Sousveillance Critique

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    Sousveillance

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    1NC Sousveillance

    Institutional restrictions on surveillance crowds out activism and replicates the verypractices they were purported to reform.

    Genosko 6 [Gary, “(Im)Possible Exchange: The Arts of Co nter!" r#eillance,$ Cana%ian C lt ral Poesis: Essays on Cana%ianC lt re& E%& "heila Petty, Garry "herbert, an% Annie Gerin& 'ibrary an% Archi#es Cana%a Catalog ing in P blication& & ! *+

    "till, social theorist ha#e been str c by the absence of broa%ly base%, nifie% social mo#ements s ecifically contesting the rise ofsocieties of s r#eillance& -esistance to the %i#erse mo%es of s r#eillance, ne. social relations, an% s bor%inations of the informationeconomy by in%i#i% als, gro s, an% instit tions ha#e, ho.e#er, certainly roliferate% an% become more an% more common lace,e#en if these lac a ni/ e, nifying imaginary or share% organi0ational base& Attention has t rne% to s ecific, s ontaneo smobili0ations that ose a range of challenges from the non!serio s to serio s: from teenage ran sterism to .or lace a#oi%ance

    tactics& " ch theorists ha#e not of co rse been blin% to the b rgeoning go#ernmental ri#acy b rea cracies, notto mention non!go#ernmental .atch%ogs, as a %ominant form of resistance to s r#eillance& 1n a%ay!to!%ay basis, in#estigati#e 2o rnalism also lays an im ortant role, as %oes .eb acti#ism aro n% ri#acy iss es an% cyber rotest

    in all its %i#ersity&Pri#acy legislation, initially fig re% as a form of resistance, ten%s to cro.% o t thesocial!mo#ements a roach& The legal reme%ies for in%i#i% als (%ating from the American 2 ri%ical

    ers ecti#e of the early 3456s) ha#e incl %e% no en% of legal s ec lations aro n% torts s ch as %ollar

    com ensations for .rong%oing lin e% to intr si#e s r#eillance, non!legislati#e sol tions,contracts an% .arranties, an% the fi% ciary obligation of the %ata!hol%er or han%ler to se ersonalinformation only for the benefit of the s b2ect& These legal remem%ies incl %e leglislati#e relief from %atagathering, a relief that im lies the im lementation of .i%e range of acts (free%om of information, free%om fromcommercial solicitation, fair cre%it re orting, an% #arieties of consent an% ref sal of consent mechanisms)&

    In or%er to clarify my a roach, I .ant to s ggest that ri#acy legislation is not ob#io sly a form of resistance ,sing Gi%%en7s term,I .ant to sit ate ri#acy legislation , es ecially its legal an% olicy %imensions, s/ arely in the

    instit tional %omain of s r#eillance an% a%ministrati#e o.er& The oft!note% enabling an%constraining elements of s r#eillance8increasing in#ol#ement, b t #eering %angero sly to.ar%totalitarianism8 lace ri#acy legislation, the rotection of ersonal information, an% legalreco rses to free%om of information in the %omain of self!re ro% cing, yet enabling instit tionalas ects of s r#eillance& 9e are still face% .ith the roblem of a sociological analysis of resistanceto s r#eillance, an% in this a roach .e may .ant to regain certain ri#acy %isco rses, es eciallythose of the non!go#ernmental organi0ations that more closely corres on%, in their ex ress aimsto the resist ance mo%el a%#ocate% by Gi%%ens& t the characteristics of these forms of resistance in#ol#e o ositional i%entitiesthat are not stable from the o tset (contra classist a riorism)& ;e. context!%e en%ent i%entities are only .on thro gh str ggles ofartic lation in the “mo#ing e/ ilibria$ of the fiel% of antagonisms of hegemonic o.er (str ggles artic lating the range of %ifferences,shifting bo n%aries, relati#e nities, an% elastic hierarchies [s bor%ination by consent+ from .hich they %eri#e their character, an%im ortantly, create roblems aro n% i%entity formation)& The lang age of ne. alliances, rainbo. coalitions, trans#ersal connections,alternati#e flo.s, an% rema ing of territories an% sing larities in the rocess of s b2ect formation all s ea of the fl i%ity an% l rality

    of the i%eological fiel% int .hich resistances arise& The i%ea, then, that there is a one!to!one corres on%ence bet.een instit tion an% social mo#ement is incoherent in these terms& "ensing this incoherence, social theoristli e

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    State power has !rown so "i! that it now uses technolo!y to maintain a constantstate of emer!ency which #ustifies endless wars$ military !rowth$ and structuralviolence. %he impact is even more unre!ulated domestic surveillance$ which turnsthe case.Steinmet& '(() (George, Prof& of "ociology = >ni#& of ?ichigan, “The "tate of Emergency an% the -e#i#al of AmericanIm erialism: To.ar% an A thoritarian Post!@or%ism$, P blic C lt re 3 :B)

    The manifest reg latory changes o#er the ast year ha#e foc se% rimarily on the str ct re an% role of the (>&"&) state& Thec rrent “state of emergency,$ the threat of terrorism, is constr cte% as a s ecifically oliticalcrisis, a sha en sense of olitical so#ereignty & This massi#e cam aign to recentrali0e o.er began, some.hatironically, 2 st at the moment .hen globali0ation theorists (incl %ing ar%t an% ;egri) .ere reaching a consens s that the state .as

    being o#ersha%! o.e% by transnational, regional, an% local organi0ations& %he refocusin! of political power on thelevel of the *merican national state has "een most evident in the area of +.S. !eopoliticalstrate!y ,unilateralism and preemptive military strikes-$ "ut much of the new re!ulatoryactivity has focused on the state appara tus itself and the /domestic0 level of politics$ withthe creation of a hu!e new !overnment a!ency (the nite% "tates$ (9hite o se B66B: B4 6)& The >nite% "tates e t its tati#e ;AT1 allies o t of theloo in its %ecision!ma ing rocesses in the Afghanistan .ar, for exam le, an% resiste% the %e loyment there of an integrate%international sec rity force (see Fr nig B663)& 5 The sh a%ministration7s o o! sition to the International Criminal Co rt an% itsthreat to “bloc all >nite% ;ations eace ee ing missions as they come for rene.al nless American eace ee ers are grante%imm nity from rosec tion$ also %emonstrate that it is m ch more .illing to embrace the role of lone hegemonic s er o.ers than

    .ere the re#io s sh an% Clinton a%ministrations (see Tyler 344BbD

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    1rgani0e% acts by in%i#i% als are here terme% Js b#ersi#e7& ac ing is a goo% exam le of information s b#ersion (Taylor B666D Thomas B666) to .hich .e might a%% those s ch as crac ers, hrea ers an% cyber n s, allof .hom se technology to car#e o t s aces of free%om an% a tonomy that the same technologycan foreclose in the han%s of cor orations ("tarr B666: 5 K6)& The %o.nloa%ing of m sic from the Internet sing?P technology, for instance, is o larly s b#ersi#e, not only beca se it is .i%es rea% b t also beca se it seems to engen%er no

    more o lar %isa ro#al than the se of blan cassettes for ta ing m sic off the ra%io& Another exam le of s b#ersioncan be fo n% in the in% of co nter! s r#eillance that some in%i#i% als rs e against thes r#eillance a arat sD this can mean filming the olice .ho film %emonstrations or it can mean

    sing %ata rotection legislation to ex ose cor orate mis%emeano rs& At its best, then, s b#ersioncan constit te a co nter!c lt ral mo#ement that, li e their re%ecessors in the 34L6s, is not anti!ca italist er se b t%oes re resent a form of resistance against o.erf l cor orations an% state agencies& To be s b#ersi#e , then, hac ing et al&m st not be %one for its o.n sa e (still less for ersonal gain) b t in or%er to n%ermine the informationsystems of economic an% olitical o.er& " b#ersion can occ r both o tsi%e the la. b t also.ithin it, by ex loiting ambi#alences .ithin the la. an%Mor by enco raging the legal a arat s to catch .ith%e#elo ments in ICT, a time lag that go#ernments an% cor orations are often able to ex loit for n%esirable en%s& 1rgani0e% acts bygro s can be terme% Jrebellio s7& @or instance, many b sinesses ha#e fo n% their .ebsites s b2ecte% to J%enial of ser#ice7 attac s,effecti#ely tting m ch of that com any o t of o eration for signi f cant erio%s of time of co rse s ch attac s can also be the res lt

    of in%i#i% al gr %ges against the com any in / estion, or e#en of ran%om an% ca ricio s male#olence& o.! e#er, the mostfamo s exam le of rebellion remains the Na atista mo#ement7s s ccessf l an% contin e%mobili0ation of .orl% o inion against the attem t by the ?exican go#ernment to %e ri#e them oftheir lan% rights (Castells 3445: 5B K )& In a%%ition, .e might also consi%er the in% of o osition, mentione% in the abo#e%isc ssion of -IPA, to legislation that threatens ci#il liberties& The >"A has been an im ortant so rce ofo osition to other attem ts at o#er!reg lating cybers ace (Oor%an 3444)&Acts of resistance , therefore,consist of material an%Mor %isc rsi#e actions that %isclose social alternati#es by attem ting to o en.hat economic an% olitical o.ers attem t to close: the heteroto ic s aces of a tonomy that arethe so rce of alternati#e #isions of in%i#i% ality an% society (@o ca lt 34KL) b t .hich ris beingsilence% by informatic ca italism in its attem t to re% ce h man %i#ersity to %igital bytes an% %atastreams& -esistance is al.ays a strategy that ositions itself against the hegemony of the%ominant no%es of money an% o.er that are embe%%e% in sites of .or an% cons m tion (see

    abo#e)&An act of resistance therefore re/ ires sites of resistance: the sites are the sine / a non ofthe acts that sim ltaneo sly confirm an% %estabili0e the con%ition of their existence& A site ofresistance is both materially an% c lt rally transforme% by the acts of resistance to .hich it gi#esrise& A site ma es an act ossible an% an act is the means by .hich .e become a.are of a site7stransformati#e otential& Therefore, a site m st facilitate an i%eological orientation , i&e& a criti/ e ofexisting o.er an% its alternati#es&

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    Link4Curtailment[1NC 5vidence Institutional restrictions on surveillance not only crowd out activist$"ut replicate the very practices they were purported to reform.Genosko 6 [Gary, “(Im)Possible Exchange: The Arts of Co nter!" r#eillance,$ Cana%ian C lt ral Poesis: Essays on Cana%ianC lt re& E%& "heila Petty, Garry "herbert, an% Annie Gerin& 'ibrary an% Archi#es Cana%a Catalog ing in P blication& & ! *+

