Strategi Que

7/23/2019 Strategi Que

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Ytratcoqul3

l

h o t o n e

CLPP_ JNBEYNE

DLWAE YIBNKLYPOIBAPH SBOXXOECXNEGPHPOI GPP_

www.stratlcoqul.`oz


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Kl prslet nuvracl lst ka trahuitone hl LRVKNPOEC INPVNPAXL YXPAXLC_ 63

Lhotone, pu`ko par Goeaeioak Xomls/Vrletoil Bakk, Inpyrocbt Yomne & Yibustlr

Lurnpl Komotlh 1??2, Vlarsne Lhuiatone Komotlh 0660, 066


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Xa`kl hls matorls

Kostl hls ias lt okkustratones ROW

Kostl hls sibmas RWO

Ytratcoqul : mnhl hlmpkno RWOOO

Oetrnhuitone

1 Oetrnhuitone ka stratcol 7

1.1.1 Kls iaraitrostoquls hls hiosones stratcoquls 7

1.1.0 Kls trnos eovlaux hl stratcol 10

1.1.9 Kl vnia`ukaorl hl ka stratcol 19

1111....0000 Kl maeaclmlet stratcoqul 1

0. Ohletofilz kls proeiopakls vnkutones prvoso-`kls haes uel oehustrol. Le suovaet kls oes-truitones hneels haes ka slitone 0.0.8 lt le

vnus oesporaet hl kokkustratone 0.9, ta`kosslzkls siearons hvnkutone hl ilttl oehustrol.

9. Wnus vlelz htrl enmm(l) assostaet(l) huhorlitlur cerak hue craeh crnupl pbarma-ilutoqul. Ok vnus hlmaehl hl prparlr ue`rlg rappnrt syetbtosaet koetrt hl ka pkaeo-fiiatone par siearons pnur sne letrlprosl.

8. Le utokosaet ka slitone 0.9, lgglitulz kaea-kysl hls Qulks snet kls ibaeclmlets susilpto`klshagglitlr soceofiiatovlmlet kls inehotones hlka ineiurrleil haes ils oehustrols > Klevo-rneelmlet ineiurrletolk lst-ok pkus gavnra`klhaes uel oehustrol qul haes kautrl >


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IBAVOXPL 0 KLEWOPNEELMLEX 191

tls lt hl gnrils hl ka ineiurrleil. Htlrmoelzlt inmparlz kls àrrorls kletrl lt vakulzkl eovlau hl koetlesot ineiurrletolkkl.

7. Le vnus oesporaet hl ka slitone 0.8.1 lt hlkokkustratone 0.2 :

a) Ohletofilz kls iaraitrostoquls stratcoqulsquo plrmlttlet hl molux hostoeculr klsnrcaeosatones haes uel oehustrol. ta`kosslzka iartncrapbol hls crnupls stratcoquls partor hl ils iaraitrostoquls (uel nu pku-solurs iartls pluvlet trl eilssaorls).

`) Htlrmoelz haes qulkkl mlsurl ka mnòkotletrl kls crnupls stratcoquls lst pnsso`kl.Yo vnus avlz inestruot pkus huel iartlpnur ka mml oehustrol, kls àrrorls kamnòkot snet-lkkls hoggrletls huel iartl

kautrl > Qulst-il qul ilka soceofil >i) Ohletofilz kls lspails volrcls au sloe hl ilttl

iartncrapbol. Inrrlspnehlet-oks hls pnso-toneelmlets stratcoquls voa`kls > Qulkklsiaraitrostoquls uel nrcaeosatone quo oetlr-volehraot haes ils lspails hlvraot-lkkl pr-sletlr >

3. partor hl ka kliturl hls slitones 0.8.0 0.8.8, pnur uel oehustrol hl vntrl ibnox,ohletofilz ue nu pkusolurs slcmlets hl mar-ib haes klsqulks hls prnhuots nu slrvoilssnet prnpnss. Ohletofilz lesuotl kls ikoletsstratcoquls haes ibaqul slcmlet. Qulkklssnet kls nggrls quo rpnehlet kl molux klursattletls >

2. Haes qulkkl mlsurl kls mnhkls prslethaes il ibapotrl snet-oks apprnpros kaeakysl hl klevorneelmlet huel nrcaeosatonepu`koqul nu huel nrcaeosatone ùt enekuiratog > Hneelz hls lxlmpkls.

?. partor hl ka slitone 0.

10. Kls nrcaeosatones hl slrvoil pu`koi hnovlet hpkus le pkus sl prniiuplr hl klurs ikolets lt hl klurs marib . Lxpkoqulz hl qulkkmaeorl ils vnkutones hl klur inetlxtl levorneelmletak pluvlet avnor ue ompait sur klmnhakots hl hvlknpplmlet stratcoqul (vnokl ibapotrl 3) lt sur ka maeorl hnet knrcaeosatone lst horocl, le oesostaet sur karòtracletrl iletrakosatone lt autnenmol (vnor kl ibapotrl 2).


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190 VAPXOL 1 KL HOACENYXOI YXPAXCOQ\L

Pgrleils

1. Vnur uel hosiussone sur ka maeorl hnet kls gnrilslevorneelmletakls entammlet ka cknàkosa-tone oeffuleilet kl slitlur pu`koi, vnor J. Lppoedlt Y. hl Saak, Cknàk oeffuleils ne tbl pu`koislitnr , haes C. Jnbesne lt D. Yibnkls (lhs),Lxpknroec Vu`koi Ylitnr Ytratlcy, Vrletoil Bakk,0661, ibapotrl 9.

0. Blery Moetz lrc agfirml qul ka turùkleil levo-rneelmletakl elst pas pkus klvl aujnurhbuoqul par kl pass. Wnor Craehlur lt hiahleil hl kapkaeofiiatone stratcoqul, Huenh, 1??8, ibapotrl 8.

9. Ilttl aeakysl lxostl caklmlet snus ka vlrsone som-pkofil hl mnhkl VLYX. Kajnut hls gaitlurs inkn-coquls lt kcaux inrrlspneh molux aux tlehaeilsstruiturlkkls aitulkkls. J.-V. Klmaorl lt V.-@. Pug-fieo, Wlrs kLurnpl àeiaorl, Huenh, 1??9, prnpn-

slet uel autrl vlrsone, kl mnhkl VPLYX (Vnkotoin-Pcklmletaorl, inenmoqul lt Ynioak, Xlibenknco-qul).

8. Varmo kls nuvracls quo rlileslet kls oeffuleilslevorneelmletakls, ne plut ineslokklr ilkuo hlO. Snrtboectne lt I. @rottne, Xbl @usoelss Levo-rnemlet, Vrletoil Bakk, 0669.


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IBAVOXPL 0 KLEWOPNEELMLEX 199

mlrclets : klxlmpkl hl ka vnoturl klitroqul , haesknuvracl innrhnee par A. @knib lt H. Maeilau, Hlkohl au marib, Wuo`lrt, 0666. Wnor caklmletA. MiCabae, Bnw oehustrols lvnkvl , @usoelssYtratlcy Plvolw, vnk. 11, en. 9 (0666), pp. 1-17.

1?. Wnor A. @raehle`urclr lt @. Eakl ugg, Xbl rocbt

caml : usl caml tblnry tn sbapl stratlcy , Barvarh@usoelss Plvolw, vnk. 39, en. 8 (1??


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tuhl hl ias

Jurassoi Xnys

Koehustrol mnehoakl hu jnultH`ut 066


155/750

IBAVOXPL 0 KLEWOPNEELMLEX 19 Yoknrcaeosatone el pnsshl pas ils rlssnurils, lkkl slra oeiapa`kl hl rpnehrlaux attletls moeomakls hls ikolets lt par inesqulet lkkl el pnurra pas ineto-eulr sne aitovot. Kls ibaels hl craehl hostroùtone lxoclet aoeso hl klurs

Yibma 9.0 Kl vniaùkaorl hl ka iapaiot stratcoqul

Xlrml Hfieotone Lxlmpkl (atbktosml)

Iapaiot stratcoqul

Iapaiot gaorl il quo lst eilssaorlpnur survovrl lt prnsprlr, cril auxrlssnurils lt inmptleils hlknrcaeosatone

Iapaiot pbysoqul inrrlspnehaet kprluvl hatbktosml ibnosol

Plssnurils rlquosls

Plssnurils eilssaorls pnur rpnehrlaux lxocleils moeomakls hls ikolets lthnei pnur pnuvnor pnursuovrl sneaitovot

\e pbysoqul atbktoqulYuovo mhoiakOegrastruiturls hletraelmletEnurroturl lt inmpkmletsakomletaorls

Inmptleils eilssaorls

Aitovots lt prnilssus quo plrmlttlethl rpnehrl aux lxocleils moeomaklshls ikolets lt hnei hl pnuvnorpnursuovrl sne aitovot

Letraelmlet oehovohulkPcoml akomletaorlVbysontbrapol

Plssnurils ueoquls

Plssnurils quo plrmlttlet hn`tleorue avaetacl ineiurrletolk lt quo snethogfiiokls n`tleor nu omotlr

\e iur lt hls pnumneslxilptoneelks\el ilrtaoel taokkl nu ue ilrtaoe pnohs\e letraelur hl prlmolr pkaemnehoak

Inmptleils gnehamletaklsAitovots quo plrmlttlet hn`tleor ueavaetacl ineiurrletolk lt quo snet

hogfiiokls n`tleor nu omotlr

\el inmòeaosne hl teaiot,hletraelmlet lt hamòtone

Kls iapaiotssluoksnetoehosplesa`klspnur pnuvnoroetlrvleor sur uemarib hnee


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gnureosslurs hls quoplmlets oegnrmatoquls lt kncostoquls hl pkus le pkus plr-glitonees, le ka`sleil hlsqulks ok elst pkus pnsso`kl htrl rgrlei par kluriletrakl haibat.

Hl ka mml maeorl, qulkkls snet kls inmptleils eilssaorlsau hpknolmlethls rlssnurils > Vnur rlprlehrl kl mml lxlmpkl, ue hostro`utlur elxocl passluklmlet qul sls gnureosslurs squoplet huel oegrastruiturl oegnrmatoqul, okklur ompnsl caklmlet hl savnor ka matroslr hl maeorl caraetor ue ilrtaoeeovlau hl slrvoil.

Ok hinukl hl tnut ilka hoggrletls rlmarquls :

Kl eovlau sluok hl iapaiot tleh aucmletlr au inurs hu tlmps, le gneitone hlkvnkutone hls gaitlurs iks hl suiis (vnor ka slitone 0.


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IBAVOXPL 9 KA IAVAIOX YXPAXCOQ\L 18


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0. Inmmlet kls horoclaets hl Vkasin hlvraolet-oks racoraux rsuktats hl ilttl aeakysl hl ka iapaiot stratco-qul >


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enuvlaux prnhuots nu hls prnihurls staeharhosls hakkniatone hl rlssnurils.Lkkls pluvlet ausso sl maeoglstlr par hls maeuvrls stratcoquls majlurls,inmml hls aiquosotones nu hls akkoaeils, cril auxqulkkls knrcaeosatone plut n`tl-eor hl enuvlaux savnor-gaorl. Lkkls pluvlet caklmlet rlvtor ue iaraitrl trsoegnrmlk, inmml ka maeorl spiofiqul hl prlehrl ilrtaoels hiosones, entammletle sotuatone hurcleil. Lefie, kls iapaiots hyeamoquls pluvlet prlehrl ka gnrmlhl ineeaossaeils nrcaeosatoneelkkls leiastrls haes kls rnutoels quntoholeels(vnor ka slitone 9.< io-hlssnus), utokosls par lxlmpkl haes ilrtaoels iorinestaeilshj rleinetrls haes kl pass. Le gaot, ok lst prn`a`kl qul kls iapaiots hyeamoqulsprsletlet hls iaraitrostoquls somuktaemlet gnrmlkkls lt oegnrmlkkls, voso`kls ltoevoso`kls, ompkoiotls lt lxpkoiotls. Datby Loslebarht09a aoeso mnetr qul, hu pnoethl vul hl kapprletossacl nrcaeosatoneelk, ka russotl hls npratones haiquosotonehpleh gnrtlmlet hl ka quakot hls prnilssus gnrmlks hoetcratone hls ineeaos-saeils quo prihlet lt quo suovlet kaiquosotone prnprlmlet hotl, hl maeorl hvlknpplr hls syelrcols lt iapturlr hls savnor-gaorl. Ilplehaet, it hl ilsprnilssus gnrmakoss, ne trnuvl caklmlet hls pratoquls `lauinup pkus oegnr-mlkkls, gnehls sur kls rlkatones oetlrplrsneelkkls letrl kls mlm`rls hls hlux

nrcaeosatones.Au tntak, ok apparat qul so haes hls inehotones rlkatovlmlet sta`kls ok lst pns-

so`kl hl inestruorl ue avaetacl ineiurrletolk partor hl inmptleils gneha-mletakls hura`kls, gail ue inetlxtl pkus tur`uklet ok lst oehosplesa`kl hlmlttrl kaiilet sur ka iapaiot ibaeclr, vnkulr lt apprlehrl, ilst--horlsur kn`tletone hl iapaiots hyeamoquls. Vkus kls iapaiots hyeamoquls cacelethl kompnrtaeil haes ka inestruitone hl kavaetacl ineiurrletolk, pkus klineilpt happrletossacl nrcaeosatoneelk, tuho haes ka prnibaoel slitone, lstgnehamletak.

9999....


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Kls ineeaossaeils nrcaeosatoneelkkls pluvlet inetroùlr gnehlr ka iapaiotstratcoqul. Ilrtaoels rlssnurils snus-tlehlet kls ineeaossaeils. Var lxlmpkl,kaiquosotone lt kl hvlknpplmlet hl systmls oegnrmatoquls inestotulet ueliapaiot sluok pnur hl enm`rlusls nrcaeosatones. Ilrtaoels ineeaossaeils plu-vlet caklmlet hlvleor hls rlssnurils rarls, komacl hls `rlvlts htleus parknrcaeosatone nu hu taklet lxilptoneelk hl ilrtaoes oehovohus qulkkl lmpknol. Klsineeaossaeils pluvlet trl iapturls par hls systmls nrcaeosatoneelks, hls prn-ilssus (tlks qul kls tuhls hl marib nu kls prnihurls haibat) lt kls aitovotsquntoholeels ossuls hl klxproleil hls oehovohus. Kls iapaiots kols aux ineeaos-saeils snet hnei inmpklxls, iausaklmlet amòcus lt inestotuls hl inmò-eaosnes hl inmptleils. Hl mml, kls iapaiots hyeamoquls hl knrcaeosatonerlpnslet sur sa gaiukt happrletossacl gail ue inetlxtl mnuvaet.

