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Rural Infrastructure Indicators inCambodia, Lao PDR, and Mongolia

June 2003

by

Philip Lam and Daniel Hoornweg

Urban Development Working Papers

East Asia Infrastructure Department

Working Paper No. 6

iii

Contents

I. Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1II. Key Findings .......................................................................................................... 1III. Infrastructure, Environment, and Poverty Linkage .................................................... 4IV. Data Collection ..................................................................................................... 5V. Issues ................................................................................................................... 5

Annex A. Selected Tables Showing Collected Indicators................................................. 9Annex B. Desk Review of Indicators Available Online ................................................... 23Annex C. Thematic Maps of Cambodia, Lao PDR, and Mongolia ................................... 25

List of FiguresFigure 1. Rural Telephone Density ............................................................................... 1Figure 2. Average Annual Cell Phone Cost .................................................................... 1Figure 3. Rural Electrification Rate .............................................................................. 2Figure 4. Cost of Rural Electricity................................................................................. 2Figure 5. Percentage of Rural Population with Access to Improved Water Source ............ 3Figure 6. Average Rural Water Tariffs ........................................................................... 3Figure 7. Percentage of Rural Population that Lives Fewer than

6 Kilometers from an All-Weather Road .................................................................. 3Figure C.1: Cambodia: Total Population and Road Network .......................................... 26Figure C.2: Cambodia: Incidence of Poverty by District and Road Network .................... 27Figure C.3: Cambodia: Population Without Access to Clean Water ............................... 28Figure C.4: Cambodia: Population Without Toilets ....................................................... 29Figure C.5: Cambodia: Incidence of Diarrhea in Children ............................................. 30Figure C.6: Cambodia: Children Deaths ..................................................................... 31Figure C.7: Lao PDR: Incidence of Poverty and Road Network ...................................... 32Figure C.8: Lao PDR: Population Without Access to Clean Water .................................. 33Figure C.9: Lao PDR: Total Diarrhea Cases ................................................................ 34Figure C.10: Mongolia: Road Network ........................................................................ 35

TablesTable 1. Percentage of Data Not Available .................................................................... 6Table A.1: National Health, Education, and General Poverty Indicators ......................... 10Table A.2: Information, Communication, and Technology Indicators .............................. 12Table A.3: Electricity and Heat Indicators ................................................................... 16Table A.4: Water, Wastewater, Solid Waste, and Drainage Indicators ............................ 17Table A.5: Roads and Transportation Indicators.......................................................... 21Table A.6: General Indicators .................................................................................... 22Table B.1: Major Data Sources Used in Annex B. ........................................................ 23

iv

Acknowledgements

This report was prepared by Daniel Hoornweg, EASUR, and Philip Lam, EASIN, in consul-tation with Michel Kerf and Philip Gray of EASIN. This report is consistent with a broaderInfrastructure Indicators program currently being undertaken by EASIN. Management in-put was provided by Christian Delvoie, Sector Director, EASIN, and Keshav Varma, SectorDirector, Urban, EASUR.

Valuable comments, data, and assistance were provided by Christina Malmberg Calvoand Peter Roberts, TUDTR; Vijay Jagannathan, Raja Iyer, and Inneke Herawati, EASUR;Imogene Jensen and William Paterson, EASTR; Salvador Rivera, EASEG; Tenzin DolmaNorbhu, CITPO; Santanu Lahiri and Rick Pollard, WSP-EAP; and Venkatesh Sundararaman,SASHD.

In Cambodia, Mr. Han Phounim, Mr. Shivakumar, and colleagues collected the data.They met with Mr. Chea Dara, Director, Department of Planning, Ministry of Industry, Mines,and Energy (MIME); Mr. Long Chitha, Deputy Director, National Institute of Statistics (NIS),Ministry of Planning (MOP); Mr. Un Pros, Senior Officer of the Ministry of Post and Tele-communications (MPT); Mr. Ouer Sophal, Vice Bureau Chief of NIS, MOP; Mr. Sao Chivoan,Director of Planning and International Cooperation, Ministry of Rural Development (MRD);Mr. Heng Ngoun Eng, Bureau Chief of Road Department, MRD; Mr. Mour KimSan, DeputyDirector General, MRD; Mr. Sim Sovansomethea, Officer Angkor Telecommunication, MPT;Mr. Non Vanny, Vice Bureau Chief of Planning, MIME; Mr. Chea Bora, Deputy Director ofPlanning, Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning, and Construction.

In Lao PDR, collection of data was managed by Steve Kirby. The following people pro-vided valuable assistance: Mrs. Keobang A. Keola, Deputy Director General of the Cabinet,Prime Minister’s Office, Science, Technology and Environmental Agency (STEA); Mrs.Singkham Khongsavanh, Deputy Director General, Committee for Planning and Coopera-tion, Department of General Planning; Mr. Snith Xaphakdy, Director, TelecommunicationDivision, Department of Post and Telecom; Mr. Keovisouk Solaphom, Chief of Data Plan-ning and Collection Section, Lao Telecommunications; Mrs. Phonesaly Souksavath, DeputyDirector, and Mr. Yavang Vachoima, Head of Statistics Service Division, National StatisticsCentre; Mr. Houmphone Bulyaphol, Director-General, and Mr. Morten Larsen, World Bankconsultant, Department of Electricity; Chantaphone Phanvisouk, Head of the Secretariat,Road Maintenance Fund; Mr. Souksakhone Soutannouvong and Mr. Sengphet Thanongsakd,local consultants, Department of Roads, Local Roads Division, Participatory Rural Trans-port Planning; Mrs. Keoviengsan Khamkhosy, Director, Disbursement Division, Depart-ment of Roads; Dr. Soutsakhone Chanthaphone, Deputy Director, Dr. Bounpone Vannalath,Deputy Head of Administration Division, and Ms. Viengmala Sidanoumone, Planning andStatistics, National Centre for Environmental Health and Water Supply (Nam Saat); SantanuLahiri, Country Team Leader, and Nalinthone Phonyaphanh, Program Assistant, WSP-EAP.

In Mongolia, Mr. Bill Murray, Managing Director of Murray Harrison Ltd., managed thecollection of data with the assistance of Director of Monconsulting Ltd., Ms. S. Oyun, Mr. S.Chimid-Oidov, and Ms. B. Enkhjargal. Government officers who kindly provided informa-tion include Ms. B. Dulamjav, economist, Energy Regulatory Authority; Mr. R. Bud, Direc-tor, Road Agency; Mr. Enkhmend, Director, Telecommunications Regulatory Council; Mr.T. Enkhtaivan, Director, Fuel and Energy Authority; Mr. T. Narmandakh, Deputy Director,Ministry of Infrastructure, Information, Technology, and Policy Coordination Department;Mr. L. Demberel, Deputy Director, Information, Monitoring, Evaluation, and Economic De-partment; various officers of the Government Implementation Agency for Construction,Urban Development and Public Utilities, and the Mongolian Telecom Company.

Cover photo of Lao PDR taken by Francis Dobbs.

1

I. INTRODUCTIONThis review presents rural infrastructure indicators (telecom; electricity and heat; water,wastewater, solid waste, and drainage; and roads) for Cambodia, Lao People’s DemocraticRepublic (PDR), and Mongolia collected in April 2003 by the World Bank. A rapid assess-ment of the current state of infrastructure in the rural areas is provided through key infra-structure indicators. The utility of the collected data and ease of regular updates are alsosuggested where sufficient data warrants.

With the collected data, and the findings outlined in the report “The Poverty–Environ-ment Nexus in Cambodia and Lao People’s Democratic Republic” by Susmita Dasgupta,Uwe Deichmann, Craig Meisner, and David Wheeler of DECRG,1 a clear link among pov-erty, infrastructure service level, quality of life, environmental issues, and health is pre-sented. This link is visible in both urban and rural settings. The rural indicators are pre-sented here along with national indicators gleaned from public sources.

Table A.1 provides national health, education, and poverty indicators for Cambodia,Lao PDR, and Mongolia and comparisons with East Asia and the Pacific and Sub-SaharanAfrica as well as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countryaverages.

II. KEY FINDINGSFollowing are the key findings of the collected data. Annex A presents a complete set ofcollected indicators.

TelecomFigure 1 shows that rural telephone density is low, ranging from 0.7 percent in Cambodia to3.5 percent in Mongolia. Mongolia has the highest rural cell phone density of 6.8 percent.No rural residents in any of the three countries have regular access to the Internet. Whenavailable, Cambodia and Lao PDR have a greater than 95 percent success rate when placingphone calls, while Mongolia is 55 percent successful. Figure 2 shows that the average an-nual cell phone cost, including connection charges spread over three years, subscription

1. “The Poverty–Environment Nexus in Cambodia and Lao People’s Democratic Republic.” SusmitaDasgupta, Uwe Deichmann, Craig Meisner, and David Wheeler (DECRG). Policy Research WorkingPaper 2960. World Bank, Policy Research Department, Washington, D.C. January 2003. An October2002 version of the paper, which includes similar data for Vietnam, is also available.

Figure 1. Rural Telephone Density(percent)

Figure 2. Average Annual Cell Phone Cost(U.S. dollars)

0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.0

Cambodia Lao PDR Mongolia

Density

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Cambodia Lao PDR Mongolia

Averagecost

Rural Infrastructure Indicators in Cambodia, Lao PDR, and Mongolia

2

charges, and call charges for 300 minutes per month, is US$200 in Lao PDR, $500 in Cambo-dia, and $580 in Mongolia. The cost of cell phones would appear prohibitive: 183 percent, 68percent, and 144 percent of annual per capita incomes, respectively, in Cambodia, Lao PDR,and Mongolia, and yet their use is expanding quickly. Telecom data are particularly suscep-tible to quickly being out of date. The sector benefits from entrepreneurial inputs in areassuch as sharing of cell phones, which may affect the accuracy and applicability of the data.

Electricity and HeatFigure 3 shows that the rural electrification rate is low: 9 percent in Cambodia, 24 percent inLao PDR, and 42 percent in Mongolia. Costs vary by an order of magnitude: $0.008/kWh inLao PDR (although they are increasing by 2.3 percent per month), $.045/kWh in Mongolia,and $0.45/kWh in Cambodia (see figure 4). Rural house heating is a critical issue in Mongolia,with costs ranging from $0.07 to $0.36/Mt2 per month with an average of $0.14/Mt2 permonth. More than 89 percent of the Mongolian rural homes use individual dung, wood, orcoal stoves for heat. In Cambodia, inequity of access to electricity is high in the rural areas,although service coverage is comprehensive since much of it is provided by private sectorsuppliers able to supply services to anyone willing to pay.2

2. Author’s personal communication with Vijay Jagannathan.

Figure 4. Cost of Rural Electricity(U.S. dollars)

Water, Wastewater, Solid Waste, and DrainageAccess to an “improved” water source ranges from 25 percent in Cambodia, 32 percent inMongolia, and 38 percent in Lao PDR, as shown in figure 5, while access to improved sani-tation ranges from 10 percent in Cambodia, 19 percent in Lao PDR, and 34 percent inMongolia as shown in figure 6. Because of topography and climate, flooding is severe inCambodia, where 37 percent of rural households are flooded at least annually. A compre-hensive set of data was obtained for water and sanitation service levels and cost in LaoPDR. Virtually all water is boiled in Lao PDR prior to consumption. Data collection wasfacilitated by the Water and Sanitation Program, which is well positioned to provide thistype of information on an ongoing basis. Almost all rural areas in the three countries lackorganized solid waste collection.

Figure 3. Rural Electrification Rate(percent)

0

10

20

30

40

50

Cambodia Lao PDR Mongolia

Rate

0

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

Cambodia Lao PDR Mongolia

Cost PerKwh

Philip Lam and Daniel Hoornweg

3

RoadsRural roads information was the most difficult to obtain. Mongolia’s set of data was themost comprehensive. In Cambodia, Lao PDR, and Mongolia, 87 percent, 59 percent and 36percent of rural residents, respectively, live within 6 kilometres of an all-weather road, asshown in figure 7. About 7 percent of Mongolia’s rural roads is closed for about two monthsduring the winter. Cambodia constructed almost 13,000 kilometres of rural roads between1993 and 2002, 4,600 kilometres being paved, while in Mongolia only 1,183 kilometres ofnew rural roads were constructed between 1993 and 2002. Travel times are long in the ruralareas of these countries. For example, in Lao PDR the average travel time to a hospital is 200minutes; in Mongolia, it is 145 minutes. The end of this report presents a map of eachcountry’s road network.

Figure 5. Percentage of Rural Populationwith Access to Improved Water Source(percent)

Figure 6. Average Rural Water Tariffs(U.S. dollars per cubic meter)

Figure 7. Percentage of Rural Population thatLives Fewer than 6 Kilometers from an All-Weather Road(percent)

0

10

20

30

40

Cambodia Lao PDR Mongolia

Access

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

Cambodia Lao PDR Mongolia

Tariff percubicmeter

1.20

0

20

40

60

80

100

Cambodia Lao PDR Mongolia

Percentageof population

Rural Infrastructure Indicators in Cambodia, Lao PDR, and Mongolia

4

III. INFRASTRUCTURE, ENVIRONMENT, AND POVERTY LINKAGEDuring the preparation of this report, an important recent study, “The Poverty–Environ-ment Nexus in Cambodia and Lao People’s Democratic Republic” by Susmita Dasguptaand others, was reviewed. Disaggregated data sets for incidence of poverty, populationdensity, and environmental problems—that is, deforestation, slope stability, access to cleanwater and sanitation, and air pollution—and health impacts—respiratory ailments, childdeaths, and diarrhea—were collected.

In Cambodia, the study showed a close spatial correlation between poverty and the lackof access to clean water and revealed that poor households have much less access to safewater than higher income households. Cambodia’s environmental problems were mainlyhousehold-level issues of indoor air pollution and water contamination. The study con-cluded that safe water is a poverty–environment nexus issue of great importance in Cam-bodia. Maps at the end of this report display the total Cambodian population by district,the correlation between incidence of poverty and road accessibility, water and sanitationindicators by district, and health indicators by district.