    "till, social theorist ha#e been str c by the absence of broa%ly base%, nifie% social mo#ements s ecifically contesting the rise ofsocieties of s r#eillance& -esistance to the %i#erse mo%es of s r#eillance, ne. social relations, an% s bor%inations of the informationeconomy by in%i#i% als, gro s, an% instit tions ha#e, ho.e#er, certainly roliferate% an% become more an% more common lace,e#en if these lac a ni/ e, nifying imaginary or share% organi0ational base& Attention has t rne% to s ecific, s ontaneo smobili0ations that ose a range of challenges from the non!serio s to serio s: from teenage ran sterism to .or lace a#oi%ance

    tactics& " ch theorists ha#e not of co rse been blin% to the b rgeoning go#ernmental ri#acy b rea cracies, notto mention non!go#ernmental .atch%ogs, as a %ominant form of resistance to s r#eillance& 1n a%ay!to!%ay basis, in#estigati#e 2o rnalism also lays an im ortant role, as %oes .eb acti#ism aro n% ri#acy iss es an% cyber rotest

    in all its %i#ersity&Pri#acy legislation, initially fig re% as a form of resistance, ten%s to cro.% o t thesocial!mo#ements a roach& The legal reme%ies for in%i#i% als (%ating from the American 2 ri%ical

    ers ecti#e of the early 3456s) ha#e incl %e% no en% of legal s ec lations aro n% torts s ch as %ollarcom ensations for .rong%oing lin e% to intr si#e s r#eillance, non!legislati#e sol tions,

    contracts an% .arranties, an% the fi% ciary obligation of the %ata!hol%er or han%ler to se ersonalinformation only for the benefit of the s b2ect& These legal remem%ies incl %e leglislati#e relief from %atagathering, a relief that im lies the im lementation of .i%e range of acts (free%om of information, free%om fromcommercial solicitation, fair cre%it re orting, an% #arieties of consent an% ref sal of consent mechanisms)&

    In or%er to clarify my a roach, I .ant to s ggest that ri#acy legislation is not ob#io sly a form of resistance ,sing Gi%%en7s term,I .ant to sit ate ri#acy legislation , es ecially its legal an% olicy %imensions, s/ arely in the

    instit tional %omain of s r#eillance an% a%ministrati#e o.er& The oft!note% enabling an%constraining elements of s r#eillance8increasing in#ol#ement, b t #eering %angero sly to.ar%totalitarianism8 lace ri#acy legislation, the rotection of ersonal information, an% legalreco rses to free%om of information in the %omain of self!re ro% cing, yet enabling instit tionalas ects of s r#eillance& 9e are still face% .ith the roblem of a sociological analysis of resistanceto s r#eillance, an% in this a roach .e may .ant to regain certain ri#acy %isco rses, es eciallythose of the non!go#ernmental organi0ations that more closely corres on%, in their ex ress aimsto the resist ance mo%el a%#ocate% by Gi%%ens& t the characteristics of these forms of resistance in#ol#e o ositional i%entitiesthat are not stable from the o tset (contra classist a riorism)& ;e. context!%e en%ent i%entities are only .on thro gh str ggles ofartic lation in the “mo#ing e/ ilibria$ of the fiel% of antagonisms of hegemonic o.er (str ggles artic lating the range of %ifferences,shifting bo n%aries, relati#e nities, an% elastic hierarchies [s bor%ination by consent+ from .hich they %eri#e their character, an%im ortantly, create roblems aro n% i%entity formation)& The lang age of ne. alliances, rainbo. coalitions, trans#ersal connections,alternati#e flo.s, an% rema ing of territories an% sing larities in the rocess of s b2ect formation all s ea of the fl i%ity an% l rality

    of the i%eological fiel% int .hich resistances arise& The i%ea, then, that there is a one!to!one corres on%ence bet.een instit tion an% social mo#ement is incoherent in these terms& "ensing this incoherence, social theoristli e

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    i!ital technolo!y is radically incomplete$ which allows it to "e repurposed to createnew forms of a!ency and relationships. 5liminatin! surveillance technolo!y alsotakes away its revolutionary potential.Lievrouw '(11 ['eah, Prof& of Info& "t %ies = >C'A, “The Internet, as Tho gh Agency ?attere%$, reface to (-e)In#entingthe Internet: Critical Case "t %ies, @eenberg @rieson, "ense P blishers I" ; 45K!4*!L643!5 *!4+

    ?oreo#er, the material infrastr ct re of the Internet an% relate% technologies is , as @eenberg says,“ra%ically incom lete,$ not yet a roaching the in% of clos re an% stabili0ation that ha#e mar e%comm nication technologies in the ast& (In%ee%, I .o l% go f rther an% arg e that Internet %esign an%architect re, re%icate% on “s r#i#ability,$ re% n%ancy, an% o enness to %i#erse %e#ices an%a lications, act ally resist this ty e of clos re & The “recombinant$ / ality of Internet infrastr ct re is .hat allo.s

    s to ee calling ne. me%ia “ne.$ ['ie#ro . 'i#ingstone, B66L+)& This ersistent lac of clos re, an% theincom leteness, emergence, or recombinant %ynamics of ne. me%ia technologies, in some sensein#ite eo le to tin er .ith existing feat res an% latforms, an% se them to %e#ise ne. or non!ob#io s affor%ances an% ses accor%ing to their o.n r oses an% interests & @eenberg, of co rse, has

    sef lly theori0e% this rocess, .ithin his broa%er critical theory of technology, as instr mentali0ation: eo le see ing sol tions to roblems recogni0e otentially sef l ob2ects an% affor%ances in the .orl%, remo#e them from their original settings an% r oses tohighlight their ne. ses, an% then reconfig re an% fit them bac into existing systems, stan%ar%s, an% re ertoires of ractice in ne.

    .ays (@eenberg, B66 )& Together, the ability of Internet infrastr ct re to s ort an% exten% grointeraction, an% its “ra%ical incom leteness,$ ha#e fostere% a %i#ersifie%, i%iosyncratic,o ort nistic an% seren%i ito s arena for b il%ing relationshi s, interaction an% .hat @eenberg calls“ne. forms of agency&$ Actors can se technology to challenge establishe% instit tional o.eran% rerogati#es, an% in the rocess reconfig re not only the re#ailing social or%er, b t thetechnical infrastr ct re that s orts an% s bten%s it& ;e. forms of agency ha#e o ene% the .ayfor the ne., me%iate% mo%es of sociality, reci rocity, artici ation, mobili0ation, an% resistancethat are highlighte% in this boo &

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    Link43acial 7"fuscation%he politics of facelessness presumes a universal plasticity of all su"#ects4effacin!difference.8onahan 19 [Torin, Associate Professor of Comm nication "t %ies at the >ni#ersity of ;orth Carolina at Cha el ill& “The-ight to i%e Anti!" r#eillance Camo flage an% the Aesthetici0ation of -esistance,$ Comm nication an% CriticalMC lt ral "t %iesQol& 3B ;o& B+

    -ather than sim ly s bstit te one bi0arre collecti#e re resentation for an alienating sing lar one, the @acial 9ea oni0ation " ite as ires to erase i%entitymar ers altogether& It %enies the legitimacy of a mar et of %iscrete i%entities an% the systems that .o l% re% ce eo le to them& las an% colleag es

    ex lain: 9e .ant a technology that allo.s s to esca e regimes of i%entification stan%ar%i0ation an% control, li efacial recognition technologies an% biometrics & In res onse to this, .e as , 9hat are the tactics an% techni/ es for ma ing o rfaces nonexistent o. %o .e flee this #isibility into the fog of a / eerness that ref ses to be recogni0e% 9e ro ose to start ma ing faces o r .ea ons&9e can learn many faces an% .ear them interchangeably& A face is li e being arme%& & & & To%ay, in o r biometric age, existence has become a means of

    control& & & & ecoming nonexistent t rns yo r face into a fog, an% fog ma es re#olt ossible& 6This artic lation e itomi0es the logicof the “right to hi%e,$ a right to become nonexistent an% in#isible to instit tions& The en#isione% s ace of fog

    r orte%ly frees one from social constraint an% ex ectation, affor%ing i%entity ex erimentationan% otentially “re#olt&$ 1%%ly, this lay .ith mas s an% faces references a ni#ersal “.e$ an%a%#ocates for the eras re of %ifference, or at least its mar ers, in the ser#ice of in%i#i% al

    a tonomy& It erforms a in% of ost!i%entity olitics7 right to social an% olitical e/ ality .itho tany signifiers of %ifference, .hich are themsel#es seen as o ressi#e im ositions on the art ofothers& The fog is a to ic non!s ace .here the artist can s ea on behalf of others, not beca see#eryone is him , as in the case .ith "el#aggio7s >-?E ro2ect, b t beca se no one is anyone8 eo le, as %efine%

    by %ifference, %o not exist &

    3acelessness is no different than a conservative ri!ht to privacy and cedes thepolitical to the ri!ht. :ather than hidin! from surveillance$ we should en!a!e inaffirmative acts of counter surveillance.8onahan 19 [Torin, Associate Professor of Comm nication "t %ies at the >ni#ersity of ;orth Carolina at Cha el ill& “The-ight to i%e Anti!" r#eillance Camo flage an% the Aesthetici0ation of -esistance,$ Comm nication an% CriticalMC lt ral "t %iesQol& 3B ;o& B+

    The aesthetici0ation of resistance enacte% by anti!s r#eillance camo flage an% fashion ltimately fails to a%%ressthe excl sionary logics of contem orary state an% cor orate s r#eillance & These anti!s r#eillance racticesemerge at this historical 2 nct re beca se of a .i%es rea% recognition of nchec e%, er#asi#e s r#eillance an% o lar criticism of

    go#ernment an% cor orate o#erreach& The ey to the o larity of these artistic efforts may be that they mobili0ethe tra ings of ra%ical inter#ention, in highly styli0e% form, b t %o so in .ays that %o not com el

    eo le to challenge state #is ality ro2ects & They offer hy er!in%i#i% ali0e% an% cons mer! oriente% a%a tations ton%esire% s r#eillance& To the extent that s ch efforts can be seen as critical inter#entions, they rely on an a eal to the e%agogical

    otential of art to gal#ani0e meaningf l olitical change& As Oac/ es -anciRre ex lains: Art is res me% to be effecti#e olitically beca se it %is lays the mar s of %omination, or aro%ies mainstream icons, or e#en beca se it lea#es the s aces reser#e% for it an% becomes a social ractice& & & & The logic of mimesis consists in conferring on the art.or the o.er of the effects that it is s ose% toelicit on the beha#ior of s ectators&L In the case of the exam les co#ere% in this a er, it is clear that .hile some of the signifiers of

    critical art are resent, for instance .ith the @ag @ace ?as 7s bl rring of instit tionally im ose% i%entities, the rimary message isnonetheless one of accommo%ating er#asi#e s r#eillance an% in#iting a layf l %ance .ith it& -ecognition of the #iolent, ne/ al,an% marginali0ing a lications of s r#eillance is brac ete% or %enie% in the resentation of ni#ersal, neoliberal s b2ects in search of amo%ic m of (fashionable) control o#er their ex os re& This is not to say that lay has no lace in resistance efforts& As Oeffrey O risLLhas ill strate% in his ethnogra hy of the anti!cor orate globali0ation mo#ement, lay an% fri#olity can sometimes s ccee% in .ays thato ositional tactics cannot& @or exam le, in s aces of confrontation, eo le laying m sic or staging erformances .hile %resse% inelaborate cost mes are effecti#e beca se they are symbolically o.erf l soli%arity!b il%ing acti#ities that are not hysicallythreatening to the olice& O ris .rites, “" ch layf l ro#ocation re resents a form of rit al o osition, a symbolic o#ert rning ofhierarchy m ch li e me%ie#al carni#al&&&& Play, in artic lar, re#eals the ossibility of ra%ically reorgani0ing c rrent social arrange!ments&$L5 In the mo%e of anti!s r#eillance, gro s li e the " r#eillance Camera Players similarly embo%y a s irit of lay as theystage erformances for #i%eo s r#eillance camera o erators an% s ectators in blic laces li e ;e. Hor City s b.ay stations&LKPerha s beca se of the blic setting of these erformances, .hich s ally en% .ith olice or sec rity g ar%s escorting layers off