Knrsqul kne iblribl lxpkoiotlr kls iapaiots stratcoquls, kls ineilptshapprletossacl nrcaeosatoneelk, hl rlssnurils oetaeco`kls, hl inmptleils lt hliapaiots hyeamoquls snet hnei lxtrmlmlet prnibls. Ilka plrmlt hl snukocelrilrtaoes pnoets utokls :

Kl partacl hls ineeaossaeils lt hl klxproleil lst ue prnilssus lssletolkklmletsnioak quo rlpnsl sur hls inmmueauts hl pratoqul07, ilst--horl hls crnuplshoehovohus quo vnolet ue oetrt mutulk haes kl hvlknpplmlet lt kibaeclhoegnrmatones. Ilka plut prlehrl ka gnrml hl systmls gnrmlks ineus parlxlmpkl partor hOetlrelt, maos ausso hl inetaits oegnrmlks lt hl rlkatones hlinefiaeil. Ka ineeaossaeil nrcaeosatoneelkkl mlt hnei kaiilet sur kls asplitssnioaux lt iukturlks hl ka iapaiot stratcoqul.

Kibaecl hl ineeaossaeils lst karclmlet gaiokot par uel iukturl hl inefiaeil,ko`rl hl grnetorls borariboquls nu gneitoneelkkls trnp plsaetls. koevlrsl, klssystmls gnrmlks, rocohls lt inmpartomlets baehoiaplet kl partacl hoegnrma-tones. Ne plut kokkustrlr sur ue pkae plrsneelk : avli quo slrolz-vnus kl pkushospns(l) partaclr vns lxproleils lt haes qulkkls iorinestaeils >

Kls ineeaossaeils pluvlet prlehrl hoggrletls gnrmls. Odujorn Eneada lt Born-tada Xadluibo03hostoeculet aoeso hlux typls hl ineeaossaeils. Ka ineeaossaeillxpkoiotllst n`jlitovl, inhofil, traesmosl par hls mnyles gnrmlks (par lxlmpklhls systmls hoegnrmatone nu hls entls hl slrvoil). koevlrsl, ka ineeaossaeiltaiotl lst plrsneelkkl, inetoecletl, hogfiiokl gnrmakoslr lt inmmueoqulr.Inmml pnur kls oehovohus, kls inmptleils nrcaeosatoneelkkls eilssotletceraklmlet ils hlux typls hl ineeaossaeils. Var lxlmpkl, ue mneotlurhautn-inkl inehuot sa vnoturl cril sls ineeaossaeils taiotls, maos ok hnotrlinuror aux ineeaossaeils lxpkoiotls pnur gnrmlr kls iaehohats au plrmos.Xnut enuvlau inehuitlur rlnot aoeso hls ineeaossaeils lxpkoiotls, maos hnotlesuotl hvlknpplr sls prnprls ineeaossaeils ompkoiotls cril ka gnrmatone

lt surtnut klxproleil pnur trl rlkklmlet iapa`kl hl inehuorl. @ole letlehu, kls nrcaeosatones net tlet hamkonrlr kl partacl hls ineeaos-

saeils par ka mosl le pkail hl systmls hoegnrmatone. Ilrtaoes hl ils systmlshl maeaclmlet hls ineeaossaeils net t karclmlet pnpukaross par hls iaò-elts hl ineslok. knrocoel, ok sacossaot lssletolkklmlet hl systmls oegnrmato-quls hl rinktl lt haribovacl hl hneels. Ilplehaet, ok lst rapohlmlet apparuqul so ilrtaoels ineeaossaeils pluvlet trl inhofils lt stnidls haes kls àslshl hneels rueols au sloe hue oetraelt, ok lst `lauinup pkus hogfiiokl hl


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rlehrl inmptl hls ineeaossaeils rlpnsaet sur kls oetlraitones snioakls lt klsrlkatones hl inefiaeil letrl kls oehovohus, komacl hl ilkkls quo snet hirotlshaes kokkustratone 9.9. Ilrtaoels nrcaeosatones net aoeso rakos qul kls oehovo-hus quo partaclet ue oetrt inmmue inetnurelet òle snuvlet kls systmlsgnrmlks mos klur hospnsotone afie hta`kor klurs prnprls rslaux hibaeclhlxproleil lt hoegnrmatone. Ylkne ilrtaoes autlurs02, ka trnp gnrtl gnrmakosa-tone hls systmls hl maeaclmlet hls ineeaossaeils plut sl rvklr egastl, iarlkkl komotl kls asplits snioaux hu partacl hlxproleil. Ok lst ikaor qul ils sys-tmls el snet plrtoelets qul haes ka mlsurl n oks gaiokotlet kl partacl hlsineeaossaeils. Klur gnrmakosml el hnot hnei pas klmpnrtlr sur klur gneitone.

Okkustratone 9.9

Ka rglitone hls rnutls lt kl maeaclmlethls ineeaossaeils nrcaeosatoneelkkls

Kls systmls gnrmakoss hl maeaclmlet hlsineeaossaeils pluvlet trl utokls knrsquoks gavnrosletkibaecl hlxproleil lt hl savnor-gaorl, maos oks pluvletausso sl rvklr egastls.

Kl slrvoil hl vnorol huel inkklitovot kniakl utokosaothlpuos hls aeels ue systml maeulk hattroùtone hlstibls. Le tbnrol, tnus kls matoes, kls iaetneeolrs rlil-vaolet uel gluokkl sur kaqulkkl ue ibaetolr taot attroù ibaqul quopl. Haes ka pratoqul, kls iaetneeolrs avaoletahnpt uel mtbnhl qulkqul plu hoggrletl : tnus klsmatoes, aprs avnor riupr klur gluokkl, oks prleaolettnus leslm`kl klur pltot hjluelr haes ue iag n oksrakknuaolet kls tibls le gneitone hl klur lxproleilplrsneelkkl. Oks ajnutaolet caklmlet hautrls tiblspneitulkkls, le gneitone hl il quoks avaolet rlpr sur kltlrraoe kls jnurs prihlets nu sompklmlet le vleaet hliblz lux kl matoe mml. Au tntak, knrsquoks quottaolet kliag, ka rpartotone lt mml kl hlsiroptog hls tibls aiinmpkor haes ka jnurel el inrrlspnehaolet pkus ilquo avaot t gnrmlkklmlet pkaeofi.

Kls rlspnesa`kls hu slrvoil hl vnorol taolet au inu-raet hl ils pratoquls, maos oks avaolet fieo par kls aiilptlr.Ilplehaet, uel prlssone irnossaetl sur ka rhuitone hlsints hletrltole hls rnutls pnussa rlinesohrlr kasotuatone. Vlrsuahs qul ka rakkniatone oegnrmlkkl hls

tibls taot uel snuril hoelgfiioleil, kls rlspnesa`klsibarcrlet ue iaòelt hl ineslok hl rnrcaeoslr kl sys-tml. Kls inesuktaets rlinmmaehrlet kutokosatone huesystml oegnrmatos hakkniatone hls tibls. Il systmlplrmlttaot entammlet hl rplrtnrolr kls `lsnoes,hoegnrmlr kls slrvoils hu pkaeeoec lt hl ka kncostoqul surkls travaux lgglitulr lt hl inetrklr kavaeil hl iba-qul ibaetolr. Kls inesuktaets snukocerlet caklmlet

qul kl tlmps pass ibaqul matoe haes kl iag taot ueintlux caspokkacl. Aprs hls ecnioatones bnukluslsavli kl syehoiat, ilttl pratoqul gut hnei aàehneel lt

kl enuvlau systml mos le pkail.Au `nut hl qulkquls mnos, kls rlspnesa`kls gurlet

ilplehaet gnris hl inestatlr qul ka prnhuitovot huslrvoil avaot le gaot hikoe avli koetrnhuitone hu sys-tml oegnrmatos. Oks eavaolet pas rakos qulk pnoet karakkniatone oegnrmlkkl hls tibls haes kl iag plrmlt-taot le gaot hibaeclr kls ineeaossaeils trs spiofiqulshls iaetneeolrs huel maeorl ka gnos lgfiiail lt lgfi-ioletl. Vnur autaet, ils ineeaossaeils avaolet t plr-huls le craehl partol, maos pas le tntakot. Le lgglt, klpartacl oegnrmlk plrsostaot tnujnurs. Mml so kls pltotshjluelrs haes kl iag avaolet ilss, kls iaetneeolrs lux-mmls avaolet oestaur ue systml oegnrmatoqul parak-

kkl : oks tkpbneaolet au iag tnut au knec hl ka jnurelpnur soceaklr hls tibls ene pkaeofils, quo taolet lerl-costrls sur ue volok nrhoeatlur pnrta`kl. Il systml taotilplehaet ompargaot, iar kls quopls el pnuvaolet pasprlehrl ineeaossaeil hls tibls suppkmletaorls avaethl sl rlehrl sur klurs ibaetolrs ngfiiolks, il quo lmp-ibaot hl kls traotlr tnutls. Hl gaot, kls iaetneeolrs rlcrlt-taolet klur aeioleel mtbnhl, slkne lux `lauinup pkuspratoqul.

Qulstones

1. Hl qulkkl autrl maeorl kls rlspnesa`kls auraolet-okspu lssaylr hamkonrlr klgfiioleil >

0. Vleslz uel sotuatone haes kaqulkkl vnus partaclzhls ineeaossaeils avli hautrls oehovohus. Ohletofilzqulks kmlets hl ils ineeaossaeils pnurraolet trlsystmatoqulmlet inhofis lt rioprnqulmlet kls-qulks slraolet plrhus le ias hl rlinurs ue systmlgnrmakos.


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Var aokklurs, pkus kls systmls hl maeaclmlet hls ineeaossaeils snet gnrmakoss,pkus kls ineeaossaeils rosqulet hl hlvleor voso`kls par kls ineiurrlets lt hneipkus aosmlet omota`kls. Yo kls ineeaossaeils pluvlet trl inhofils, lkkls plu-vlet pkus gaioklmlet trl inpols, il quo klur rltorl tnut oetrt le tlrmls havae-tacl ineiurrletolk. Kl vrota`kl avaetacl ineiurrletolk rlpnsl hnei pkus sur klsineeaossaeils taiotls qul sur kls ineeaossaeils lxpkoiotls, il quo soceofil quokgaut utokoslr avli pruhleil ilrtaoels tlibenkncols hl koegnrmatone entammletkoetlkkocleil artofiiolkkl lt kls systmls lxplrts iar lkkls pluvlet aohlr inhofilrkls ineeaossaeils ompkoiotls, il quo rleh aiilsso`kls tnus kls ineiurrlets hlsinmptleils autrlgnos hostoeitovls.

9999....7777 Kl hoacenstoi hl ka iapaiot stratcoqulJusquoio haes il ibapotrl, enus avnes lxpkoqu il qulst ka iapaiot stratcoqul ltkls ineilpts quo kuo snet assnios. Ilplehaet, kls stratcls hnovlet akklr au-hlk hlils ineilpts afie hl inmprlehrl pkus spiofiqulmlet inmmlet kls iapaiots stra-tcoquls quo snus-tlehlet kavaetacl ineiurrletolk pluvlet trl aeakysls. Ilst ilqul enus akknes vnor haes ilttl slitone.

9999....7777....1111 Ka ibael hl vaklur lt ka fikorl

Yo kls nrcaeosatones iblriblet n`tleor ue avaetacl ineiurrletolk le prnpnsaetuel vaklur klurs ikolets, lkkls hnovlet inmprlehrl inmmlet ilttl vaklur lst irlnu plrhul. Haes ilttl nptoqul, kls ineilpts hl ibael hl vaklur lt hl fikorl snetgnehamletaux.

Ka ibael hl vaklurKa ibael hl vaklurhirot kls hoggrletls tapls plrmlttaet uel nrcaeosatone hl

cerlr hl ka vaklur pnur sls ikolets. Ilst kl int hl ils hoggrletls aitovots lt kavaklur qulkkls irlet quo htlrmoelet kavaetacl ineiurrletolk hl knrcaeosatone.Haes ilttl nptoqul, kn`jlitog hl tnutl letrlprosl inesostl hfieor uel ibaelhaitovots kuo plrmlttaet hl irlr hl ka vaklur au-hlk hl sls ints. Kl ineilpt hlibael hl vaklur a t hvlknpp par Moibalk Vnrtlr0?haes kl iahrl hls stratcolsineiurrletolkkls.

Kl sibma 9.7 prsletl ka ibael hl vaklur huel nrcaeosatone. Kls gneitones pro-maorls, quo assurlet knggrl hl prnhuots nu hl slrvoils, snet horlitlmlet ompkoqulshaes ka iratone hl vaklur. Lkkls pluvlet trl rpartols le ioeq iatcnrols : kls apprn-vosoneelmlets, ka prnhuitone, ka kncostoqul, ka inmmlrioakosatone lt kls slrvoils.

Kls apprnvosoneelmlets96ineilrelet kls prnilssus haiquosotone hls rlssnurils

quo plrmlttlet hl prnhuorl knggrl hl `oles nu hl slrvoils. il eovlau, ka ira-tone hl vaklur rlpnsl avaet tnut sur ka sklitone hl matroaux, inmpnsaets nusnus-leslm`kls quo slrnet vaknross par kl ikolet fieak.

Kaprnhuitoneutokosl ils matorls prlmorls lt ils inmpnsaets afie hn`tleor klprnhuot nu slrvoil : traesgnrmatone, asslm`kacl, lm`akkacl, vrofiiatone, lti.Lkkl ajnutl hl ka vaklur au travlrs hl ka quakot plrul par kl ikolet.

Ka kncostoqul91 rlcrnupl ka maeutletone, ka clstone hls stnids, kl traespnrt, kakovraosne, lti. Haes kl ias hl slrvoils, ka kncostoqul inesostl assurlr ka rleinetrl

Ka i ael l

vaklurhirot klshoggrletls taplsquo htlrmoelet kaiapaiot huelnrcaeosatone n`tleor ueavaetaclineiurrletolk leprnpnsaet uelnggrl vaknrosl parsls ikolets

Klsgneitones

romaorlsassurlet knggrl hlprnhuots nu hlslrvoils lt snethnei horlitlmletompkoquls haes kairatone hl vaklur


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letrl kl ikolet lt knggrl. Ka kncostoqul inetroùl kajnut hl vaklur entammlet lerhuosaet kls hkaos hl rpnesl aux inmmaehls.

Ka inmmlrioakosatone assurl kls mnyles par klsqulks kls prnhuots nu slrvoils

snet prnpnss aux ikolets nu aux usaclrs. Ilka oeikut ka vletl lt kl mardltoec.Haes kls slrvoils pu`kois, kls rslaux hl inmmueoiatone quo plrmlttlet auxusaclrs haiihlr aux slrvoils prnpnss snet ceraklmlet htlrmoeaets. Klmardltoec ajnutl hl ka vaklur entammlet au travlrs hl ka inestruitone hlkomacl nu hl ka rputatone, aknrs qul ka vletl hnot trl iapa`kl hl inevaoeirlkls ikolets hls avaetacls hl knggrl.

Kls slrvoilsoeikulet kls aitovots quo aiirnosslet nu maoetoleelet ka vaklur hueòle nu hue slrvoil, inmml koestakkatone, ka rparatone, ka gnrmatone lt kagnureoturl hl poils htaibls.

Kls gneitones promaorls èfiiolet hu suppnrt hls gneitones hl snutole. Klsgneitones hl snutole amkonrlet klgfiiaiot nu klgfiioleil hls gneitones pro-maorls. Lkkls pluvlet trl rlcrnupls le trnos iatcnrols.

