ axxam i keč d warraw-ik neɣ ad

taɣeḍ axxam sur plan, cwiṭ, cwiṭ ad tessufɣeḍ tiraga-inek. Tzemreḍ ad taɣeḍ axxam ajdid sɣur un promoteur

immobilier neɣ ma yeɛjeb-ak uxxam n kra n yiwen. Tzemreḍ daɣen ad tikkiḍ deg wahil n uxxam n L.S.P neɣ ad taɣeḍ taḥanut wa ad tgerzzeḍ tamɛict-ik.

Ass-a yid-nneɣ tzemreḍ ad tiliḍ d bab n cci. Tifrat llant ɣer ureṭṭal ara k-iwulmen ɣur-nneɣ. Nekni

la C.N.E.P Banque lbanka n lemlek iqedcen ddima ilmend-nwen.

Aɣbalu : Radyu Summam.

181


182

Tawsit tis snat : Isusnen n ssuq

1. Win yebɣan ad yili labas, yawi abesbas. 2. Win yesɛan afrux, yawi-yas lxux. 3. Ibawen ileqqaqen yerna laqen. 4. Awi lqernun a bu leɛyun. 5. Lubya n Tici i d-yeffɣen deg uruci. 6. Lmandarin i mm teɛyunin. 7. Ččina n Yilmaten, ččem, ɛerḍem ay aytmaten. 8. Awi lɛin ay umɛin. 9. D aḥlawan u d abǧawi win i t-yeẓran ad t-yawi. 10. Lubya n lfuruḥ lhem ad iruḥ. 11. S waman n Tuǧǧa kulec d lfayda.

Tiẓrigin n Usqamu Unnig n Timmuzɣa Editions du Haut Commissariat à l'Amazighité

-o-O-o- Collection “Idlisen-nneɣ” 01- Khalfa MAMRI, Abane Ramdane, ar taggara d netta i d bab n timmunent, 2003

(Tasuqelt Abdenour HADJ-SAID d Youcef MERAHI) 02- Slimane ZAMOUCHE, Uḍan n tegrest, 2003. 03- Omar DAHMOUNE, Bu tqulhatin, 2003. 04- Mohand Akli HADDADOU, Lexique du corps humain, 2003. 05- Hocine ARBAOUI, Idurar ireqmanen (Sophonisbe), 2004. 06- Slimane ZAMOUCHE, Inigan, 2004. 07- S. HACID et K. FERHOUH, Laṣel ittabaɛ laṣel akk d : Tafunast igujilen, 2004. 08- Y. AHMED ZAYED et R. KAHLOUCHE, Lexique des sciences de la terre et lexique animal, 2004. 09- Lhadi BELLA, Lunǧa, 2004. 10- Antoine de St EXUPERY, Le Petit Prince, 2004 (Tasuqelt Habib Allah MANSOURI, Ageldun amecṭuḥ ) 11- Djamel HAMRI, Agerruj n teqbaylit, 2004. 12- Ramdane OUSLIMANI, Akli ungif, 2004. 13- Habib Allah MANSOURI, Amawal n tmaziɣt tatrart, édition revue et augmentée,

2004. 14- Ali KHALFA, Angal n webrid, 2004. 15- Halima AIT ALI TOUDERT, Ayen i ɣ-d-nnan gar yetran, 2004. 16- Moussa OULD TALEB, Mmi-s n igellil, 2004 (Tazwart : Youcef MERAHI) 17- Mohand Akli HADDADOU, Recueil des prénoms amazighs, 2004. 18- Nadia BENMOUHOUB, Tamacahut n Basɣar, 2004. 19- Youcef MERAHI, Taqbaylit ass s wass, 2004. 20- Abdelhafidh KERROUCHE, Teɣzi n yiles, 2004. 21- Ahmed HAMADOUCHE, Tiɣri n umsedrar, 2004. 22- Slimane BELHARET, Awal ɣef wawal, 2005. 23- Madjid SI MOHAMEDI, Afus seg-m, 2005. 24- Abdellah HAMANE, Merwas di lberj n yiṭij - aḥric I, 2005. 25- Collectif, Tibḥirt n yimedyazen, 2005. 26- Mourad ZIMU, Tikli, tullisin nniḍen, 2005. 27- Tayeb DJELLAL, Si tinfusin n umaḍal, 2005. 28- Yahia AIT YAHIATENE, Faḍma n Summer, 2006. 29- Abdellah HAMANE, Merwas di lberj n yiṭij - aḥric II, 2006. 30- Lounes BENREJDAL, Tamacahut n bu yedmim, 2006. 31- Mezyan OU MOH, Tamacahut n umeksa, 2006. 32- Abdellah ARKOUB, Nnig wurfan, 2006. 33- Ali MAKOUR, Ḥmed n ugellid, 2006. 34- Y. BOULMA & S. ABDENBI, Am tmeqqunt n tjeǧǧigin, 2006.