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    blic ro erty, these inter#entions may ha#e the effect of fostering in a %iences a criti/ e of olicing riorities an% thecommo%ification of blic s ace& Play of this sort may be an effecti#e form of resistance that alters blic a.areness an% c lt ralsensibilities, b t it can be a %iffic lt tas for s ch inter#entions to roblemati0e ine/ alities that can fester .ithin ass m tions of

    share% rights& >ltimately, %isco rses of “the right to hi%e$ are .ea #ariations of “the right to ri#acy,$ both of .hich %e en% on conce t ally ina%e/ ate an% em irically %eficient mobili0ations of

    ni#ersal rights & In%ee%, oor an% raciali0e% o lations s b2ecte% to the most in#asi#e forms of

    monitoring are m ch more concerne% .ith iss es of %omination an% control, along .ith the racticalities of s r#i#al, than they are .ith legal or hiloso hical abstractions li e ri#acy &L4Pri#acy is also a %ee ly in%i#i% alistic conce t, oorly s ite% to forestall %iscriminatory racticesagainst social gro s&56 As "ami Coll ex lains, “ The notion of ri#acy, as a criti/ e of [the+ information society,has been assimilate% an% resha e% by an% in fa#o r of informational ca italism, notably by being o#er!in%i#i% ali0e% thro gh the self! %etermination rinci le&$53The %isco rse of the right to hi%e , as .ith the right to ri#acy,acce ts the legitimacy of state %eman%s for legible o lations an% offers symbolic com romisesto assert %egrees of free%om .ithin those constraints& Instea% of being content .ith artistic forms of hi%ing,co nter#is ality ro2ects, by contrast, .o l% “loo bac $ an% rs e alternati#es to totali0ing regimesof state #is ality &They .o l% see to n%ermine the a thority of state control by challenging theca italist im erati#es that len% legitimacy to forms of state #iolence an% o ression &5B9hat is re/ ire% is a f llengagement .ith “the olitical,$ .hich , as -anciRre %escribes, is al.ays in o osition to the olice: The

    olice is not a social f nction b t a symbolic constit tion of the social& The essence of the olicelies neither in re ression nor e#en in control o#er the li#ing& Its essence lies in a certain .ay of%i#i%ing the sensible& & & & Politics, by contrast, consists in transforming this s ace of “mo#e!along,$ ofcirc lation, into a s ace for the a earance of a s b2ect: the eo le, the .or ers, the citi0ens& 5 Artisticinter#ention, broa%ly constr e%, can ser#e an im ortant role in %isr ting the a thority of the olice to str ct re the sensible, or

    excl sionary logics in societies more generally& 9hether thro gh filming an% %oc menting cases of olicemiscon% ct,5* engaging in c lt re!2amming acti#ities to raise a.areness of cor orate malfeasance,5 orchallenging the stat s / o of ra e c lt re by hac ing into com ter systems an% blici0ing attem tsto co#er sex al assa lt ,5L there are many #iable rototy es for artists an% acti#ists&55

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    Institutional attempts to stop facial reco!nition not only leave surveillanceapparatuses intact$ they serve the anti democratic practices they critici&eLe"ovic 19 [;it0an, assistant rofessor of history an% the A ter Chair 1f oloca st "t %ies an% Ethical Qal es at 'ehigh>ni#ersity& “ iometrics, or The Po.er of the -a%ical Center,$ Critical In/ iry Qol& *3 ;o& *+

    Com rehen%ing this antinomy im lies a %ifferent rea%ing of the frien%!enemy %istinction in c rrent %emocratic oliticsD the enemyof the s r#eillance society is the enemy of the archi#e or its so#ereign, al.ays an internal enemy &In contrast to ho. olitical theorists s ally see it, any infiltration from the o tsi%e .orl% only strengthens the 2 stifications for the%atabase7s existence, reinforcing the so#ereign7s control an% se of the %ata& In contrast to the state of exce tion, as %efine% by

    Agamben, the biometric %atabase enables s to see that there is no nee% to s s en% the la.& Theantinomic str ct re of the system is the la.& It is the norm& As mentione% abo#e, .hat 4M33 gaine% for the

    bio olitical system .as sim ly the o lar legitimacy to ma e the concealment of the system art an% arcel of its o eration, itsex licit rinci le of existence& In “9hat Is an A arat s $ Agamben i%entifies “a ne. E ro ean norm [that+ im oses biometrica arat ses on all its citi0ens by %e#elo ing an% erfecting anthro ometric technologies in#ente% in the nineteenth cent ry in or%er to

    i%entify reci%i#ist criminalsS& " r#eillance by means of #i%eo cameras transforms the blic s ace of thecity into the interior of an immense rison& In the eyes of a thority8an% maybe rightly so8nothing loo s more li e aterrorist than the or%inary manS& [ This+ is the beginning, an%, at the same time, the #anishing oint of e#ery

    olitics&$K3 9here %oes this lea#e s As the e%itors of The ;e. Politics of " r#eillance an% Qisibility .rite in theirintro% ction, “resistance is ty ically not moti#ate% by a %esire to eliminate or mo%ify systems, b t toe#a%e their gras & As s ch,it s ally lea#es the s r#eillance system intact &$KB This is the o.er of thene. ra%ical center, .hich ho#ers in bet.een, or abo#e , both the attem t to %ereg late go#ernmentalser#ices an% sim ltaneo sly s ly a ni#ersal ro#i%er to co e .ith its %amages& K The Israeli case,%isc sse% abo#e, s lies one .ith a sef l exam le& It sho.s ho. the anti%emocratic mechanism is gro n%e% inthe contem oraneo s str ct re of %emocratic roce% re an% ho. the legislati#e mechanism isser#ing o.er rather than limiting or balancing it& The ra%ical center has s rface% not .here

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    Link45ncryption:ather than eliminatin! surveillance technolo!ies$ the open source movement showshow democrati&in! software and makin! it freely availa"le acts as an e plicitpolitical act that promotes social revolution.

    8il"erry '(1' [Fate, @ac lty of Info = >ni#& of Toronto, “ ac ing for "ocial O stice: The Politics of Prefig rati#eTechnology$, (-e)In#enting the Internet: Critical Case "t %ies, @eenberg @rieson, "ense P blishers I" ; 45K!4*!L643!5 *!4+

    "tallman (3444) too the rinci le% stance that ro rietary soft.are .as antisocial an% nethical& e challenge% theass m tion that “.e com ter sers sho l% not care .hat in% of society .e are allo.e% toha#e&$ e began %e#elo ing an o erating system, G;> (Gn 7s ;ot >nix) that .as com lete% .ith the a%%ition of the 'in x ernelin 344B (gn &org)&The free soft.are mo#ement .as base% on fo r essential free%oms: the free%omto r n a rogramD the free%om to mo%ify a rogramD the free%om to re%istrib te co ies (either gratis or for a fee)D an% the free%om to %istrib te mo%ifie% #ersions of the rogram& eca se free%om is consi%ere% inthe context of no.le%ge rather than mar ets, the sharing of so rce co%e is not regar%e% as incom atible .ith selling a finishe%

    rogram&The cr cial oint is that the so rce co%e8.hether in ro rietary or free soft.are8al.aysremains freely a#ailable& @-EE "1@T9A-E Q"& 1PE; "1>-CE It is freedom$ and not simply pro!ramdevelopment and use$ that is the central concern of the free software movement$ makin! itan e plicitly political pro#ect & Accor%ing to one tech acti#ist, it com rises$a %igital re#ol tion that issocial before it is technical$ (1bsc ra, B66 )& t some in the rogramming comm nity ref se to recogni0e the s b#ersi#e

    otential of free soft.are& The 1 en "o rce Initiati#e (1"I), .hich Eric "& -aymon% la nche% in 344K, is a res onse to the olitical or normati#e a roach of the free soft.are mo#ement& Altho gh it ass mes an a olitical stance, this mo#ement re#eals its bias in itso#ert s ort for the stat s / o&

    %he plan directly hurts the open source movement "y further privati&in! encryptiontechnolo!y. %his prevents that technolo!y from "ein! used to su"vert the dominantsocial order.8il"erry '(1' [Fate, @ac lty of Info = >ni#& of Toronto, “ ac ing for "ocial O stice: The Politics of Prefig rati#eTechnology$, (-e)In#enting the Internet: Critical Case "t %ies, @eenberg @rieson, "ense P blishers I" ; 45K!4*!L643!5 *!4+

    In ee ing .ith its b siness!frien%ly a roach, the 1 en "o rce

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    %he plan makes it easier for private companies to encrypt information$ whichdecreases the a"ility of the pu"lic to repurpose software to achieve social #ustice.8il"erry '(1' (Fate, @ac lty of Info = >ni#& of Toronto, “ ac ing for "ocial O stice: The Politics of Prefig rati#eTechnology$, (-e)In#enting the Internet: Critical Case "t %ies, @eenberg @rieson, "ense P blishers I" ; 45K!4*!L643!5 *!4)

    %ech activists com"at power im"alances in the technical sphere throu!h their development

    and use of free software. In this way$ they carve out their own virtual terrain orientedtoward the community model of the Internet$ which is "ased on democratic practice. %hismodel$ which contrasts with the commercial model in o"#ectives and orientation$ has/profound ethical implications0 for the future of the Internet (@eenberg a ar%2ie#a B66*, & B)&-ecogni0ing comm nication as central to achie#ing the goals of the global 2 stice mo#ement,acti#ists create% their o.n me%ia system & In the case of the ongoing hac ing of Acti#e36, Jthe gee s of I?C!Tech .ere

    eenly a.are that each technological %esign or set of feat res creates a artic lar blishing str ct re an%, as a res lt, em o.ers

    sers&&&in an e/ ally artic lar .ay7 ( ill B66 , & B)& o.e#er, it also became a arent that transmitting mo#ement i%ealsof social, economic an% en#ironmental 2 stice to the .orl% thro gh a global %igital ne.s.ire%e en%e% on internal comm nication .ithin In%yme%ia& The I?C tech collecti#e initially comm nicate% by emaillists an% Internet -elay Chat (I-C)& t by B66B, a n mber of .i is .ere set .ith the i%ea of creating a s stainable system for%oc menting I?C7s history an% ongoing acti#ities& A .i i is a %ynamic .ebsite ma%e of a series of interlin e% .eb ages that can

    be create% an% e%ite% by sers& As one member of the

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    Link43oucault

    3oucauldian concepts of surveillance misread di!ital and al!orithmic monitorin!practices and disempower those who actively resist surveillance in the technolo!ical

    a!e.8artin '((; [Aaron -osam n%e #an ra el nfort nately, this .or .as ne#er blishe% by @o ca lt himself an% the conce ts

    se% .ere ne#er %e#elo e% f rther&In analysing the arallelisms an% %ifferences .ith the Pano ticon an%contem orary cities, it is im ortant to ac no.le%ge that rban s ace is far more com lex than theconce t of s ace in @o ca lt7s inter retations of the rison& In cities, eo le may sometimes bemeta horically im risone% b t, ne#ertheless, they are not n%er isolation b t / ite the o osite: acity is a s ace of en%less enco nters& 9hereas a rison is an extremely homogeno s s ace, a cityis f ll of %i#ersity& This %i#ersity of both s aces an% social ractices ma es it im ossible tocom are rban s ace sim ly an% %irectly to the Pano ticon& JToo m ch ha ens in the city forthis to be tr e7 , as "o2a (344L: B ) oints o t& o.e#er, there are se#eral rinci les, characteristic to the mechanism of thePano ticon, .hich are clearly resent in the s r#eillance of cities& "ome are almost self! e#i%ent some more nex ecte%, b t yet, theyare all .orth s ecifying&