Kl hvlknpplmlet tlibenkncoqul. Xnutls kls nrcaeosatones utokoslet uel tlibenkn-col, mml sok sacot hue savnor-gaorl ommatrolk (ecnioatone, inmmueoiatone,lti.). Kls tlibenkncols htlrmoeaetls snet ilkkls quo snet horlitlmlet kols kaineilptone lt au hvlknpplmlet hls prnhuots, hls prnihs nu huel rlssnurilpartoiukorl (par lxlmpkl kamkonratone huel matorl prlmorl). Ilttl gneitonelst lssletolkkl au maoetole hl ka iapaiot hoeenvatone huel nrcaeosatone.

Yibma 9.7 Ka ibael hl vaklur

Ynuril : ahapt hl M.L. Vnrtlr,Kavaetacl ineiurrletolk, OetlrLhotones, 1?27.

Klsgneitones hlsnutoleamkonrletklgfiiaiot nuklgfiioleil hlsaitovots promaorls


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IBAVOXPL 9 KA IAVAIOX YXPAXCOQ\L 17 Iltlspail lst-ok avaet tnut eilssaorl pnur hls ineso-hratones hl prnhuitone nu hl inmmlrioakosatone > Karpnesl lst qul kls saehwoibs pnurraolet trl ga`roqushaes ue sotl hl prnhuitone às prox, maos qul ka inm-mlrioakosatone lxocl hls lmpkailmlets hl prlmolribnox.

Ka part hl ka inmmlrioakosatone haes kls aitogs oevlstoslst klvl iar kls rlstauraets snet sotus haes hls lmpka-ilmlets partoiukorlmlet intlux. Kasplit kl pkus gne-hamletak hl ka stratcol hl Vrt Maeclr inesostlilrtaoelmlet sassurlr qul kl int hl ils ompkaeta-tones lst lgglitovlmlet vaknros par ka ikoletkl. Vrt Maeclr vleh hls saehwoibs, il quo kn`kocl sklitone-elr sls lmpkailmlets avli ka pkus craehl attletone(ruls inmmlraetls, prnxomot hls sakkls hl splitaiklnu hls ommlu`kls hl ùrlau, lti.). Yo ue rlstauraeteattloet qul ka mnoto hu eovlau hl vletls prvu, ilka elibaecl pas craeh ibnsl au int hls aitogs : kl eovlau hlkoquohots lst moeoml lt klssletolk hls ints hameacl-mlet elst pas traesgra`kl ue autrl sotl.

Ynuril :ahapt hl A. Yblplblrh, \ehlrstaehoec aeh usoecvakul ibaoe aeakysos , haes W. Am`nrnsoeo (lh.), Lxpknroec Inrpn-ratl Xlibeoquls ng Aeakysos aeh Lvakuatone oe Ytratlcoi Maeacl-mlet, Vrletoil Bakk, 1??2, pp. 06-88.

Qulstones

1. Le quno ka inmprblesone hl ka ibael hl vaklur hl Vrt Maeclr plrmlt hnroletlr sls hiosones stratcoquls >

0. Inestruoslz ka ibael hl vaklur huel autrl nrcaeosa-tone quo vnus lst gamokorl.

9. Lstomlz ka inetroùtone hl ibaiuel hls aitovots kairatone hl ints lt au tntak hls aitogs oevlstos.

8. Qulkkls snet kls ompkoiatones stratcoquls hl ilttlaeakysl >

Oegrastruiturl hl ka firml 8 % Oegrastruiturl hl ka firml 9 %

Clstone hls rlssnurils bumaoels 9 % Clstone hls rlssnurils bumaoels 1 %

Hvlknpplmlet tlibenkncoqul 9 % Hvlknpplmlet tlibenkncoqul 9 %

(Koquohots 9 %) (Koquohots 1 %)

Apprnvosone-elmlets

8< %

Vrnhuitone7< %

Mardltoeclt vletl

18 %

Marcl3 % Apprnvosone-

elmlets2 %

Vrnhuitone12 %

Mardltoeclt vletl

70 %

Plmarqul : ka kncostoqul lt kls slrvoils rlprsletlet mnoes hl 1 %hls ints

Plmarqul : ka kncostoqul lt kls slrvoils rlprsletlet mnoes hl 1 %hls aitogs

Gocurl 1 Ppartotone hls intshl gneitoneelmlet hl Vrt Maeclr

Gocurl 0 Ppartotone hls aitogshl Vrt Maeclr


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ikolets. Knrcaeosatone hnot entammlet htlrmoelr il qulkkl hnot lgglitulr leoetlrel lt il qulkkl plut snus-traotlr. Ilplehaet, taet hnee quuel part soceo-fiiatovl hl ka vaklur lt hls ints prnvolet hls ibaels happrnvosoneelmlet lt hl

hostroùtone, kls maeaclrs hnovlet inmprlehrl il prnilssus hleslm`kl ltknroletlr hl tlkkl maeorl quok puossl inestotulr ue avaetacl ineiurrletolk. Varlxlmpkl, ka quakot huel autnmnòkl, au mnmlet n lkkl lst prnpnsl au ikoletfieak, elst pas sluklmlet oeffuleil par kaitone hu inestruitlur kuo-mml. Lkkllst caklmlet htlrmoel par ka quakot hls inmpnsaets ga`roqus par kls quopl-mletolrs lt par ka inmptleil inmmlrioakl hu hostroùtlur, quok snot ineils-soneeaorl nu aclet.

Ok lst hnei lssletolk quuel nrcaeosatone inmprleel kls gnehlmlets hl slsiapaiots stratcoquls le rlkatone avli sa fikorl. Kls qulstones quok inevolet hl slpnslr snet aoeso kls suovaetls :

Qulkkls snet kls aitovots rlkklmlet htlrmoeaetls au rlcarh hl ka iapaiot

stratcoqul > \el letrlprosl plut aoeso hiohlr hl ineslrvlr le oetlrel kls gnei-tones sur klsqulkkls snet ilesls rlpnslr sls inmptleils gnehamletakls. koevlrsl, uel autrl nrcaeosatone, inegrnetl ue levorneelmlet partoiukorl-mlet ineiurrletolk, plut iblriblr aàosslr `rutaklmlet sls ints le lxtlrea-kosaet uel craehl partol hl sne aitovot auprs hl snus-traotaets às prox.Kokkustratone 9.< mnetrl inmmlet Akiatlk a utokos ilttl slinehl apprnibl.

Au knec hl ka fikorl, n snet irs kls ints lt ka vaklur > Vlut-ne ohletofilr hlscoslmlets hl vaklur99> \e coslmlet hl vaklur lst uel znel hl ka fikorl haes

Yibma 9.3 Ka fikorl

Ynuril: M.L. Vnrtlr, Kavaetacl ineiurrletolk, OetlrLhotones, 1?27.

\ecoslmlet lvaklurlst uelznel hl ka fikorlhaes kaqulkkl klsprnfits snetpartoiukorlmletklvs


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Okkustratone 9. Ne a pu aoeso inestatlr qulhaes ilrtaoels oehustrols inmml koegnrmatoqul nu kautnmnòkl, ka vaklur quotaot auparavaet kniakosl au iur hl ka fikorl (ga`roiatone hnrhoeatlurs nu hlvnoturls) a mocr vlrs sls lxtrmots amnet (inmpnsaets, snus-leslm`kls) nuavak (slrvoils). Il pbenmel hl mocratone hl ka vaklur98n`kocl kls nrcaeosa-tones rlinesohrlr klur pnsotone afie hl el pas vnor klur avaetacl ineiurrletolksrnhlr au inurs hu tlmps. Yo ilrtaoels znels hl ka fikorl snet oetroesqulmletpkus prnfita`kls qul hautrls (hu gaot hl hoggrleils soceofiiatovls haes kl eovlauhoetlesot ineiurrletolkkl) lt qul ils znels sl hpkailet lgglitovlmlet au inurshu tlmps (k leinrl hu gaot huel vnkutone hl ka prlssone ineiurrletolkkl), ilkael soceofil pas eilssaorlmlet qul kls letrlprosls snet iapa`kls hl suovrl ilmnuvlmlet. Le lgglt, lkkls el pluvlet pas tnujnurs inestruorl ka iapaiot strat-coqul eilssaorl.

Waut-ok moluxgaorl nu gaorl gaorluel aitovot spiofiqul hl ka fikorl > Ilttl hio-sone ineilrel kls pnkotoquls hlxtlreakosatone, quo rlvoleelet hiohlr qulkkl

paosslur hl fikorl knrcaeosatone hnot oetcrlr au sloe hl sa prnprl ibaelhl vaklur. Vkus uel nrcaeosatone lxtlreakosl sa ibael hl vaklur, pkus sa iapaiot oeffuleilr ka plrgnrmaeil hl ilkkls quo ka suovlet nu ka prihlet haes kafikorl plut inestotulr uel inmptleil htlrmoeaetl, quo jnul ue rkl iruioakhaes ka inestruitone hl kavaetacl ineiurrletolk

Quo snet kls mlokklurs partleaorls ibaqul tapl hl ka fikorl lt qulkkl snrtl hlrlkatones gaut-ok hvlknpplr avli ibaqul partleaorl (par lxlmpkl uel rlkatoneikolet / gnureosslur sompkl, ue partlearoat, uel gusone) > Ilrtaoels nrcaeosa-tones net aoeso rakos quok taot prgra`kl hta`kor hls rlkatones prleels,ceraklmlet `lauinup pkus ceratroils hl inefiaeil, pkutt qul hl rlinuror hls gnureosslurs pneitulks le gneitone hl klurs `lsnoes ommhoats.

9999....7777....0000 Ka iartncrapbol hls aitovots

Inmml enus kavnes snukoce io-hlssus, kls maeaclrs prnuvlet ceraklmlethls hogfiiukts ohletofilr ikaorlmlet ka iapaiot stratcoqul hl klur nrcaeosatone.Xrnp snuvlet, oks mlttlet le avaet hls iapaiots quo el snet pas rlkklmlet vaknro-sls par kls ikolets nu kls proeiopakls partols prleaetls, maos quo snet inesohrlsle oetlrel inmml ompnrtaetls, entammlet paril qulkkls net t knrocoel hlsuiis haes kl pass. Kls maeaclrs net caklmlet tlehaeil inegnehrl ka iapaiotstratcoqul avli kls gaitlurs iks hl suiis (par lxlmpkl ue slrvoil hl quakot nu ue systml hl kovraosne fia`kl ). Nr, kls iapaiots stratcoquls hsocelet klsrlssnurils, kls inmptleils lt kls aitovots quo plrmlttlet hl matroslr kls GIY,

ene kls GIY lux-mmls. Ok lst ausso grqulet qul kne le rlstl ue eovlauhn`slrvatone trnp cerak, il quo lst h au gaot qul ka iapaiot stratcoqul lst klpkus snuvlet leiastrl haes uel inmòeaosne inmpklxl lt iausaklmlet amòcuhl hovlrsls aitovots (vnor ka slitone 9.8.0). Ilplehaet, inmml enus kavnes hjsnukoce, kl gaot qul kls maeaclrs lux-mmls el snolet pas iapa`kls hlxpkoiotlrikaorlmlet kls iapaiots stratcoquls hl klur nrcaeosatone plut pargnos hlvleor uelquakot puosqul hls rlssnurils lt inmptleils ausso plu ohletofia`kls slrnethautaet pkus hogfiiokls omotlr par kls ineiurrlets.


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Ok lxostl ilplehaet uel mtbnhl plrmlttaet hohletofilr ka iapaiot strat-coqul : ka iartncrapbol hls aitovots. Ilttl mtbnhl a pnur n`jlitog hl mnetrlrinmmlet kls hoggrletls aitovots huel nrcaeosatone snet inm`oels. Haes kokkus-tratone 9.0, enus avnes prslet kl rsuktat hl ilttl mtbnhl haes kl ias huega`roiaet hl prnhuots le pkastoqul, Vkasin. Yo hls kncoiolks oegnrmatoquls plrmlt-tlet hl rakoslr ilt lxlrioil9


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t inestruotl par ue crnupl hl maeaclrs hl Vkasin, quo avli kaohl hue gaiokota-tlur net rlprslet kls aitovots hl klur letrlprosl le hospnsaet hls toqulttls autn-inkkaetls sur ue ta`klau `kaei93.

Oks net inmmlei par mlelr uel aeakysl ineiurrletolkkl inmpara`kl ilkkl qulenus avnes hirotl haes ka slitone 0.8.8 hu ibapotrl 0, afie hohletofilr qulks taoletkls gaitlurs iks hl suiis haes klur oehustrol lt parmo ilux-io, klsqulks Vkasin ma-trosaot molux qul sls ineiurrlets. Kls GIY sur il hnmaoel haitovot stratcoqultaolet ka marqul, ka quakot hl slrvoil, ka fiaòkot hls kovraosnes, ka karclur hlcamml lt koeenvatone. Var rappnrt sls ineiurrlets, Vkasin taot inesohrlinmml partoiukorlmlet plrgnrmaetl sur sne eovlau hl slrvoil lt ka fiaòkot hl slskovraosnes. Ilttl plrgnrmaeil taot proeiopaklmlet kol ka fflxoòkot lt ka rpneslrapohl aux attletls hls ikolets. Ilplehaet, kls gnehlmlets hl kavaetacl ineiurrle-tolk hl Vkasin el pnuvaolet trl mos le kumorl qu partor hu mnmlet n kls rls-snurils lt inmptleils quo snus-tlehaolet ils hoggrlets kmlets taolet lkkls-mmls ohletofils. Vnur ilka, kl gaiokotatlur a leinurac kls maeaclrs soetlrrnclrsur tnutls kls aitovots quo inetroùaolet ka iratone hl vaklur pnur kls ikolets. Klsibma 9.2 el prsletl quuel partol hl ils aitovots, iar ka tntakot rlprsletaot hls

iletaoels htoqulttls quo rlinuvraolet tnut ue mur. Kls inmptleils hirotls haeskokkustratone 9.0 lt rsumls haes kl sibma 9.2 net mlrc hl il prnilssus.

Kls leslocelmlets ceraux quok lst pnsso`kl hl rltorlr huel iartncrapbol hlil typl snet kls suovaets :

Ka inbrleil. Ka pkupart hls hoggrletls aitovots quo cerlet hl ka vaklur snetinbrletls kls uels avli kls autrls. Lkkls snet inevlrcletls lt ene aetacneostls.

Kl rlegnrilmlet. Kls hoggrletls aitovots sl rlegnrilet mutulkklmlet (itaotkl ias iblz Vkasin letrl kl stykl hl maeaclmlet plu gnrmlk lt ka iapaiot inetnurelr kls rckls).

Ka hogfiiukt homotatone. Ok lst pkus hogfiiokl pnur ue ineiurrlet homotlr uelinmòeaosne haitovots qul hle omotlr uel slukl. Hl gaot, ils inmòeaosnessnet rnùstls iar lkkls snet inmpklxls, leiastrls haes ka iukturl lt iausakl-mlet amòcus (vnor ka slitone 9.8.9). Ok slraot partoiukorlmlet hogfiiokl pnur kacraehl muktoeatoneakl ineiurrletl hl Vkasin hl komotlr sur kls mmls àsls,iar lkkl el èfiiol pas huel lxproleil inmpara`kl.

