SEMINAR ON

EPIDEMIOLOGY

DEFINITION“epidemiology is the study of

distribution of disease or a physiological condition in human population and of the factor that influence this distribution.”(Lilien feld-1980)

“The study of the distribution and determinants of health related status or events in specific population and application of this study to the control of health problems”.(John m. Last -1988)

AIM & OBJECTIVETo identify etiological factor in the

pathogenesis of disease.To describe the distribution and magnitude

of health and disease problem in human population.

provide the data essential to the planning implementation and evaluation of services for the prevention control and treatment of disease and to the setting up of priorities among those services.

Epidemiological investigationINVESTIGATION APPROACH (a) Asking question &making observation. (b)Making comparison.

INVESTIGATION PROCES

Identification of problem.Identification of population.Review of literature.Designing of study. Collection of data. Analysis and interpretation of data. Conclusion and Implication.

METHOD OF EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY

Observational study. A)descriptive study. 1.Cross sectional study. 2.Longitudinal study. B) Analytical study. 1. case –control study. 2.cohort study. Experimental study Randomized controlled trials

CASE CONTROL STUDYIt involve two population- case and

control.The unit is individual rather than the

group.Focus is on a disease or some other

health problem that has already developed.

It basically comparison studies.

BASIC STEPS OF CASE CONTROL STUDY

SELECTION OF CASE AND CONTROL

MATCHING

MEASURMENT OF EXPOSURE

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

COHORT STUDY DEF:”A group of people who share a

common characteristic or experience within a defined time period”

INDICATION: 1.Good evidence of an association

between exposure and disease. 2.when exposure is rare, but the insides

of disease is high. 3.the study population can be

minimized.

SURVEILLANCEDEF: The close vigilance on occurrence and

distribution of disease and health related problems, population dynamic, community behavior and environmental process resulting in increasing the risk of ill health in the community.

In individual levelCommunity level.National level.International level.

USES OF EPIDEMIOLOGYStudy the occurrence and distribution of diseases in a

community.Identify the determinants of disease .Diagnosis the health status of the community by

identifying health problems on the basis of morbidity and mortality pattern.

Estimate the risk i.e.. Statistical probability of disease .Plan effective need based health care services on the

basis of epidemiological information .Determine the effectiveness of health care services

planned and implemented on the basis of predetermined criteria regarding its relevance ,effectiveness , efficiency , and impact on community health.

Continued……….

Determine the usefulness and effectiveness of new / innovative techniques measured and programs etc. before they used widely.

Complete the clinical picture of chronic disease and slow growing disease .

Identify the syndrome by describing the distribution and association of clinical phenomenon .