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    >iewin! state surveillance as a panopticon destroys any possi"ility for ethicalsurveillance which su"verts institutional forms of power.Lievrouw '(11 ['eah, Prof& of Info& "t %ies = >C'A, “The Internet, as Tho gh Agency ?attere%$, reface to (-e)In#entingthe Internet: Critical Case "t %ies, @eenberg @rieson, "ense P blishers I" ; 45K!4*!L643!5 *!4+

    amilton an% @eenberg ma e the case that effecti#e online teaching, li e effecti#e face!to!face instr ction, is

    f n%amentally relational an% not merely a matter of information %eli#ery& >n%erstoo% this .ay, online e%agogy has the otential to enrich an% exten% the tra%itional #al es of scholarshi an% teaching, an% to resist the %es illing an%

    re% ction of higher e% cation to

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    %he aff?s re#ection of all surveillance doesn?t understand the fact that surveillance isreciprocal < %his means that they !et rid of Sousveillance as wellLyon ;@ [

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    tem oral ga s bet.een .atcher an% .atche%& @inally, all refers to actors .ithin a s r#eille% %omain asJinterme%iaries78 .here meaning is inscribe%, .here technologies re! resent information, .here

    o.erMresistance o erates, an% .here net.or s are bo n% together& Each arty, at each le#el ofanalysis, ass mes a role in a s r#eillance net.or an% becomes inscribe% as s ch thro ghembo%ie% com liance, the exchange of money, the inscri tion of text an% the se of artefacts (?ichael, 344L)& all arg es that interme%iation is an im ortant socio!technical rocess in the er et ation of s r#eillance ractices & >sing

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    Link4BoardersSurveillance at the "order is inevita"le. Counter surveillance and de "orderin! arenecessary acts of counter he!emonic resistance. %he plan makes it harder to deploycounter surveillance alon! the "order.

    alsh '(1( [Oames, Prof& = >C "anta arbara, “@orm or%er Control to or%er Care: The Political an% Ethical Potential of" r#eillance$, " r#eillance an% "ociety K:B+

    Altho gh existing research has ill minate% the role of s r#eillance in monitoring an% managing mobile o lations, it hasten%e% to o#erloo other im ortant acti#ities, incl %ing the strategic se of s r#eillance by acti#ist gro s &As a res lt, scholarshi has generally inter rete% .atching, locating, an% i%entifying as innatelya thoritati#e an% %isem o.ering ractices %irecte% to.ar% gate ee ing an% excl sion& t .hatha ens .hen obser#ational technologies an% strategies are t rne% against the state7s gate ee ersan% s r#eillance systems o. sho l% s ch instances im act scholarly n%erstan%ings of s r#eillance as a otential tool ofresistance, em o.erment an% %emocrati0ation In a%%ressing these / estions, I assess t.o inter#entions em loye% to a%%ress the

    h man conse/ ences of contem orary immigration control: (3) co nter!s r#eillance an% (B) strategic an% symbolicacts of J%e! bor%ering7& 9hile both share common interests in ren%ering ercei#e% in2 stice #isible ,they can be %ifferentiate% base% on their tactics an% o#erri%ing ob2ecti#es& The first refers to the se of s r#eillance to

    romote trans arency an% %emocratic acco ntability by J.atching the .atchers7 an% t rning thega0e of a thority against itself (see ey et al& B66L)& J

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    em irically, analy0ing the se an% framing of s r#eillance by bor%er acti#ists& This thir% section alsoassesses each gro 7s transformati#e otential an% its relations .ith state a thorities an% official bor%er ractitioners&

    Surveillance on the "order is inevita"le. 5liminatin! state "ased surveillance onlyincreases the use of unre!ulated private vi!ilante surveillance and eliminates thea"ility to redeploy surveillance technolo!y for social #ustice.

    alsh '(1( [Oames, Prof& = >C "anta arbara, “@orm or%er Control to or%er Care: The Political an% Ethical Potential of" r#eillance$, " r#eillance an% "ociety K:B+

    %he !overnment is not alone in its a!!ressive efforts$ as vi!ilante or!ani&ations haveemer!ed to provide additional surveillance and policin! & Altho gh existing in n mero s forms o#er the ast3 6 years, bor%er #igilantes , .hich no. incl %e the ?in teman Pro2ect, ?in temen Ci#il

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    %he *ff?s interpretation of surveillance at the "order is inaccurate andnarrowminded. *ctivists can use the same surveillance practices to advocate forstructural chan!e and redress in#ustices.

    alsh '(1( (Oames, Prof& = >C "anta arbara, “@orm or%er Control to or%er Care: The Political an% Ethical Potential of" r#eillance$, " r#eillance an% "ociety K:B)

    y %etailing an% analy0ing the se of often so histicate% obser#ational ractices by bor%er acti#ists, this article has highlighte%inter#entions an% actors left nex lore% in extant .or on s r#eillance, bor%ers, an% mobility& 9hile the a%ministration ofterritorial bor%ers remains a significant instantiation of state a thority central to the exercise an%acc m lation of olitical an% symbolic o.er, treating the state as the excl si#e agent of bor%ers r#eillance or ass ming that s r#eillance is inherently re ressi#e en%orses a narro. an%

    n%ersociali0e% #ie. of obser#ational techni/ es an% ractices & ;oting there is more to s r#eillancethan initially meets the eye , this a er has a%#ance% a broa%er %efinition, reco!ni&in! that o"servin!$locatin!$ and classifyin! may "e conducted in the interest of protectin! ri!hts$ redressin!in#ustices$ ena"lin! democratic participation$ "uttressin! moral criticism$ and advocatin!for alternative practices. @ rther, this a er calls attention to the nee% to st %y s r#eillance as a %ynamic an% interacti#e

    rocess in .hich the bo n%aries bet.een .atcher an% .atche% are often in%eterminate an% .here, %es ite ine/ alities of o.er,

    s bor%inates are able to contest an% challenge gate ee ers, or%er enforcers, an% other formal a thorities& Ac no.le%ging this% ality allo.s the researcher to #ent re beyon% the em irically ob#io s, challenge excessi#elya thoritarian acco nts, an%, most im ortantly, a%#ance a blicly engage% bran% of scholarshithat ex lores s r#eillance7s em o.ering otential& Examining the collecti#e actions an% c lt ralframings of bor%er acti#ists ro#i%es a .in%o. into the ses of s r#eillance in constr ctingco nter!geogra hies of ho e, an% romoting a more incl si#e an% egalitarian social or%er& Tho gh Iha#e note% #ario s limitations in these gro s7 strategies8incl %ing mane or%ers7 rel ctant coo eration .ith the or%er Patrolan% < ", an% the AC'>7s ne tral monitoring of a thority or i%eational frame.or s base% on grammars of ri#acy an% liberalin%i#i% alism8I %o not mean to im ly that acti#ists sho l% %is ense .ith their ractices& Their efforts are best concei#e% ascom lementary a roaches an% com onents of a m lti! ronge% challenge to the emergent Jhomelan% sec rity state7& >sings r#eillance to assist migrants an% monitor a thority is nli ely to bring a halt to the tragic bor%er crisis b t they are certainly sto s inthe right %irection& In o osing the criminali0ation an% sec riti0ation of migration acti#ists face %a nting an% seeminglyins rmo ntable obstacles, b t, as 9eber (34*L, 3BK) remin%e% s, JAll historical ex erience confirms&&& that man [sic+ .o l% not ha#eattaine% the ossible nless time an% again he ha% reache% o t for the im ossible7&

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    Link4Internet 3reedom

    %he +S is historically hypocritical on issues of internet freedomntil recently, Peter#an ren, ser#e% as a @oreign "er#ice officer at the "tate " olicies in Ira/ & W“The "tate" go#ernment efforts to sec re Internetfree%om go, they seem to %iscern t.o %ifferent in%s of free%om: the free%om they enco rage an%the free%om that they nishS

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    Link43irst *mendment%he first amendment creates a "u""le for socially accepta"le activism that isre!ulated "y the neoli"eral state a!enda.3iss ;1? [1.en ?& @iss, Sterling Professor at Yale Law School., The Hale 'a. Oo rnal, Qol& 366, ;o& 5 (?ay, 3443), &B6K5!B36L, The Hale 'a. Oo rnal Com any, Inc&, htt :MM...&2stor&orgMstableM54LK3L+

    In recent years .e ha#e come to n%erstan% that the state %oes not act 2 st as oliceman, b t alsoas e% cator, em loyer, lan%lor%, librarian, broa%caster, ban er, an% atron of the arts& Thet.entieth cent ry has .itnesse% an enormo s gro.th of state o.er an% , e#en more, a roliferationof the .ays in .hich this o.er has come to be exercise%& In s ea ing of the rise of the acti#iststate in America , .e refer not sim ly to the / antitati#e gro.th of state inter#ention, b t more im ortantly to the changes in the.ays that the state has inter#ene%: a mo#ement from negati#e to affirmati#e mo%alities& This %e#elo menthas been of consi%erable im ortance olitically an% socially an%, at the same time, has create% ne.challenges for the @irst Amen%ment& Is it an infringement of free%om of s eech for a bliclibrary to excl %e certain ra%ical boo s 1r for a blic school to offer a co rse on e#ol tion b tnot creationism 1r for a state!o.ne% tele#ision station to romote the %e#elo ment of n clear

    o.er an% not ro#i%e an o ort nity for en#ironmental gro s to #oice their o osition Ingra ling .ith these / estions the " reme Co rt has ac no.le%ge% that the @irst Amen%ment a lies tothe affirmati#e as .ell as the negati#e mo%es of exercising state o.er, b t it has enco ntere%great %iffic lty in s ecifying exactly ho. it a lies& "tate% in the most general terms , the / estion is.hether the Co rt sho l% a ly a %o ble stan%ar%!sho l% the Co rt be more lax in its re#ie. of these affirmati#eexercises of o.er than it is .hen it re#ie.s the enforcement of the criminal la. This is the / estion I .ish to a%%ress, an% to%o so I .ill foc s on the constit tional an% olitical contro#ersy concerning -obert ?a lethor e an% the ;ational En%o.ment for the