In Lao PDR a strong correlation was identified between poverty and lack of access tosafe water, which highlighted the strong relationship between infant diarrhea and poverty.The study concluded that poverty, safe water, sanitation, and infant mortality from diar-rhea may constitute another important poverty–environment linkage in Lao PDR. The lo-cus for this linkage appears to be the north and northeastern regions of the country. Maps atthe end of this report display the correlation between incidence of poverty and road acces-sibility in Lao PDR, as well as water, sanitation, and health indicators by district.

The report presents both the size of the poverty population in a district or province andthe incidence of poverty.3 The report also presents settlement density of the poor. This isuseful because providing infrastructure services to isolated households is more costly. Us-ing the report, plus the data collected in this study, a strategic program of infrastructureservice provision to the poor can be developed. This approach can be verified with coun-trywide health and quality-of-life indicators, which were obtained from the Internet (seetable A.1).

A strategy focusing on reducing the number of people living in absolute poverty wouldstart in Cambodia’s densely settled central axis. The second target area would be the north-ern and northeastern (mainly rural) parts of Cambodia. In Cambodia, provision of servicesto the poor would have the lowest unit cost in the southeast. Cambodia would also likelybenefit by having “growth corridors” anchored to transportation linkages to Phnom Penhthat overlay these poverty corridors.

In Lao PDR, the north and northeastern regions of the country appear to be the mainlocus for action among poverty alleviation, infrastructure services, and environmental poli-cies. Sufficient data to make these recommendations do not exist in Mongolia.

Two other World Bank reports provide relevant information for Cambodia. The PrivateSolutions for Infrastructure in Cambodia4 report presents an overview of infrastructure servicedelivery in Cambodia and suggests ways in which the environment for private sector in-volvement in infrastructure could be improved. The review is based on service sectors anddoes not necessarily differentiate between urban and rural.

3. An extreme example clarifies the underlying logic between use of poverty population and povertyincidence: ten poor households might constitute the entire population of an isolated district, whosepoverty incidence would therefore be 100 percent. However, one million poor households might rep-resent no more than 40 percent of the population in a large urban area.4. Private Solutions for Infrastructure in Cambodia: A Country Framework Report. The Public–Private In-frastructure Advisory Facility and the World Bank Group. Washington, D.C. 2002.

Philip Lam and Daniel Hoornweg

5

In 1997 a Poverty Profile of Cambodia was prepared that provides detailed povertyreviews disaggregated among rural, other urban, and Phnom Penh.5 Compared with otherEast Asian countries, rural poverty was found to be slightly lower and urban poverty slightlyhigher than the averages for Lao PDR and Vietnam, although all three countries have asignificant development gap with the rest of East Asia.

IV. DATA COLLECTIONIn April 2003, the World Bank compiled a table of infrastructure indicators for telecom,water, wastewater, solid waste, electricity, and roads. This table was distributed to WorldBank infrastructure sector specialists and revised according to their feedback. The table andapproach to data collection were consistent with a broader and more comprehensive indi-cators program being conducted by East Asia Infrastructure (EASIN). The information inthis report can be considered a “first instalment” on a broader indicators program.

Because of the specific, specialized nature of the requested indicators, in-country con-sultants and local staff collected the desired indicators. In each country data were collectedover three weeks. The consultants also assessed the degree of effort required to update thedata on a regular basis. Discussions were also held with government officials on their datarequirements and ease of acquiring relevant data.

Data were gathered predominantly from available government agencies, statistical de-partments, private and public companies, and publicly available reports. For some indica-tors, no specific information was available but reasonable estimates could be made. In allcases, the data were confirmed to the extent possible. Tables A.2 through A.6 contain thecollected data and associated sources.

An important aspect of this review was to identify which data currently exist and arerelatively easily available. This focus on readily available data is consistent with EASIN’slarger indicators program, which is planned to be broadened over the next 18 months. Muchuseful information is available, but it is spotty, usually dependent on specific agencies post-ing relevant and current information (these collected data are proposed to be added toEASIN’s website). The accuracy and relevance of data collected in the three countries’ capi-tal cities were reviewed by World Bank staff and consultants. At this time, however, nodetailed field reviews or new surveys were conducted.

V. ISSUES

Availability of DataThe available data were relatively easy to collect. Data from government agencies wereusually available within several days. Approximately 24 percent of the listed indicatorswas not available, with Cambodia having the least amount of data. Cambodia may not yethave significant experience in administrative and household data collection. Of the threecountries, Mongolia had the most data available. Data on the roads sector were the mostscarce with an average of 33 percent not available, while telecom information was the mostavailable. Table 1 summarizes data availability by sector and country.

5. A Poverty Profile of Cambodia. Nicholas Prescott and Menno Pradham. World Bank Discussion Pa-per 373. Washington, D.C. 1997.

Rural Infrastructure Indicators in Cambodia, Lao PDR, and Mongolia

6

Table 1. Percentage of Data Not Available

Cambodia Lao PDR Mongolia(percent) (percent) (percent)

Telecom 5 10 —Electricity and Heat 45 — 9Water and Waste 51 23 19Roads 43 52 5 Total 39 24 10

Reliability of DataTelecom, electricity, and heat indicators appear to be the most reliable. These data are regu-larly collected and there is usually more precision and agreement on definitions. Telecomdata, however, are most rapidly out of date. Data on water and roads are more vague andthus subject to more interpretation, and are perhaps less reliable. These data are also moredifficult to collect.

Data TrendsAlthough collection methods and reliability of data may vary across countries, this reviewprovides an important opportunity to assist in monitoring the trends of key infrastructureindicators. Collection costs were sufficiently inexpensive—fewer than $5,000 per country—so that consideration should be given to collecting these data annually or biannually. Moni-toring key infrastructure service trends will provide important information on rates of im-provement, or deterioration. All three countries are overwhelmed by the pace of change ininfrastructure service demands. They are responding admirably with increases in supply,but services can rarely keep up with demand.

Rural DefinitionThe definition of “rural” varies across countries and agencies. This caused difficulties indata collection, and the distinctions between rural and urban were often nebulous. Consid-erable data are not classified between rural and urban. The distinction between urban andrural is largely artificial and arbitrary, especially in Cambodia and Lao PDR. As in the pa-per by Dasgupta and others, a better approach may simply be to disaggregate by infra-structure service levels or numbers of poor rather than by rural and urban. Box 1 summa-rizes the definition of “rural” by country.

Philip Lam and Daniel Hoornweg

7

Box 1. Definition of the Term “Rural” by Country

Cambodia

National Population Census“Rural” is defined as those areas having populations of fewer than, or equal to, 200 people persquare kilometer, and those provinces that do not contain headquarter towns. Thus, all areasother than the municipal areas of Krong Preah Sihanouk, Krong Kaeb, and Krong Pailin, andthe district areas (within Phnom Penh) of Khands of Doun Penh, Chamkar Mon, PrampirMeaqkkara, and Tuol Kouk are considered rural.

Demographic and Health SurveySame as above.

MongoliaThe rural population is defined as that which is outside the capital city of Ulaanbaatar, includ-ing urban settlements of up to 70,000 people. These are usually classified as “urban” in Mongolia,but are designated as “rural” in this report for the purpose of greater consistency with data forLao PDR and Cambodia.

Lao PDRAlthough the definition of “rural” is subject to government guidelines, such as those of theNational Statistics Centre, in practical terms the definition varies between agencies:

Nam Saat OfficeA “rural” village has no market or piped water.

National Statistics CentreA “rural” village is one that cannot satisfy at least three of the following five conditions:

• There is a market in the village.• There is a road for motor vehicles to get access to the village.• The village must lie in the municipal vicinity where the district or provincial authority is

located.• The majority of households in the village are electrified.• There is piped water supply service to the majority of households.

Local Roads DepartmentAny road with a population of fewer than 2,000 people along the road is a “rural” road.

Department of ElectricityThe department initially said that “rural” meant anywhere outside of the main cities—placeswhere there are no grid lines—but then said that it does not have a definition of “rural” forelectrification purposes, and referred the consultant to the State Planning Committee for theofficial definition of “rural.”

Department of Post and TelecomIt uses the definition of the National Statistics Centre.

Lao Telecom“Rural” means anyplace using the Rurtel phone system as opposed to the Public SwitchingTelephone Network (PSTN). This is for areas where the number of customers is too small forthe PSTN. Under normal conditions, this would properly identify rural areas, but they gaveone example of a village very near Vientiane that only recently came onto the PSTN, althoughby anybody’s definition it would not be considered a rural village.

9

Annex A. Selected Tables Showing Collected Indicators

10

Tabl

e A.

1:

Nat

iona

l Hea

lth,

Educ

atio

n, a

nd G

ener

al P

over

ty In

dica

tors

East

ern

and

Sou

ther

nC

ambo

dia

Lao

PDR

Mon

golia

EAP

Aver

age

Afric

a Av

erag

eC

D A

vera

ge1

98

52

00

11

98

52

00

11

98

52

00

11

98

52

00

11

98

52

00

11

98

52

00

1

HEA

LTH

Bir

ths

atte

nded

by

heal

th s

taff

(pe

rcen

t of

tot

al)

34

21

10

09

78

08

24

45

69

61

00

Hea

lth e

xpen

ditu

re p

er c

apita

(cu

rren

t U

S$)

19

11

23

33

86

22

,02

7Im

mun

izat

ion,

DPT

23

60

44

08

09

55

87

94

97

27

89

4(p

erce

nt o

f ch

ildre

n un

der

12 m

onth

s)Im

mun

izat

ion,

mea

sles

29

59

65

01

89

54

98

24

87

26

98

9(p

erce

nt o

f ch

ildre

n un

der

12 m

onth

s)In

cide

nce

of t

uber

culo

sis

(per

100,0

00 p

eopl

e)5

72

16

02

16

12

43

85

17

Life

exp

ecta

ncy

at b

irth

, fe

mal

e (y

ears

)4

95

54

95

56

26

76

77

25

44

97

88

1Li

fe e

xpec

tanc

y at

bir

th,

mal

e (y

ears

)4

65

34

65

35

96

46

36

75

04

77

27

5Li

fe e

xpec

tanc

y at

bir

th,

tota

l (ye

ars)

47

54

47

54

60

65

65

70

52

48

75

78

Low

-bir

thw

eigh

t ba

bies

(pe

rcen

t of

bir

ths)

35

10

11

10

10

12

10

57

Mor

talit

y ra

te, ad

ult,

fem

ale

35

62

64

43

92

99

27

31

99

20

51

48

34

94

98

86

61

(per

1,0

00

fem

ale

adul

ts)

Mor

talit

y ra

te,

adul

t, m

ale

(per

1,0

00 m

ale

adul

ts)

47

33

73

53

13

55

32

02

80

27

92

15

43

05

58

16

71

19

Mor

talit

y ra

te,

infa

nt (

per

1,0

00 li

ve b

irth

s)9

59

71

28

87

87

61

39

30

97

89

95

Mor

talit

y ra

te, un

der-5

(pe

r 1,0

00 li

ve b

irth

s)1

53

13

81

82

10

01

24

76

68

41

15

91

40

12

6Pr

eval

ence

of un

dern

ouris

hmen

t6

03

63

32

41

64

22

62

23

04

0(p

erce

nt o

f po

pula

tion)

EDU

CAT

ION

Illite

racy

rat

e, a

dult

fem

ale

56

42

62

46

42

26

16

54

37

10

4(p

erce

ntag

e of

fem

ales

age

s 15 a

nd a

bove

)Ill

itera

cy r

ate,

adu

lt m

ale

24

20

33

23

21

13

83

72

54

2(p

erce

ntag

e of

mal

es a

ges

15 a

nd a

bove

)Ill

itera

cy r

ate,

adu

lt to

tal

42

31

48

34

32

19

12

45

31

73

(per

cent

age

of p

eopl

e ag

es 1

5 a

nd a

bove

)Ill

itera

cy r

ate,

you

th fem

ale

39

25

45

28

11

11

63

72

21

0(p

erce

ntag

e of

fem

ales

age

s 15–2

4)

Illite

racy

rat

e, y

outh

mal

e2

01

62

21

51

17

42

51

61

0(p

erce

ntag

e of

mal

es a

ges

15–2

4)

Illite

racy

rat

e, y

outh

tot

al3

02

03

32

11

19

53

11

91

0(p

erce

ntag

e of

peo

ple

ages

15–2

4)

Pers

iste

nce

to g

rade

5, fe

mal

e (p

erce

ntag

e of

coh

ort)

63

91

96

73

73

95

10

0Pe

rsis

tenc

e to

gra

de 5

, m

ale

(per

cent

age

of c

ohor

t)6

39

18

77

17

19

41

00

Pers

iste

nce

to g

rade

5,

tota

l (pe

rcen

tage

of

coho

rt)

63

91

91

74

72

95

10

0

11

East

ern

&S

outh

ern

Cam

bodi

aLa

o PD

RM

ongo

liaEA

P Av

erag

eAf

rica

Aver

age

CD

Ave

rage

19

85

20

01

19

85

20

01

19

85

20

01

19

85

20

01

19

85

20

01

19

85

20

01

GEN

ERA

LIn

com

e sh

are

held

by

high

est

20%

48

45

51

51

47

40

52

42

Inco

me

shar

e he

ld b

y lo

wes

t 20%

78

65

79

57

Labo

r fo

rce

activ

ity r

ate,

fem

ale

55

53

46

45

43

48

39

44

39

40

36

42

(per

cent

of fe

mal

e po

pula

tion

ages

15-6

4)

Labo

r fo

rce

activ

ity r

ate,

mal

e5

25

35

55

15

05

35

65

75

25

25

75

7(p

erce

nt o

f m

ale

popu

latio

n ag

es 1

5-6

4)

Popu

latio

n be

low

$1 a

day

(pe

rcen

t)2

61

13

65

32

Pove

rty

head

coun

t, n

atio

nal (

perc

ent

of p

opul

atio

n)3

63

92

96

5Po

vert

y he

adco

unt,

rur

al (pe

rcen

t of

pop

ulat

ion)

40

41

34

69

Pove

rty

head

coun

t, u

rban

(pe

rcen

t of

pop

ulat

ion)

21

27

18

52

Une

mpl

oym

ent,

fem

ale

(per

cent

of

fem

ale

labo

r fo

rce)

64

63

02

29

7U

nem

ploy

men

t, m

ale

(per

cent

of m

ale

labo

r fo

rce)

54

61

81

77

6U

nem

ploy

men

t, t

otal

(pe

rcen

t of

tot

al la

bor

forc

e)6

55

21

19

86

Not

es:

1.