35- Mohand Akli SALHI, Amawal n tsekla, 2006. 36- O. KERDJA & A. MEGHNEM, Amawal amecṭuḥ n ugama, 2006. 37- Ali EL-HADJEN, Tudert d usirem, 2006. 38- Hadjira OUBACHIR, Uzzu n tayri, 2007. 39- Djamel BENAOUF, Di tmurt uɛekki, 2007. 40- Said IAMRACHE, Timenna n Saɛid Iɛemrac, 2007. 41- Mohamed MEDJDOUB, Baba Carlu, 2007. 42- Nadia BENMOUHOUB, Tafunast igujilen, 2007. 43- Ali MOKRANI, Agama s tugniwin, 2007. 44- Fatma ELKOUCHA, Tamedyazt n Yasmin, 2007. 45- Naima HADJOU, Amennuɣ n tudert-iw, 2007. 46- Hocine LAOUES, Gar umqadmu d umnelti, 2007. 47- Omar KHAYAM, Rubaɛiyyat, 2007 (Tasuqelt Abdellah HAMANE) 48- Ferdinand DUCHENE, Tamilla, 2007(Tasuqelt Habib Allah MANSOURI) 49- Slimane ZAMOUCHE, Agellil akk d ineffuten yelhan, 2007. 50- Djamel HAMRI, Anadi di tmedyazt, 2007. 51- Khaled FERHOUH, Ḥku-yaɣ-d tamacahut, 2007. 52- Lhadi BELLA, Awal d usefru, 2007. 53- Omar DAHMOUNE, Agu, 2007. 54- SOPHOCLE, Untigun, 2007 (Tasuqelt Yahia AIT YAHIATENE). 55- Ahmed HAMADOUCHE, Inzan tiqsiḍin, 2007. 56- Ouiza GRAINE, Isefra n tmaziɣt, 2007. 57- Lounès BENREJDAL, Inzan n teqbaylit, 2007. 58- Akli OUTAMAZIRT, Targit, 2008. 59- Mohamed Salah OUNISSI, Tametna n umenzu, 2008. 60- Ramdane ABDENBI, Anagi, 2008. 61- Ramdane LASHEB, Ccna n tlawin ɣef ṭṭrad 54/62, 2008. 62- Said CHEMAKH, Ger zik d tura, 2008. 63- Tiddukla Yusef U Qasi - Si Muḥend U Mḥend, Tafaska n tmedyazt_1, 2008. 64- Sadi DOURMANE, Abrid n tudert-iw, 2008. 65- Dahbia AMOUR, Tudert s tmedyazt, 2009. 66- TANASLIT, Akli n tayri, 2009. 67- Djaffar CHIBANI, Ddeqs-nneɣ, 2009. 68- Belkacem IHIDJATEN, Iṭij asemmaḍ, 2009. 69- Abdellah HAMANE, Tisri n tayri, 2009. 70- Said ABDELLI, Tidwirin, 2009. 71- Said ZANOUN, Bururu yeḥya-d, 2009. 72- U LAMARA, Tullianum, taggara n Yugurten, 2009. 73- Tiddukla Yusef U Qasi - Si Muḥend U Mḥend, Tafaska n tmedyazt_2, 2009. 74- Chabane OULAMARA, Azamul n tmusni, 2010. 75- Mehenna SEHRANE, Awal ɣef yiɣersiwen, 2010. 76- Mohand Ouali KEZZAR, Tibratin, 2010.

Actes de colloques 01- Actes des journées d'étude sur La connaissance de l'histoire de l'Algérie, mars

1998. - Actes des journées d'étude sur L'enseignement de Tamazight, mai 1998. - Actes des journées d'étude sur Tamazight dans le système de la

communication, juin 1998. 02- Actes des journées d'étude sur Approche et étude sur l'amazighité, 2000/2001. 03- Actes du colloque sur Le mouvement national et la revendication amazighe,

2002. 04- Actes du colloque international sur Tamazight face aux défis de la modernité,