    Arts (;EA)& That contro#ersy .as s rre% by a n mber of blic statements by "enator Oesse B& @or a consi%eration of the#ario s theories of the @irst Amen%ment, an% the arg ment in fa#or of #ie.ing the @irstAmen%ment more as a rotection of collecti#e self!%etermination than of in%i#i% al selfex ression, see@iss, 9hy the "tate , 366 A-Q& '& -EQ& 5K3 (34K5)& @or a more recent examination of these iss es, see ;ote, A Pl ralistic -ea%ingof the @irst Amen%ment an% Its -elation to P blic TC All se s b2ect to O"T1- Terms an% Con%itions 3443+"tate Acti#ismB6K4 elms of ;orth Carolina ob2ecting to the se of blic f n%s to s ort the sho.& Altho ghit %i% not reach the " reme Co rt, for more than a year the ?a lethor e contro#ersy .as amatter of national im ortance& It .as in the ne.s a ers almost on a %aily basis, res lte% in onecriminal rosec tion, the a ointment of a resi%ential commission an% se#eral ro n%s oflegislation, an% raise% com lex iss es that e#ery mo%ern %emocracy m st confront in a%2 sting tothe changes in the .ay state o.er is exercise%&

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    Link457 1')))*ll future restrictions on 57 1'))) are vulnera"le to e istin! loopholes4movementto forei!n surveillance.*rn"ak and Gold"er!$ '(1@ [Axel, er man Center for Internet "ociety, ar#ar% >ni#ersity, Cambri%ge& "haron,Com ter "cience ni#ersity, oston& 'oo holes for Circ m#enting the Constit tion: 9arrantless l" r#eillance on Americans by Collecting ;et.or Traffic Abroa%, ?ichigan Telecomm nications an% Technology 'a. -e#ie., 35,

    3 +

    The legal loo holes .e i%entifie% are ex loitable , since the #agaries of Internet rotocols can sometimes ca se traffic sent bet.een t.o >" en% oints to be ro te% abroa%& E#en .hen this is not the case, core Internet rotocols li e GP an% ni#ersity to a gi#en IPa%%ress bloc (.ith a GP mani lation), or from an a tonomo s system to a artic lar %omain li e ...&faceboo &com (.ith a ""I< 3K minimi0ation roce% res ermitretention an% analysis of encry te% comm nications e#en if t.o comm nicants are no.n to be >&"& ersons& ?ean.hile, the -PFIcan limit the sco e an% im act of GP mani lations, b t %oes not com letely eliminate them& @ t re .or .ill also %isc ss ossiblesol tions in the legal an% olicy s ace, incl %ing a more com rehensi#e analysis of the >"A @ree%om ActD B3 on the face of it, the

    ro ose% >&"&A& @ree%om Act an% *th Amen%ment case!la. concentrate on legal safeg ar%s for >&"& ersons,an% offer little romise in closing the international s r#eillance loo hole .e ha#e %isc sse% here& 9ereiterate that .e %o not inten% to s ec late on .hether or not the intelligence comm nity is ex loiting the inter%e en%ent technical an%legal loo holes that .e ha#e %escribe%& Instea%, o r aim is to broa%en o r n%erstan%ing of the ossibilities an% %ee er iss es at han%&

    In%ee%, o r analysis has highlighte% a central roblem in la.D namely, that la. has an ol%!fashione% foc s on hysicalmateriality, in the sense that it matters m ch .here s r#eillance is con% cte%& The net.or e%comm nications en#ironment challenges s ch con#entional la.s .ith a ne. technical reality, that %oes not res ect the tra%itionalgeo olitical bo n%aries to .hich c rrent constit tional an% stat tory rotection are tailore%& Therefore, .e em hasi0e that .hile the

    Patriot Act an% @I"A are o#erseen by all three branches of Go#ernment, E1 3B remains solely n%er the

    exec ti#e branch beca se the >&"& Constit tion grants it .i%e national sec rity a thorities to rotect the nation against threatso#erseas& The im lications for long term reform are real: e#en if the legislati#e or 2 %iciary branches ofGo#ernment a%%ress the loo holes in the Patriot Act an% @I"A, the >&"& Constit tion emerges as asignificant obstacle to the long term reform of E1 3B & 9e ha#e arg e% that consoli%ation of the loo holes inE1 3B .ithin the Exec ti#e branch co l% lea#e AmericansV Internet traffic as # lnerable to s r#eillance, an% as n rotecte% by>&"& la., as the traffic of foreigners& Going for.ar%, .itho t a f n%amental reconsi%eration of the lac of ri#acy an% % e rocess

    safeg ar%s for non!>&"& ersons,>&"& s r#eillance legislation lea#es the %oor .i%e o en for nrestraine%s r#eillance on >&"& ersons from abroa%&

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    Link4Cell AhonesCamera Ahones are a critical site of counter surveillance$ which empowersindividuals in si!nificant ways.Chen '((F [O %y, Ph< >ni#ersity of California Ir#ine in Information an% Com ter "ciences& “1#er an% >n%er " r#eillance$,Position a er for the C I B665 9or sho Imaging the City, Ir#ine, CA+

    Co nter!s r#eillance is a reaction to the tension bet.een those being .atche% an% those %oing the.atching& It is a form of acti#ism that often in#ol#es the intentional mis se of s r#eillancetechnologies to blici0e the re#alence of s r#eillance in society [L+&Co nter!s r#eillance canalso be as sim le as s r#eilling the s r#eillants themsel#es& " r#eilling 1 rsel#es An emergingtechnology that is %emocrati0ing s r#eillance is the camera hone& Tiny cameras embe%%e% intocell hones an% .ireless infrastr ct res e/ i the e#ery%ay cons mer .ith a chea , ortables r#eillance %e#ice& 9hile camera hones are mostly se% for recreational r oses, recent re orts ha#e%oc mente% the se of camera hones for “technological #igilantism &$ In B66 , an allege% act of racism by

    olice .as ca t re% by a camera hone& A olice car .ith a st ffe% gorilla attache% to the front of the car .as ar e% o tsi%e aresta rant in Portlan%, 1regon& Coinci%entally, the o lation of the resta rant at the time .as rimarily African American& "e#eralresta rant!goers sa. the #ehicle an% too hotos .ith their cell hones [ +& There ha#e been other re orts of #ictims sing cell hones

    to ca t re the faces an% license lates of their attac ers& The camera hone has commissione% the general blic.ith the o.er of s r#eillance&

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    Internal Link4StatismState power is "arrelin! towards complete control of everyday life with thehe!emonic use of surveillance. ithout challen!e$ surveillance is used to maintainpower over others.

    Ganascia '(1( [Oean!Gabriel, Prof& of Com & "cience = Paris QI >ni#&, “The Generali0e% "o s#eillance "ociety$, "ocial"cience Information *4: +

    The s ectre of ;ineteen eighty!fo r (1r.ell, 34*4) still ha nts the contem! orary .orl% & 9ith .ebcams,-@I< tags an% many other recent information technologies, it no. becomes ossible to recor% contin o slyanybo%y7s %aily acti#ities ( ailey Ferr, B665)& As soon as it is s.itche% on, the mobile hone ma es it easy to i%entify an%locali0e its o.ner& 'ocation! ase% "er#ices (Ooore, B66K), .hich ha#e been ercei#e% as an incre%ible contrib tion to in%i#i% alem o.erment, allo. for contin o s trac ing of any mo#ement& 9ith remote!sensing techni/ es, it is no. ossible to trac eo le as

    they change laces, e#en .hen they %eci%e to resign from blic life to c lti#ate their gar%en& In many %e#elo e% co ntries, ersonal %ata concerning health, em loyment, income, tra#el an% %igital comm nications areofficially trace% an% store% in o.erf l %atabases ('ahlo , B66Kb)& It is then ossible to f se ('a %y, Ganascia "e%ogbo, B665) all those %ata sing mo%ern %ata!mining techni/ es& ?any eo le fear the s r#eillance society thatco l% res lt from the generali0e% se of s ch techni/ es& The notion of a s r#eillance society may

    refer to an in%i#i% al, e&g& a ig rother, a tribe, a social class, a clan, a militia or any gro sing theinfor! mation gathere% thro gh s r#eillance in or%er to maintain o.er o#er others & It in% bitablyma es sense in a legal state, or at least in a state in .hich the o.er!hol%ers nee% informational arg ments to 2 stify their actions& Inarchaic states, .here o.er .as im ose% .ith br te force by a charismatic chief, a ing, an em eror or an oligarch, .itho t any other

    2 stification, s r#eillance .as not re/ ire%, exce t to re#ent cons iracies& @rom this stan%! oint, s r#eillance is relati#ely mo%ern&Prisons, aiming to reform an in%i! #i% al, to teach him the la. an% to remin% him of the necessity to obey it, are also / ite recent(@o ca lt, 345 D 9eber, 34L4)D re#io sly, most of the eo le con#icte% .ere either release% or tort re% to %eath& As .e shall see, thenotion of the Pano ticon is emblematic of this ne. olitical form that a eare% in E ro e an% ;orth America in the 3Kth cent ry&

    ;e#ertheless, the notion of a s r#eillance society, .hich many of o r contem oraries still %rea%, %oes not seem to characteri0e the resent state of o r ostmo%ern societies at least that is .hat .e inten% to sho. in this article& This %oes not mean that s r#eillancehas %isa eare%, b t instea% that the global organi0ation of the s r#eillance society has been re lace% by a ne. social organi0ation,more flexible an% fl i%, .here s r#eillance an% .hat .e can call Jso s#eillance7 coexist&

    State power$ capitalism and structural violence are inevita"le in a world ofasymmetrical surveillance. emocrati&in! technolo!y is the only way to challen!esoverei!n authority.Sprin!er '(1( ["imon, et al&, ni#& of Qictoria, C Cana%a, “'ea y Geo olitics: The - t res an%Transgressions of 9i i'ea s$, Geo olitics 35:LK3+

    The i%ea that there are significant intersections bet.een state, ca ital an% #iolence is by no means ne..ithin the realm of critical geo olitical in/ iry& B "imilarly, @aceboo , T.itter, an% the Internet in general ha#e o ene% transnational net.or s that rema contem orary geo olitics in otentially emanci ating .ays& In this regar% 9i ilea s is b t onecom o! nent in a larger rocess of the Internet being se% as a tool to %estabilise the hegemony of state o.er an% the arrogance of >"

    o.er in artic lar& o.e#er, in rece%ing both the Arab " ring an% the 1cc y ?o#ement, the 9i ilea s case re#eale% .ith

    em irical force ho. the theorise% intersections bet.een states, ca ital, an% #iolence ha#e becomeincreasingly o#ert in the Internet era, signalling .hat may be consi%ere% a shift in so#ereign logic &9i ilea s %emonstrate% ho. so#ereignty co l% become Jo ene% 7 to ne. an% intensi#e forms of critical blic scr tiny, meaningthat %eman%s for trans arency an% acco ntability became more intensi#e than they ha#e e#er been in the ast& "tates m st no.come to gri s .ith being n%er the microsco e of the blic eye, .here the ability to %ecei#e the

    o lation can no longer be ta en for grante%& Het at the same time , an% some.hat ara%oxically,so#ereignty has also been Jclose% %o.n7, .here states attem t to manage increasing informationflo.s an% the robing that comes .ith s ch accessibility by am lifying a thoritarian res onsess ch as sh tting %o.n .ebsites an% c tting off access to re#en e in an attem t to c rb the flo. of

    no.le%ge & It is o r contention that the significance of 9i ilea s is that it brings emergent geo olitical iss es into shar relief,.hich re/ ires some reflection on .hat this all means in relation to the c rrent geo olitical or%er an% its otential transformation as a