Num

bers

in r

ed r

efer

to

clos

est

prio

r ye

ar a

vaila

ble.

2.

If a

figur

e w

as n

ot a

vaila

ble

for

the

indi

cate

d ye

ar, av

erag

es w

ere

calc

ulat

ed u

sing

the

cou

ntry

’s c

lose

st p

rior

year

.S

ourc

e: W

orld

Ban

k.

12

Tabl

e A.

2: In

form

atio

n, C

omm

unic

atio

n, a

nd T

echn

olog

y In

dica

tors

Indi

cato

rC

ambo

dia

Lao

PDR

Mon

golia

ACC

ESS

Rur

al T

elep

hone

Den

sity

0.7

%d,

a3

.0%

e,c

3.5

%g,

ePe

rcen

tage

of

Rur

al M

ain

Line

s8.0

%f,

b1.1

%g,

d4

4.1

%g,

eR

ural

Cel

lula

r Ph

one

Den

sity

1.3

%d,

a6

.8%

f,f

Num

ber

of R

ural

Inha

bita

nts

0.0

%e,

b0.0

%g,

c0.0

%g,

lw

ith In

tern

et A

cces

sAF

FOR

DAB

ILIT

YR

ural

Pho

ne C

onne

ctio

n C

ost

$50.0

0e,

b$28.5

0g,

c,c

$5

.04

, $

40

.71

, $

71

.24

g,g,

aR

ural

Pho

ne S

ubsc

riptio

n C

ost

(per

mon

th)

$7.0

0e,

b$0.9

5g,

c$0.6

6g,

gR

ural

Loc

al C

all C

ost

(per

min

ute)

$0.1

0e,

b$0.0

1g,

c$0.0

2,

$0.1

8g,

g,b

Proj

ecte

d C

hang

e in

Pho

ne C

osts

no s

ignf

ican

t ch

ange

e,b

Loca

l cos

ts w

ill in

crea

se,

g,d

Upw

ard

pres

sure

but

no

g,h

in t

arif

fslo

ng d

ista

nce

cost

s w

illch

ange

exp

ecte

d be

fore

dec

reas

e, n

o ra

tes

set

20

04

ele

ctio

nR

ural

Cel

lula

r Ph

one

Con

nect

ion

Cos

t$13.0

0e,

b$40 c

ount

ry-w

ide

g,c

$115

g,i

Rur

al C

ellu

lar

Phon

e S

ubsc

riptio

n C

ost

$5.0

0e,

b$10 c

ount

ry-w

ide

g,c

typi

cally

$9 r

angi

ngg,

i(p

er m

onth

)$

7–$

20

Rur

al C

ellu

lar

Loca

l Cal

l Cos

t (p

er m

inut

e)$0.1

2e,

b$0.0

2 c

ount

ry-w

ide

g,c

$0.1

2g,

iPr

ojec

ted

Cha

nge

in C

ellu

lar

Phon

e C

osts

no s

ignf

ican

t ch

ange

f,b

No

incr

ease

, ex

cept

g,d

Incr

easi

ng c

ompe

titio

ng,

hin

tar

iffs

char

ges

expe

cted

to

bew

ill r

educ

e pr

ices

to U

SD

in f

utur

eR

ural

Cos

t of

Inte

rnet

Acc

ess

$90.0

0e,

bN

o ac

cess

g,c

$5 for

mos

t po

pula

rg,

i(3

0 H

ours

a M

onth

)pr

ovid

er, ot

hers

$1

1Pr

ojec

ted

Cha

nge

in In

tern

et A

cces

s C

osts

Diff

eren

t pric

ing

pack

ages

e,b

Dec

reas

ing

coun

try-

wid

eg,

cS

ome

dow

nwar

d pr

essu

reg,

h/o

ptio

ns b

eing

impl

emen

ted

QU

ALIT

YR

ural

Tel

epho

ne R

epor

ted

Faul

ts1.0

e,b

6.2

g,l

per

10

0 R

ural

Mai

n Li

nes

Rur

al D

isab

led

Tele

phon

e Li

nes

(Per

cent

)2–5

% (es

t)g,

c6.0

% (na

tiona

l fig

ure

only

)g,

lS

ucce

ss R

ate

of P

hone

Cal

ls95%

e,b

98–1

00%

g,c

55%

g,l

Goi

ng T

hrou

gh (Pe

rcen

t)(e

st)

Perc

enta

ge o

f D

igita

l Rur

al M

ain

Line

s8%

e,b

100%

g,c

39%

e,l

OTH

ERN

ames

of R

ural

Pho

ne S

ervi

ce P

rovi

ders

CAS

ACO

M,

CAS

AMC

OM

e,b

Lao

Tele

com

Com

pany

g,c

Mon

golia

n Te

leco

mg,

kG

SM

, C

AMS

HIN

(W

LL),

Com

pany

CAM

SIN

GS

M M

PT 2

001

Nam

es o

f R

ural

Cel

lula

r Ph

one

CAM

GS

M (M

OB

ITEL

)e,

bLa

o Te

leco

m C

ompa

nyg,

cM

obic

om, S

kyte

l,g,

kS

ervi

ce P

rovi

ders

Mic

om, B

odic

omN

ames

of

Rur

al In

ter n

et S

ervi

ce P

rovi

ders

CAM

NET

(M

PTC

),e,

bN

one

g,c

Dat

acom

, M

icom

,g,

kB

IGPO

NT,

(TE

LSTR

A),

Mob

icom

, S

kyte

lIS

P C

AM G

SM

MPT

2001

13

Not

es:

Tabl

es p

rese

nt t

he in

dica

tor

valu

e/de

scrip

tion

by c

ount

r y, fo

llow

ed b

y le

tter

s de

notin

g in

form

atio

n in

the

fol

low

ing

form

at:

Year

, S

ourc

e, C

omm

ent

(if a

pplic

able

).

n.a.

Not

app

licab

le.

Year

s fo

r al

l Tab

les

a.1997

b.1998

c.1

99

9d.

2000

e.2001

f.2

00

2g.

20

03

Info

rmat

ion,

Com

mun

icat

ion,

and

Tec

hnol

ogy

Sou

rces

a.C

ambo

dia

Dem

ogra

phic

Hea

lth S

urve

yb.

Min

istr

y of

Pos

t an

d Te

leco

mm

unic

atio

nc.

Dep

artm

ent

of P

ost

and

Tele

com

, La

o Te

leco

mm

unic

atio

nsd.

Lao

Tele

com

mun

icat

ions

e.Te

leco

m C

o R

epor

t an

d 2

00

1 p

opul

atio

nf.

Tele

com

s S

ectio

n of

Min

istr

y of

Infr

astr

uctu

reg.

Tele

com

Co

h.C

onsu

ltant

s’ a

sses

smen

ti.

Mob

icom

, S

kyte

lj.

Mic

omk.

Prov

ider

sl.

Tele

com

Co

Rep

ort

Info

rmat

ion,

Com

mun

icat

ion,

and

Tec

hnol

ogy

Com

men

tsa.

3 le

vels

, m

ost

rem

ote

is c

heap

est

b.2 le

vels

, m

ost

rem

ote

is c

heap

est

c.La

o Te

leco

mm

icat

ions

est

imat

es a

cos

t of $

8,0

00–$

9,0

00 fo

r the

firs

t sub

scrib

er in

a g

iven

are

a, a

nd a

flat

rate

of $

28.5

0 fo

r a n

ew s

ubsc

riptio

n w

ith m

inim

al e

xtra

inst

alla

tion

cost

s

Elec

tric

ity

and

Hea

t S

ourc

esa.

DH

S, N

atio

nal I

nstit

ute

of S

tatis

tics

b.M

inis

try

of In

dust

ry,

Min

es a

nd E

nerg

yc.

Dep

artm

ent

of E

lect

ricity

d.LE

CS

2e.

Mon

golia

n S

tatis

tical

Yea

rboo

k 2

00

1f.

Min

istr

y of

Infr

astr

uctu

re E

nerg

y D

ivis

ion

g.Fu

el a

nd E

nerg

y Au

thor

ityh.

Con

sulta

nts’

ass

essm

ent

i.U

npub

lishe

d ho

useh

old

ques

tionn

aire

s fr

om A

DB

TA3

685 In

tegr

ated

Dev

elop

men

t of

Bas

ic U

rban

Ser

vice

s in

Sec

onda

ry T

owns

j.C

onsu

ltant

s’ e

stim

ates

bas

ed o

n 2

00

0 C

ensu

sk.

Gov

ernm

ent

Impl

emen

tatio

n Ag

ency

Co-

ordi

natin

g U

rban

Dev

elop

men

t an

d Pu

blic

Util

ities

14

Not

es C

ontin

ued

Elec

tric

ity

and

Hea

t C

omm

ents

a.Es

timat

e ba

sed

on 3

8%

tot

al (ur

ban

+ r

ural

) el

ectr

ifica

tion

rate

, w

ith 8

0%

of th

e po

pula

tion

“rur

al”,

and

95%

of ur

ban

hous

ehol

ds e

lect

rifie

db.

Estim

ate

base

d on

3%

sol

ar a

nd m

ini h

ydro

ele

ctrif

icat

ion,

ass

umin

g th

at a

ll of

thi

s go

es t

o ru

ral a

reas

. D

ata

on r

ural

gen

erat

or u

se is

not

ava

ilabl

e.c.

Tarif

fs h

ave

a sl

idin

g ra

te -

this

num

ber

assu

mes

tha

t ru

ral a

reas

are

not

usi

ng m

ore

than

50 k

W-h

ours

per

mon

thd.

This

incl

udes

wat

er a

nd e

lect

ricity

, bu

t N

atio

nal S

tatis

tics

Cen

ter

assu

mes

tha

t al

mos

t al

l of th

is is

for

ele

ctric

itye.

EdL

prov

ides

92

% o

r ru

ral e

lect

ricity

, M

IH p

rovi

des

8%

of ru

ral e

lect

ricity

via

sol

ar p

ower

and

min

i hyd

ropo

wer

Wat

er, W

aste

wat

er, S

olid

Was

te, an

d D

rain

age

Sou

rces

a.U

N W

HO

b.D

HS

, N

atio

nal I

nstit

ute

of S

tatis

tics

c.R

GC

/MR

D/I

LO H

ouse

hold

Tra

vel a

nd T

rans

port

Ana

lysi

s (p

.29)

d.M

inis

try

of In

dust

ry, M

ines

and

Ene

rgy/

WB

, ou

tput

bas

ed A

id p

repa

rato

ry W

ork

Rep

ort

e.W

aste

Man

gem

ent

Auth

ority

f.M

inis

try

of In

dust

ry,

Min

es a

nd E

nerg

yg.

RG

C/S

EDP

II 2

00

1–0

5h.

UN

DP-

Res

iden

t R

ep O

ffic

e 2

00

1i.

SED

P II

targ

ets

2001–0

5j.

Con

sulta

nt’s

ass

essm

ent

k.N

atio

nal S

tatis

tics

Cen

ter

(Prim

ary

Hea

lth S

urve

y)l.

Nat

iona

l Cen

tre

for

Envi

ronm

enta

l Hea

lth &

Wat

er S

uppl

y (N

am S

aat)

m.

Rur

al W

ater

Sup

ply

& S

anita

tion

HAS

WAS

pro

ject

rep

ort

n.W

SP-

EAP

o.N

am S

aat

and

Nat

iona

l Sta

tistic

s C

ente

rp.

2000 C

ensu

s ra

tios

appl

ied

to 2

001 p

op f

igur

esq.

Con

sulta

nts

estim

ates

+ 2

000 C

ensu

s ra

tios

appl

ied

to 2

001 p

op fig

ures

r.AD

B T

A25

82

Pro

vinc

ial T

owns

Bas

ic U

rban

Ser

vice

s, F

inal

Rep

ort,

1997

s.G

over

nmen

t Im

plem

enta

tion

Agen

cy C

o-or

dina

ting

Urb

an D

evel

opm

ent

and

Publ

ic U

tiliti

est.

Unp

ublis

hed

hous

ehol

d qu

estio

nnai

res

from

AD

B T

A3685 In

tegr

ated

Dev

elop

men

t of

Bas

ic U

rban

Ser

vice

s in

Sec

onda

ry T

owns

u.Ag

ency

for

Con

stru

ctio

n, U

rban

Dev

elop

men

t an

d Pu

blic

Util

ities

v.AD

B T

A368

5 In

tegr

ated

Dev

elop

men

t of

Bas

ic U

rban

Ser

vice

s in

Sec

onda

ry T

owns

w.

Min

istr

y of

Infr

astr

uctu

re

Wat

er,

Was

tew

ater

, S

olid

Was

te,

and

Dra

inag

e C

omm

ents

a.N

am S

aat

give

s a

figur

e of

0%

, bu

t th

ere

are

know

n to

be

com

mun

ity g

ravi

ty-fe

d pi

ped

syst

ems

in t

he c

ount

ryb.

This

is a

n es

timat

e by

Dr.