Kls inmprnmos. Mml so komotatone taot pnsso`kl, lkkl rlstlraot prn`kmatoqulpnur kls ineiurrlets. Le vnukaet omotlr Vkasin, ka muktoeatoneakl amroiaoelrosqulraot hl mlttrl le prok sa pnsotone auprs hl sls ikolets aitulks, quo vaknro-saolet vraoslm`ka`klmlet sa iapaiot hl prnhuitone staeharhosl.

Il typl hl iartncrapbol plut caklmlet aohlr kls maeaclrs inmprlehrl ilquoks hnovlet gaorl pnur prslrvlr lt hvlknpplr ka iapaiot stratcoqul. Enus

rlvolehrnes sur il pnoet haes ka slitone 9.3.

9999....7777....9999 Ktakneeacl92

Ka iapaiot stratcoqul huel nrcaeosatone lst tnujnurs uel qulstone rlkatovlpuosqulkkl inesostl rljnoehrl lt hpasslr ka plrgnrmaeil hls ineiurrlets. Lematorl hl stratcol, ok elxostl pas hl russotl a`snkul eo hfieotovl puosqul parlssleil kl suiis sl mlsurl tnujnurs par rappnrt aux plrgnrmaeils hls autrls.Ilka ompkoqul qul kls maeaclrs hnovlet ohletofilr hls staeharhs hl plrgnrmaeil,


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ilst--horl il qul kne plut quakofilr hl suiis, hibli nu hl enrmakot. Haes kaslitone 0.8 hu ibapotrl 0, enus avnes hj mnetr kompnrtaeil hl kaeakyslineiurrletolkkl, le oesostaet sur kl gaot qul kls iaraitrostoquls stratcoquls huelnrcaeosatone hnovlet tnujnurs trl inmparls ilkkls hl sls ineiurrlets. Afiehakklr pkus knoe haes ilt lxlrioil hl inmparaosne, ne plut utokoslr ktakneeacl.Ktakneeacl nu `leibmardoec (hl kaeckaos `leibmard, pnoet hl rgrleil) inesostl inmparlr ka plrgnrmaeil huel nrcaeosatone avli hoggrletls pratoqulshl rgrleil, oetlrels nu lxtlrels sne oehustrol.

Kls typls htakneeaclOk lxostl quatrl eovlaux htakneeacl :

Ktakneeacl bostnroqul. Kls nrcaeosatones hnovlet plrptulkklmlet amkonrlrklur plrgnrmaeil, gautl hl quno lkkls rosqulet hl plrhrl klur avaetacl ineiur-rletolk, vnorl htrl lxikuls hl klur marib knrsqul kls attletls hls ikolets vn-kulet lt qul ka plrgnrmaeil hls ineiurrlets aucmletl. Ok lst hnei utokl hlhfieor haes qulkkl mlsurl uel nrcaeosatone samkonrl au inurs hu tlmps.Vnur ilka, ok lst eilssaorl hl òle ibnosor kls irotrls partor hlsqulks kvnku-tone bostnroqul slra aeakysl. Kl pkus snuvlet, ne n`slrvl ka varoatone hl ratonsfieaeiolrs tlks qul iboggrl haggaorls sur iapotaux prnprls nu iboggrl haggaorls surenm`rl hlmpknys, aoeso qul ilkkl hl ka rpartotone hls rlssnurils letrl iba-iuel hls aitovots hl knrcaeosatone. Xnut ilka plrmlt hl rvklr hls tlehaeilsquo net trs òle pu passlr oeaplruls. Ilplehaet, sl komotlr uel inmpa-raosne bostnroqul rlstl oesugfisaet : ene sluklmlet ilka plut inehuorl uelilrtaoel mynpol, maos hl pkus, il quo ompnrtl rlkklmlet, ilst kl hlcr ham-konratone par rappnrt aux ineiurrlets.

Ktakneeacl oetlrel. Ok plut trl oetrlssaet hl inmparlr ka plrgnrmaeil hlpkusolurs ueots, hovosones nu hnmaoels haitovot stratcoqul koetrolurhuel mml nrcaeosatone, afie hl pnuvnor tlehrl ilrtaoels `neels pratoquls

kniakls kleslm`kl hl ka struiturl. Ilst aoeso qul kls craehs crnupls oehus-trolks inmparlet ka plrgnrmaeil hl klurs hovlrs sotls oehustrolks nu qul kls àe-quls pluvlet takneelr klurs acleils par rappnrt aux rsuktats hl ilrtaoes hlklurs sotls pokntls. Xnut kl prn`kml inesostl ilplehaet sassurlr qul kneinmparl òle hls letots inmpara`kls lt qul kne el irl pas hls grustratonesoejustofils haes kls ueots quo slrnet inesohrls inmml kls mnoes plrgnrmae-tls. Var aokklurs, ne plut trl inegrnet au rlgus kl pkus snuvlet ompkoiotl,vnorl oeinesiolet qul maeoglstlet ilrtaoels ueots knrsqune kls n`kocl appkoqulr hls pratoquls quo klur paraosslet trnp knocels hl klurs prnprls sp-iofiiots. @ole hls maeaclrs sl pkaocelet aoeso hl sl vnor ompnslr hls mtbnhlsquoks juclet oeahaptls klur inetlxtl nrcaeosatoneelk nu levorneelmletak,

hnet kl partoiukarosml lst òle snuvlet surlstom. Lefie, ktakneeacl oetlrelprsletl kls mmls komotls qul ktakneeacl bostnroqul : il elst qule sl inm-paraet hautrls qul kne prleh rlkklmlet ka mlsurl hl sa prnprl vaklur.

Ktakneeacl avli kls ineiurrlets. Ok lst ceraklmlet trs utokl hl inmpktlrkaeakysl bostnroqul par uel inmparaosne avli hls letrlprosls ineiurrletls nuhls slrvoils pu`kois aeaknculs. Kls enrmls slitnrolkkls inmparlet ka plrgnr-maeil hls nrcaeosatones huel mml oehustrol nu hue mml slitlur parrappnrt ue jlu hoehoiatlurs prhfieos. Kokkustratone 9.7 mnetrl qul ils

K ta neeacl nu`leibmardoec inesostl inmparlr kaplrgnrmaeilhuelnrcaeosatone avlihoggrletlspratoquls hlrgrleil, oetlrelsnu lxtlrels sneoehustrol


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Okkustratone 9.7

Ktakneeacl hls bpotaux

Ka plrgnrmaeil hnrcaeosatones slm`ka`kls plut trl

inmparl le utokosaet uel srol hl irotrls lt hoehoilshtakneeacl ineilreaet snot hls rlssnurils snot hlsrsuktats.

Le mao 0668, kl macazoel Kl Vnoeta pu`ko ue ikasslmlethls bpotaux graeaos le utokosaet hls qulstoneeaorlslevnys tnus kls ta`kosslmlets aoeso qul ka `asl hlhneels hu VMYO (Vrncramml mhoiakos hls systmlshoegnrmatone), maeaet hu moeostrl hl ka Yaet lt hl kaVrntlitone snioakl lt inmprleaet 16 mokkones hl hnssolrshl patolets. Ne inmptaot aknrs 3


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inmparaosnes (le partoiukolr haes kls slrvoils) prleelet snuvlet ka gnrml hlikasslmlets. Ils inmparaosnes hnovlet trl rakosls pnur ibaiuel hls aitovotshl knrcaeosatone lt mlsurlr sa plrgnrmaeil cknàkl. @ole utokosl, ilttl apprn-ibl aohl mlttrl le plrsplitovl kls rlssnurils lt ka plrgnrmaeil huel nrcaeo-satone, tnut le oesostaet sur kl gaot qul ilst òle ka pnsotone rlkatovl quo ompnrtlknrsqune snubaotl vakulr sa iapaiot stratcoqul. Au inurs hls aeels 1??6,haes ilrtaoes slrvoils pu`kois inmml kls bpotaux, kls autnrots hl tutlkkl netmos le pkail hls prnihurls systmatoquls hl inmparaosne plrmlttaet hlhfieor hls enrmls hl prncrs. Ilplehaet, ue hls rosquls hls enrmls slitnrolk-kls qul il snot haes kl slitlur prov nu haes kl slitlur pu`koi rsohl haes klgaot qul koehustrol haes sne leslm`kl plut snuggror hue eovlau hl plrgnr-maeil trs oesugfisaet, au pnoet htrl svrlmlet ineiurrleil par hls prn-huots nu slrvoils hl su`stotutone quo rpnehlet molux aux attletls hls ikolets.Le il ias, ka inmparaosne avli kls ineiurrlets horlits enggrl qul plu hoetrt.Ilst pnurquno ok lst caklmlet eilssaorl hl mlsurlr kutokosatone hls rlssnur-ils lt inmptleils par rappnrt hls su`stotuts, vnorl par rappnrt hautrlsoehustrols, inmml enus kl vlrrnes io-aprs. \e autrl haeclr hue takneeacl

purlmlet slitnrolk lst qul kls grnetorls hls oehustrols pluvlet slstnmplr hugaot hl ka ineiurrleil nu hl ka inevlrcleil. Kls ibaels hl craehl hostroùtoneineiurrleilet aoeso plu plu kls àequls le prnpnsaet hls prts, hls iartls hlpaolmlet lt hls kovrlts hparcel. Hostroùtlurs lt àequolrs hnovlet hneioeinrpnrlr ilttl enuvlkkl ineiurrleil haes klurs enrmls slitnrolkkls.

Ktakneeacl avli kls mlokklurls pratoquls. Kls oesugfisaeils hl kaeakysl hls enr-mls slitnrolkkls net pnuss kls nrcaeosatones rliblriblr hls inmparaosnespkus karcls, hl maeorl rlprlr kls mlokklurls pratoquls, par-hlk kls grnetorlshl klur oehustrol. Var lxlmpkl, BV a inmpar sne slrvoil hl irhot par tk-pbnel ilkuo huel craehl àequl, kbpotak Darnkoesda le Yuhl a elttlmletamkonr ka votlssl hl prosl le ibarcl lt hl traotlmlet hls patolets le aeakysaet

kls prnilssus huel usoel autnmnòkl, lt @rotosb Aorways a rhuot kl tlmpshlsiakl hl sls avones le soesporaet hls arrts aux staehs knrs hls craehs proxhl Gnrmukl 19?. Pioprnqulmlet, ka hovosone haiolrs pnur lmàkkacl hl Aril-knr a traespns kls prnihurls hl rpnesl aux ikolets utokosls par @rotosbAorways. Koetrt hl ktakneeacl el rsohl pas sluklmlet haes hls inmparao-snes oetlr slitnrolkkls, maos pkutt haes ka inetlstatone hls sibmas hl pleslta`kos. @lauinup hl maeaclrs lstomlet qul kls amkonratones hl plrgnrmaeilsnet oeirmletakls, hu gaot huel vnkutone prncrlssovl hls rlssnurils lt inm-ptleils. Nr, ilrtaoels nrcaeosatones pluvlet trl mleails par hls ineiur-rlets quo n`toleelet hl prngnehls rupturls haes klur eovlau hl plrgnrmaeil,qul il snot haes uel gneitone hneel nu haes klur iapaiot oetcrlr pku-

solurs aitovots. Ktakneeacl par rappnrt ils mlokklurls pratoquls plut hneiplrmlttrl hl hmnetrlr qul ilrtaoes iarts hl plrgnrmaeil hpasslet karcl-mlet kl iahrl huel amkonratone crahulkkl. Ilplehaet, ktakneeacl sl komotlsnuvlet ilttl prosl hl inesioleil hl ka eilssot hl hiupklr ka iapaiot stra-tcoqul. Ok lst lesuotl oehosplesa`kl hl inmprlehrl inmmlet ka sotuatone pluttrl amkonrl.

Vnur kls nrcaeosatones hl slrvoil, ue prn`kml iruioak tolet haes kl gaot qulkamkonratone hls plrgnrmaeils haes ue slitlur qulkinequl le partoiukolr le


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9. Varmo kls vnkutones iks hl klevorneelmlet, plut-neikaorlmlet ohletofilr qulkkls snet kls nppnrtueots ltqulkkls snet kls mleails >

8. Vlut-ne horl qule 1??2 ka iapaiot stratcoqul hlPleaukt kuo plrmlttaot hl matroslr kls gaitlurs iks hlsuiis hl sne levorneelmlet >


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Au tntak, kaeakysl YSNX plut trl utokosl pnur htlrmoelr kls ibnox stratco-quls lt klur plrtoeleil par rappnrt kahquatone letrl ka iapaiot stratcoqul ltkls gaitlurs iks hl suiis. Ilplehaet, pnur torlr kl maxomum hoegnrmatones hlil mnhkl, ok plut trl oetrlssaet hta`kor le gaot pkusolurs YSNX :

Ne plut inestruorl ue YSNX avaet ilrtaoels hiosones stratcoquls lt ue

YSNX aprs qulkkls net t prosls (vletulkklmlet snus gnrml prvosoneelkkl),afie hl htlrmoelr so kahquatone letrl ka iapaiot stratcoqul lt kls gaitlursiks hl suiis slst amkonrl nu hcrahl. Ilka plrmlt hl juclr hl ka plrto-eleil stratcoqul hl ils hiosones.

Hautrl part ue YSNX hl kletrlprosl lt ue YSNX hl sls proeiopaux ineiur-rlets, afie hl inmparlr klur matrosl rlsplitovl hls gaitlurs iks hl suiis hlklevorneelmlet. Ne rljnoet oio ka entone htakneeacl vul haes ka slitone pr-ihletl.

9999....3333 Kl maeaclmlet hl ka iapaiot stratcoqul

Haes ka prihletl slitone, enus avnes mnetr inmmlet ok lst pnsso`kl hl hoa-censtoqulr ka iapaiot stratcoqul. Ilttl slitone lxpnsl il qul kls maeaclrshlvraolet gaorl pnur crlr lt so pnsso`kl amkonrlr ilttl iapaiot, snot knrsqul kleovlau sluok elst pas attloet, snot knrsqul hl enuvlkkls snurils havaetacl ineiur-rletolk net t ohletofils. Enus lxamoelrnes suiilssovlmlet (a) kls komotls humaeaclmlet hl ka iapaiot stratcoqul, (`) klxpknotatone lt kl rlegnrilmlet hlsiapaiots, (i) ka clstone hls rlssnurils bumaoels haes kl iahrl hu hvlknpplmlethl iapaiots lt (h) ka inestruitone hl iapaiots hyeamoquls.