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    res lt of the robable emergence of m lti le 9i ilea s!style o erations in the f t re& 9ill so#ereign a thority be able to res on% fasteno gh to the changing fiel% of o.er an% fin% ne. mo%es of a%a tation to maintain its mono oly on legitimacy, or .ill it ltimatelycolla se beneath the its o.n .eight as more an% more light is she% on the mis%ee%s an% ab se that seem to come concomitant toso#ereign r le 9e %o not res me an ans.er to this / estion, as the f t re is not yet .rit! ten& 9e also .ant to be caref l not to reify

    ositions here either, as o r inter retation of so#ereignty is, follo.ing @o ca lt, circ ito s, meaning that it flo.s from an% bet.een eo le an% states in a rotean an% reci rocat! ing exchange& "o the / estion is not so m ch a binary case of the eo le #ers s thestate, as it is a ta ing stoc of the role, meaning, an% lace of so#ereignty in an age of increasing %igital connecti#ity& Increasing

    no.l! e%ge an% a.areness for the actions of states transforms the .ay so#ereignty is o erationalise% in any gi#en context& As blic olitical .ill begins to shift on the basis of ne.ly ac/ ire% information, so too %oes the orientation of so#ereign o.er& In an effort toinitiate %ifferent in%s of interrogations concerning the resent an% f t re of geo olitical config rations of o.er, .e ro ose a seriesof fi#e %isc ssion oints that .e feel are .orthy of engagement, %ebate, an% f rther reflection by h man geogra hers:

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    Impact4Statism[1NC 5vidence State power has !rown so "i! that it now uses technolo!y tomaintain a constant state of emer!ency which #ustifies endless wars$ military!rowth$ and structural violence. %he impact is even more unre!ulated domestic

    surveillance$ which turns the case."teinmet0 B66 (George, Prof& of "ociology = >ni#& of ?ichigan, “The "tate of Emergency an% the -e#i#al of AmericanIm erialism: To.ar% an A thoritarian Post!@or%ism$, P blic C lt re 3 :B)

    The manifest reg latory changes o#er the ast year ha#e foc se% rimarily on the str ct re an% role of the (>&"&) state& Thec rrent “state of emergency,$ the threat of terrorism, is constr cte% as a s ecifically oliticalcrisis, a sha en sense of olitical so#ereignty & This massi#e cam aign to recentrali0e o.er began, some.hatironically, 2 st at the moment .hen globali0ation theorists (incl %ing ar%t an% ;egri) .ere reaching a consens s that the state .as

    being o#ersha%! o.e% by transnational, regional, an% local organi0ations& %he refocusin! of polit ical power on thelevel of the *merican national state has "een most evident in the area of +.S. !eopoliticalstrate!y ,unilateralism and preemptive military strikes-$ "ut much of the new re!ulatoryactivity has focused on the state appara tus itself and the /domestic0 level of politics$ withthe creation of a hu!e new !overnment a!ency (the nite% "tates$ (9hite o se B66B: B4 6)& The >nite% "tates e t its tati#e ;AT1 allies o t of theloo in its %ecision!ma ing rocesses in the Afghanistan .ar, for exam le, an% resiste% the %e loyment there of an integrate%international sec rity force (see Fr nig B663)& 5 The sh a%ministration7s o o! sition to the International Criminal Co rt an% itsthreat to “bloc all >nite% ;ations eace ee ing missions as they come for rene.al nless American eace ee ers are grante%imm nity from rosec tion$ also %emonstrate that it is m ch more .illing to embrace the role of lone hegemonic s er o.ers than

    .ere the re#io s sh an% Clinton a%ministrations (see Tyler 344BbD

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    %he "rid!e has already "een crossed and we now live in a surveillance state that isliterally u"iEuitous. %his makes communication impossi"le and esta"lishes aframework for complete social control and a mechanism for eliminatin! those whoresist.Greenwald '(1' [Glenn, Oo rnalist, la.yer A thor, “" r#eillance "tate E#ils$, "alon&com, A ril B3+

    At the time of the Ch rch Committee, it .as the @ I that con% cte% most %omestic s r#eillance& "ince its ince tion, the ;"A .asstrictly barre% from s ying on American citi0ens or on American soil& That rohibition .as centrally ingraine% in the min%set of theagency& Ch rch iss e% that abo#e!/ ote% .arning o t of fear that, one %ay, the ;"A7s massi#e, n arallele% s r#eillance ca abilities.o l% be %irecte% in.ar%, at the American eo le& >ntil the Ch rch Committee7s in#estigation, most Americans, incl %ing its highestelecte% officials, ne. almost nothing abo t the ;"A (it .as referre% to as ;o " ch Agency by its em loyees)& As Oames amfor%.rote abo t Ch rch7s reaction to his o.n fin%ings abo t the ;"A7s ca abilities, “he came a.ay st nne%&$ At the time, Ch rch also

    sai%: “I %on7t .ant to see this co ntry e#er go across the bri%ge& I no. the ca acity that is there to ma e tyrannytotal in America, an% .e m st see to it that this agency an% all agencies that ossess thistechnology o erate .ithin the la. an% n%er ro er s er#ision, so that .e ne#er cross o#er thatabyss&That is the abyss from .hich there is no ret rn&$ 7f course$ that "rid!e has lon! a!o "een crossed$without even much discussion$ let alone controversy. In the immediate aftermath of ; 11$Geor!e Bush ordered the NS* to spy on the communications of *mericans on *merican

    soil$ and they?ve "een doin! it ever since$ with increasin! a!!ression and fewer and fewerconstraints. %hat development is "ut one arm in the creation of an *merican SurveillanceState that is$ literally$ u"iEuitous 8 on e that ma es it close to im ossible for American citi0ensto comm nicate or act .itho t %etection from the >&"& Go#ernment 8 a state of affairsAmericans ha#e long been ta ght since chil%hoo% is a hallmar of tyranny& " ch are the times 8 in

    both America generally an% the

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    *lternative4Aarrhesiatic Sousveillance

    %he alternative is sousveillance. %echnolo!ies of surveillance can "e used to revealhidden aspects of the surveillance state and foster resistance. *ctivists can reverse

    the conduits of state power.>erde Garrido 19 [?ig elangel, erlin @or m on Global Politics, Germany& “Contesting a io olitics of Information an%Comm nications: The Im ortance of Tr th an% "o s#eillance After "no.%en,$ " r#eillance an% "ociety Qol& 3 ;o& B+

    The re#io s section ex laine% that global mass s r#eillance is a state an%Mor cor orate %e loyment of a bio olitical technology of o.er that reg lates the biosociological rocesses of information an% comm nication& It also ex laine% that the contestation of statean% cor orate control o#er the regime of tr th is e#en more im ortant .hen .e consi%er that their olicies an% ractices exten% notonly to ICT infrastr ct re, net.or s, an% content, b t also to entire citi0enries an% global cons mer mar ets& The notion of

    arrhesia , @o ca lt clarifies, in#ol#es co rageo sly s ea ing the .hole tr th .itho t reser#es, %es itethe fact that it may lace the s ea er at ris of #iolence at the han%s of the a thority that isconteste% (@o ca lt B633: LD 4D 33)& The bio olitics of information an% comm nications of states an% cor orations em loy c tting!e%ge scientific an% technological %e#elo ments& These mechanisms of control are %e loye% so ICT %ata traces can be thoro ghlymonitore% an% examine% in or%er to go#ern o lations more efficiently in accor%ance to electoral calc lations, mar et im erati#es,

    an% sec rity concerns& In contem orary s r#eillance societies, arrhesiastic action has im ortant socio oliticalim lications beca se it contests the regime of tr th that attem ts to ens re the olitical,economic, an% social reg lation an% com liance of ci#il society inasm ch as citi0ens an%cons mers&3 -ecent "no.%en re#elations e#i%ence that GC %e loys co#ert tools o#er the internet to s rea% false information,mani late the res lts of online olls, %i#ert traffic to or a.ay from .ebsites an% #i%eos that are of their interest, an% e#en

    ermanently %isable internet sers7 acco nts by infiltrating their com ters (The Interce t 3*th O ly B63*)& This is artic larly.orrying beca se “most conce tions of %emocracy$, ex lain a man et al&, “rest on some sense that eo le are able to thin an%ma e 2 %gments for themsel#es$ ( a man et al& B63*: 3 5)& @ort nately, the escalating %e#elo ment of ICT an% their in#enti#e se byci#il society has also le% to the emergence of n mero s mo%alities of resistance that can contest the mechanisms of control of

    contem orary bio olitics of information an% comm nication& Ci#il societies contin e to %e#elo their oliticalagency an% are learning to strengthen a nascent %igital agency , both of .hich enable them to conteststate an% cor orate regimes of tr th as arrhesiastes that search for the resemanti0ation of theirsocial, economic, an% olitical rocesses & In conse/ ence, there are #ario s im ortant in%i#i% al an% collaborati#eactions of arrhesia in contem orary society that %i% not exist only a fe. %eca%es ago& In general terms, .e fin% alternati#e me%ia

    organi0ations an% citi0en 2o rnalism that em loy internet .ebsites an% blogs as .ell as social me%ia net.or s to ost an% %istrib tetheir re orting& ?ore s ecifically, there are .histleblo.ing organi0ations s ch as 9i i'ea s ha#e that globali0e%, online an% offline,the re#elations s bstantiate% by caref lly #ette% materials sent anonymo sly to them by in%i#i% als an%Mor gro s concerne% by state

    an% cor orate .rong%oings an% ab ses& ite recently, hac ti#ists an% hac ti#ism collecti#es as .ell as collaborati#e net.or sthat cro.%so rce o en %ata analysis8.hich 2o rnalist arrett ro.n calls J rs ances7 ( ro.n B63B)8 ha#e she% light onthe strategies by .hich the state!cor orate nex s %e loys es ionage an% ersona management (i&e&,

    sing online i%entities for r oses of astrot rfing or %isinformation) to infiltrate or hin%er the acti#ities of non! rofit organi0ationsan% socio olitical acti#ism gro s (?asnic B th ;o#ember B63 )& 'astly, there are n mero s national an% international non! rofit(;P1) an% nongo#ernmental organi0ations (;G1) committe% to establishing ra%ical trans arency of the state, cor orations, an% theme%ia& These organi0ations in#estigate, re ort, an% blici0e their fin%ings on a broa% sco e of to ics, that co#er state an% cor oratecorr tion, free an% fair elections, en#ironmental im act, cons mer rights, free%om of information an% of the ress, cor orate

    lobbying, an% %igital rights8 b t to name a fe.& Parrhesiastic contestation of the regime of tr th is alsoembe%%e% .ithin the social, economic, an% olitical rocesses of contem orary s r#eillance

    society& eca se of its commitment to %etaching the tr th from the economic an% oliticalhegemonies that control it , .e cannot consi%er an ICT!enable% arrhesiastic action to embo%y the #ery bio olitics ofinformation an% comm nications it contests& o.e#er, the commitment of arrhesia to trans arency a earsto re/ ire that it share the interest of s r#eillance in monitoring an% collecting %ata on certainin%i#i% als an% o lations& In or%er to clarify .hether this is the case, it is f n%amental to consi%er .hether .hata ears as s r#eillance is not in fact something altogether %ifferent & ? ra ami 9oo% has / estione% .hether.e sho l% not begin to tal abo t “m lti le an% m lti lying J#eillances7$, rather than sim lyJs r#eillance7, in or%er to n%erstan% the rece tion, reaction, an% resistance to global s r#eillance(? ra ami 9oo% B63 : B*)& "te#e ?ann conce t ali0es an% theori0es from the intersection of " r#eillance "t %ies an% his technical