Bou

npon

e, s

ince

the

re a

re n

one

as y

etc.

This

con

sulta

nt o

bser

ved

the

sam

e ph

enom

enon

of

ALL

hous

ehol

d dr

inki

ng w

ater

bei

ng b

oile

d in

Nak

ai D

istr

ict,

Kha

mm

ouan

Pro

vinc

e, e

ven

thou

gh N

am T

heun

wat

er w

as s

afe

todr

ink

in t

he u

pstr

eam

par

t of

the

pla

teau

, an

d so

me

villa

gers

nea

r N

akai

tow

n w

ere

drin

king

dee

p-w

ell,

prot

ecte

d w

ater

pum

p. T

he N

atio

nal

Sta

tistic

s C

entr

e sa

ys t

his

is n

ot a

univ

ersa

l pra

ctic

e th

roug

hout

Lao

PD

R, bu

t ad

mitt

ed it

is v

ery

wid

espr

ead.

d.O

ff lo

t co

llect

ion

e.M

ost

trea

tmen

t sy

stem

s ar

e no

t in

goo

d w

orki

ng o

rder

15

Not

es C

ontin

ued

Roa

d an

d Tr

ansp

orta

tion

Sou

rces

a.C

SES

1999

b.M

RD

, R

oad

Dep

artm

ent

20

03

c.N

PRS

20

03

–05

d.C

DH

S 2

000

e.H

uman

Dev

elop

men

t R

epor

t, 1

99

9.

f.H

DR

19

99

/ AD

B r

ehab

ilita

tion

proj

ect,

MR

D 2

003

g.N

atio

nal P

over

ty R

educ

tion

Str

ateg

y 2

00

3–0

5h.

LEC

S 2

i.In

tegr

ated

Rur

al A

cces

sibi

lity

Plan

ning

(IR

AP)

j.Lo

cal R

oads

Dep

artm

ent

k.D

epar

tmen

t of

Roa

ds,

Dis

burs

emen

t D

ivis

ion

l.N

atio

nal S

tatis

tics

Cen

tre

and

Loca

l Roa

ds D

epar

tmen

tm

.C

onsu

ltant

’s e

stim

ate

n.R

oad

Dep

artm

ent

Rep

ort

o.As

soci

atio

n fo

r Tr

affic

saf

ety

p.M

inis

try

of In

fras

truc

ture

q.R

oad

Dep

artm

ent

Roa

d an

d Tr

ansp

orta

tion

Com

men

tsa.

19.3

2 m

inut

es (

Rou

nd 1

of

the

CS

ES 1

999 w

ith s

tand

ard

erro

r 1.0

3); 1

8.8

1 m

inut

es (

Rou

nd 2

of

the

CS

ES 1

999 w

ith s

tand

ard

erro

r 1.0

5)

b.Lo

cal R

oads

Dep

artm

ent

mor

e or

less

con

firm

s th

is fig

ure

with

a fig

ure

of 3

8.4

% v

illag

es w

ith n

o ro

ad a

cces

sc.

The

actu

al p

erce

ntag

e ap

pare

ntly

ran

ges

from

0–5

%, as

I w

as u

noff

icia

lly t

old

in p

erso

nal d

iscu

ssio

n w

ith t

he L

ocal

Roa

ds D

epar

tmen

td.

Mos

t roa

ds w

ould

not

be

flood

ed, b

ut p

arts

of B

orik

ham

say

and

Kha

mm

ouan

pro

vinc

es a

re fl

oode

d fo

r a m

onth

eve

ry y

ear.

How

ever

, the

alm

ost t

otal

lack

of b

udge

t for

mai

nten

ance

mea

ns t

hat

whe

n ro

ads

are

was

hed

away

, th

ey m

ay n

ot b

e re

paire

d fo

r a

long

tim

ee.

The

tota

l of 49,5

00 k

m is

loos

ely

defin

edf.

Sta

te/r

ural

bud

get

budg

et; U

laan

baat

ar is

res

pons

ible

for

its

own

road

s

Oth

er S

ourc

esa.

UN

WH

Ob.

Lao

Nat

iona

l Sta

tistic

al C

entr

ec.

Priv

ate

Sec

tor

Map

ping

Stu

dyd.

Mon

golia

n S

tatis

tical

Yea

rboo

k, 2

00

1e.

Con

sulta

nts

estim

ate

Oth

er C

omm

ents

a.“P

oor”

mea

ns a

ny o

ne o

f fiv

e cr

iteria

—la

ck o

f: c

lean

wat

er, r

oads

, hea

lth s

ervi

ces,

edu

catio

n, o

r #H

H’s

in p

over

ty >

51%

—it

was

ass

umed

tha

t al

l poo

r vi

llage

s la

ck im

prov

ed w

ater

supp

ly

16

Tabl

e A.

3:

Elec

tric

ity a

nd H

eat

Indi

cato

rs

Indi

cato

rC

ambo

dia

Lao

PDR

Mon

golia

ACC

ESS

Rur

al E

lect

rific

atio

n R

ate

9%

d,a

24%

(es

t.)

f,c,

a42%

g,e

% R

ural

Pop

ulat

ion

by E

lect

ricity

Sou

rce

% N

atio

nal G

rid o

rd,

aO

f th

e 24%

not

ed a

bove

,g,

c,b

79%

cen

tral

sys

tem

s,g,

f(G

ener

ator

, N

atio

nal G

rid, an

d so

on)

Gen

erat

or85%

are

on

natio

nal G

rid,

6%

com

mun

ity d

iese

l15%

on

sola

r an

dsy

stem

s, 1

5%

indi

vidu

alm

ini-h

ydro

dies

el s

yste

ms

Rur

al H

ouse

Hea

ting

Rat

en.

a.g,

c100%

g,h

% R

ural

Pop

ulat

ion

by H

eatin

g S

ourc

en.

a.g,

c89.2

% in

divi

dual

dun

gg,

j(

Loca

l Grid

, H

OB

s, S

tove

s, a

nd s

o on

)/w

ood/

coal

sto

ves,

10

.8%

cen

tral

sys

tem

sAF

FOR

DAB

ILIT

YR

ural

Hea

t C

ost

per

Mt

2n.

a.g,

c$0.1

4 r

angi

ng fro

mf,k

$0

.07

– $

0.3

6 p

er m

onth

Rur

al E

lect

ricity

Cos

t pe

r kW

h$

0.4

5f,

b$

0.0

1g,

c,c

$0

.04

/$0

.05

g,g

Rur

al E

lect

ricity

Tar

iff

for

Sol

ar P

ower

$1 p

er m

onth

g,c

Proj

ecte

d C

hang

e in

Ele

ctric

ity C

osts

Pric

e re

form

s un

der

f,b

Pric

e in

crea

ses

of 2

.3%

g,c

Upw

ard

pres

sure

but

g,h

disc

ussi

on,

thou

gh n

ope

r m

onth

unt

il 2005

no ch

ange

exp

ecte

dde

cisi

on h

as b

een

mad

ebe

fore

20

04

ele

ctio

nAv

erag

e Pe

rcen

tage

of

HH

’s e

xpen

ditu

re1.0

%b,

d,d

7%

for

set

tled

popu

latio

nf,i

in E

lect

ricity

Bill

(ie

. ex

clud

ing

nom

ads)

QU

ALIT

YR

ural

Ele

ctric

ity S

ourc

e Av

aila

bilit

y5

f,b

24 h

ours

ong

rid,

4–6

g,c

Cen

tral

sys

tem

s 24 h

ours

,g,

g(H

ours

/day

)ho

urs

on s

olar

or

com

mun

ity d

iese

l sys

tem

sge

nera

tor

3–6

hou

rs, in

divi

dual

dies

el s

yste

ms

limite

dw

inte

r us

e on

lyO

THER

Nam

es o

f El

ectr

icity

Ser

vice

Pro

vide

rsED

C,

Dut

y Fr

ee S

hop

f,b

EdL

(92%

), M

IH (

8%

)g,

c,e

18 la

rge

and

man

y m

ore

g,g

othe

r co

mpa

nies

var

iuos

lypr

ovid

ing

gene

ratio

n,tr

ansm

issi

on a

nddi

strib

utio

n

Not

e: S

ee n

otes

for

tab

le 2

.

17

Tabl

e co

ntin

ues

on n

ext

page

Tabl

e A.

4: W

ater

, W

aste

wat

er, S

olid

Was

te, an

d D

rain

age

Indi

cato

rs

Indi

cato

rC

ambo

dia

Lao

PDR

Mon

golia

ACC

ESS

Perc

enta

ge o

f R

ural

Pop

ulat

ion

with

Acc

ess

25.0

%d,

a37.6

%d,

k32.3

%e,

pto

Impr

oved

Wat

er S

ourc

ePe

rcen

tage

of

Rur

al P

opul

atio

n w

ith A

cces

s10.0

%d,

a19.0

%d,

k34.1

%e,

pto

Impr

oved

San

itatio

nPe

rcen

tage

of R

ural

Pop

ulat

ion

with

Pip

ed7.8

%g,

k,a

7.8

%e,

pW

ater

fro

m C

omm

unity

Gra

vity

Fed

Sys

tem

Perc

enta

ge o

f R

ural

Pop

ulat

ion

with

Pip

ed0.7

%d,

b7.8

%e,

pW

ater

Into

Dw

ellin

gPe

rcen

tage

of

Rur

al P

opul

atio

n w

ith—

%g,

l7.8

%e,

p,d

Rur

al W

aste

wat

er S

ervi

cePe

rcen

tage

of

Rur

al P

opul

atio

n w

ith f

lush

1.7

%d,

b7.8

%e,

p,e

conn

ecte

d to

sew

er/w

ith s

eptic

tan

kPe

rcen

tage

of

Rur

al P

opul

atio

n w

ith f

lush

5.6

%d,

b—

%g,

jun

conn

ecte

d to

sew

er/w

ithou

t se

ptic

tan

kPe

rcen

tage

of

Rur

al P

opul

atio

n w

ith la

trin

e0

.9%

d,b

—%

g,j

conn

ecte

d to

sew

er/w

ith s

eptic

tan

kPe

rcen

tage

of

Rur

al P

opul

atio

n w

ith5.7

%d,

b0.5

%g,

l26.3

%e,

ptr

aditi

onal

pit/

latr

in u

ncon

nect

ed t

ose

wer

/ w

ithou

t se

ptic

tan

kPe

rcen

tage

of

Rur

al P

opul

atio

n w

ith—

%g,

l17.2

%g,

qS

olid

Was

te S

ervi

ceH

ours

per

day

Spe

nt C

olle

ctin

g W

ater

0.8

3d,

c0

.70

(ex

clud

ing

nom

ads

a,r

(incl

udin

g w

ait

time,

tra

vel t

ime)

—un

know

n)AF

FOR

DAB

ILIT

YR

ural

Wat

er S

uppl

y: m

inim

um c

ost

per

$1

50

a,m

unit

for

‘Impr

oved

Tra

ditio

nal P

ract

ice’

Rur

al W

ater

Sup

ply:

min

imum

cos

t pe

r$

30

0a,

mun

it fo

r co

nstr

uctin

g ‘D

ug W

ell’

Rur

al W

ater

Sup

ply:

min

imum

cos

t pe

r$

46

6a,

mun

it fo

r co

nstr

uctin

g ‘H

and

Pum

p’R

ural

Wat

er S

uppl

y: m

inim

um c

ost

per

$1,0

50

f,m

unit

for

cons

truc

ting

‘Spr

ing

Prot

ectio

n’R

ural

Wat

er S

uppl

y: m

inim

um c

ost

per

$42

f,m

unit

for

cons

truc

ting

‘Rai

n W

ater

Jar

’R

ural

Wat

er S

uppl

y: m

inim

um c

ost

per

$5,0

50

f,m

unit

for

cons

truc

ting

‘Gra

vity

Fed

Sys

tem

’R

ural

San

itatio

n: m

inim

um c

ost

per

unit

$40

f,m

self-

cons

truc

ted

g,j

for

cons

truc

ting

‘Dry

Pit

Latr

ine’

18

Tabl

e 4:

Wat

er,

Was

tew

ater

, S

olid

Was

te,

and

Dra

inag

e In

dica

tors

con

tinue

d

Indi

cato

rC

ambo

dia

Lao

PD

RM

ongo

lia

Rur

al S

anita

tion:

min

imum

cos

t pe

r un

it$75

f,m

for

cons

truc

ting

‘Pou

r Fl

ush

Latr

ine’

Rur

al S

anita

tion:

min

imum

cos

t pe

r un

it$1,5

00 (es

t)g,

l,bfo

r im

prov

ing

‘Sep

tic T

ank’

Rur

al W

ater

Tar

iffs

(pe

r cu

bic

met

er)

$0.3

0–$

0.5

0/m

3 (va

ryin

gg,

dn.

a. -

Flat

Rat

eFo

r se

ttle

d po

pula

tion

f,s

bas

ed o

n pr

ovin

ces)

$1

.00

ran

ging

bet

wee

n$

0.4

0 a

nd $

1.8

0R

ural

Wat

er T

arif

fs (

per

pers

on p

er m

onth

)$0.0

5–$

0.2

0g,

lFo

r th

ose

in a

part

men

tsf,s

$0

.11

ran

ging

fro

m $

0.0

4to

$0

.13

Rur

al W

aste

wat

er T

arif

fs$0.2

5 /

mon

thg,

en.

a.Fo

r se

wer

ed h

ouse

hold

sf,s

$0

.23

per

mon

th r

angi

ngfr

om $

0.1

0 t

o $

0.4

5R

ural

Sol

id W

aste

Tar

iffs

$0.7

0 /

mon

thg,

en.