2002. 05- Actes des séminaires sur la formation des enseignants de Tamazight et

l'enseignement de la langue et de l'histoire amazighe, 2003. 06- Actes des colloques : Identité, langue et Etat -/- La permanence de l'architecture amazighe et l'évolution des cités en Algérie, 2003. 07- Actes des stages de perfectionnement pour les enseignants de tamazight, mars

2004. 08- Actes du stage de perfectionnement des enseignants de la langue amazighe,

30/31 mars 2004. 09- Actes du Colloque : Le passage à l'écrit des langues et cultures de tradition orale, le cas de Tamazight, 2004. (Voir Timmuzgha N°13) 10- Actes du Colloque : La littérature amazighe : de l'oralité à l'écrit, 2005 (Voir Timmuzgha N°14) 11- Actes du Colloque : Tamazight dans les médias et à l'école : hypofonctionnalité et usages du lexique, 2006 (Voir Timmuzgha N°15) 12- Actes du colloque sur Le patrimoine culturel immatériel amazigh, 2006. 13- Actes du colloque sur Le libyco-berbère ou le Tifinagh ; de l'authenticité à l'usage pratique, 2007. 14- Actes du colloque : L’apport des amazighs à la civilisation universelle, 2009. 15- Actes des Journées d'étude sur l’enseignement de Tamazight, Région Est, 2009.

- Actes de la Genèse de l’enseignement de Tamazight depuis le XIXème siècle, 2009.

- Actes du Stage de perfectionnement pour les enseignants du primaire, 2009.

Revue « Timmuzgha » Revue d'études amazighes du Haut Commissariat à l'Amazighité : N° 1, avril 1999, ----- N° 20, juillet 2009.

- N°10, octobre 2004, Spécial Mohya, Entretien. - N°12, décembre 2006, Tajmilt i Si Muḥend U Mḥend. - N° spécial en Tamazight :

. N°16, janvier 2008.

. N°17, avril 2008.

. N°19, août 2008. Revue « Tamazight tura » Revue en Tamazight du Haut Commissariat à l'Amazighité : N° 1, janvier 2009----- N°4, janvier 2010. Autres publications 01- Chafik MOHAMED, Aperçu sur trente trois siècles de l'histoire des imazighènes,

1997. 02- Annuaire des associations culturelles amazighes, 2000. 03- Idir El-Watani, L'Algérie libre vivra, 2001. 04- Mohand Oulhadj LACEB, La phonologie générative du kabyle : l'emphase et son

harmonie. Tome1, Histoire et fondements d'un débat argumentaire, 2007. 05- Mohand Oulhadj LACEB, La phonologie générative du kabyle : l'emphase et son

harmonie. Tome2, Analyse et représentation phonologique, 2007. 06- Collectif, Mouloud FERAOUN, Evocation, Actes du Colloque, 2008. 07- Catalogue des publications du HCA, 2008. 08- Catalogue des publications du HCA, 2009. 09- Boudjema AZIRI, Néologismes et calques dans les médias amazighs, 2009. Consultings 01- Kamel BOUAMARA, Nekni d wiyiḍ, 1998. 02- Mouloud FERAOUN, Ussan di tmurt, 1999 (Tasuqelt Kamel BOUAMARA) 03- Nora TIGZIRI - Amar NABTI, Etude sur « L'enseignement de la langue amazighe: bilan et perspectives », 2004. 04- Iddir AMARA, Les inscriptions alphabétiques amazighes d'Algérie, 2006. 05- Kemal STITI, Fascicule des inscriptions libyques gravées et peintes de la grande

Kabylie, 2006. 06- Mohand Akli HADDADOU, Dictionnaire des racines berbères communes,

2006/2007.

07- Abdellah NOUH, Glossaire du vocabulaire commun au Kabyle et au Mozabite, 2006/2007.

08- Sadaq BENDALI, Awfus amaynut n tutlayt tamaziɣt, 2007. 09- M'hammed DJELLAOUI, Tiwsatin timensayin n tesrit taqbaylit, 2007. 10- Kamel BOUAMARA, Amawal n tunuɣin n tesnukyest, 2007. 11- Moussa IMARAZENE, Manuel de syntaxe berbère, 2007. 12- M'hammed DJELLAOUI, Tiwsatin timensayin n tmedyazt taqbaylit, 2007. 13- Moussa IMARAZENE, Timɛayin n leqbayel, 2007. 14- Nora BELGASMIA, L'expression écrite en tamazight, 2007. 15- Mouloud LOUNAOUCI, Projet de création d’un Centre de terminologie amazighe, TERAMA, 2007. 16- Zahir MEKSEM, Isuraz n usezdi d tenmeẓla taḍrisant n tmaziɣt : Asnekwu d

tesleḍt, 2008. 17- Mohammed Brahim SALHI, La tariqa Rahmaniya : De l’avènement à

l’insurrection de 1871, 2008. 18- Fakihani TIBERMACINE, Tanast u kajjuf, 2009. 19- Mohand Akli HADDADOU, Introduction à la littérature berbère, 2009. 20- M'hammed DJELLAOUI, تطور الشعر القبائلي و خصائصه, Tome 1, 2009. 20- M'hammed DJELLAOUI, تطور الشعر القبائلي و خصائصه, Tome 2, 2010.

