SSUSH6 D, SSUSH7 A & SSUSH8 A & B

Building America’s Infrastructure

Building America’s Infrastructure

The Transportation Revolution

• In 1751: The Braddock Road was constructed by General Edward Braddock

between Cumberland, Maryland and Fort Duquesne (modern Pittsburg, Pa).

• In 1806: The Cumberland Road was authorized by President Thomas

Jefferson between the Potomac and Ohio Rivers (Replacing Braddock’s Road).

• 1811-1818: Construction of the National Road between Cumberland, Maryland

and Wheeling, Virginia (modern West Virginia).

The First Highway

• In 1820: Congress authorized

the extension of the National

Road to St. Louis, Missouri.

• In 1825: Congress authorized

extended the road across the

Mississippi River.

Building America’s Infrastructure

The Transportation Revolution

• Rivers offered faster, cheaper, and efficient transportation.

• In 1807: Robert Fuller and Robert Livingston built the first steamship.

• The Clermont made the first 30

hour trip from New York to Albany.

River Navigation

• In 1807: First idea of building a

waterway from Albany to Buffalo,

New York was developed.

• 1817 – 1825: Construction of the

363 mile long Erie Canal was

completed to Lake Erie.

Manmade Waterway

Building America’s Infrastructure

The Transportation Revolution

• 1830: Industrialist Peter Cooper

built the first steam locomotive

in the U.S.

• The “Tom Thumb” was the first

“Iron Horse” of the newly formed

Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.

• 1830 – 1853: The Baltimore

and Ohio Railroad extended

379 miles from Baltimore,

Maryland to Wheeling, WV.

A New Invention

Building America’s Infrastructure

The Industrial Revolution

• Shift from hand-made to machine-made goods occurred in the U.S. due to:

The American system of Free Enterprise.

The willingness of Americans to experiment with new technologies.

Low taxes that allowed Entrepreneurs to invest more money in business.

Swift-flowing streams that provided water power to new factories.

• 1789: Samuel Slater built the first

Water Frame in the United States

• 1793: Eli Whitney built a simple Cotton

Gin to improve Cotton production.

• 1814: Francis C. Lowell opened the first

series of Textile Mills in Boston.

Industrialization

New Innovations

Building America’s Infrastructure

• 1801: Eli Whitney developed the idea of interchangeable

parts for weapons used by the United States Army.

• 1835: Samuel B. Morse built the first telegraph in America,

eventually developing the “Morse Code” system.

• 1846: Elias Howe developed the first sewing machine in the

U.S. that eventually revolutionized the textile industry.

• Industrialization gave

rise to the first key

cities in the U.S.:

• New York.

• Boston.

The Industrial Revolution New Innovations

Early Urbanization

Building America’s Infrastructure

• The development of the Cotton Gin caused the

growth of the Southern Plantations and the saying

that “Cotton is King.”

• The rapid growth of plantations all over the deep-

south caused a great demand for Slave Labor.

Cotton and the South

• Traditional African System

• Predominantly Women

• Issued Specific Dailey Jobs.

• Allowed more Freedom.

• Less Brutal or Harsh

Two Basic Labor Systems Developed

The Task System The Gang System

• Group Oriented System.

• Predominantly Men.

• Worked Until Task Completed

• Very limited Freedom

• Much more Harsh & Brutal

Building America’s Infrastructure

• Earliest Slaves Codes were established in the 1600’s

by Virginia and Maryland.

• Between 1712 – 1770, South Carolina, Louisiana,

Georgia and Florida also established Slave Codes.

Cotton and the South

• Slaves are forbidden from leaving the owners property without permission.

• Any Slave attempting to run away will be whipped, branded, or executed.

• Slaves homes are to be searched every two weeks for contraband.

• Slaves are prohibited from raising a hand against any white person.

• Slaves are prohibited from possessing weapons

• No Slave will be taught to read and write.

Established Slave Codes

Sample Slave Codes

Building America’s Infrastructure

• Traditional African songs were used

to help make field work a bit easier.

• Africans adopted Christianity to help

maintain hope and pray for freedom.

Cotton and the South

• In 1822: A Free-African named Denmark Vesey was

inspired to plan a rebellion in South Carolina.

• At least 131 of his conspirators were arrested.

• 67 were tried and 35 were eventually hung with him.

Coping with Enslavement

Resisting Enslavement

Building America’s Infrastructure

• In 1831: A Virginia Slave named

Nat Turner was inspired

to lead his own rebellion.

• As a self taught Religious leader,

many of his followers called him

“The Prophet.”

Cotton and the South

• 21 Aug 1831: Nat Turner ordered his group of 70 enslaved and free blacks

to kill all whites they encountered (using knives, hatchets, and axes).

• The rebellion was put down by militia troops in 48 hours after nearly 60

white men, women, and children were murdered by the rebels.

• Nat Turner and 56 of his conspirators were tried, convicted, and executed.

Resisting Enslavement

Building America’s Infrastructure

American’s Become Divided

• 1817: President James Monroe

inherited a nation that was

unevenly divided between

slave and free states.

• The rising feelings of Sectionalism in the United States could no be warded

off by the Era of Good Feelings that existed following the War of 1812.

• By 1819: The U.S. consisted of 11

free states and 11 slave states.

• Main Political Concern: Upsetting the balance between free and slave state

representation in Congress by admitting any new

states.

Building America’s Infrastructure

American’s Become Divided

• In 1820: The Missouri Compromise was devised to hopefully quell the

dispute over the admission of free versus slaves states.

• The compromise was passed by a very close margin

based on the hard work of Henry Clay of Kentucky.

• Missouri admitted (Slave).

• Maine admitted (Free).

• No further slavery in the

Louisiana Territory.

• Slavery to be allowed in

the Arkansas Territory.

Key Parts of the Compromise

Building America’s Infrastructure

American’s Become Divided

Election of 1824

• The Presidential Election of 1824 reflected the growing feelings of

Sectionalism in the U.S. by the nomination of four “Favorite Sons:”

• The election was so close that the House of Representatives had to

make the final selection, choosing John Quincy Adams as president.

Henry Clay

of Kentucky

Andrew Jackson

of Tennessee

William Crawford

of Georgia

John Quincy Adams

of Massachusetts

Building America’s Infrastructure

Presidency of John Quincy Adams

• When the president named Henry Clay

as Secretary of State, many accused

the men of making a “Corrupt Bargain.”

• The president’s efforts to create nationwide internal improvements were

opposed by Congressional Leaders who considered them to be extensions

of his father’s Federalists Principles and Henry Clay’s “American System.”

• He did manage to gain Congress’ approval to expand

some of the nation’s infrastructure:

Expansion of the National Road to St. Louis.

Construction of the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal

and the Chesapeake & Delaware Canal.

Building America’s Infrastructure

Election of 1828

• The two candidates waged a bitter

war criticizing each other’s morals

that became known as “Mudslinging.”

• Andrew Jackson portrayed himself as a

“Common Man’s” candidate

• Many American’s still saw him as the “Hero”

both the War of 1812 and the Indian Wars.

• His rough frontier background and tough

personality earned him the title of “Old

Hickory.”

• As a result he became President in 1828.