a.Fo

r ap

artm

ent

hous

ehol

dsf,s

$0

.41

ran

ging

fro

m$

0.0

5 t

o $

0.7

3 p

er m

onth

Rur

al W

aste

wat

er S

ervi

ce W

illin

gnes

s to

Pay

Estim

ate

of 5

% o

f H

H’s

—g,

lH

ouse

hold

sur

veys

indi

cate

f,t

no m

oney

to

pay

for

that

som

e 2

/3 o

fth

is s

ervi

ceho

useh

olds

wou

ld b

epr

epar

ed t

o pa

y at

leas

t 5

0%

mor

e fo

rbe

tter

ser

vice

sR

ural

Sol

id W

aste

Ser

vice

Will

ingn

ess

to P

ayEs

timat

e of

10%

of

HH

’s—

g,l

Hou

seho

ld s

urve

ys in

dica

tef,t

no m

oney

to

pay

for

that

som

e 2

/3 o

fth

is s

ervi

ceho

useh

olds

wou

ld b

epr

epar

ed t

o pa

y at

leas

t 5

0%

mor

e fo

rbe

tter

ser

vice

sPE

RFO

RM

ANC

ELe

vel o

f W

aste

wat

er C

ost

Rec

over

yn.

a.Ta

riffs

gen

eral

ly s

uffic

ient

g,v

for

Rur

al A

reas

to c

over

onl

y ba

sic

oper

atin

g co

sts

but

not

for

muc

h ne

eded

cap

ital r

epai

rsLe

vel o

f W

ater

Cos

t R

ecov

ery

for

Rur

al A

reas

40%

(es

t)g,

lTa

riffs

gen

eral

ly s

uffic

ient

g,v

to c

over

onl

y ba

sic

oper

atin

g co

sts

but

not

for

muc

h ne

eded

cap

ital r

epai

rsLe

vel o

f Pi

t La

trin

e C

ost

Rec

over

y7

0%

g,n

10

0%

g,j

for

Rur

al A

reas

19

Tabl

e co

ntin

ues

on n

ext

page

Tabl

e 4:

Wat

er,

Was

tew

ater

, S

olid

Was

te,

and

Dra

inag

e In

dica

tors

con

tinue

d

Indi

cato

rC

ambo

dia

Lao

PD

RM

ongo

lia

Leve

l of R

ural

Was

tew

ater

Ser

vice

Non

eg,

l

Non

-exi

sten

t fo

r th

e 6

4%

of

g,j

nom

ads;

pit

latr

ines

for

the

25

% s

elf-b

uilt

sett

led

popu

latio

n; s

ewag

e pl

ants

(mos

tly d

ilapi

date

d) s

ervi

ngth

e 1

1%

apa

rtm

ent

dwel

lers

Rur

al W

ater

Sup

ply

Avai

labi

lity

Pipe

d8

g,f

estim

ated

at

12

on

aver

age

g,j

into

Dw

ellin

g (h

ours

/day

)R

ural

Wat

er S

uppl

y Av

aila

bilit

y fr

om24 h

ours

yea

r-rou

ndg,

lno

rmal

ly 8

, of

ten

less

;g,

jC

omm

unal

Sou

rces

(ho

urs/

day)

5 d

ays

/ w

eek

Wat

er Q

ualit

y (S

afe?

N

eed

to b

e bo

iled?

29%

saf

e w

ithou

t bo

iling

f,g

90%

boi

led

(est

)g,

o,c

Wat

er p

iped

into

hou

ses

g,j

and

so

on(1

1%

of to

tal)

is g

ener

ally

safe

, al

thou

gh o

ften

col

orco

ntam

inat

ed b

y er

ratic

serv

ice

thro

ugh

old

pipe

s.Al

l oth

er w

ater

sho

uld

bebo

iled.

Cur

rent

Rur

al S

olid

Was

te D

ispo

sal P

ract

ice

Ther

e is

no

orga

nize

d so

lidg,

eB

urni

ng, du

mpi

ngg,

lM

ost

offic

ial s

ervi

ces

are

g,v

was

te d

ispo

sal i

n ru

ral

inef

fect

ive

outs

ide

area

s. S

ome

area

s ha

veap

artm

ent

area

s, w

ithpr

ivat

e se

rvic

e.

In o

ther

patc

hy c

over

age

by p

rivat

ear

eas,

som

e ho

useh

olds

oper

ator

s an

d co

mm

ondi

g ho

les

to p

ut s

olid

was

te,

illeg

al d

umpi

ng o

ff t

heso

me

burn

it a

nd s

ome

desi

gnat

ed s

ites.

thro

w a

way

as

they

wan

tPe

rcen

tage

of R

ural

Hou

seho

lds

with

37%

e,h

negl

igib

leg,

wFl

oodi

ng o

ver

last

yea

rO

THER

Estim

ated

Abi

lity

to M

eet

Futu

re R

ural

40%

by

2005

f,i

66%

by

2005,

g,l

Ther

e is

no

expe

ctat

ion

g,v

Wat

er D

eman

d90%

by

2020

of w

ides

prea

d ex

tens

ion

ofpi

ped

dom

estic

ser

vice

sbe

yond

the

apa

rtm

ent

area

s, w

hich

hap

pen

tobe

was

tefu

lly in

effic

ient

,so

tha

t su

pply

is n

ot a

nan

ticip

ated

pro

blem

.

20

Tabl

e 4: W

ater

, W

aste

wat

er, S

olid

Was

te, an

d D

rain

age

Indi

cato

rs

Indi

cato

rC

ambo

dia

Lao

PD

RM

ongo

lia

Estim

ated

Abi

lity

to M

eet

Futu

re R

ural

20%

by

2005

f,i

2005;

60%

by

2010;

g,l

Ther

e is

no

expe

ctat

ion

ofg,

vS

anita

tion

Dem

and

69%

by

2015;

sew

erag

e ex

tens

ion,

and

80%

by

20

impr

ovem

ents

are

crit

ical

lyco

nstr

aine

d by

lack

of

finan

ces

in m

ost

case

s. P

it la

trin

es a

re s

elf-p

rovi

ded.

Estim

ated

Hum

an a

nd E

nviro

nmen

tal

Mos

t pe

ople

at

risk

g,j

The

raw

sew

age

asso

ciat

edg,

vIm

pact

fro

m C

urre

nt W

aste

wat

er S

ervi

cew

ith n

on-fu

nctio

ning

trea

tmen

t w

orks

is a

ser

ious

and

wid

espr

ead

heal

thth

reat

. Pi

t la

trin

es t

hrea

ten

the

wat

er t

able

in s

ome

plac

es, bu

t as

yet

with

no k

now

n ad

vers

e im

pact

s.Es

timat

ed H

uman

and

Env

ironm

enta

l Im

pact

M

ost

urba

nisi

ng a

reas

are

g,j

Indi

scrim

inat

e ill

egal

tip

ping

,g,

vfr

om C

urre

nt S

olid

Was

te S

ervi

cefa

cing

SW

M d

iffic

ultie

s,in

clud

ing

in s

ome

case

sdu

e to

lack

of se

rvic

es,

abb

atto

ir w

aste

, is

no s

ervi

ces

in r

ural

are

as,

ever

ywhe

re a

thr

eat

tosi

gnfic

ant

lack

of

hum

an h

ealth

and

the

awar

enes

slo

cal e

colo

gy.

Impa

ct o

n Lo

cal A

quife

rs &

Wat

er B

odie

sS

ee a

bove

g,v

Cur

rent

Sol

id W

aste

Bud

get

Allo

catio

n an

dN

o de

dica

ted

budg

etg,

j$

0—

not

enou

gh in

tere

stg,

lB

udge

t al

loca

tions

hav

eg,

vEs

timat

ed F

utur

e R

equi

rem

ents

com

mitm

ents

fro

m p

ublic

from

vill

ager

sdw

indl

ed c

lose

to

zero

sour

ces

(Min

. Pu

blic

Wor

ks)

durin

g th

e tr

ansi

tion

perio

def

fort

s at

priv

atiz

atio

n is

in m

ost

plac

es. Im

prov

edla

rger

urb

an a

reas

serv

ices

req

uire

s ca

paci

tybu

ildin

g as

wel

l as

capi

tal

finan

cing

if t

hey

are

tosu

stai

nabl

e at

rea

sona

ble

leve

ls o

f se

rvic

e.

Not

es:S

ee n

otes

to

tabl

e 2

.1

.C

lass

-II c

ompa

nies

—m

ay o

nly

oper

ate

in p

rovi

ncia

l cap

itals

and

Vie

ntia

ne P

refe

ctur

e, a

nd m

ay n

ot c

onst

ruct

bui

ldin

gs g

reat

er t

han

1,0

00 s

quar

e m

etre

s in

tot

al a

rea.

2.

Cla

ss-II

com

pani

es—

may

onl

y op

erat

e in

pro

vinc

ial c

apita

ls a

nd V

ient

iane

Pre

fect

ure,

and

may

onl

y do

ren

ovat

ions

or

cons

truc

t bu

ildin

gs n

ot g

reat

er t

han

200 s

quar

em

etre

s in

tot

al a

rea.

21

Tabl

e A.

5:

Roa

ds a

nd T

rans

port

atio

n In

dica

tors

Indi

cato

rC

ambo

dia

Lao

PDR

Mon

golia

ACC

ESS

Perc

enta

ge o

f R

ural

Pop

ulat

ion

That

Liv

e8

7.0

%c,

a3

5.9

%e,

mLe

ss T

han

5 k

m fro

m A

ll W

eath

er R

oad

Perc

enta

ge o

f R

ural

Pop

ulat

ion

That

Liv

e5

9.0

%b,

h,b

35

.9%

e,m

Less

Tha

n 6 k

m fro

m A

ll W

eath

er R

oad

Perc

enta

ge o

f Vi

llage

rs w

ith n

o R

oad

Acce

ss3

8.4

%d,

i6

4.1

%e,

mR

ural

Roa

d C

onst

ruct

ion

Ove

r1,4

38

g,b

41

0f,

nLa

st 2

Yea

rs (

km)

Plan

ned

Rur

al R

oad

Con

stru

ctio

n O

ver

1,0

00

g,c

906

g,n

Nex

t 2

Yea

rs (

km)

Tota

l rur

al r

oad

cons

truc

tion

from

12,9

43

g,b

1,1

83

g,q

19

93

–20

02 (km

)Q

UAL

ITY

Perc

enta

ge o

f Pa

ved

Rur

al R

oads

35

%g,

b0

.0%

g,j

3.4

%g,

n,e

Perc

enta

ge o

f G

rave

l Rur

al R

oads

3.7

%g,

n,e

Rur

al R

oad

Acci

dent

s, In

jurie

s, o

r D

eath

s161/y

ear

d,d

606 a

ccid

ents

,f,o

20

5 d

eath

s, 8

18

inju

ries

Ser

vice

abili

ty o

f R

ural

Roa

ds1

1–1

2g,

l,dPe

rhap

s 7

% c

lose

dg,

m(m

onth

s pe

r ye

ar)

for

2 w

inte

r m

onth

sLe

ngth

of R

ural

Roa

d C

urre

ntly

Bei

ng1,5

00

g,b

Mai

ntai

ned

(km

)To

tal p

aved

rur

al r

oad

from

1993–2

002 (

km)

4,5

99

g,b

0g,

m8

44

g,q

Perc

enta

ge o

f R

ural

Roa

ds in

Goo

d or

90

%g,

mFa

ir C

ondi

tion

OTH

ERAv

erag

e D

ista

nce

to N

eare

st H

ospi

tal (

km)

8.7

c,e

19

.1g,

mAv

erag

e D

ista

nce

to N

eare

st M

arke

tpla

ce (

km)

7.0

c,f

19

.1g,

mAv

erag

e Tr

avel

Tim

e to

Nea

rest

Hos

pita

l (m

in)

20

0d,

i1

45

g,m

Aver

age

Trav

el T

ime

to N

eare

st S

choo

l (m

in)

20

g,g,

a2

0g,

mAv

erag

e Tr

avel

Tim

e to

Nea

rest

Mar

ketp

lace

(min

)2

25

d,i

26

g,m

Des

crip

tion

of T

rans

port

Lin

kage

s be

twee

nAl

l com

mun

es a

nd d

istr

ict

g,b

Wal

king

, m

otor

bike

, ha

ndg,

jM

inib

us a

nd 4

whe

el d

rive

g,m

Rur

al a

nd U

rban

Are

asru

ral r

oad)

link

ed t

otr

acto

r+ca

rt,

smal

l bus

es,

jeep

“pu

blic

” se

rvic

es a

repr

ovin

cial

and

urb

an r

oad,

boat

wel

l est

ablis

hed

from

all

but

no c

lear

dat

a av

aila

ble

loca

l set

tlem

ents

.on

thi

s.Pe

rcen

tage

of

Cur

rent

Mai

nten

ance

10%

g,j,c

10

0%

of

Sta

te /

g,q,

fB

udge

t fo

r R

ural

Roa

ds r

ural

bud

gets

Perc

enta

ge o

f To

tal C

urre

nt R

oads

12.1

4%

g,k

9.3

0%

g,p

Bud

get

for

Mai

nten

ance

of

All R

oads

Not

e: S

ee n

otes

to

tabl

e 2

.

22

Tabl

e A.

6: G

ener

al In

dica

tors

Indi

cato

rC

ambo

dia

Lao

PDR

Mon

golia

Rur

al P

opul

atio

n9,3

90,0

00

d,a

4,3

02,0

00 (80%

of to

tal)

e,b

1,6

30,0

00

e,d

Tota

l num

ber

of v

illag

es10,9

04

d,b

331

e,d

% o

f zo

ne 0

vill

ages

—%

e,e

% o

f zo

ne 1

vill

ages

8.2

%e,

e%

of

zone

2 v

illag

es33.8

%e,

e%

of

zone

3 v

illag

es5.8

%e,

eN

o. o

f Pr

ivat

e C

onst

ruct

ion

Firm

sin

volv

ed in

WS

S S

ecto

r:C

lass

-I290

f,c

5g,

eC

lass

-II77

f,c

—g,

eC

lass

-III

64

f,c

40

g,e

Num

ber

of p

rovi

nces

inde

ntifi

ed b

y18 o

f 18

g,b,

a—

g,e

NPE

P as

poo

r pr

ovin

ces

Num

ber

of d

istr

icts

inde

ntifi

ed b

y72 o

f 142

g,b,

a—

g,e

NPE

P as

poo

r di

stric

tsN

umbe

r of

vill

ages

inde

ntifi

ed b

y—

g,e

NPE

P as

poo

r vi

llage

s

Not

es:S

ee n

otes

to

Tabl

e 2

.Zo

ne 0

—W

ithin

the

mun

icip

ality

.Zo

ne 1

—G

o an

d re

turn

on

sam

e da

y.Zo

ne 2

—R

each

ed a

fter

an

over

nigh

t st

ay.