9999....3333....1111 Kls komotls hu maeaclmlet hl ka iapaiot stratcoqul

\el hls klnes quo mlrclet hl ka inmprblesone hls iapaiots stratcoquls lst

qul ka pkupart hu tlmps kls snurils kls pkus priolusls havaetacl ineiurrletolkrsohlet haes hls asplits hl knrcaeosatone quok lst trs hogfiiokl hl hosilrelr lthlxpkoiotlr. Ilka snukvl hls qulstones partoiukorlmlet arhuls pnur kls maea-clrs. Inmmlet lst-ok pnsso`kl hl crlr qulkqul ibnsl homprios > Haes kokkustra-tone 9.0, uel craehl partol hls iapaiots hl Vkasin prnvleaot haitovots qul klshoroclaets el craolet pas horlitlmlet. Hlvraolet-oks iblriblr kl gaorl nuhlvraolet-ok prslrvlr ka sotuatone aitulkkl > Hls rliblribls81 net tuho ilttlqulstone le rlkatone avli ka entone ham`ocut iausakl (vnor ka slitone 9.8.0),hnet ok rlssnrt qule gneitone hl il quoks inmprleelet lt hl il quoks vaknroslet,kls maeaclrs hnovlet trl iapa`kls hl htlrmoelr klur hlcr hoetlrvletone. Xrnossotuatones pluvlet aoeso sl prsletlr :

Kls inmptleils snet vaknrosls maos oeinmprosls. Kls maeaclrs pluvlet savnorqul ilrtaoes prnilssus lt ilrtaoels aitovots hl klur nrcaeosatone net ue ompaitpnsotog, saes pnur autaet inmprlehrl ka eaturl lxaitl hl ilt ompait. Ka ira-tone hl vaklur plut aoeso hplehrl hl savnor-gaorl kniaux trs spioakoss nuhuel inm`oeaosne inmpklxl hl inmpnrtlmlets rnutoeolrs. Haes il ias, klsmaeaclrs hnovlet vlokklr el pas plrtur`lr kls gnehlmlets hl ka iapaiot stra-tcoqul le vnukaet trnp ole kls aeakyslr. Vnur autaet, oks hnovlet inestammletsassurlr qul kl systml cerl tnujnurs uel vaklur pnur kls ikolets.


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IBAVOXPL 9 KA IAVAIOX YXPAXCOQ\L 13?

Kls inmptleils el snet pas vaknrosls. Haes ilttl sotuatone, kls maeaclrsineeaosslet kls aitovots lt kls prnilssus hl klur nrcaeosatone, maos oks el rako-slet pas klur ompait pnsotog le tlrmls hl iratone hl vaklur. Ok lxostl aknrs uerosqul quoks prleelet hls hiosones prjuhoioa`kls, inmml suppromlr hlsgneitones, hls pnstls nu hls slrvoils quo taolet pnurtaet knrocoel hl kavae-tacl ineiurrletolk, aitulk nu pntletolk. Ilka arrovl grqulmmlet haes hls nrca-eosatones hnet kls horoclaets snuggrlet hl mynpol inurt-tlrmostl. Nèuòks parka rhuitone hls ints, oks le voleelet eckoclr ka iratone hl vaklur. Nr, okelst justofia`kl hl rhuorl ue int qul haes ka mlsurl n ilka eoefful pas sur kavaklur, il quo lst haokklurs lxtrmlmlet rarl.

Kls inmptleils snet rlineeuls lt vaknrosls. Ilka inrrlspneh ka sotuatonehirotl haes kokkustratone 9.0 prnpns hl Vkasin. Haes il ias, kls maeaclrs plu-vlet enurror lt hvlknpplr kls inmptleils gnehamletakls, par lxlmpkl lesassuraet qul knroletatone cerakl hl knrcaeosatone kls snutolet lt kls rle-gnril. Kl haeclr lst aknrs qul kls horoclaets iblriblet prslrvlr ils iapaiots tnut prox, il quo plut h`nuiblr sur ue lxis hl gnrmakosatone lt hl inhofiia-tone. Hlvleuls oeinetlsta`kls, cravls haes ka polrrl, lkkls rosqulet aknrs hl

prnvnqulr uel hrovl stratcoqul.

9999....3333....0000 Klxpknotatone lt kl rlegnrilmlet hls iapaiots

Ilrtaoels hiosones pluvlet plrmlttrl hl hvlknpplr kls iapaiots stratcoquls, ka gnos le oetlrel lt par rappnrt klevorneelmlet :

Klxtlesone hls mlokklurls pratoquls. Ok lst pnsso`kl qul kls maeaclrs ohleto-filet hls iapaiots stratcoquls kniakls, quo èfiiolet uel hovosone nu uehnmaoel haitovot stratcoqul hnee, maos pas kleslm`kl hl knrcaeosa-tone. Oks pluvlet aknrs tletlr htlehrl ils mlokklurls pratoquls tnutl kastruiturl. Aknrs qul ilka plut slm`klr sompkl, hls rliblribls80 net mnetr

qul il elst pas kl ias. Kls iapaiots hvlknppls par uel partol hl knrcaeosa-tone pluvlet le lgglt sl rvklr partoiukorlmlet hogfiiokls traesgrlr hautrls, lssletolkklmlet hu gaot hl prn`kmls kos ka clstone hu ibaeclmlet(vnor kl ibapotrl 16).

Kajnut lt kvnkutone haitovots. Ylraot-ok pnsso`kl hajnutlr hls aitovots nu hlgaorl vnkulr ilkkls quo lxostlet afie hl rlegnrilr klur ompait sur ka matrosl hlsgaitlurs iks hl suiis > Vnur rlprlehrl kokkustratone 9.0, pnurraot-ne htlr-moelr iblz Vkasin hls maeorls hl rpnehrl leinrl pkus votl aux `lsnoes hlsikolets >

Klxpknotatone hls inmptleils. \el inmptleil gnehamletakl plut trl utoko-sl pnur irlr hl enuvlaux maribs le ibaeclaet kls rckls hu jlu ta`kols.

Ne plut vnqulr klxlmpkl hl Iaene, quo haes kls aeels 1?36 slst appuysur sls inmptleils le moeoaturosatone lt le inmmlrioakosatone auprs hucraeh pu`koi afie hl rlhfieor kl marib hu pbntninpolur, jusqul k hnmoepar kls maiboels inmpklxls maos intlusls lt leinm`raetls prnpnslspar Rlrnx. Kavaetacl hl ilttl apprnibl lst qule ias hl russotl koeenvatlurva rlineficurlr kl marib le gneitone hl sa iapaiot stratcoqul, quo slra hog-fiioklmlet omota`kl par kls ineiurrlets. Ne vnot oio apparatrl uel ohl lssle-tolkkl hu hàt letrl stratcol hhuotl lt stratcol inestruotl, hj vnqu haes


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kl ibapotrl 1 : klevorneelmlet elst pas uel hneel oeinetlsta`kl maos pku-tt kl rsuktat hls stratcols hj hpknyls par kls klahlrs ta`kos. Yo kne slinetletl hl sahaptlr au marib tlk quok lst, ne rosqul hl jnulr kl jlu hlsineiurrlets kls pkus puossaets, a pronro avli mnoes hlxproleil lt hneimnoes hl taklet. Ne plut au molux russor kls omotlr, maos ilka ompkoqul hlsoevlstosslmlets inesohra`kls sur hls rlssnurils lt inmptleils quoks ma-troslet hj. Le rlvaeibl, le ibaeclaet kls rckls hu jlu, le plrturàet klsrlprls ta`kos, le inetlstaet kls pnsotones aiquosls, uel nrcaeosatone plutrlgnrmatlr klevorneelmlet lt rnroletlr ka plrilptone hl ka vaklur partorhl sa prnprl iapaiot stratcoqul, inestruosaet aoeso ue avaetacl ineiurrle-tolk qul kls klahlrs le pkail, baehoiaps par ka ilrtotuhl hl klur suiis pass,aurnet òle hu mak caklr. Ka inestruitone hl enuvlkkls aitovots partorhls inmptleils lst caklmlet ue hls gnehlmlets hl ka hovlrsofiiatone (vnorka slitone 7 hu ibapotrl 7)89.

Inestruorl sur hls gao`klssls apparletls. Hls rliblribls88 net mnetr qulknrsqulkkls snet oeiapa`kls hcaklr ka iapaiot stratcoqul hl klurs ineiur-rlets, kls firmls pluvlet hvlknpplr ue avaetacl ineiurrletolk partor hl il

quo taot bostnroqulmlet inesohr inmml hls rlssnurils nu hls aitovots saesvaklur, par lxlmpkl hls quopls plu prnhuitovls, hls hovosones plu plrgnrmae-tls nu hls rlkatones ikoletkls hogfiiokls. Vnur parvleor il rsuktat, ok inevolethohletofilr kl èfiil pntletolk hl ils aitovots le rlkatone avli ilrtaoelsnppnrtueots hl marib, puos hl kls hvlknpplr au travlrs hlxpromletatones,hl prgrleil klxtrolur hls struiturls proeiopakls hl knrcaeosatone. @oleletlehu, uel tlkkl apprnibl suppnsl uel iukturl aptl snutleor il typl hoeo-toatovls.

Karrt haitovots8 Ilka plut pargnos sl rvklr juhoiolux, le plrmlttaet hl

ineiletrlr kl plrsneelk hl knrcaeosatone sur kls aitovots vrota`klmlet cera-troils hl vaklur. Ka siossone haitovots. Ok plut arrovlr qu koetrolur hue mml hnmaoel

haitovot stratcoqul, il el snolet pas kls mmls iapaiots quo plrmlttlet hlrpnehrl aux lxocleils hl slcmlets hl ikolets hostoeits. Hl gaot, ok plut sl rv-klr eilssaorl hl sioehlr ue hnmaoel haitovot stratcoqul autnur hl kohletofi-iatone hl iapaiots stratcoquls hoggrlmmlet vaknrosls par ka ikoletkl.

Kl hvlknpplmlet lxtlrel hl iapaiots.Ok plut caklmlet trl pnsso`kl hl hvl-knpplr hls iapaiots le lxtlrel. Kls maeaclrs pluvlet par lxlmpkl iblriblr hvlknpplr hls iapaiots le inestruosaet hls rlkatones avli hautrls nrcaeosa-tones. \el hls proeiopakls raosnes quo pnusslet kls letrlprosls ineikurl hls

akkoaeils (vnor ka slitone 3.9.9 haes kl ibapotrl 3) nu mlelr hls npratoneshaiquosotone (vnor ka slitone 3.9.0 haes kl ibapotrl 3) lst ka vnknet haiqurorhl enuvlkkls iapaiots stratcoquls.

9999....3333....9999 Crlr kls rlssnurils bumaoelspnur kl hvlknpplmlet hls iapaiots

\el hls klnes rltleor hl il ibapotrl lst qul ka iapaiot stratcoqul rlpnslsnuvlet sur kls aitovots quntoholeels hls oehovohus au sloe hl knrcaeosatone.


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Var inesqulet, ok lst ompnrtaet hl hvlknpplr kaptotuhl hls oehovohus rline-eatrl kl rkl hl klurs tibls le tlrmls hl inestruitone hls iapaiots stratco-quls.

Ok plut trl pnsso`kl hl iletrlr ka pnkotoqul hl gnrmatonehu plrsneelk sur klhvlknpplmlet hls iapaiots stratcoquls. Ynuvlet kls letrlprosls inenovlet

hls prncrammls hl gnrmatone trnp ceraux, aknrs quok plut trl pkus plrto-elet hl gniakoslr ka gnrmatone hu plrsneelk sur kl hvlknpplmlet hls inmp-tleils quo snus-tlehlet kavaetacl ineiurrletolk. \el sniot hoeceolrol, tnutle rlineeaossaet koeinetlsta`kl lxplrtosl tlibeoqul hl sne plrsneelk, avaotaoeso inestat qul sls ineiurrlets hospnsaolet hl inmptleils tnut gaot inm-para`kls lt qule rlvaeibl, ok taot oehosplesa`kl hl hvlknpplr ka iapaiothoeenvatone hu plrsneelk le tlrmls hl slrvoils vaklur ajnutl pnur klsikolets. Oks hiohrlet hnei hl mnhofilr klurs prncrammls hl gnrmatone leinesquleil.

Kls pnkotoquls hl rlirutlmlet lt hl prnmntone pluvlet trl utokosls afie hlhvlknpplr ilrtaoels inmptleils. Haes kls aeels 1??6, kl iaòelt hauhot

DVMC a aoeso rakos qul sls guturs assnios hlvraolet trl pkus inmptlets letlrmls hl maeaclmlet cerak. Vnur ilka, oks mnhofirlet klurs pnkotoquls hlrlirutlmlet lt hl prnmntone afie hl gavnroslr kls oehovohus htleaet il typl hlinmptleils. Hl mml, uel inmpaceol ptrnkorl quo iblribaot ta`kor sneavaetacl ineiurrletolk partor hl rlkatones trnotls avli sls proeiopaux ikoletsoehustrolks sassura qul itaolet òle kls maeaclrs quo inrrlspnehaolet ilprnfik quo taolet prnmus lt enmms haes kls hoggrletls fikoakls quo le avaoletkl pkus `lsnoe.

Vkus ceraklmlet, ok plut trl ompnrtaet hlgaorl prlehrl inesioleilaux oehovo-hus hl kompait stratcoqul hl klurs tibls lt hl klurs hiosones. Haes `lauinuphnrcaeosatones, hl enm`rlux oehovohus sl pkaocelet hu gaot qul plrsneel elrlineeat ka vaklur hl klurs aitls. Vnurtaet, mml so il qul gnet kls mlm`rlshuel nrcaeosatone au jnur kl jnur elst ceraklmlet pas quakofi hl stratco-qul , ilst ole il eovlau qul sl inestruoslet lt sl rlegnrilet kls iapaiots quognehlet kavaetacl ineiurrletolk. Aohlr kls oehovohus inmprlehrl le qunoklur travaok lst ko ka stratcol plut ka gnos rlegnrilr klur ompkoiatone lt plr-mlttrl hl sassurlr quoks inetoeulrnet inetroùlr pnsotovlmlet ka inestrui-tone hu suiis inkklitog.

9999....3333....8888 Ka inestruitone hls iapaiots hyeamoquls

Knrsqul kls inehotones ineiurrletolkkls vnkulet rapohlmlet, kls letrlprosls hno-vlet trl iapa`kls hl inestruorl hls iapaiots hyeamoquls (vnor ka slitone 9.8.8),afie hl rajustlr inetoeulkklmlet klurs inmptleils. Vkus priosmlet, klur iapa-iot stratcoqul rlpnsl aknrs sur klur aptotuhl apprlehrl. Haes ue tlk inetlxtl,kls iaraitrostoquls hl il quok lst inevleu happlklr uel nrcaeosatone apprl-eaetl snet kls suovaetls :

Ka rlineeaossaeil hu rkl hl koetuotonehls mlm`rls hl knrcaeosatone. Kaiilptatone lt kleinuraclmlet hohls hoggrletls, vnorl inetrahoitnorls. Kohl qul klxpromletatonelst ka enrml lt ue hls gnehlmlets hu prnilssus

happrletossacl.


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Kls maeaclrs hnovlet iblriblr prntclr lt gavnroslr ils inmpnrtlmlets. Oklst le lgglt prnà`kl quau sloe hl knrcaeosatone, kls oehovohus quo prsletlet klsmlokklurls aptotuhls le tlrmls happrletossacl snolet ilux quo htoleelet klmnoes hl pnuvnor, hu gaot hl klur jluel cl haes ka boraribol. Kls horoclaets hno-vlet hnei kls snutleor lt kls leinuraclr.