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    trailbla0ing in the %e#elo ment of .earable com ting, es ecially those %e#ices that in#ol#e com tational hotogra hy& @rom thestan% oint of this technico!conce t al crossroa%, ?ann osits an n%erstan%ing of s r#eillance that, altho gh “commonly se% to refer literally to #is al signals$, also co#ers “other sensory signals an% obser#ational %ata in general$ (?ann an% Ali B63 : B* )&" r#eillance, for ?ann, fre/ ently exhibits the follo.ing traits: it is s ally %e loye% from a fixe% #ie. oint, commonly architect re!centere%, an% attache% to ro ertyD it establishes an “o#ersight$ ers ecti#e, .hich .atches from abo#eD an%, it is commonly initiate%

    by ro erty o.ners an%Mor its c sto%ians, s ch as go#ernments (?ann B66*: LBL!LB5)& Contem orary %e#elo ments in .earablecom ting an% ICT, s ch as “social net.or ing, %istrib te% clo %!base% com ting, self!sensing, bo%y!.orn #ision systems, .earablecameras, an% ego!centric #ision$ (?ann B63*: L6 ), lea% ?ann to ro ose an alternati#e or co nter art to s r#eillance, .hich he

    terms so s#eillance& "o s#eillance , for ?ann, exhibits the follo.ing traits: it is s ally %e loye% from a mobile #ie. oint,commonly h man!centere%, an% .orn by a ersonD it establishes an “ n%ersight$ ers ecti#e, .hich .atchesfrom belo. D an%,it is commonly less hierarchical an% more rhi0omic than its co nter art, s r#eillance (?ann B66*: LBL!LB5)& In this sense, so s#eillance seems to ex lain arrhesia more correctly an% more in%etail than s r#eillance %oes & To be clear, it is not necessary to consi%er e#ery instance of arrhesia an instance ofso s#eillance an% #ice!#ersa, b t .e can arg e that they may coinci%e / ite often& ?ann an% @erenbo int it the otential for

    arrhesia of so s#eillance .hen they arg e that in contem orary society “ eo le can an% .ill not only loo bac , b t in%oing so [can an% .ill+ otentially %ri#e social an% olitical change$ (?ann an% @erenbo B63 : B*)& The notion of#eillance that ? ra ami 9oo% consi%ers co l% be hel f l for certain " r#eillance "t %ies research is the res lt of ?ann7sconsi%erations on s r#eillance an% so s#eillance as co nter arts& @or ?ann, these similar, b t %ifferent, alternati#es in%icate that thereis a olitically ne tral .atching or sensing that %oes not necessarily in#ol#e social hierarchy (?ann B63*: L6 )& @or this reason, thisarticle shares the o inion that both of these conce t al n%erstan%ings abo t the manners in .hich .e monitor an% store sensorysignals an% obser#ational %ata are #ital to the st %y of ri#acy, sec rity, an% tr st& They ser#e to ill strate that in contem orary society,“.e see to meas re, sense, %is lay, an% #is ali0e #eillance, regar%less of .hether it is s r#eillance or so s#eillance$ (ibi%&)& ?ann

    an% A%nan Ali osit that #eillance is a r osef l action that ro% ces an artifact& " ch an artifact can be em loye% insocioeconomic contexts 8for exam le, to enable greater tr st in transactions, beca se it re% ces theinformation asymmetry that exists bet.een contracting arties (?ann an% Ali B63 : B**)& In this sense, thisarticle osits that .hen #eillance commits itself to olitical actions that contest the a thority of a regime of tr th it can also be

    n%erstoo% as arrhesiastic& ?ann an% Ali arg e that .hile s r#eillance mono oli0es transactions for the arty ina osition of a thority, so s#eillance brea s %o.n that same mono oly, since the %istrib te%nat re of so s#eillance ro#i%es the contracting arties .ith m lti le oints!of!#ie. an%, hence,m lti le ers ecti#es that contest the a thority7s control o#er the transaction (i%em: B* !B*L)& The notion of#eillance for ?ann an% Ali is a constant remin%er that information asymmetries ro#i%e an a thority .ith o.er, a concl sion thatthey share .ith @o ca lt an% T fec i, as .e ha#e ex laine% abo#e& ?ann an% Ali7s n%erstan%ing of o.er, to be clear, comes from

    annah Aren%t7s %efinition: “the ability to #ol ntarily reg late, control, an% ma e %ecisions in a social context$ (i%em: B*4)& eca seof this, they arg e, it sho l% not come as a s r rise that a thority reacts to a %iminishing of information asymmetry, an% hence to a%iminishing of o.er, .ith #iolence, .hich they n%erstan% to be “a in% of sim lacr m of gen ine o.er$ (ibi%&)& There are an mber of instances of #iolence e#i%ent in the manners in .hich states an% cor orations react to the contestation of their a thority

    o#er information an% comm nications& Oo rnalists, .histleblo.ers, socio olitical acti#ists, o ositionre resentati#es an% %issi%ents, non!go#ernmental organi0ations, an% e#en or%inary citi0ens, ares bmitte% to a n mber of ab ses as a res lt of s r#eillance (>nite% ;ations7 man -ights Co ncil 6th O neB63*: !5): intimi%ation, %iscrimination, an% incarcerationD es ionage an% smear cam aignsD chillingeffectsD information blac o tsD legislation a ro#e% in con%itions of emergency or secrecyD an%,

    br tal re ression, tort re, an%8lastly8m r%er& @or e#i%ent reasons, in%i#i% al an% collaborati#e actions of arrhesiastic so s#eillance re/ ire strict co nters r#eillance strategies as .ell& Ci#il societies7 se ofencry tion for their information an% comm nications has ex an% consi%erably in the ast year (9ire% 3Lth ?ay B63*), ;G1s are

    shing for #ery s ecific free%om of information re/ ests an% caref lly arg e% la.s its against go#ernments are being file% in co rts,an% international organi0ations s ch as the >; are contesting olicies an% ractices of mass s r#eillance on the gro n%s that it %oes

    not com ly .ith international h man rights la. (Giga1? 3Lth O ly B63*)& Ci#il societies across the .orl%, th s,contin e to contest the olicies an% ractices of bio olitics of information an% comm nications.ith .hich states an% cor orations attem t to ens re not only their economic an% olitical o.er,

    b t also their control o#er the access to an% comm nication of information that can e#i%ence an%confront instances of ab ses, nconstit tionalities, an% corr tion & The %ebate abo t states7 %isco rses that%ishonestly claim an eitherMor olicy scenario for sec rity an% ci#il liberties as .ell as abo t cor orate narrati#es that shro % themoneti0ation of internet sers7 ri#ate %ata as a beneficial ser#ice is im erati#e for contem orary society& In a O ly B63* inter#ie.,"no.%en arg es that the single most im ortant factor that ex lains “the fail res of o#ersight$ that .e ha#e contem late% in most statessho l% be tho ght abo t in terms of a lac of technical literacy& E#ery technology, he ex lains, is “a ne. system of comm nication, ane. set of symbols, that eo le ha#e to int iti#ely n%erstan%$& In o r contem orary societies, laments "no.%en, technical literacy is

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    “a rare an% recio s reso rce$ ("no.%en 35th O ly B63*)& The arrhesiastic an% so s#eillant contestation ofglobal mass s r#eillance is base% on the tr thf l fact that in#asi#e an% nla.f l s r#eillance an%collection of ersonal %ata from %igital comm nications “may not only infringe on the right to

    ri#acy, b t also on a range of other #ital h man rights $ (Pillay 3Lth O ly B63*)& These socio olitical efforts arealrea%y ro#i%ing contem orary societies .ith a more soli% gras on technical literacy, f rthering their %eman% for the r le of la. an%%emocratic o#ersight, an% strengthening their olitical agency along .ith a nascent %igital agency& These threats an% these

    achie#ements are the reasons .hy contem orary societies m st remain sei0e% on the %ebate, resol te in their legal / estionings,stea%fast in their socio!economo! olitical actions& As they contin e to %o so, they may ro#e "no.%en right .hen he a#o.s:

    Technology can act ally increase ri#acy, b t not if .e slee .al into ne. a lications of it.itho t consi%ering the im lications of these ne. technologies & ("no.%en 35th O ly B63*)

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    *lternative Solvency4Social HusticeSousveillance is essential to ener!i&in! social #ustice effortsNorlander 1' [-ebecca Ooy, of ;e. Fno.le%ge 1rgani0ation, man -ights E% cation ;et.or & “A

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    agency that co l% con#erge to ro% ce long!term s b#ersi#e im acts& “The tensions in the in% strial systemcan be gras e% on a local basis from J.ithin7, by in%i#i% als imme%iately engage% in technically me%iate% acti#ities an% able to

    act ali0e ambi#alent otentialities s resse% by the re#ailing technological rationality$ ( & 36 )& This romises the ossibility of rationali0ing technology, an% hence society, in .ays that enhance %emocracy ratherthan social control& ni#& of Toronto, “ ac ing for "ocial O stice: The Politics of Prefig rati#eTechnology$, (-e)In#enting the Internet: Critical Case "t %ies, @eenberg @rieson, "ense P blishers I" ; 45K!4*!L643!5 *!4+

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    "imilar benefits may also ins ire tech acti#ists in their %esign an% %e#elo ment of the global 2 stice mo#ement7s %igital infrastr ct re&

    t there is no / estion as to their o#erarching moti#ation: “ technical means are %irecte% to.ar% olitical en%s$ (Coleman B66*)&These olitical en%s incl %e the rs it of social, economic an% en#ironmental

    2 stice on a global scale & Acti#ists li e Alster, a longtime In%yme%ia gee , i%entify .ith the GO?7s social 2 stice goals: “I belong to a mo#ement .hich stri#es for e/ al rights (not the .ritten b t the real ones) an% con%itions for all h mans (an% artially

    other beings, too) on this lanet&$ In t rn, this moti#ates them to (technical) action& This shift in foc s

    from %e#elo ing co%e for its o.n sa e, for glory, or for money, to hac ing for social 2 stice !signals a ret rn to the ra%ical tra%ition of the free soft.are mo#ement an% the re olitici0ation ofcom ter technology& In%ee%, the reclamation of com ter technology as a olitical frontier is ahallmar of the global 2 stice mo#ement, .hich sei0e% the .orl%7s attention at the J attle of"eattle 7, 34447s massi#e street rotest against the 9orl% Tra%e 1rgani0ation (9T1)& It .as here that acti#ists first reali0e% the

    otential an% o.er of the Internet& 9hile the GO? is art of a contin m of rogressi#e social mo#ements .ith a long history, thenion of s ch %i#erse gro s an% agen%as into Js er mo#ement s heres7 that organi0e, mobili0e

    an% share information an% reso rces #ia global, com ter!me%iate% net.or s mar s a shift inra%ical collecti#e action (?orris 'angman B66B)& Th s the GO? is ma%e ni/ e by its tr ly global sco e, enable% largely

    by the Internet& Tech acti#ists ha#e been central to this mo#ement, facilitating the no#el combinationof interacti#e %igital technology an% social 2 stice acti#ism, an% bri%ging the %i#i%e bet.een gee

    an% acti#ist comm nities& They are res onsible for the im lementation an% contin e% maintenance of the In%e en%ent ?e%iaCentre (I?C), erha s the most rominent exam le of tech acti#ism&

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    *lternative Solvency4Au"licsCounter Surveillance chan!es the nature of political interventions and allows thepu"lic to redefine social realities.3een"er! '(1' [An%re., ChairMProf in Phil& 1f Tech& = "imon @raser >ni#& in Qanco #er, “To.ar% a Critical Theory of theInternet$, (-e)In#enting the Internet: Critical Case "t %ies, @eenberg @rieson, "ense P blishers I" ; 45K!4*!L643!5 *!4+

    In her cha ter, ?ilberry %isc sses this roblem as it has been a%%resse% by the ne. “tech acti#ism&$ The emergence of acohort of self!ta ght ra%ical ex erts on the technology of the Internet o ens ne. ossibilities &?ilberry examines ho. an% .hy these tech acti#ists a ro riate% .i i technology, sing it as a s ace an%tool for %emocratic comm nication in cybers ace& In t rn, this has enable% the reali0ation of ne.comm nicati#e ractices offline, establishing a %ialectical relation bet.een technological ex ertsan% the social .orl% they ser#e& "A, Amster%am in The ;etherlan%s, an% '2 bl2ana in

    "lo#enia& The aim of these .ebsites is neither to %irectly interfere .ith the s r#eillance a arat s in thesecities, nor is it to allo. in%i#i% als to effecti#ely circ m#ent monitoring, altho gh that is theimme%iate an% ractical o tcome& Instea%, the goal is to raise blic a.areness an% foster blic%ebate o#er the re#alence of s r#eillance cameras an% their effects on blic life& eca se

    technological infrastr ct res become in#isible .hen they are f nctional ( o. er an% "tar 3444), an% the olitical effects of technologies, more generally, are off the ra%ar screen of most eo le (9inner34KL),the inter#ention of i"ee ren%ers #isible the larger attern of s r#eillance roliferation an% callsinto / estion its r ose, agen%a, an% effects& The i"ee inter#ention 2olts #ie.ers an% sers intoa.arenessD it in#ites in/ iry into s r#eillance %e#ices %istrib te% thro gho t o r li#esD it o ens a s ace for %isc ssion abo t .hat in%s of s r#eillance are acce table an% .hat in%s are not&

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    Sate Aower may "e inevita"le$ "ut counter surveillance provides tactics forresistance a!ainst lar!er institutions of power to create new meanin!s andpossi"ilities.8onahan '((6 [Torin, Prof& = >;C Cha el ill, “Co nter " r#eillance as Political Inter#ention $ "ocial "emiotics 3L:*+

    9hen #ie.e% from a %istance, s r#eillance an% co nter!s r#eillance a ear to be engage% in acom licate% %ance, .ith the larger, c mbersome artner shing an% lling .hile the smaller,%efter %ancer negotiates herself or himselfZMan% othersZMo t of harm7s .ay& The oafish lea%er is, ofco rse, the state an% cor orate a arat s s r#eilling the blic, an% the artner is the collecti#e ofacti#ist a%#ersaries circ m#enting or %estabili0ing s r#eillance systems& ;C Cha el ill, “Co nter " r#eillance as Political Inter#ention $ "ocial "emiotics 3L:*+

    E#en if this secon% concl sion is ers asi#e, ho.e#er, it sho l% not im ly that acti#ists an% co nter!s r#eillance ractitioners sho l% %is ense .ith their inter#entionist ro2ects, b t instea% that they sho l%%iligently a#oi% re ro% cing the excl sionary logics an% reactionary stances of those .hom theycriti/ e & @or instance, high!tech inter#entions may attract blic attention beca se of their inno#ati#e se of technologies, b t theycan %efy re lication by others .itho t com arable technical ca abilities or reso rces& @ rthermore, foc sing on in%i#i% alagents of s r#eillance (s ch as store cler s, sec rity g ar%s, camera o erators, or olice) artificially re% ces thecom lexity of the roblem : many of these in%i#i% als are n%er ai% yet com letely %e en%ent on their 2obs, so they might

    be easy targets, b t not necessarily the best ones& The strength of social mo#ements lies in their incl si#eness

    an% in their artici atory str ct res( reyman B663D O ris B66*)&

    "o .hile these attrib tes might signifyareas of # lnerability for acti#ists, they remain the magnets that %ra. eo le into mo#ements an%mobili0e them behin% ca sesZMthey are the / alities that nee% to be no rishe% for lessin%i#i% alistic an% more effecti#e acti#ism to ta e root&

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    Au"lic access to information !athered throu!h surveillance diffuses the power of thestate and eliminates "ureaucratic control. %he apatistas prove that di!ital countermeasures can shift power relations.Samuel '((1 (Alexan%ra, Ph< Can%& = ar#ar%, “

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    *lternative Solvency4Aolicin!iscourses of counter surveillance "reak down distinctions re!ardin! authority and

    power while the technolo!y itself provides a framework for resistance andempowerment.

    ilson J Serisier '(1( (ni#& A stralia Prof& = >& of "y%ney, “Qi%eo Acti#ism an%the Ambig ities of Co nter " r#eillance$, " r#eillance an% "ociety K:B)

    Clear %istinctions bet.een the .atcher an% .atche% are therefore increasingly n%ermine% by therhi0omatic intert.ining an% intersecting of net.or s of obser#ation & As Fos ela (B664) notes,

    nambig o s %istinctions bet.een goo% an% ba% are brea ing %o.n ma ing %i#isions bet.eenthe a thorities an% blic, o tsi%ers an% insi%ers an% the controlle% an% controlling less a arent&A%%itionally, as ?arx obser#es, J there is greater e/ ality in access to an% se of s r#eillance technologiesto%ay than in m ch of recor%e% history7(B66 , K*)an% this access o ens ossibilities not onlyfor resistance b t also for more acti#e em o.erment& ?oreo#er, .ith the .i%es rea% a#ailability of mobile!

    hone cameras an% internet %istrib tion latforms olicing, tra%itionally a lo.!#isibility acti#ity, has ne#er been more trans arent (?anning B66K, BB5D Gol%smith B636)&The %emocrati0ation an% %iff sion of imaging

    technologies, an% the scr tiny of official con% ct they enable, has been eno gh in Fos ela7s #ie. toma e Jthe ol% story abo t the “goo% olice officers$ chasing “e#il criminals$ so n% li e a na #efairy tale7 (B664, 3 3)& The otential of co nter!s r#eillance to create a trans arent to ia of official acco ntability %oes ho.e#ernee% to be tem ere% against em irical st %y of artic lar contexts& "cholars nee% to be .ary of merely mirroring the techno hilia ofmore o.erf l agents of s r#eillance in their assessments of tili0ations of imaging technology from belo., no matter ho. la %able

    their aims&Any s r#eillance acti#ity enters a %ynamic en#ironment an% .ill ine#itably im act onthat en#ironment (?arx B665a), sometimes in .ays consi%ere% ositi#e b t also in other .ays that are nforseen, ambig o s ornegati#e& In this st %y .e tili0e %ata %ra.n from se#enteen semi!str ct re% inter#ie.s, most .ith in%i#i% als in#ol#e% in #i%eoacti#ism, b t some also .ith Jciti0en 2o rnalists7 an% comm nity la.yers .ith ex erience in sing #is al images of officialmiscon% ct& Inter#ie. artici ants .ere recr ite% #ia a combination of %irect contact thro gh blic .ebsites, a%#ertisements lace%on in%e en%ent me%ia electronic lists an% sno.ball sam ling& "emi!str ct re% inter#ie.s .ere chosen as they ermitte% artici antsconsi%erable o ort nity to elaborate an% ex an% on iss es they consi%ere% of im ortance .ithin the context of thematic / estions%e#ise% by the researchers (cf& ?ay B663, 3B !3B*)& All artici ants .ere offere% the o tion of anonymity, ho.e#er all chose to bein%entifie% an% conse/ ently ha#e been name% thro gho t this a er&B 9hile the #ie.s an% obser#ations of artici ants ha#e beenfaithf lly recor%e%, the final concl sions %ra.n are solely those of the a thors&

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    *lternative Solvency4Arocess :esistanceSousveillance is diffuse$ disor!ani&ed and effective.8artin '((; (Aaron -osam n%e #an ra el

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    li ely to resist at certain stages than others, sing their ni/ e role base% means to %o so& Thes r#eille% o lation, since their resistance o tions are limite% by that role, %o not an% cannot resist s r#eillance in its earliest stages&Cor orate actors, .ho .or .ith go#ernment to b il% an% im lement technologies, for exam le, can resist earlier& At this oint,technologies, too, can begin to resist& They %o so rimarily by being ill!e/ i e% to f lfil a %esire% f nction or by being too ex ensi#efor mass im lementation& ;on!com liance an% sabotage by s r#eille% eo les, all7s metho%s of resisting or conf sing enco%ingtechnologies, these can only ha en at a certain stage of the s r#eillance %e#elo ment beca se these actors are either nin#ol#e% orare ne/ i e% to resist at other stages&

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    *lternative Solvency4CapitalismCounter surveillance operates in opposition to !lo"al capital8onahan 6 [Torin, Professor of Comm nication "t %ies at The >ni#ersity of ;orth Carolina at Cha el ill, "1CIA'"E?I1TIC" ;o& * Qol& 3L+

    Co nter!s r#eillance o erates .ithin an% in reaction to ongoing global transformations of blics aces an% reso rces& Accor%ing to social theorists (for exam le, ar#ey 3446D Castells 344L), a crisis in ca italacc m lation in the mi%!3456s reci