Zone

3—

Rea

ched

aft

er 2

–3 d

ays

trav

el.

Cla

ss-I

com

pani

es—

no r

estr

ictio

ns o

n si

ze o

f co

nstr

uctio

n or

loca

tion

in c

ount

ry.

Cla

ss-II

com

pani

es—

may

onl

y op

erat

e in

pro

vinc

ial c

apita

ls a

nd V

ient

iane

Pre

fect

ure

(for

Lao

PD

R),

and

may

not

con

stru

ct b

uild

ings

gre

ater

tha

n 1,0

00 s

quar

e m

etre

s in

tota

l are

a.C

lass

-II c

ompa

nies

—m

ay o

nly

oper

ate

in p

rovi

ncia

l cap

itals

and

Vie

ntia

ne P

refe

ctur

e (for

Lao

PD

R), a

nd m

ay o

nly

do r

enov

atio

ns o

r co

nstr

uct

build

ings

not

gre

ater

tha

n2

00

squ

are

met

res

in t

otal

are

a.

23

Annex B. Desk Review of Indicators Available OnlineIn addition to gathering the rural indicators, EASUR conducted a brief, separate desk re-view of social, environmental, industrial, and expenditure indicators available on the Internetfor Cambodia, Mongolia, and Lao PDR. The review determined that an overwhelmingamount of data is available; one individual was able to collect approximately 1,000 indica-tors per country in two days. The indicators are primarily at the national level for the pe-riod of 1995 to the present. Although more detailed data can be obtained if searching on aspecific topic, the indicators in the annex give a sense of those that are readily available. Thefollowing table generally lists the major data sources used in the annex.

Table B.1: Major Data Sources Used in Annex B.

Organization Data Available Website

UNESCO Social indicators, primarily education, science, www.unesco.orgtechnology, culture, and communication

FAO Food, agriculture, and water indicators www.fao.orgADB EAP indicators in all sectors www.adb.orgUN General indicators in all sectors unstats.un.orgUNFPA Population, health, and education indicators www.unfpa.orgCIA General indicators in all sectors www.cia.govWHO Social indicators, primarily health www.who.intUSAID Specific country reports covering social indicators www.usaid.govUNESCAP EAP indicators in all sectors www.unescap.orgUNDP General indicators in all sectors www.undp.orgUNICEF Social indicators for children and youth www.unicef.orgWorld Bank Large, searchable database on all sectors; includes all (must be on

SIMA Database WDI and numerous other organizations’ World Bankdatabases sima intranet)

It can be argued that there are almost too much data available. Without a specific queryin mind, collecting data from the Internet can be overwhelming. However, often the morespecific a request, the more difficult it is to find the required (exact) indicator. The informa-tion found in the main section of this report, for example, is too specific and would not beavailable online. Extremely specific information would be found in reports rather than inthe indicator tables that are available on most websites. Searching these reports for a par-ticular indicator is time consuming, and it is possible that the indicator would not be in thedesired form. Thus, Internet research is best suited for collecting general data on a specificbut sufficiently broad sector or topic.

Another limitation of online research is that no clear and explicit definition exists forsome indicators. Without an accurate understanding of the indicator, a derivation using theindicator can be made with only limited reliability. This is also the case when making com-parisons using an indicator that is not clearly defined with an indicator from another source.In some instances, there have been different figures from different sources for what appearsto be the same indicator. However, without an exact definition from the sources, no distinc-tions can be made among indicators. Generally, explicit definitions can be obtained by con-tacting the organization. However, this is likely to be a slow and tedious process, and manyorganizations will only be able to offer limited assistance.

In general, there is a wealth of information available that is easily obtained throughdesk research. Each organization has a separate section on its website for data and statis-tics, and search engines can make specific requests simple. Furthermore, the amount ofindicators online will only increase as more organizations publish databases and tables ontheir websites. A complete copy of the indicators found and sources used in this separatereview is available electronically.

25

Annex C. Thematic Maps of Cambodia, Lao PDR, and Mongolia

26

Figure C.1: Cambodia: Total Population and Road Network

To Ho Chi Minh City

To Qui Nhg'n

To Paxé

To Bangkok

To Ho Chi Minh City

KampongKampongSpeuSpeu

TakhmauTakhmau

TakaevTakaev

KampotKampot

Krong KaebKrong Kaeb

Prey VeaengPrey VeaengPHNOM PENHPHNOM PENH

Kompong ChamKompong Cham

KrachenKrachenSenmonoromSenmonorom

Stueng TraengStueng Traeng LomphatLomphat

Kompong ThomKompong Thom

Phnom ThbengPhnom ThbengMeancheyMeanchey

Bat DambangBat Dambang

PailinPailin

K.ChhnangK.Chhnang

Krong KaohKrong KaohKongKong

SihanoukSihanouk

Svay RiengSvay Rieng

Siem ReapSiem Reap

SamraongSamraong

SisophonSisophon

PousatPousat

SIEM REAPSIEM REAP

PREAHPREAHVIHEARVIHEAR ROTROTANAK KIRIANAK KIRI

MONDOL KIRIMONDOL KIRI

KANDALKANDAL

BANTEABANTEAYYMEAN CHEYMEAN CHEY

KRACHEHKRACHEHKAMPONG THUMKAMPONG THUM

POUSAPOUSATT

BABAT T DAMBANGDAMBANG

KAOH KONGKAOH KONG

KAMPOTKAMPOT

KAMPONG SPUEUKAMPONG SPUEU

TTAKAEVAKAEV

PREYPREYVEAENGVEAENG SVSVAAYY

RIENGRIENG

KAMPONG CHAMKAMPONG CHAMKAMPONGKAMPONGCHHNANGCHHNANG

OTDAR MEAN CHEYOTDAR MEAN CHEY

STUENG TRAENGSTUENG TRAENG

KRONG PREAHKRONG PREAH

SIHANOUKSIHANOUK

KRONGKRONGPPAILINAILIN

KRONGKRONGKAEBKAEB

PHNOMPHNOMPENHPENH

KampongSpeu

Takhmau

Takaev

Kampot

Krong Kaeb

Prey VeaengPHNOM PENH

Kompong Cham

KrachenSenmonorom

Stueng Traeng Lomphat

Kompong Thom

Phnom ThbengMeanchey

Bat Dambang

Pailin

K.Chhnang

Krong KaohKong

Sihanouk

Svay Rieng

Siem Reap

Samraong

Sisophon

Pousat

SIEM REAP

PREAHVIHEAR ROTANAK KIRI

MONDOL KIRI

KANDAL

BANTEAYMEAN CHEY

KRACHEHKAMPONG THUM

POUSAT

BAT DAMBANG

KAOH KONG

KAMPOT

KAMPONG SPUEU

TAKAEV

PREYVEAENG SVAY

RIENG

KAMPONG CHAMKAMPONGCHHNANG

OTDAR MEAN CHEY

STUENG TRAENG

KRONG PREAH

SIHANOUK

KRONGPAILIN

KRONGKAEB

PHNOMPENH

TonleSap

Mek

ong

Gulfof

Thailand

T onle

Sap

Mek

ong

Bass

ac

LAO PEOPLE'SDEM. REP.THAILAND

VIETNAM

104° 106°

14°

104° 106°

12°

14°

12°

MYANMAR

CHINA

VIETNAM

CAMBODIA

THAILAND

LAOP.D.R.

MALAYSIA

10°

20°

10°

100° 110°

100° 110°

Phnom Penh

Gulfof

Thailand

20°

This map was produced by the Map Design Unit of The World Bank. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of The World Bank Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, o r any endorsemen t or a c c e p t a n c e o f s u c h boundaries.

0

0 25 50 Miles

25 50 Kilometers

PROVINCE CAPITALS

NATIONAL CAPITAL

MAJOR ROADS

RAILROADS

RIVERS

DISTRICT BOUNDARIES

PROVINCE BOUNDARIES

INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES

TOTAL POPULATION BY DISTRICT, 1998(in thousands)*

101-215

75-101

46-74

18-46

2-17

NO DATA

CAMBODIA

TOTAL POPULATIONAND ROAD NETWORK

*Source: Population Census, 1998

IBRD 32602

JULY 2003

27

Figure C.2: Cambodia: Incidence of Poverty by District and Road Network

To Ho Chi Minh City

To Qui Nhg'n

To Paxé

To Bangkok

To Ho Chi Minh City

KampongKampongSpeuSpeu

TakhmauTakhmau

TakaevTakaev

KampotKampot

Krong KaebKrong Kaeb

Prey VeaengPrey VeaengPHNOM PENHPHNOM PENH

Kompong ChamKompong Cham

KrachenKrachenSenmonoromSenmonorom

Stueng TraengStueng Traeng LomphatLomphat

Kompong ThomKompong Thom

Phnom ThbengPhnom ThbengMeancheyMeanchey

Bat DambangBat Dambang

PailinPailin

K.ChhnangK.Chhnang

Krong KaohKrong KaohKongKong

SihanoukSihanouk

Svay RiengSvay Rieng

Siem ReapSiem Reap

SamraongSamraong

SisophonSisophon

PousatPousat

SIEM REAPSIEM REAP

PREAHPREAHVIHEARVIHEAR ROTROTANAK KIRIANAK KIRI

MONDOL KIRIMONDOL KIRI

KANDALKANDAL

BANTEABANTEAYYMEAN CHEYMEAN CHEY

KRACHEHKRACHEHKAMPONG THUMKAMPONG THUM

POUSAPOUSATT

BABAT T DAMBANGDAMBANG

KAOH KONGKAOH KONG

KAMPOTKAMPOT

KAMPONG SPUEUKAMPONG SPUEU

TTAKAEVAKAEV

PREYPREYVEAENGVEAENG SVSVAAYY

RIENGRIENG

KAMPONG CHAMKAMPONG CHAMKAMPONGKAMPONGCHHNANGCHHNANG

OTDAR MEAN CHEYOTDAR MEAN CHEY

STUENG TRAENGSTUENG TRAENG

KRONG PREAHKRONG PREAH

SIHANOUKSIHANOUK

KRONGKRONGPPAILINAILIN

KRONGKRONGKAEBKAEB

PHNOMPHNOMPENHPENH

KampongSpeu

Takhmau

Takaev

Kampot

Krong Kaeb

Prey VeaengPHNOM PENH

Kompong Cham

KrachenSenmonorom

Stueng Traeng Lomphat

Kompong Thom

Phnom ThbengMeanchey

Bat Dambang

Pailin

K.Chhnang

Krong KaohKong

Sihanouk

Svay Rieng

Siem Reap

Samraong

Sisophon

Pousat

SIEM REAP

PREAHVIHEAR ROTANAK KIRI

MONDOL KIRI

KANDAL

BANTEAYMEAN CHEY

KRACHEHKAMPONG THUM

POUSAT

BAT DAMBANG

KAOH KONG

KAMPOT

KAMPONG SPUEU

TAKAEV

PREYVEAENG SVAY

RIENG

KAMPONG CHAMKAMPONGCHHNANG

OTDAR MEAN CHEY

STUENG TRAENG

KRONG PREAH

SIHANOUK

KRONGPAILIN

KRONGKAEB

PHNOMPENH

TonleSap

Mek

ong

Gulfof

Thailand

T onle

Sap

Mek

ong

Bass

ac

LAO PEOPLE'SDEM. REP.THAILAND

VIETNAM

104° 106°

14°

104° 106°

12°

14°

12°

MYANMAR

CHINA

VIETNAM

CAMBODIA

THAILAND

LAOP.D.R.

MALAYSIA

10°

20°

10°

100° 110°

100° 110°

Phnom Penh

Gulfof

Thailand

20°

This map was produced by the Map Design Unit of The World Bank. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of The World Bank Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, o r any endorsemen t or a c c e p t a n c e o f s u c h boundaries.