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Tizi-Ouzou Tel : 026-21-07-19 Fax : 026-21-95-40

Iswi n umahil-a d agmar d tesleḍt n yiḍrisen ara yilin ilmendn tsekkiwin yemgaraden. Deg tama, iḍrisen-a ad ilin d allalenisensegmiyen i kra n win yesran i tsekkiwin n yiḍrisen : wid ara d-yessufɣen idlisfusen, iselmaden, inelmaden. Deg taɣult-a ammud-a ad yili daɣen d aɣbalu i yiselmaden akken ad suddsen tugzimin nuselmed ara yessifsen aselmed n tsekiwin n yiḍrisen akkeninelmaden ad siwḍen ad d-snekwun yerna ad semgirden garyiḍrisen n tmaziɣt. Deg tama-nniḍen, ammud yezmer ad yili daɣbalu i yimnuda akken ad gen tiselḍin deg taɣulin yemgaraden :tasnilest, tasnilest taḍrisant d tsensekka taḍrisant akkedtesnalmudt, atg.

Dɣa, ma nmuqel anagar ɣer tixutert-is tasensegmit,ammud-a ad yili d aɣbalu ideg ara yaf yimeɣri iḍrisen arayessemres deg taɣulin yemgaraden. Tamezwarut, ad yili d tala iyiselmaden ideg zemren ad d-kksen iḍrisen ara sqedcen degtneɣriyin acku deg umahil-a llant aṭas n tsekkiwin. Tin ɣur-s,tisekkiwin-a ad ilint d amedya ideg ara ẓren, ladɣa yinelmaden,llant aṭas n tsekkiwin n yiḍrisen deg tmaziɣt ; iḍrisen-a urmgaraden ara kan deg yisental, maca mgaraden daɣen deg talɣa-nsen. Nnig wannect-a, inelmaden ad gzun amek ttwrun yiḍrisen,

ǧǧs.

ayen ara ten-ye en ad awḍen ɣer tzemmar tutlayanin n tegzi dufare

Iswi n umahil-a d agmar d tesleḍt n yiḍrisen ara yilin ilmendn tsekkiwin yemgaraden. Deg tama, iḍrisen-a ad ilin d allalenisensegmiyen i kra n win yesran i tsekkiwin n yiḍrisen : wid ara d-yessufɣen idlisfusen, iselmaden, inelmaden. Deg taɣult-a ammud-a ad yili daɣen d aɣbalu i yiselmaden akken ad suddsen tugzimin nuselmed ara yessifsen aselmed n tsekiwin n yiḍrisen akkeninelmaden ad siwḍen ad d-snekwun yerna ad semgirden garyiḍrisen n tmaziɣt. Deg tama-nniḍen, ammud yezmer ad yili daɣbalu i yimnuda akken ad gen tiselḍin deg taɣulin yemgaraden :tasnilest, tasnilest taḍrisant d tsensekka taḍrisant akkedtesnalmudt, atg.

Dɣa, ma nmuqel anagar ɣer tixutert-is tasensegmit,ammud-a ad yili d aɣbalu ideg ara yaf yimeɣri iḍrisen arayessemres deg taɣulin yemgaraden. Tamezwarut, ad yili d tala iyiselmaden ideg zemren ad d-kksen iḍrisen ara sqedcen degtneɣriyin acku deg umahil-a llant aṭas n tsekkiwin. Tin ɣur-s,tisekkiwin-a ad ilint d amedya ideg ara ẓren, ladɣa yinelmaden,llant aṭas n tsekkiwin n yiḍrisen deg tmaziɣt ; iḍrisen-a urmgaraden ara kan deg yisental, maca mgaraden daɣen deg talɣa-nsen. Nnig wannect-a, inelmaden ad gzun amek ttwrun yiḍrisen,

ǧǧs.

ayen ara ten-ye en ad awḍen ɣer tzemmar tutlayanin n tegzi dufare

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