Kls maeaclrs hnovlet caklmlet levosaclr qulkkls aitovots ahhotoneelkklspnurraolet aohlr kapprletossacl, rlpleslr ka maeorl hnet knrcaeosatone lststruiturl (vnor kl ibapotrl 2) lt qulkkls stratcols pnurraolet plrmlttrl hl rlegnr-ilr kls iapaiots hyeamoquls. Knrcaeosatone plut aoeso inestotulr hls quopls prn-jlts nu ta`kor hls ueots autnenmls afie hl hkomotlr ue tlrrotnorl prnpoil kpaenuosslmlet hl sls mlm`rls kls pkus oeenvaets.

Haes ue tlk inetlxtl, kls klnes torls hu maeaclmlet hls ineeaossaeils nrca-eosatoneelkkls pluvlet sl rvklr utokls. Enus avnes snukoce prihlmmlet haesil ibapotrl qul kls systmls gnrmakoss el gnet qul iapturlr kls ineeaossaeils klspkus lxpkoiotls, il quo lst karclmlet oesugfisaet knrsqune iblribl inestruorl hlsiapaiots stratcoquls haes hls inehotones hyeamoquls. Var-hlk kls systmlsoegnrmatoss, kls oetraelts lt kls àsls hl ineeaossaeils, ok lst hnei gnehamletak

hta`kor uel iukturl lt uel struiturl quo leinuraclet kl partacl lt kapprletos-sacl. Haokklurs, pkus ne mlt kaiilet sur kls systmls gnrmlks, pkus kls iapaiotshyeamoquls slrnet oebo`ls nu inetraoetls.

partor hl ilt arcumlet, Odujorn Eneada lt Borntada Xadluibo83agfirmlet qulkls nrcaeosatones rlkklmlet oeenvaetls snet ilkkls quo snet iapa`kls hl mnhofilr lthaiirntrl kls ineeaossaeils hls oehovohus afie hl irlr uel sporakl hoetlraitonesletrl kls ineeaossaeils taiotls lt kls ineeaossaeils lxpkoiotls, cril aux quatrl prn-ilssus prslets haes kl sibma 9.? :

Ka snioakosatoneinesostl nrcaeoslr kl partacl hlxproleil letrl kls oehovohus,il quo klur plrmlt haiquror kls ineeaossaeils taiotls hls autrls saes rlinuror

ue systml gnrmlk nu uel vlràkosatone. Kl systml hl kapprletossacl haeskartosaeat lst ue `ne lxlmpkl hl il prnilssus. Kls ineeaossaeils sl traesmlt-tlet par omprceatone plrmaeletl lt ene par klxostleil hl inurs, hl inegrle-ils nu hl maeulks.

Klxtronrosatoneinesostl trahuorl kls ineeaossaeils taiotls le ineilpts lxpko-iotls. Ilst ue prnilssus lxtrmlmlet hogfiiokl mlttrl le uvrl, quo eilssotlkl rlinurs hl muktopkls mtbnhls tlkkls qul ka inestruitone hl mnhkls, kuto-kosatone hl mtapbnrls nu haeakncols.

Ka inmòeaosneinesostl rasslm`klr systmatoqulmlet kls ineilpts haes ue systml hl ineeaossaeils , par lxlmpkl le rlkoaet hls inrpus hostoeits hlineeaossaeils lxpkoiotls. Kls oehovohus pluvlet inestruorl ue tlk systml kaohl hl rueones, par ka rakosatone hl hniumlets inmmues nu cril kutoko-satone hl kncoiolks hl travaok le crnupl.

Koetronrosatoneinesostl traesgnrmlr kls ineeaossaeils lxpkoiotls le ineeaos-saeils taiotls lt le rnutoels nrcaeosatoneelkkls. Lkkl inrrlspneh karclmlet kaentone happrletossacl par kaitone.

Var-hlk ils hoggrletls inesohratones, kls maeaclrs hnovlet soetlrrnclr sur klsvletulks oeineveolets hl klur iapaiot aitulkkl n`tleor ue avaetacl ineiurrle-tolk. Kls aitovots quo gnehlet kl suiis rosqulet aoeso hl hlvleor trnp prngnehmlet


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leiastrls haes kls rnutoels hl knrcaeosatone, jusqu sl traesgnrmlr inmml enuskavnes snukoce haes ka slitone 9.8.0 lepnoets hl `kniacl.

Yibma 9.? Kls prnilssus hl iratone hls ineeaossaeils


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Ka iapaiot stratcoqullst kl eovlau hl rlssnurils lt hl inmptleils quo plr-mlt uel nrcaeosatone hl survovrl lt hl prnsprlr. Kavaetacl ineiurrletolklst n`tleu par kls nrcaeosatones quo snet iapa`kls hl hvlknpplr hls iapaiotsstratcoquls pkus appriols par kls ikolets lt kls proeiopakls partols prleaetls,huel maeorl hogfiiokl omotlr par kls ineiurrlets.

Kls iapaiots stratcoquls rasslm`klet hls rlssnurils (taeco`kls lt oetaeco-`kls) lt hls inmptleils(quo inrrlspnehlet ka maeorl hnet kls rlssnurilssnet utokosls lt hpknyls). Kls nrcaeosatones hnovlet hospnslr hue eovlausluokhl rlssnurils lt inmptleils pnur pnuvnor oetlrvleor sur ue marib. Yolkkls letlehlet n`tleor ue avaetacl ineiurrletolk, lkkls hnovlet htleor hlsrlssnurils lt inmptleils quo snet ka gnos vaknrosls par kls ikolets lt klsproeiopakls partols prleaetls lt hogfiiokls omotlr par kls ineiurrlets. Klsinmptleils quo satosgnet ils hlux irotrls snet applkls hls inmptleils

gnehamletakls. Ka rhuitone hls intsel sauraot inestotulr uel stratcol lkkl slukl, iar lkkl

letrael pkutt hls rhuitones hl prox qul hls aucmletatones hl prnfit. Yo klscaspokkacls hl rlssnurils hnovlet trl vots, ka rhuitone hls ints el hnotjamaos sl gaorl au htromlet hl ka iratone hl vaklur.

Ka prleeot hl kavaetacl ineiurrletolk rlpnsl avaet tnut sur kls iapaiotsstratcoquls vaknrosls, rarls, rn`ustls (ilst--horl hogfiiokls omotlr) lt enesu`stotua`kls.

Haes hls inehotones ibaeclaetls, ok lst plu prn`a`kl qul kls iapaiots strat-coquls rlstlet sta`kls. Ok lst aknrs eilssaorl hl sappuylr sur hls iapaiotshyeamoquls, ilst--horl sur kaptotuhl gaorl inetoeulkklmlet vnkulr klsiapaiots stratcoquls.

Kaeakysl hl ka ibael hl vaklurlt hl kafikorlaohl inmprlehrl inmmlet kavaklur lst cerl lt inmmlet lkkl plut trl hvlknppl.

Kls aitovots quo gnehlet kls iapaiots stratcoquls huel nrcaeosatone pluvlettrl inmprosls cril uel iartncrapbol hls aitovots.

Ktakneeacl plut trl utokl pnur inmprlehrl ka plrgnrmaeil rlkatovl hlsnrcaeosatones lt pnur inetlstlr kls ilrtotuhls hls maeaclrs prnpns hl klurseovlaux hl rsuktats.

\el aeakysl YSNXplrmlt hl syetbtoslr ka inmprblesone hls gnrils lt gao-`klssls hl knrcaeosatone par rappnrt aux mleails lt nppnrtueots hl klevo-rneelmlet.

Kls maeaclrs hnovlet inmprlehrl le quno inesostl kl maeaclmlet hls iapaio-ts stratcoquls hl klur nrcaeosatone, le tlrmls hlxpknotatone hls iapaiots, hlclstone hls rlssnurils bumaoels lt hl inestruitone hl iapaiots hyeamoquls.

Psum


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Ilrtaoels rliblribls net mos le hnutl koetrt hu rkl hl kaiapaiot stratcoqul haes kn`tletone hue avaetaclineiurrletolk.

Ka irotoqulHlpuos kl hùt hls aeels 1??6, kapprnibl par kls rls-snurils ineeat ue craeh suiis, ka gnos haes kls mokoluxaiahmoquls (n hl trs enm`rlusls rliblribls kuo snetinesairls) lt haes kls letrlprosls (n hl pkus le pkus hlmaeaclrs agfirmlet qul klur avaetacl ineiurrletolk rlpnslsur ka inestruitone hl inmptleils gnehamletakls).Ilplehaet, hlux iblriblurs amroiaoes, Poibarh Vrolm ltJnbe @utklr net mos le hnutl koetrt hl ilttl apprnibl1 :

Kl rosqul hl tautnkncol. Kl gnehlmlet hl kapprniblpar kls rlssnurils lst qul il snet kls iapaiotsvaknrosa`kls lt rarls quo inehuoslet kavaetacl

ineiurrletolk. Ilplehaet, kavaetacl ineiurrletolklst kuo ausso hfieo le tlrmls hl vaklur lt hl rarlt. Okapparat hnei qul kavaetacl ineiurrletolk lst hfieopar kuo-mml. Hl pkus, horl quuel nrcaeosatonesurpassl kls autrls hu gaot qulkkl hospnsl hlmlokklurls rlssnurils nu hl mlokklurls inmptleilsplut slm`klr qulkqul plu trovoak. Ilka ea hoetrtqul so kne lst iapa`kl hl htlrmoelr qulkklsiapaiots snet ompnrtaetls lt pnurquno.

Kl maequl hl priosone. Var aokklurs, kapprnibl par klsrlssnurils rlstl ceraklmlet vacul sur il qul snetrlkklmlet kls iapaiots stratcoquls. Ilstentammlet kl ias knrsqul kls maeaclrs parklet hl

klurs rlssnurils lt inmptleils : quoks vnquletklxplrtosl le maeaclmlet, koeenvatone nu leinrl kaiukturl nrcaeosatoneelkkl pnur lxpkoqulr kl suiis hlklur nrcaeosatone, kls vrota`kls aitovots lt prnilssusquo gnehlet il suiis el snet pas lxpkoiots. Ilttlrlmarqul vaut partoiukorlmlet pnur kl ineilpt hlineeaossaeil taiotl, quo lst ilrtaoelmlet inrrlit surkl pkae hlsiroptog, maos partoiukorlmlet hogfiiokl utokoslr par kls pratoioles : inmmlet plut-ne crlr ilquo par lssleil lst oesaosossa`kl > Enus avnes snuklvil pnoet au hùt hl ka slitone 9.7.0.

Hl gaot, slkne Vrolm lt @utklr, sl inetletlr hl ineslokklraux maeaclrs hn`tleor hls rlssnurils rarls, vaknrosa`kls,hogfiiokls omotlr lt ene su`stotua`kls afie hl pnsshlr ueavaetacl ineiurrletolk el kls aohl pas vrota`klmlet haeska pratoqul.

Ka rpnesl

Jay @arely, kue hls proeiopaux partosaes hl kapprniblpar kls rlssnurils, rlineeat qul ilttl irotoqul lst utokl0.Ok aiilptl par lxlmpkl karcumlet slkne klqulk ok lst

eilssaorl hl molux inmprlehrl inmmlet kls rlssnur-ils snet utokosls nu hl qulkkl maeorl kls oehovohusinetroùlet kavaetacl ineiurrletolk. Ilplehaet, ok lstinevaoeiu hl ka plrtoeleil hl kapprnibl par kls rlssnur-ils, iar lkkl pnussl kls maeaclrs ohletofilr lt hvl-knpplr hls iapaiots stratcoquls.

Hautrls iblriblurs snet pkus lxpkoiotls. Aeel MarolDentt a aoeso tuho hl qulkkl maeorl kls iapaiots plu-vlet trl crls lt traesgrls letrl hls nrcaeosatones,au travlrs hl klxlmpkl hl ka graeibosl9. Lkkl mnetrl qulkls inmptleils hue graeiboslur (prnilssus lt aitovots)pluvlet trl traesgrls sls graeiboss saes pnurautaet trl omotls par sls ineiurrlets. Lkkl le ineikutqul kavaetacl ineiurrletolk rsohl haes ka iapaiot hugraeiboslur traesmlttrl sls inmptleils aux graeibo-ss. Vrolm lt @utklr pnurraolet rpnehrl qul ilttl n`slr-

vatone lst ilrtaoelmlet inrrlitl, maos qul kls prnilssus,kls aitovots, kls inmptleils lt kls iapaiots ompkoqulsel snet tnujnurs pas lxpkoiotls.

Hl tnut ilka, ne plut rlineeatrl qul sok lst lgglitovl-mlet hogfiiokl hohletofilr priosmlet kls iapaiots stratco-quls il quo plut haokklurs trl uel lrrlur, iar inmmlenus kavnes vu ne gaiokotl aknrs klur omotatone par kls ineiur-rlets , ne el plut inetlstlr qul ilrtaoels letrlprosls (parlxlmpkl Eodl, JIHliaux, Iaene, Yney nu Grll) net ta`koklur supronrot ene pas hu gaot huel mlokklurl matrosl hlsinehotones levorneelmletakls, maos òle cril uelmlokklurl lxpknotatone hl klurs spiofiiots oetlrels. Kaentone hl stratcol inestruotl lst oeinetlsta`kl.

Ynurils:1. P. Vrolm lt J.L. @utklr, Os tbl rlsnuril-àslh volw a uslgu

plrsplitovl gnr stratlcoi maeaclmlet rlslarib> , Aiahlmyng Maeaclmlet Plvolw, vnk. 07, en. 1 (0661), pp. 00-86.

0. J. @arely, Os tbl rlsnurils-àslh volw a uslguk plrspli-tovl gnr stratlcoi maeaclmlet > , Aiahlmy ng MaeaclmletPlvolw, vnk. 07, en. 1 (0661), pp. 81-

0. Yok taot pnsso kl hohletofilr spiofiqulmlet ka iapa-iot stratcoqul huel letrlprosl, ilka gaiokotlraot-okpkutt sne rlegnrilmlet le oetlrel nu sne omotatonepar kls ineiurrlets > Hneelz ue lxlmpkl.


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Kliturls rlinmmaehls

Vnur uel inmprblesone hl kapprnibl par klsrlssnurils, vnor J. @arely, Gorm rlsnurils aehsustaoelh inmpltotovl ahvaetacl , Jnureak ng

Maeaclmlet, vnk. 13 (1??1), pp. ??-106.H.J. Xllil, C. Vosaen lt A. Ybule, Hyeamoiiapa`okotols aeh stratlcoi maeaclmlet , Ytratl-coi Maeaclmlet Jnureak, vnk. 12, en. 3 (1??3),pp.

7. partor hue lxlmpkl htakneeacl auqulkvnus pnuvlz avnor aiis (par lxlmpkl ue ikas-

slmlet hinkls nu hueovlrsots), rakoslzuel aeakysl irotoqul hls avaetacls lt hls hae-clrs hl kapprnibl quo a t rltleul.

3. Le vnus oesporaet hl kokkustratone 9.3, lggli-tulz uel aeakysl YSNX pnur uel nrcaeosa-tone hl vntrl ibnox. Justofilz ka kostl hlsoehoiatlurs qul vnus avlz rltleus, entam-mlet par rappnrt aux autrls aeakysls qulvnus avlz pu rakoslr haes kls ibapotrls 0 lt 9. qulkkls ineikusones parvlelz-vnus >

Lxlrioils hl syetbsl

2. Hl qulkkl maeorl kl ineilpt hl ineeaos-saeils nrcaeosatoneelkkls lst-ok ko (a) kaiapaiot stratcoqul (vnor kl ibapotrl 9),(`) kls stratcols ineiurrletolkkls (vnor klibapotrl


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?. qulks lejlux uel nrcaeosatone ikassoqul lst-lkkl inegrnetl knrsqulkkl iblribl hvlknp-plr uel aitovot sur Oetlrelt > Qulk lst

kompait sur kl hvlknpplmlet hl ka iapaiotstratcoqul (vnor kls ibapotrls 9 lt ?) lt sur kaclstone hu ibaeclmlet (vnor kl ibapotrl 11)

Pgrleils1. Kl ineilpt hl stratcol gnehl sur kls rlssnurils a

t oetrnhuot par @. Slrelrglkt, A rlsnuril-`aslhvolw ng tbl firm , Ytratlcoi Maeaclmlet Jnureak,vnk.


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19. Wnor ka rgrleil 11 io-hlssus.18. Enus utokosnes kl tlrml inmpklxot aknrs qul

hautrls autlurs prgrlet parklr hoetlrine-elxone. Wnor par lxlmpkl D. Innk, K.A. Insta ltO. Holroidx Inestruitoec inmpltotovl ahvae-tacl , haes knuvracl horoc par A. Vlttocrlw,

B. Xbnmas lt P. Sbottoectne, Xbl Baeh`nnd ngYtratlcy aeh Maeaclmlet, Yacl, 0660, pp.


209/750

IBAVOXPL 9 KA IAVAIOX YXPAXCOQ\L 12?

90. V. Xommlrs, Lklitrneoi Inmmlril, Jnbe Sokly, 0666,pp. 120-1?9 mnetrl inmmlet kls fikorls snetoeffuleils par kls tlibenkncols hl koegnrmatone.

99. Ka entone hl coslmlet hl vaklur lst lxamoel parN. Caholsb lt J.K. Cok`lrt, Vrnfit pnnks: a grlsbknnd at stratlcy , Barvarh @usoelss Plvolw, mao-

juoe 1??2, pp. 19?-183.98. Yur ka entone hl mocratone hl ka vaklur, vnorA. Ykywntzdy, Ka mocratone hl ka vaklur, WokkaclMnehoak, 1??2.

9


210/750

1?6 VAPXOL 1 KL HOACENYXOI YXPAXCOQ\L

tuhl hl ias

l@ay kinutl

Au mnoes 96 mokkones hl plrsneels net aibltlt vlehu pnur pkus hl 06 mokkoarhs hl hnkkars surl@ay le 0669, snot ue mnetaet suprolur au prn-huot eatoneak `rut hl 36 pays haes kl mnehl.Vkus hl 1


211/750

IBAVOXPL 9 KA IAVAIOX YXPAXCOQ\L 1?1

`ruot, molux vaut kinutlr. Ka tlibenkncol plr-mlttaot aoeso hl suovrl ka trail kl inmpnrtlmlethl ibaqul utokosatlur pntletolk sur kl sotl, il quognureossaot hl priolusls oegnrmatones.

Ytruiturlkklmlet, l@ay lmpknyaot levorne< 666 plrsneels, hnet ka mnoto sniiupaot huslrvoil ikolets lt ue ioequoml hu hvlknppl-mlet tlibenkncoqul. \e rkl lssletolk taot ilkuohl iatlcnry maeaclr, ue ineilpt qul Mlc Sbot-mae avaot ompnrt l@ay hlpuos sne lxproleilpassl iblz Vrnitlr & Cam`kl, Hosely lt Bas`rn.Kls iatlcnry maeaclrs craolet 09 iatcnrolsproeiopakls hl prnhuots lt 9< 666 snus iatcnrols,quo akkaolet hls aetoquots aux vtlmlets lt hls

òjnux aux jlts provs.Yo kls letrlprosls ikassoquls hplesaolet hls

snmmls inesohra`kls pnur n`tleor hls oegnrma-tones sur klurs ikolets lt kls inevaoeirl hl rpne-hrl klurs hovlrsls lequtls hl satosgaitone, klsutokosatlurs hl l@ay racossaolet cratuotlmlet slsoeotoatovls, kl pkus snuvlet saes mml quok snoteilssaorl hl kls snkkoiotlr. Vnur autaet, afie hltnujnurs rlstlr kinutl, l@ay rlinuraot cakl-mlet hautrls tlibeoquls, quo eutokosaolet pasOetlrelt. Ok sacossaot par lxlmpkl hls npratones

Wnox hu Ikolet , quo inesostaolet oevotlr pku-solurs gnos par ae uel hozaoel haibltlurs lt hlvlehlurs au socl hl Yae Jnsl le Iakognreol, afiehl hosiutlr le htaok hl kletrlprosl. Hl mml, hlstkinegrleils taolet nrcaeosls pnur hàttrlhls enuvlkkls gneitoneeakots hu sotl lt hls vnku-tones hu rcklmlet, mml so lkkls eompkoquaoletqul hls ibaeclmlets moelurs. Lefie, hls slssoneshatlkolrs lt hl inurs plrmlttaolet happrlehrlaux ikolets molux utokoslr kl sotl. Aprs avnor suovouel hl ils slssones cratuotls hls \eovlrsots

l@ay , quo lesloceaolet ka gnos inmmlet aibltlrlt inmmlet vlehrl, kls utokosatlurs avaolet tle-haeil hnu`klr klur aitovot sur kl sotl.

Kletrlprosl taot horocl ka gnos hl koet-rolur lt hl klxtrolur. Kls aibltlurs lt kls vle-hlurs sl entaolet kls ues kls autrls ibaqultraesaitone, il quo ceraot hls rckls lt hlsenrmls lt assuraot miaeoqulmlet ue autn-

inetrkl hu systml. Ibaqul utokosatlur inestruosaot aoeso sa rputatone, il quo leinuraclaokls inmpnrtlmlets pnsotogs lt inehameaot klhrovls. Knrsqul ilka el sugfisaot pas, l@ay hospnsaot hue slrvoil hoevlstocatone quo parinuraot kls kostls hnggrls ka rliblribl hvletulkklgrauhls lt ebsotaot pas lxikurl klurs autlursIl slrvoil, quo inmprleaot pkusolurs iletaoelhlmpknys, travaokkaot avli kls gnrils hl pnkoilhu mnehl letolr afie hl rlprlr lt apprblehlkls lsirnis. l@ay avaot caklmlet hvlknpp uekncoiolk quo rlineeaossaot autnmatoqulmlet hlprnfiks iaraitrostoquls hl grauhls. Il systmlavaot par lxlmpkl plrmos hl mlttrl bnrs hta

hl euorl uel àehl hl trafiquaets rnumaoes quavaolet tlet hinuklr hl craehls quaetothn`jlts hl vaklur.

Kl maeaclmlet iblz l@ayKl stykl lt klxproleil hl Mlc Sbotmae oeffuleaolet gnrtlmlet kl maeaclmlet hl l@ayKnrsqulkkl kavaot rljnoetl le 1??2, kletrlprosletaot quue crnupl hoegnrmatoioles àrùstnus plrsneelkklmlet ibnosos par Volrrl Nmohyar. Il hlreolr avaot tnut gaot inesioleil hl

kasplit sympatboqul maos pas eilssaorlmleprnglssoneelk hl sne quopl. Ilst uel hls raosnes quo kavaot pnuss rlirutlr Mlc Sbotmaeaeioleel inesuktaetl, ka gnos le taet qul prsohlet-horlitlur cerak, rlspnesa`kl hls npratones aux tats-\eos, rlspnesa`kl hls npratoneoetlreatoneakls lt voil-prsohletl hu mardltoecKl rsuktat eavaot pas tarh sl gaorl sletor : l@aytaot hlvleu uel letrlprosl gniakosl sur klmlsurls lt kls hneels. Ne el plut pas inetrklr il qune el plut pas mlsurlr , agfirmao

Mlc. Yo haes kls prlmolrs tlmps ok taot pnsso`klhl rlssletor oetuotovlmlet inmmlet gneitoneeaokletrlprosl, sa taokkl ompnsaot hsnrmaos ueapprnibl pkus mtbnhoqul. Au sloe hl klur prnprl ibamp hl rlspnesaòkots, kls iatlcnry maeaclrs taolet iless passlr klurs jnurels mlsurlr kaitovot lt prlehrl hls hiosones legneitone hl ils mlsurls.


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tuhl hl ias

Ilrtaoels mlsurls taolet rlkatovlmlet baò-tulkkls haes kl inmmlril le kocel, inmml klenm`rl hl vosotlurs sur kl sotl, kl enm`rl hutoko-satlurs oesirots, ka hurl hl ibaqul vosotl, kltlmps hl ibarclmlet hls pacls, lti. Hautrlstaolet spiofiquls kaitovot hl l@ay. \elmlsurl qul Mlc Sbotmae apprioaot tnut parto-iukorlmlet taot kl taux hl prosl , ilst--horlkl raton hl iboggrl haggaorls par rappnrt kavaklur hls òles vlehus sur kl sotl. Lkkl mlsuraotqulks taolet kls jnurs n kaitovot taot ka pkusgnrtl, afie hl hiohlr qulk mnmlet ok taotplrtoelet hnggror hls oesiroptones cratuotls hlprnhuots afie hl stomuklr knggrl hleibrls.

Kamòaeil hl ka inmmueaut taot inetoeulkkl-mlet mlsurl au travlrs hls mlssacls pu`kossur kls crnupls hl hosiussone, afie hl ka sotulr suruel iblkkl hl 1 16, letrl (1) enus vnus snu-tlenes lt (16) enus snmmls prts vnustulr . Ka entl baòtulkkl taot hl 9.

ka hoggrleil hl klurs bnmnknculs hl iblzVrnitlr & Cam`kl, kls iatlcnry maeaclrshl l@ayel inetrkaolet klurs prnhuots qul hl maeorl trsoehorlitl. Oks el pnuvaolet pas puoslr haes hlsstnids pnur sl rapprnvosoneelr le hletogroil nu

le klssovl knrsqul klurs raynes taolet vohls. Lerlvaeibl, oks pnuvaolet amkonrlr kls nutoks mos hospnsotone hls utokosatlurs afie quoks puossletmolux aibltlr lt molux vlehrl. Il quoks plu-vlet gaorl, ilst inetoeulkklmlet lssaylr hn`tleorhl pltots prncrs haes klur iatcnrol, hosnes uelkcrl aucmletatone hu tneeacl hl glrraokkloehustrolkkl prnpns ka vletl nu koesiroptone hlqulkquls enuvlaux aibltlurs hakùms hl àehlshlssoels. Vnur y arrovlr, oks utokoslet hls sibmashl mardltoec quo inesostlet par lxlmpkl aohlr

kls utokosatlurs molux prsletlr klurs prnhuots nu klur hneelr hls nutoks klur plrmlttaet hl moluxaibltlr nu hl molux vlehrl , snukoceaot MlcSbotmae.

Ylkne kl tmnoceacl haeioles lmpknys,kamòaeil hl travaok iblz l@ay pnuvaot trl hurllt uktra inmptotovl. Kls ibaeclmlets survleaoletkl pkus snuvlet aprs avnor t vakohs par hl enm-

`rlux ibaecls hl prsletatones VnwlrVnoet letrlrlspnesa`kls npratoneelks, quo taolet lesuotlsnumos aux eovlaux borariboquls suprolurs ltapprnuvs par uel prnihurl quo ompkoquaot tnuskls hpartlmlets. Ok avaot aoeso gakku hox mnos pnurmlttrl le uvrl uel amkonratone hl ka maeorlhnet kls ibaussurls taolet ikassls sur kl sotl.Inesioletl hu gaot qul trnp haeakysls paraky-slet , Mlc Sbotmae utokosaot òle letlehu hls inesuktaets pnur takneelr kl hkao avli klqulkkls ibaeclmlets avaolet lgglitovlmlet kolu. Ok rls-snrtaot hl ilt takneeacl qul l@ay taot haes kamnyleel hls letrlprosls inmparls.

Au inurs hu tlmps, l@ay staot assur huel

rlkatovl oehplehaeil gail aux akas tlibenknco-quls. Jusqu ka fie hls aeels 1??6, kl sotl avaotrcukorlmlet suò hovlrsls avarols oegnrmato-quls, hnet ka pkus cravl, le 1???, avaot prnvnquuel glrmlturl plehaet 00 blurls, hu gaot huelpaeel hl systml lt hl ka`sleil hl snkutones hlsauvlcarhl. Kaeiole horlitlur oegnrmatoqul huinestruitlur hl moirn-nrhoeatlurs Catlway,Mayearh Sl``, avaot aknrs t rlirut par l@ayle taet qul prsohlet hu hpartlmlet tlibenkn-cols, afie hl rlmholr il typl hl sotuatones. Le

0668, kl sotl eavaot pkus t arrt le mnyleelqul 80 moeutls par mnos, le hpot hue trafii`lauinup pkus ompnrtaet.

Mlc Sbotmae etaot pas sluklmlet kl prsohlethl l@ay, lkkl le taot caklmlet ue glrvlet utokosa-tlur. Lkkl avaot aoeso vlehu pnur 9< 666 hnkkars kahinratone oetrolurl hl sne ibaklt hu Inknrahn,afie hl inmprlehrl rlkklmlet inmmlet gneitone-eaot kl sotl, il quo gaosaot hlkkl ue hls prlmolrs vle-hlurs parmo kls mlm`rls hu plrsneelk. Ilttllxproleil kuo avaot caklmlet plrmos hl cacelr le

irhoòkot auprs hls maeaclrs npratoneelks lthls autrls horoclaets : lkkl savaot vraomlet hl qunolkkl parkaot knrsqulkkl vnquaot kl inmpnrtlmlethls utokosatlurs. Lkkl taot caklmlet ineeul pnurinutlr attletovlmlet tnus kls lmpknys hl l@ay ltlkkl attlehaot hl sls maeaclrs quoks gasslet hlmml. Xnutl gaussl maeuvrl npratoneelkkl numakahrlssl stratcoqul pnuvaot iauslr hl vrota`kls


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IBAVOXPL 9 KA IAVAIOX YXPAXCOQ\L 1?9

rvnktls koetrolur hl ka inmmueaut qutaothlvleu l@ay, il quo rlehaot kletrlprosl lxtrml-mlet hplehaetl vos--vos hl sls ikolets.

Kl plrsneelk hl l@ay gaosaot sne pnsso`kl pnurrlstlr attletog lt fflxo`kl. Vrlsqul tnutls kls enu-vlkkls iatcnrols quo ineeaossaolet ka pkus gnrtlirnossaeil avaolet mlrc hnggrls pu`kols parkls utokosatlurs, quok avaot gakku lesuotl prnmnu-vnor au `ne mnmlet. Ilst aoeso quaprs avnorrlmarqu qulkquls vletls hl vnoturls, l@ay avaotir le 1??? ue sotl hostoeit enmm l@ayMntnrs, quo oeikuaot hls gneitones spiofiqulstlkkls qul ka rvosone hls vboiukls lt ka kovraosne.Quatrl aes pkus tarh, l@ay b`lrclaot pnur ue

mokkoarh hl hnkkars hl vletl hl vnoturls lt hl po-ils htaibls, ka pkupart prnpnsls par hls hostro-ùtlurs prnglssoneelks.

Kl gneitoneelmlet hmniratoqul hl l@aymml sok taot karclmlet pkòsiot par kls utokosatlurs, pnuvaot ompnslr ue ilrtaoe hkao happrletossacl. Kls enuvlaux maeaclrs avaolet pargno`lsnoe hl sox mnos pnur òle somprcelr hl kaiukturl. Ilrtaoes hls tlrmls qul vnus apprlelzhaes kls inkls hl inmmlril klahlrsbop, ompkoiatone, pnuvnor el sappkoqulet pas , rlmarquaokaeiole rlspnesa`kl hl VlpsoIn Sokkoam In``hsnrmaos voil-prsohlet le ibarcl hls npratoneoetlreatoneakls hl l@ay. Oio, enus inutnes, enuenus ahaptnes, enus gaiokotnes.

Ynurils: lày.inm 4 P.H. Bnt, Xbl Vlnpkls Inmpaey , @usoelsSlld, 9 hilm`rl 0661, pp. 11-13 lt Xbl l@ay linenmy , @usoelss Slld, 0< ant 0669, pp. 23-?6 4 A. Kasboesdy, Mlc aehMaiboel , Gnrtuel, ? jaevolr 0669, pp. 82-


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Ibapotrl 8

Attletls lt oetletones

N`jlitogs

Aprs avnor ku il ibapotrl, vnus slrlz iapa`kl hl inmprlehrl :

Kompnrtaeil hu cnuvlrelmlet hletrlprosl, ka ibael hl cnuvlrelmlet lt klsstruiturls inrrlspnehaetls haes hoggrlets pays.

Kl rkl hls partols prleaetls huel nrcaeosatone lt ka maeorl hnet klursattletls oeffulet sur ka stratcol.

Ka iartncrapbol hls partols prleaetls, klur pnuvnor lt klur oetrt.

Kls qulstones tboquls lt klur ompait sur ka stratcol.

Inmmlet ka iukturl plut trl ue mntlur nu ue grloe ka stratcol.

Kl tossu iukturlk lt inmmlet ok plut trl utokos pnur hoacenstoqulr uel iukturl.

Inmmlet kls oetletones stratcoquls pluvlet trl inmmueoquls.

8888....1111 Oetrnhuitone

Haes kls hlux prihlets ibapotrls, enus avnes vu inmmlet klevorneelmlet(klxtlrel) lt kls rlssnurils (koetlrel) oeffuleilet ka pnsotone stratcoqul huelnrcaeosatone. Ilplehaet, ils hlux srols haeakysls el prleelet pas le inmptluel trnosoml homlesone, tnut ausso iruioakl : kl rkl inmpklxl hls oehovohus. Kastratcol hpleh le lgglt hl il qul kls oehovohus attlehlethl knrcaeosatone lt hlklur iapaiot oeffuleilr sls n`jlitogs. Kl sibma 8.1 mnetrl quok lxostl quatrlproeiopaux typls hattletls quo gnrclet ibaiue klur eovlau kls oetletones ink-klitovls :

Ka qulstone gnehamletakl inesostl hfieor au slrvoil hl quo knrcaeosatonehlvraotacor lt inmmlet sls ùts lt nroletatones hlvraolettrl htlrmoes. Ilhàt rlkvl hl il quok lst inevleu happlklr kl cnuvlrelmlet hletrlprosl lt

kl iahrl rcklmletaorl haes klqulk knrcaeosatone vnkul. Kl cnuvlrelmlethletrlprosl el inesostl pas sluklmlet ohletofilr qulks crnupls hoetrt netkl pnuvnor hoeffulr sur kls n`jlitogs, maos caklmlet htlrmoelr qulks prn-ilssus plrmlttlet hl suplrvoslr kls hiosones lt kls aitones hls maeaclrs, ltqulk lst kl partacl hls rlspnesaòkots. Ok sacot hnei hls attletls gnrmlkkls hlknrcaeosatone. Inmml enus akknes kl vnor, kls rpnesls ils qulstones hogg-rlet soceofiiatovlmlet hue pays kautrl. Kls siaehakls quo net marqu klhùt hls aeels 0666 qul il snot Lerne, SnrkhInm nu Varmakat net


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hnee uel ompnrtaeil tnutl partoiukorl aux qulstones hl cnuvlrelmlethletrlprosl.

Kl hluxoml pnoet ompnrtaet inesostl ohletofilr au slrvoil hl quo knrcaeosa-tone acot lgglitovlmlet. Ilka mel hfieor ka entone hlpartols prleaetls, va-kulr kompkoiatone hl ibaiuel hletrl lkkls lt htlrmoelr haes qulkkl mlsurllkkls snet mml hoeffulr sur kls n`jlitogs hl knrcaeosatone. Le lgglt, kls attle-tls hls oehovohus lt hls crnupls kls pkus puossaets aurnet pkus hompait sur klsn`jlitogs nrcaeosatoneelks qul ilkkls hls aitlurs mnoes oeffulets. Kls partolsprleaetls snet kls oehovohus lt kls crnupls quo hplehlet hl knrcaeosatone

pnur attloehrl klurs prnprls `uts lt hnet knrcaeosatone hpleh caklmlet.Inmprlehrl koeffuleil hls partols prleaetls eilssotl uel aeakysl hupnuvnorlt hls oetrtshl ibaiuel.

Ka hfieotone hls n`jlitogs quuel nrcaeosatone hlvraotpnursuovrl lst oeffule-il par hls inesohratones tboquls. Qulkkls snet kls attletls hl ka inkklitovot kcarh hl knrcaeosatone > Ils qulstones tboquls, quo rsuktlet hls vaklurs hl kasniot au sles karcl, agglitlet eilssaorlmlet kl cnuvlrelmlet hletrlprosl, lepartoiukolr le il quo ineilrel ka rlspnesa`okot hls nrcaeosatones. Ka pnsotone

Yibma 8.1 Attletls lt oetletones


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IBAVOXPL 8 AXXLEXLY LX OEXLEXONEY 1?3

tboqul ineilrel le partoiukolr kl rkl snioak hl knrcaeosatonevos--vos hl iba-iuel hls partols prleaetls, entammlet ilkkls quo htoleelet kl mnoes hl pnu-vnor gnrmlk. Kl inmpnrtlmlet hls oehovohus koetrolur hl knrcaeosatone hnotcaklmlet trl pros le inmptl haes ilttl aeakysl.

Kls n`jlitogs qul knrcaeosatone pnursuot le rakot snet lssletolkklmlet kos sne inetlxtl iukturlk. Le lgglt, kls attletls snet caklmlet oeffuleils par kbos-tnorl lt klxproleil leiastrls haes ka iukturl nrcaeosatoneelkkl. Afie haeaky-slr ka iukturl huel nrcaeosatone lt inmprlehrl inmmlet lkkl plut oeffuleilrkls n`jlitogs hoggrlets eovlaux, enus utokoslrnes kl ineilpt hl tossu iukturlk.Ilka oeikut entammlet ka qulstone pkus karcl hl ka iukturl eatoneakllt kl rklhls snus-iukturls koetrolur hl knrcaeosatone, par lxlmpkl ilkkl hl ibaqulgneitone.

8888....0000 Kl cnuvlrelmlet hletrlprosl1

Kl cnuvlrelmlet hletrlproslhsocel kleslm`kl hls pratoquls, hls struiturls lt

hls prnihurls quo hfieosslet kl partacl hu pnuvnor, ka rpartotone hls rlspnesa-òkots lt kls mnhls hl inetrkl letrl kls hoggrletls partols prleaetls huel nrca-eosatone. Aknrs qul ils prniiupatones snet hj aeioleels au Pnyauml-\eo ltaux tats-\eos, lkkls gnet kn`jlt hue oetrt irnossaet le Lurnpl inetoeletaklhlpuos kl hùt hls aeels 1??6 lt entammlet le Graeil, hu gaot hu hikoe hlkaitoneearoat pu`koi au prnfit hls gnehs hl plesone lt hls NVIWM (soiavs ltgnehs inmmues hl pkailmlet). Plmarqunes qul klxprlssone cnuvlrelmlethletrlprosl0el ineilrel pas ueoqulmlet kl pokntacl lt ka prosl hl hiosone au sloehuel letrlprosl, inmml pnurraot kl kaosslr suppnslr kl tlrml cnuvlrelmlet, quopar rgrleil aux sioleils pnkotoquls gaot ompkoiotlmlet rgrleil ue pnuvnorueoqulmlet lxiutog. Kl cnuvlrelmlet hletrlprosl leckn`l caklmlet kl kcoska-

tog (hfieotone hls rckls) lt kl juhoioaorl (inetrkl).Kl pnoet hl hpart hl kaeakysl hls ùts huel nrcaeosatone inesostl htlrmoelr

ka struiturl hl cnuvlrelmlet haes kaqulkkl lkkl nprl. Ka struiturl hl cnuvlrel-mletta`kot qulks oetrts knrcaeosatone hlvraot slrvor lt inmmlet sls n`jlitogs ltsls pronrots hlvraolet trl ibnosos. Lkkl ineilrel ka gnos kl gneitoneelmlet hlknrcaeosatone lt kl partacl hu pnuvnor letrl kls hoggrletls partols prleaetls.

Inmml enus akknes kl vnor, taet hnee qul kls rpnesls ils qulstones snetgnrtlmlet kols ka iukturl lt aux trahotones hl ibaqul pays, ok lxostl hls hoggrle-ils enta`kls le tlrmls hl struiturls lt hl pratoquls9. Haes `lauinup hl pays, kastruiturl hl cnuvlrelmlet tleh trl pkus ompkoiotl qulxpkoiotl, il quo gaot qulkapparlok kcak lt rcklmletaorl el htlrmoel qule partol kls inmpnrtlmlets lt

kls baòtuhls.

8888....0000....1111 Ka ibael hl cnuvlrelmlet

Ka qulstone hu cnuvlrelmlet hletrlprosl lst apparul pnur hlux raosnes. Xnutha`nrh, ka eilssot pratoqul hl sparlr kapnsslssonehl kaclstonehls nrcaeosatonesinestotul hsnrmaos ka enrml saug haes kls pltotls VML. Ok le rsuktl haes kapkupart hls ias uel boraribol nu ibael hl cnuvlrelmlet, quo ohletofil tnus klscrnupls hoetrt ayaet uel oeffuleil kcotoml sur kls ùts hl knrcaeosatone. @ole

Klcnuvlrelmlet

hletrlproslhsocel kleslm`klhls pratoquls, hlsstruiturls lt hlsprnihurls quohfieosslet klpartacl hu pnuvnor,ka rpartotone hlsrlspnesaòkots lt klsmnhls hl inetrklletrl kls hoggrletlspartols prleaetlshuel nrcaeosatone

Ka struiturl lcnuvlrelmletta`kot qulksoetrtsknrcaeosatonehlvraot slrvor ltinmmlet slsn`jlitogs lt slspronrots hlvraolettrl ibnosos


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qul kls htaoks hl ilttl ibael varolet huel nrcaeosatone kautrl, kl sibma 8.0prsletl kl ias cerak pnur uel craehl letrlprosl intl le @nursl. Ka hluxomliausl hl hvlknpplmlet hl ka entone hl cnuvlrelmlet hletrlprosl lst ka vnknethamkonrlr ka voso`okot hls rsuktats hls nrcaeosatones, ene sluklmlet pnur klursprnprotaorls par lxlmpkl kls aitoneeaorls maos caklmlet pnur kls autrls par-tols prleaetls, y inmpros ka sniot au sles karcl. Enus prsletlrnes kls hrnots ltkoeffuleil hl ils autrls partols prleaetls pkus knoe haes ilttl slitone lt haes kaslitone 8.9.

Ka ibael hl cnuvlrelmlet plrmlt hl inmprlehrl qulks aitlurs snet mmlhoeffulr sur kls n`jlitogs hl knrcaeosatone lt sa stratcol. Ka tbnrol hl kacleil ltpkus partoiukorlmlet kl mnhkl proeiopak-aclet8 plut trl utokosl pnur lxpkoqulrinmmlet gneitoneelet kls rlkatones au sloe hl ilttl ibael. Il mnhkl sappkoqulhaes tnutls kls sotuatones haes klsqulkkls ue nu pkusolurs aitlurs (kl proeiopak)maehatlet hautrls aitlurs (kaclet) pnur acor le klur enm lt haes klur oetrt.Haes kls ibaels hl cnuvlrelmlet kls pkus sompkls (par lxlmpkl haes uel pltotlletrlprosl gamokoakl), kls ahmoeostratlurs snet kls aclets horlits hls aitoneeaorls(kl proeiopak). Ka pkupart hu tlmps, ilrtaoes mlm`rls hl ka gamokkl snet kusahmoeostratlurs lt le taet qul tlks snet ibarcs hl horoclr kletrlprosl. Kls autrlsaitoneeaorls, quo el snet pas ompkoqus haes ka clstone, suplrvoslet kls hiosoneshls ahmoeostratlurs afie hl sassurlr qulkkls vnet `ole haes kl sles hl klurs oet-rts. Haes hls nrcaeosatones hl pkus craehl taokkl, ka sotuatone lst pkus inmpkoquliar ok lst eilssaorl hl rlinuror hls maeaclrs sakaros quo el snet eo aitoneeaorlseo ahmoeostratlurs. Haes il ias quo lst ilkuo hu sibma 8.0 kls maeaclrs snetkls aclets hls ahmoeostratlurs, quo snet klur tnur ue proeiopak. Ok lxostl hl mml,ka pkupart hu tlmps, pkusolurs eovlaux hl maeaclrs, ibaiue taet kl proeiopak hlsls su`nrhnees lt kaclet hl sls suprolurs. Haes kls craehls letrlprosls intlsle @nursl, ne hostoecul caklmlet hautrls stratls au eovlau hls aitoneeaorls, quopluvlet trl hls iletaoels hl mokkolrs hoehovohus, hnet ka pkupart enet pas oevlsto

horlitlmlet haes kl iapotak hl kletrlprosl, maos haes hls gnehs hoevlstosslmletnu hls gnehs hl plesone. Ils gnehs snet inetrks par klur prnprl ineslok hahmo-eostratone lt crs par hls oevlstosslurs prnglssoneelks, quo snet ka gnos kls acletshls oevlstosslurs lt kls proeiopaux hls ahmoeostratlurs hls letrlprosls haes kls-qulkkls oks pkailet klurs gne

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