0

0 25 50 Miles

25 50 Kilometers

PROVINCE CAPITALS

NATIONAL CAPITAL

MAJOR ROADS

RAILROADS

RIVERS

DISTRICT BOUNDARIES

PROVINCE BOUNDARIES

INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES

% POPULATION POOR-WFP 2000*

50-75

36-50

25-36

5-25

0-5

NO DATA

CAMBODIA

INCIDENCE OF POVERTYBY DISTRICT ANDROAD NETWORK

*Source: World Food Program, 2001

IBRD 32603

JULY 2003

28

Figure C.3: Cambodia: Population Without Access to Clean Water

KampongKampongSpeuSpeu

TakhmauTakhmau

TakaevTakaev

KampotKampot

Krong KaebKrong Kaeb

Prey VeaengPrey VeaengPHNOM PENHPHNOM PENH

Kompong ChamKompong Cham

KrachenKrachenSenmonoromSenmonorom

Stueng TraengStueng Traeng LomphatLomphat

Kompong ThomKompong Thom

Phnom ThbengPhnom ThbengMeancheyMeanchey

Bat DambangBat Dambang

PailinPailin

K.ChhnangK.Chhnang

Krong KaohKrong KaohKongKong

SihanoukSihanouk

Svay RiengSvay Rieng

Siem ReapSiem Reap

SamraongSamraong

SisophonSisophon

PousatPousat

SIEM REAPSIEM REAP

PREAHPREAHVIHEARVIHEAR ROTROTANAK KIRIANAK KIRI

MONDOL KIRIMONDOL KIRI

KANDALKANDAL

BANTEABANTEAYYMEAN CHEYMEAN CHEY

KRACHEHKRACHEHKAMPONG THUMKAMPONG THUM

POUSAPOUSATT

BABAT T DAMBANGDAMBANG

KAOH KONGKAOH KONG

KAMPOTKAMPOT

KAMPONG SPUEUKAMPONG SPUEU

TTAKAEVAKAEV

PREYPREYVEAENGVEAENG SVSVAAYY

RIENGRIENG

KAMPONG CHAMKAMPONG CHAMKAMPONGKAMPONGCHHNANGCHHNANG

OTDAR MEAN CHEYOTDAR MEAN CHEY

STUENG TRAENGSTUENG TRAENG

KRONG PREAHKRONG PREAH

SIHANOUKSIHANOUK

KRONGKRONGPPAILINAILIN

KRONGKRONGKAEBKAEB

PHNOMPHNOMPENHPENH

KampongSpeu

Takhmau

Takaev

Kampot

Krong Kaeb

Prey VeaengPHNOM PENH

Kompong Cham

KrachenSenmonorom

Stueng Traeng Lomphat

Kompong Thom

Phnom ThbengMeanchey

Bat Dambang

Pailin

K.Chhnang

Krong KaohKong

Sihanouk

Svay Rieng

Siem Reap

Samraong

Sisophon

Pousat

SIEM REAP

PREAHVIHEAR ROTANAK KIRI

MONDOL KIRI

KANDAL

BANTEAYMEAN CHEY

KRACHEHKAMPONG THUM

POUSAT

BAT DAMBANG

KAOH KONG

KAMPOT

KAMPONG SPUEU

TAKAEV

PREYVEAENG SVAY

RIENG

KAMPONG CHAMKAMPONGCHHNANG

OTDAR MEAN CHEY

STUENG TRAENG

KRONG PREAH

SIHANOUK

KRONGPAILIN

KRONGKAEB

PHNOMPENH

TonleSap

Mek

ong

Gulfof

Thailand

T onle

Sap

Mek

ong

Bass

ac

LAO PEOPLE'SDEM. REP.THAILAND

VIETNAM

104° 106°

14°

104° 106°

12°

14°

12°

MYANMAR

CHINA

VIETNAM

CAMBODIA

THAILAND

LAOP.D.R.

MALAYSIA

10°

20°

10°

100° 110°

100° 110°

Phnom Penh

Gulfof

Thailand

20°

This map was produced by the Map Design Unit of The World Bank. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of The World Bank Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, o r any endorsemen t or a c c e p t a n c e o f s u c h boundaries.

0

0 25 50 Miles

25 50 Kilometers

# OF PEOPLE WITHOUT ACCESS TOCLEAN WATER (IN THOUSANDS)*

72-179

48-71

28-48

13-28

0-12

NO DATA

CAMBODIA

POPULATION WITHOUTACCESS TO CLEAN

WATER

*Source: Population Census, 1998

IBRD 32604

JULY 2003

PROVINCE CAPITALS

NATIONAL CAPITAL

RIVERS

DISTRICT BOUNDARIES

PROVINCE BOUNDARIES

INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES

29

Figure C.4: Cambodia: Population Without Toilets

KampongKampongSpeuSpeu

TakhmauTakhmau

TakaevTakaev

KampotKampot

Krong KaebKrong Kaeb

Prey VeaengPrey VeaengPHNOM PENHPHNOM PENH

Kompong ChamKompong Cham

KrachenKrachenSenmonoromSenmonorom

Stueng TraengStueng Traeng LomphatLomphat

Kompong ThomKompong Thom

Phnom ThbengPhnom ThbengMeancheyMeanchey

Bat DambangBat Dambang

PailinPailin

K.ChhnangK.Chhnang

Krong KaohKrong KaohKongKong

SihanoukSihanouk

Svay RiengSvay Rieng

Siem ReapSiem Reap

SamraongSamraong

SisophonSisophon

PousatPousat

SIEM REAPSIEM REAP

PREAHPREAHVIHEARVIHEAR ROTROTANAK KIRIANAK KIRI

MONDOL KIRIMONDOL KIRI

KANDALKANDAL

BANTEABANTEAYYMEAN CHEYMEAN CHEY

KRACHEHKRACHEHKAMPONG THUMKAMPONG THUM

POUSAPOUSATT

BABAT T DAMBANGDAMBANG

KAOH KONGKAOH KONG

KAMPOTKAMPOT

KAMPONG SPUEUKAMPONG SPUEU

TTAKAEVAKAEV

PREYPREYVEAENGVEAENG SVSVAAYY

RIENGRIENG

KAMPONG CHAMKAMPONG CHAMKAMPONGKAMPONGCHHNANGCHHNANG

OTDAR MEAN CHEYOTDAR MEAN CHEY

STUENG TRAENGSTUENG TRAENG

KRONG PREAHKRONG PREAH

SIHANOUKSIHANOUK

KRONGKRONGPPAILINAILIN

KRONGKRONGKAEBKAEB

PHNOMPHNOMPENHPENH

KampongSpeu

Takhmau

Takaev

Kampot

Krong Kaeb

Prey VeaengPHNOM PENH

Kompong Cham

KrachenSenmonorom

Stueng Traeng Lomphat

Kompong Thom

Phnom ThbengMeanchey

Bat Dambang

Pailin

K.Chhnang

Krong KaohKong

Sihanouk

Svay Rieng

Siem Reap

Samraong

Sisophon

Pousat

SIEM REAP

PREAHVIHEAR ROTANAK KIRI

MONDOL KIRI

KANDAL

BANTEAYMEAN CHEY

KRACHEHKAMPONG THUM

POUSAT

BAT DAMBANG

KAOH KONG

KAMPOT

KAMPONG SPUEU

TAKAEV

PREYVEAENG SVAY

RIENG

KAMPONG CHAMKAMPONGCHHNANG

OTDAR MEAN CHEY

STUENG TRAENG

KRONG PREAH

SIHANOUK

KRONGPAILIN

KRONGKAEB

PHNOMPENH

TonleSap

Mek

ong

Gulfof

Thailand

T onle

Sap

Mek

ong

Bass

ac

LAO PEOPLE'SDEM. REP.THAILAND

VIETNAM

104° 106°

14°

104° 106°

12°

14°

12°

MYANMAR

CHINA

VIETNAM

CAMBODIA

THAILAND

LAOP.D.R.

MALAYSIA

10°

20°

10°

100° 110°

100° 110°

Phnom Penh

Gulfof

Thailand

20°

This map was produced by the Map Design Unit of The World Bank. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of The World Bank Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, o r any endorsemen t or a c c e p t a n c e o f s u c h boundaries.

0

0 25 50 Miles

25 50 Kilometers

# OF PEOPLE WITHOUT TOILET FACILITIES(IN THOUSANDS)*

91-185

63-90

39-61

15-39

2-15

NO DATA

CAMBODIA

POPULATION WITHOUTTOILETS

*Source: Population Census, 1998

JULY 2003

IBRD 32605

PROVINCE CAPITALS

NATIONAL CAPITAL

RIVERS

DISTRICT BOUNDARIES

PROVINCE BOUNDARIES

INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES

30

Figure C.5: Cambodia: Incidence of Diarrhea in Children

KampongKampongSpeuSpeu

TakhmauTakhmau

TakaevTakaev

KampotKampot

Krong KaebKrong Kaeb

Prey VeaengPrey VeaengPHNOM PENHPHNOM PENH

Kompong ChamKompong Cham

KrachenKrachenSenmonoromSenmonorom

Stueng TraengStueng Traeng LomphatLomphat

Kompong ThomKompong Thom

Phnom ThbengPhnom ThbengMeancheyMeanchey

Bat DambangBat Dambang

PailinPailin

K.ChhnangK.Chhnang

Krong KaohKrong KaohKongKong

SihanoukSihanouk

Svay RiengSvay Rieng

Siem ReapSiem Reap

SamraongSamraong

SisophonSisophon

PousatPousat

SIEM REAPSIEM REAP

PREAHPREAHVIHEARVIHEAR ROTROTANAK KIRIANAK KIRI

MONDOL KIRIMONDOL KIRI

KANDALKANDAL

BANTEABANTEAYYMEAN CHEYMEAN CHEY

KRACHEHKRACHEHKAMPONG THUMKAMPONG THUM

POUSAPOUSATT

BABAT T DAMBANGDAMBANG

KAOH KONGKAOH KONG

KAMPOTKAMPOT

KAMPONG SPUEUKAMPONG SPUEU

TTAKAEVAKAEV

PREYPREYVEAENGVEAENG SVSVAAYY

RIENGRIENG

KAMPONG CHAMKAMPONG CHAMKAMPONGKAMPONGCHHNANGCHHNANG

OTDAR MEAN CHEYOTDAR MEAN CHEY

STUENG TRAENGSTUENG TRAENG

KRONG PREAHKRONG PREAH

SIHANOUKSIHANOUK

KRONGKRONGPPAILINAILIN

KRONGKRONGKAEBKAEB

PHNOMPHNOMPENHPENH

KampongSpeu

Takhmau

Takaev

Kampot

Krong Kaeb

Prey VeaengPHNOM PENH

Kompong Cham

KrachenSenmonorom

Stueng Traeng Lomphat

Kompong Thom

Phnom ThbengMeanchey

Bat Dambang

Pailin

K.Chhnang

Krong KaohKong

Sihanouk

Svay Rieng

Siem Reap

Samraong

Sisophon

Pousat

SIEM REAP

PREAHVIHEAR ROTANAK KIRI

MONDOL KIRI

KANDAL

BANTEAYMEAN CHEY

KRACHEHKAMPONG THUM

POUSAT

BAT DAMBANG

KAOH KONG

KAMPOT

KAMPONG SPUEU

TAKAEV

PREYVEAENG SVAY

RIENG

KAMPONG CHAMKAMPONGCHHNANG

OTDAR MEAN CHEY

STUENG TRAENG

KRONG PREAH

SIHANOUK

KRONGPAILIN

KRONGKAEB

PHNOMPENH

TonleSap

Mek

ong

Gulfof

Thailand

T onle

Sap

Mek

ong

Bass

ac

LAO PEOPLE'SDEM. REP.THAILAND

VIETNAM

104° 106°

14°

104° 106°

12°

14°

12°

MYANMAR

CHINA

VIETNAM

CAMBODIA

THAILAND

LAOP.D.R.

MALAYSIA

10°

20°

10°

100° 110°

100° 110°

Phnom Penh

Gulfof

Thailand

20°

This map was produced by the Map Design Unit of The World Bank. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of The World Bank Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, o r any endorsemen t or a c c e p t a n c e o f s u c h boundaries.

0

0 25 50 Miles

25 50 Kilometers

PREVALENCE OF DIARRHEA (UNDER AGE 5)(IN THOUSANDS)*

29.8-33.7

22.2-29.8

16.3-22.2

9.1-16.3

3.1-9.1

NO DATA

CAMBODIA

INCIDENCE OFDIARRHEA IN CHILDREN

*Source: Demographic Health Survey (DHS), 2000

IBRD 32606

JULY 2003

PROVINCE CAPITALS

NATIONAL CAPITAL

RIVERS

DISTRICT BOUNDARIES

PROVINCE BOUNDARIES

INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES

31

Figure C.6: Cambodia: Children Deaths

KampongKampongSpeuSpeu

TakhmauTakhmau

TakaevTakaev

KampotKampot

Krong KaebKrong Kaeb

Prey VeaengPrey VeaengPHNOM PENHPHNOM PENH

Kompong ChamKompong Cham

KrachenKrachenSenmonoromSenmonorom

Stueng TraengStueng Traeng LomphatLomphat

Kompong ThomKompong Thom

Phnom ThbengPhnom ThbengMeancheyMeanchey

Bat DambangBat Dambang

PailinPailin

K.ChhnangK.Chhnang

Krong KaohKrong KaohKongKong

SihanoukSihanouk

Svay RiengSvay Rieng

Siem ReapSiem Reap

SamraongSamraong

SisophonSisophon

PousatPousat

SIEM REAPSIEM REAP

PREAHPREAHVIHEARVIHEAR ROTROTANAK KIRIANAK KIRI

MONDOL KIRIMONDOL KIRI

KANDALKANDAL

BANTEABANTEAYYMEAN CHEYMEAN CHEY

KRACHEHKRACHEHKAMPONG THUMKAMPONG THUM

POUSAPOUSATT

BABAT T DAMBANGDAMBANG

KAOH KONGKAOH KONG

KAMPOTKAMPOT

KAMPONG SPUEUKAMPONG SPUEU

TTAKAEVAKAEV

PREYPREYVEAENGVEAENG SVSVAAYY

RIENGRIENG

KAMPONG CHAMKAMPONG CHAMKAMPONGKAMPONGCHHNANGCHHNANG

OTDAR MEAN CHEYOTDAR MEAN CHEY

STUENG TRAENGSTUENG TRAENG

KRONG PREAHKRONG PREAH

SIHANOUKSIHANOUK

KRONGKRONGPPAILINAILIN

KRONGKRONGKAEBKAEB

PHNOMPHNOMPENHPENH

KampongSpeu

Takhmau

Takaev

Kampot

Krong Kaeb

Prey VeaengPHNOM PENH

Kompong Cham

KrachenSenmonorom

Stueng Traeng Lomphat

Kompong Thom

Phnom ThbengMeanchey

Bat Dambang

Pailin

K.Chhnang

Krong KaohKong

Sihanouk

Svay Rieng

Siem Reap

Samraong

Sisophon

Pousat

SIEM REAP

PREAHVIHEAR ROTANAK KIRI

MONDOL KIRI

KANDAL

BANTEAYMEAN CHEY

KRACHEHKAMPONG THUM

POUSAT

BAT DAMBANG

KAOH KONG

KAMPOT

KAMPONG SPUEU

TAKAEV

PREYVEAENG SVAY

RIENG

KAMPONG CHAMKAMPONGCHHNANG

OTDAR MEAN CHEY

STUENG TRAENG

KRONG PREAH

SIHANOUK

KRONGPAILIN

KRONGKAEB

PHNOMPENH

TonleSap

Mek

ong

Gulfof

Thailand

T onle

Sap

Mek

ong

Bass

ac

LAO PEOPLE'SDEM. REP.THAILAND

VIETNAM

104° 106°

14°

104° 106°

12°

14°

12°

MYANMAR

CHINA

VIETNAM

CAMBODIA

THAILAND

LAOP.D.R.

MALAYSIA

10°

20°

10°

100° 110°

100° 110°

Phnom Penh

Gulfof

Thailand

20°

This map was produced by the Map Design Unit of The World Bank. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of The World Bank Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, o r any endorsemen t or a c c e p t a n c e o f s u c h boundaries.

0

0 25 50 Miles

25 50 Kilometers

# OF CHILD DEATHS (CHILDREN UNDERAGE 5) (IN THOUSANDS)*

5-10

4-5

2-4

1-2

0-1

NO DATA

CAMBODIA

CHILD DEATHS

*Source: Population Census, 1998

IBRD 32607

JULY 2003

PROVINCE CAPITALS

NATIONAL CAPITAL

RIVERS

DISTRICT BOUNDARIES

PROVINCE BOUNDARIES

INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES

32

Figure C.7: Lao PDR: Incidence of Poverty and Road Network

SAYABOURYSAYABOURY

OUDOMSAIOUDOMSAIHOUAPHANHOUAPHAN

BOKEOBOKEO

PHONGSALYPHONGSALY

SEKONGSEKONG

ATTAPEUATTAPEU

XIANG XIANG KHOANGKHOANG

LUANG LUANG PRABANGPRABANG

LUANGLUANGNAMTHANAMTHA

VIENTIANEVIENTIANE

PREFECTURE OFPREFECTURE OFVIENTIANEVIENTIANE

XAISOMBOUNXAISOMBOUN

SAVANNAKHETSAVANNAKHET

CHAMPASSAKCHAMPASSAK

KHAMMOUANEKHAMMOUANE

BOLIKHAMSAIBOLIKHAMSAI

SALAVANESALAVANE

VIENTIANEVIENTIANE

PhongsalyPhongsaly

LuangLuangNamthaNamtha

BanBanHuaisaiHuaisai

LuangLuangPrabangPrabang

XiangXiangKhoangKhoang

XisombounXisomboun

PaksanePaksane

ThakhekThakhek

SalavaneSalavane

ChampassakChampassakAttapeuAttapeu

SekongSekong

SavannakhetSavannakhet

SamSamNeuaNeua

MuangMuangSaiSai

SayabourySayaboury

PonePoneHongHong

SAYABOURY

OUDOMSAIHOUAPHAN

BOKEO

PHONGSALY

SEKONG

ATTAPEU

XIANG KHOANG

LUANG PRABANG

LUANGNAMTHA

VIENTIANE

PREFECTURE OFVIENTIANE

XAISOMBOUN

SAVANNAKHET

CHAMPASSAK

KHAMMOUANE

BOLIKHAMSAI

SALAVANE

VIENTIANE

Phongsaly

LuangNamtha

BanHuaisai

LuangPrabang

XiangKhoang

Xisomboun

Paksane

Thakhek

Salavane

ChampassakAttapeu

Sekong

Savannakhet

SamNeua

MuangSai

Sayaboury

PoneHong

VIETNAM

CHINA

THAILAND

MYANMAR

CAMBODIA

102°100° 104°

106°

102° 106°104°

20°

22 ° 22 °

21°

18°

16°

14°

18°

14°

16°

GULF

OF

TONKINMekong

Mekong

Mek

ong

Mek

ong

M

eko

ng

0

0 25 50 75 100 Miles

50 100 150 Kilometers

LAO PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC

INCIDENCE OF POVERTYAND ROAD NETWORK

This map was produced by the Map Design Unit of The World Bank. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of The World Bank Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, o r any endorsemen t or a c c e p t a n c e o f s u c h boundaries.

PRINCIPAL HIGHWAYS

PROVINCE HEADQUARTERS

NATIONAL CAPITALS

PROVINCE BOUNDARIES

INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES

IBRD 32608

JULY 2003

% POPULATION POOR (WORLD BANK)*

53-70

48-53

38-48

23-38

14-23

*Source: G. Datt & L. Wang (World Bank), 2001.

Gulfof

Thailand

Andam

an Sea

Gulfof

Tonkin

10°

100° 105° 110°

100° 105° 110°

15°

20°

15°

Vientiane

LAO PEOPLE'SDEM. REP.

MYA

NM

AR

CAMBODIA

THAILAND

CHINA

VIETNAM

33

Figure C.8: Lao PDR: Population Without Access to Clean Water

SAYABOURYSAYABOURY

OUDOMSAIOUDOMSAIHOUAPHANHOUAPHAN

BOKEOBOKEO

PHONGSALYPHONGSALY

SEKONGSEKONG

ATTAPEUATTAPEU

XIANG XIANG KHOANGKHOANG

LUANG LUANG PRABANGPRABANG

LUANGLUANGNAMTHANAMTHA

VIENTIANEVIENTIANE

PREFECTURE OFPREFECTURE OFVIENTIANEVIENTIANE

XAISOMBOUNXAISOMBOUN

SAVANNAKHETSAVANNAKHET

CHAMPASSAKCHAMPASSAK

KHAMMOUANEKHAMMOUANE

BOLIKHAMSAIBOLIKHAMSAI

SALAVANESALAVANE

VIENTIANEVIENTIANE

PhongsalyPhongsaly

LuangLuangNamthaNamtha

BanBanHuaisaiHuaisai

LuangLuangPrabangPrabang

XiangXiangKhoangKhoang

XisombounXisomboun

PaksanePaksane

ThakhekThakhek

SalavaneSalavane

ChampassakChampassak

AttapeuAttapeu

SekongSekong

SavannakhetSavannakhet

SamSamNeuaNeua

MuangMuangSaiSai

SayabourySayaboury

PonePoneHongHong

SAYABOURY

OUDOMSAIHOUAPHAN

BOKEO

PHONGSALY

SEKONG

ATTAPEU

XIANG KHOANG

LUANG PRABANG

LUANGNAMTHA

VIENTIANE

PREFECTURE OFVIENTIANE

XAISOMBOUN

SAVANNAKHET

CHAMPASSAK

KHAMMOUANE

BOLIKHAMSAI

SALAVANE

VIENTIANE

Phongsaly

LuangNamtha

BanHuaisai

LuangPrabang

XiangKhoang

Xisomboun

Paksane

Thakhek

Salavane

Champassak

Attapeu

Sekong

Savannakhet

SamNeua

MuangSai

Sayaboury

PoneHong

VIETNAM

CHINA

THAILAND

MYANMAR

CAMBODIA

102°100° 104°

106°

102° 106°104°

20°

22 °

21°

18°

16°

14°

18°

14°

GULF OF

TONKIN

Mekong

Mekong

Mek

ong

0

0 25 50 75 100 Miles

50 100 150 Kilometers

This map was produced by the Map Design Unit of The World Bank. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of The World Bank Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, o r any endorsemen t or a c c e p t a n c e o f s u c h boundaries.

PROVINCE CAPITALS

NATIONAL CAPITAL

PROVINCE BOUNDARIES

INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES

# OF PEOPLE WITHOUT ACCESS TO PIPEDOR WELL WATER (IN THOUSANDS)*

207-227

167-193

125-155

60-110

32-56

LAO PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC

POPULATION WITHOUT ACCESSTO CLEAN WATER

*Source: Lao Expenditure and Consumption Survey (LECSII), 1997/98

IBRD 32609

JULY 2003

Gulfof

Thailand

Andam

an Sea

Gulfof

Tonkin

10°

100° 105° 110°

100° 105° 110°

15°

20°

15°

LAO PEOPLE'SDEM. REP.

MYA

NM

AR

CAMBODIA

THAILAND

CHINA

VIETNAM

34

Figure C.9: Lao PDR: Total Diarrhea Cases

SAYABOURYSAYABOURY

OUDOMSAIOUDOMSAIHOUAPHANHOUAPHAN

BOKEOBOKEO

PHONGSALYPHONGSALY

SEKONGSEKONG

ATTAPEUATTAPEU

XIANG XIANG KHOANGKHOANG

LUANG LUANG PRABANGPRABANG

LUANGLUANGNAMTHANAMTHA

VIENTIANEVIENTIANE

PREFECTURE OFPREFECTURE OFVIENTIANEVIENTIANE

XAISOMBOUNXAISOMBOUN

SAVANNAKHETSAVANNAKHET

CHAMPASSAKCHAMPASSAK

KHAMMOUANEKHAMMOUANE

BOLIKHAMSAIBOLIKHAMSAI

SALAVANESALAVANE

VIENTIANEVIENTIANE

PhongsalyPhongsaly

LuangLuangNamthaNamtha

BanBanHuaisaiHuaisai

LuangLuangPrabangPrabang

XiangXiangKhoangKhoang

XisombounXisomboun

PaksanePaksane

ThakhekThakhek

SalavaneSalavane

ChampassakChampassak

AttapeuAttapeu

SekongSekong

SavannakhetSavannakhet

SamSamNeuaNeua

MuangMuangSaiSai

SayabourySayaboury

PonePoneHongHong

SAYABOURY

OUDOMSAIHOUAPHAN

BOKEO

PHONGSALY

SEKONG

ATTAPEU

XIANG KHOANG

LUANG PRABANG

LUANGNAMTHA

VIENTIANE

PREFECTURE OFVIENTIANE

XAISOMBOUN

SAVANNAKHET

CHAMPASSAK

KHAMMOUANE

BOLIKHAMSAI

SALAVANE

VIENTIANE

Phongsaly

LuangNamtha

BanHuaisai

LuangPrabang

XiangKhoang

Xisomboun

Paksane

Thakhek

Salavane

Champassak

Attapeu

Sekong

Savannakhet

SamNeua

MuangSai

Sayaboury

PoneHong

VIETNAM

CHINA

THAILAND

MYANMAR

CAMBODIA

102°100° 104°

106°

102° 106°104°

20°

22 °

21°

18°

16°

14°

18°

14°

GULF OF

TONKIN

Mekong

Mekong

Mek

ong

IBRD 32610

JULY 2003

0

0 25 50 75 100 Miles

50 100 150 Kilometers

This map was produced by the Map Design Unit of The World Bank. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of The World Bank Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, o r any endorsemen t or a c c e p t a n c e o f s u c h boundaries.

PROVINCE CAPITALS

NATIONAL CAPITAL

PROVINCE BOUNDARIES

INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES

AVERAGE NUMBER OF CASES OFDIARRHEA (199302000)*

926-1920

601-926

298-601

268-298

85-268

LAO PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC

TOTAL DIARRHEA CASES

*Source: Ministry of Health, 2001

Gulfof

Thailand

Andam

an Sea

Gulfof

Tonkin

10°

100° 105° 110°

100° 105° 110°

15°

20°

15°

LAO PEOPLE'SDEM. REP.

MYA

NM

AR

CAMBODIA

THAILAND

CHINA

VIETNAM

35

Figure C.10: Mongolia: Road Network

SUKHBAASUKHBAATTARAR

DORNOGOV'DORNOGOV'

ORKHONORKHON SELENGESELENGE

GOV'SUMBERGOV'SUMBER

DARKHAN-UULDARKHAN-UUL

BULGANBULGAN

KHKHÖÖVSGVSGÖÖLL

ARKHANGAIARKHANGAI

GOV'ALGOV'ALTTAIAI

ZAZAVKHANVKHAN

KHOVDKHOVD

KHENTIIKHENTII

DORNODDORNOD

DUNDGOV'DUNDGOV'

ÖÖVVÖÖRKRKHANGAIHANGAI

TTÖÖVV

BABAYYANANKHONGORKHONGOR

UVSUVS

BABAYYAN-AN-ÖÖLGIILGII

ÖÖMNMNÖÖGOV'GOV'

ULAANBAAULAANBAATTARAR

SUKHBAATAR

DORNOGOV'

ORKHON SELENGE

GOV'SUMBER

DARKHAN-UUL

BULGAN

KHÖVSGÖL

ARKHANGAI

GOV'ALTAI

ZAVKHAN

KHOVD

KHENTII

DORNOD

DUNDGOV'

ÖVÖRKHANGAI

TÖV

BAYANKHONGOR

UVS

BAYAN-ÖLGII

ÖMNÖGOV'

Ölgii

Khovd

Altai

Tsetserleg

Ulaangom

Uliastay

Arvayheer

Bulgan

Moron

Mandalgovi

Saynshand

Darhan

Öndörhaan

Choibalsan

Baruun Urt

Dalanzadgad

ULAANBAATAR

Bayan-Khongor

R U S S I A N F E D E R A T I O N

C H I N A

To Ulan-Ude

To Borzya

To Hohhot

100° 108° 116°

92° 100° 108° 116°

48°

44°

48°

44°

This map was produced by the Map Design Unit of The World Bank. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other informationshown on this map do not imply, on the part of The World BankGroup, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, or anyendorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.

0 100 200 300

KILOMETERS

IBRD 32611

JULY 2003

MONGOLIA

ROAD NETWORK

PAVED ROADS

GRAVEL ROADS

IMPROVED EARTH ROADS

EARTH ROADS

RAILROADS

RIVERS

AIMAG (PROVINCE) CAPITALS

NATIONAL CAPITAL

AIMAG (PROVINCE) BOUNDARIES

INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES