1

DDrruugg SSiittuuaattiioonn AAnnaallyyssiiss RReeppoorrtt

CCeennttrraall AAssiiaa

NOVEMBER 2011 REPORT

2

3

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This report was prepared by the Paris Pact National Strategic Analyst based in the UNODC

Regional Office Uzbekistan (ROCA) under the supervision of the Paris Pact Coordinator, the

Programme Management Officer of the Afghan Opiate Trade Project and the Regional

Representative of UNODC, and benefited from the work and expertise of UNODC ROCA staff.

This report is not an official document of the United Nations and it has not been formally

edited. The boundaries, names and designations used in this publication do not imply official

endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.

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Contents

INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 8

KEY POINTS................................................................................................................................. 9

Drug Seizures............................................................................................................................ 10

Opiates ................................................................................................................................. 10

Heroin............................................................................................................................... 11

Opium............................................................................................................................... 12

Cannabis............................................................................................................................... 12

Marijuana ......................................................................................................................... 13

Hashish............................................................................................................................. 14

Cocaine................................................................................................................................. 15

Synthetic drugs..................................................................................................................... 15

Precursors ............................................................................................................................ 16

Patterns of Opiate Trafficking................................................................................................... 18

Kazakhstan ........................................................................................................................... 19

Kyrgyzstan ............................................................................................................................ 22

Tajikistan .............................................................................................................................. 24

Turkmenistan ....................................................................................................................... 26

Uzbekistan............................................................................................................................ 28

Drug-Related Crime .................................................................................................................. 31

Kazakhstan ........................................................................................................................... 33

Kyrgyzstan ............................................................................................................................ 34

Tajikistan .............................................................................................................................. 36

Uzbekistan............................................................................................................................ 37

Drug Prices ............................................................................................................................... 39

Heroin .................................................................................................................................. 39

Opium .................................................................................................................................. 42

Marijuana and Hashish ......................................................................................................... 44

Drug Abuse............................................................................................................................... 45

HIV/AIDS .................................................................................................................................. 47

Policy........................................................................................................................................ 50

Conventions adherence ........................................................................................................ 50

National Drug Control Policy................................................................................................. 51

International Cooperation .................................................................................................... 51

Significant Miscellaneous News................................................................................................ 53

Bibliography ............................................................................................................................. 58

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Maps

Map 1: Likely Drug Trafficking Routes and Heroin Seizures (over 100 grams), 2010.................. 19

Map 2: Heroin Seizures (over 100 grams) along the South Border of Kazakhstan, 2010............ 21

Map 3: Heroin Seizures (over 100 grams) in the North-West and North-East of Kazakhstan, 2010

................................................................................................................................................. 21

Map 4: Heroin Seizures (over 100 grams) in the West of Kazakhstan, 2010 .............................. 21

Map 5. Heroin Seizures (over 100 grams) in Kyrgyzstan, 2010 .................................................. 23

Map 6: Opium Seizures (over 100 grams) in Kyrgyzstan, 2010 .................................................. 23

Map 7: Heroin (over 100 grams) Seized by the DCA and MoI of Tajikistan, 2010 ...................... 25

Map 8: Heroin Seizures (over 100 grams) in Turkmenistan, 2010 ............................................. 27

Map 9: Opium Seizures (over 100 grams) in Turkmenistan, 2010 ............................................. 27

Map 10: Heroin Seizures (over 100 grams) in Uzbekistan, 2010................................................ 29

Map 11: Opium Seizures (over 100 grams) in Uzbekistan, 2010................................................ 30

Map 12: Drug-Related Crime Rate in Kazakhstan, 2010 ............................................................ 33

Map 13: Drug-Related Crime Rate in Kyrgyzstan, 2010 ............................................................. 35

Map 14: Drug Related Crime Rate in Tajikistan, 2010 ............................................................... 37

Map 15: Crimes Related to Opiate and Hashish Seizures (over 100 grams) in Uzbekistan, 2010 38

Figures

Fig. 1: Opiate Seizure Trends in Central Asia, 1997-2010 .......................................................... 11

Fig. 2: Heroin Seizures, 2009-2010 (kg) ..................................................................................... 11

Fig. 3: Distribution of Heroin Seizures, 2010 ............................................................................. 11

Fig. 4: Opium Seizures, 2009-2010 (kg) ..................................................................................... 12

Fig. 5: Distribution of Opium Seizures, 2010 ............................................................................. 12

Fig. 6: Cannabis Seizure Trends, 2004-2010 (tonnes) ................................................................ 13

Fig. 7: Marijuana Seizure Trends, 2004-2010 (tonnes) .............................................................. 14

Fig. 8 Hashish Seizure Trends, 2004-2010 (tonnes) ................................................................... 15

Fig. 9: Distribution of Seizure Cases by Weight of Heroin Seized by the Ministry of Interior,

2010 ......................................................................................................................................... 22

Fig. 10: Distribution of Seizure Cases by Weight of Seized Opiates in Kyrgyzstan, 2010 ............ 24

Fig. 11: Heroin (over 100 grams) Seized by the DCA and MoI of Tajikistan, 2010 ...................... 25

Fig. 12: Distribution of Seizure Cases by Weight of Opiates Seized by the DCA and MoI of

Tajikistan, 2010 ........................................................................................................................ 26

Fig. 13: Distribution of Seizure Cases by Weight of Seized Opiates in Turkmenistan, 2010........ 28

Fig. 14: Distribution of Seizure Cases by Weight of Seized Opiates in Uzbekistan, 2010 ............ 31

Fig. 15: Drug-Related Crime Trends, 2004-2010........................................................................ 32

Fig. 16: Drug-Related Crime by Type of Offence, 2010.............................................................. 32

Fig. 17: Percentage of drug smuggling crimes recorded by Ministry of Interior of

Kyrgyzstan, 2010 ...................................................................................................................... 35

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Fig. 18: Wholesale Prices for High Purity Heroin in Tajikistan, 1 July 2011................................ 40

Fig. 19: Wholesale Prices for Low Purity Heroin, in Tajikistan, 1 July 2011 ............................... 41

Fig. 20: Percentage of Injecting Drug Use among Drug Users Registered at Dispensaries, 2004-

2010 ......................................................................................................................................... 46

Fig. 21: Percentage of Heroin Users among Drug Users Registered at Dispensaries, 2006-2010 47

Fig. 22: HIV Incidence Trend, 2001-2010................................................................................... 48

Fig. 23: Persons living with HIV per 100,000 People, 2001-2010 ............................................... 50

Tables

Table 1: Precursor Seizure Trends, 2005-2011 (litres) ............................................................... 17

Table 2: Number of Drug-Related Crimes, 2004-2010............................................................... 31

Table 3: Persons Committed Drug-Related Crimes, 2010.......................................................... 33

Table 4: Citizens of CIS Countries Detained for Drug-Related Crime in Kazakhstan, 2004-2010. 34

Table 5: Foreigners Detained for Drug-Related Crime in Kyrgyzstan, 2005-2010....................... 36

Table 6: Foreigners Detained for Drug-Related Crime in Uzbekistan, 2005-2010 ...................... 38

Table 7: Wholesale Heroin Prices, 2005-2010........................................................................... 39

Table 8: Retail Heroin Prices, 2009-2010 .................................................................................. 42

Table 9: Wholesale Opium Prices, 2005-2009........................................................................... 43

Table 10: Retail Opium Prices, 2009-2010................................................................................. 44

Table 11: Wholesale cannabis prices, 2010............................................................................... 44

Table 12: Retail Cannabis Prices................................................................................................ 45

Table 13: Cumulative Number of Drug Users Registered at Dispensaries, 2010 ........................ 45

Table 14: Drug Use Patterns, 2010............................................................................................ 46

Table 15: Trends in New HIV Infections, 2001-2010.................................................................. 48

Table 16: Major Drivers of New HIV Cases, 2008-2010 ............................................................. 49

Table 17: Trends in Recorded HIV Cases, 2000-2010................................................................. 49

Table 18: National Drug Control Plans of Central Asian States .................................................. 51

Table 19: National Plans of Central Asian States on Fighting HIV/AIDS...................................... 51

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ABBREVIATIONS AA Acetic Anhydride

AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

ARQ United Nations Annual Report Questionnaire

CARICC Central Asian Regional Information and Coordination Centre

CAU Coordination and Analysis Unit, UNODC ROCA, Tashkent

CTS United Nations Crime Trend Survey

DCA Drug Control Agency

DCC Drug Control Committee (Committee for Drug Trafficking Prevention and Drug

Control, Ministry of Interior of Kazakhstan)

DRS Districts of Republican Subordination (province of Tajikistan)

EMCDDA European Monitoring Center for Drugs and Drug Addiction

GBAO Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Oblast (province of Tajikistan)

IDU Injecting Drug User

INCB International Narcotics Control Board

INTERPOL International Criminal Police Organization

LEA Law Enforcement Agency

CLS Committee on Legal Statistics and Special Records, Office of the Prosecutor-

General, Kazakhstan

CSTO Collective Security Treaty Organization

MoI Ministry of Interior

NCDC National Information and Analytical Center on Drug Control, Uzbekistan

OSCE Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe

PLWHA People Leaving with HIV/AIDS

PP ERT Paris Pact Initiative Expert Round Table

ROCA UNODC Regional Office for Central Asia

SASS UNODC Statistics and Surveys Section

SCO Shanghai Cooperation Organization

SSDC State Service on Drug Control (Kyrgyzstan and Turkmenistan)

STAS UNODC Studies and Threat Analysis Section

TARCET Targeted Anti-Trafficking Regional Communication Expertise Training

(operations)

UNAIDS United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS

UNGASS UN General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS

UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

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INTRODUCTION

The Drug Situation Report on Drugs in Central Asia provides the data necessary to assess

possible illicit drug trends, and provides a brief analysis of the drug situation in Central Asia.

The Coordination and Analysis Unit of the UNODC Regional Office for Central Asia collects

official data and information provided by law enforcement and other national agencies. The

data collected and presented in this report includes:

• Seizures

• Crimes

• Drug Prices

• Drug-related Crime

• Drug Abuse

• HIV/AIDS

The purpose of this report is to provide statistics and analysis to assist decision-makers in

developing illicit drug supply and harm reduction strategies. It is important to note that the

analysis contained in this report is yearly and may differ from analyses conducted by individual

jurisdictions.

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KEY POINTS

1. The strong demand for heroin in the CIS and Western Europe has affected the growth of

drug trafficking through Central Asian countries.

2. Well-developed if informal cross-border transportation and porous borders in Central

Asia have made it an attractive option for smuggling drugs from Afghanistan (the

“Northern Route”).

3. UNODC estimates that some 90 metric tonnes of heroin were trafficked up to and

including 2010 from Afghanistan through Central Asian countries towards the Russian

Federation and European countries.

4. In 2010 2.6 tonnes of heroin (24% less than in 2009) and 2.2 tonnes of opium (36% less

than in 2009) were seized in Central Asia.

5. Large volumes of drugs are transported in containers by road and rail disguised as

agricultural produce.

6. Drugs in the cannabis group (marijuana and hashish) comprise the largest portion of the

total volume of trafficked drugs, however the proportion of opiates in still significant.

7. In addition to heroin and opium, the drug market in Central Asia is expanding with

cannabis from Afghanistan and small, but growing levels of cocaine and ecstasy coming

via Europe and the Russian Federation.

8. According to UNODC estimates, in 2009 an estimated 320,000 people in Central Asia

used opiates at least once in the previous year; 2.0 to 2.3 million people used cannabis.

9. In 2010, there were the 6% decrease in number of registered heroin and opium-

dependent patients (almost 58,500) while the number of cannabis users has remained

relatively stable at around 19,000 people in Central Asia.

10. In Central Asia, the majority of drug users are heroin dependent (57% of registered drug

users in 2010); the proportion dependent on other drugs a significantly lower: 22% on

cannabis, 11% on opium and 10% on other drugs.

11. Some 63% of registered drug users in Central Asia in 2010 were injecting drug users.

12. Although the HIV/AIDS outbreak in the region is mainly concentrated among injecting

drug users (and spread predominately by male injecting drug users aged 20- 49 years),

data suggest that the epidemic has spread beyond risk groups and has started to affect

the public at large through heterosexual transmission.

13. The total number of officially registered HIV cases in Central Asia has increased by more

than 2,390%: from 1,641 cases in 2000 to almost 41,000 cases in late 2010. In 2010

there were 7,357 newly registered cases of HIV/AIDS in the region.

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DRUG SEIZURES

Opiates

Between 1991 and 2010, trafficking in Afghan opiates increased significantly in Central Asia as a

result of large-scale opium cultivation and heroin manufacturing in Afghanistan. During the

same period, law enforcement in the region strengthened their countermeasures against drug

trafficking with the assistance of the international community.

Since 1997, opiate seizures in the region have averaged around 9-10 tonnes per year, with

highs in 1997 (12 tonnes) and 2000 (14 tonnes) and lows in 1998 (6.1 tonnes), 2005 (6.4 tonnes)

and 2009 (6.9 tonnes).

The dramatic decrease in the total of seized drugs since 2005 in Central Asia has been

influenced mainly by a decline in the level of seizures in Tajikistan. UNODC experts consider this

“can be partly attributed to declines in opium production in north-eastern Afghanistan: in

neighbouring Badakhshan, production declined by 53% in 2005. But it is also tied to the

withdrawal of the Russian border troops,1 resulting in decreased interdiction efficiency.2 The

level of effectiveness of law enforcement in Central Asian must also be considered as a possible

factor. The rate of interdiction3 was low (5%) between 2002 and 2006,4 hovered around 4%

thereafter until falling to 3% in 2009. The seizure rate for 2010 was even lower.5

1 Before 2005, some 50% of opiates were seized by Russian border guards. The Federal Border Service of the

Federal Security Service of Russia transferred control of the Tajik border to the State Border Protection

Committee of Tajikistan in 2005. 2 UNODC (2007). World Drug Report, p. 184

3 The estimated rate of interdiction is calculated as: opiate seized (tonnes in opium equivalent with a conversion

ratio of 7:1) divided by estimated opiate flow (790 tonnes). 4 UNODC (2009). Addiction, Crime and Insurgency. The Transnational Threat of Afghan Opium, p. 15

5 Opiate seizures in Central Asia decreased by almost 24% compared to 2009.

11

Fig. 1: Opiate Seizure Trends in Central Asia, 1997-2010

Source: Compiled from Government Reports

Heroin

In 2010, heroin seizures in Central Asia decreased by 24%, from 3.4 tonnes in 2009 to 2.6

tonnes. Most Central Asian heroin would appear to transit through Tajikistan. Heroin seizures in

Uzbekistan amounted to 1 tonne (39% of the total), in Kazakhstan, 323 kg (13%). Kyrgyzstan

and Turkmenistan seized 6% (157 kg) and 4% (104 kg) of total regional heroin seizures

respectively.

Fig. 2: Heroin Seizures, 2009-2010 (kg) Fig. 3: Distribution of Heroin Seizures, 2010

Source: Compiled from Government Reports

Heroin Seizures in 2011

The mid-year seizures in 2006-2011 indicate that heroin seizures in the second half-year usually

do not exceed the seizures in the first half year. Taking into account this trend, the 2011

seizures will likely be on the same level of seizures in 2010 or even less.

12

Fig. 4: Half-yearly- Heroin Seizures, 2006-2011

Source: Compiled from Government and CARICC’s Reports

Opium

In 2010, law enforcement agencies of the Central Asian countries seized 2.2 tonnes of opium

which is 36% less than in 2009. Turkmenistan seized the largest amount (757 kg, 34%), followed

by Tajikistan (744 kg, 33%), Uzbekistan (519 kg, 23%), Kazakhstan (168 kg, 5%), and Kyrgyzstan

(39 kg, 2%). All countries reported a decrease in opium seizures compared to 2009.

Fig. 5: Opium Seizures, 2009-2010 (kg) Fig. 6: Distribution of Opium Seizures, 2010

Source: Compiled from Government Reports

Opium Seizures in 2011

The figure below exhibits the half-year opum seizures in 2006-2010 and seizures in the first half

year of 2011. It seems that the annual opium seizures in 2011 will not exceed the total 2010

seizures and will be around two tonnes.

13

Fig. 7: Half-yearly- Opium Seizures, 2006-2011

Source: Compiled from Government and CARICC’s Reports

Cannabis

Cannabis continues to be the most commonly seized drug in Central Asia. Although cannabis

plants grow wild and in abundance in certain locations in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, more and

more shipments of Afghan cannabis and cannabis resin are now being discovered in Central

Asia.

There was a steady upward trend in seizures of cannabis from 2004 up to 2007, less than 30

tonnes. The last three year seizures were around 34 tonnes (see Figure 6).

Fig. 8: Cannabis Seizure Trends, 2004-2010 (tonnes)

Source: Compiled from Government Reports

Marijuana

Marijuana seizures in Central Asia are increasing steadily. In 2010, 33.7 tonnes of marijuana

were seized, accounting for nearly 95% of the total volume of cannabis-based drugs seized in

Central Asia. The dominance of marijuana in regional seizures is thought to be due to the vast

areas of wild-growing cannabis in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. In 2010, these countries seized

27.3 tonnes and 1.4 tonnes of marijuana respectively.

14

Fig. 9: Marijuana Seizure Trends, 2004-2010 (tonnes)

Source: Compiled from Government Reports

From 2004 to 2007, the total volume of marijuana seized in Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and

Uzbekistan remained stable at roughly 2 tonnes per year. Since 2008, there has been a

dramatic increase in marijuana seizures in Tajikistan (+85%, between 2007 and 2010)6 and in

Uzbekistan (+154%).7

Hashish

Between 2004 and 2010, hashish seizures in Central Asia grew by 250% with all countries

(except Tajikistan)8 reporting huge increases. In this period, the largest increase was recorded

in Uzbekistan (+3,270%), followed by Kyrgyzstan (+226%), Turkmenistan (almost +200%), and

Kazakhstan (+70%).

The largest hashish seizures in 2010 were reported by Uzbekistan (totalling 0.6 tonnes) and

Kyrgyzstan (totalling 0.5 tonnes). Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan seized less than half a tonne.

Although the seizures of hashish and marijuana are not recorded alone, the bulk of seized drugs

in Tajikistan is reportedly Afghan hashish.

6 Most seizures of cannabis were made in the districts of Khatlon and Gorno-Badakhshan regions bordering on

Afghanistan. 7 Exact figures related to total marijuana seizures were not available in Turkmenistan in 2010.

8 Tajikistan does not report hashish seizures separately. Tajikistan only provides cannabis seizures as a whole.

15

Fig. 10 Hashish Seizure Trends, 2004-2010 (tonnes)

Source: Compiled from Government Reports

Cocaine

There is supply of cocaine on the drug market in Central Asian countries. In 2010, Security of

Kazakhstan reported on seizures of 7 kg of cocaine while 8 gr were seized in 2009.9 As a result

of the joint operation (‘Atlantic’) with the Ministry of Public Security of China, Kazakh Securities

suppressed an activity of international group which was accessorial to shipment of cocaine

from Columbia via European countries to Kazakhstan and onward to China. For the first time,

law enforcement of Kazakhstan arrested six nationals from USA, Italy, and Columbia with

cocaine in 2010.10

Another example of possible channel of trafficking of cocaine: Latvian customs (cooperation

with USA DEA) intercepted a container, which was unloaded for a further dispatch to

Uzbekistan. The container contained 3 sport bags, in which 70 plastic bags with cocaine (80.1

kg) were located.11

In Uzbekistan, 0.14 kg of cocaine was seized for January-June 2011.

Synthetic drugs

Volumes of imported synthetic drugs (ecstasy, LSD, etc.) from European countries and Russia to

Central Asia are also on the increase.

Kazakhstan reported the most seizures of synthetic drugs. In 2007, law enforcement agencies

of Kazakhstan seized 792 ecstasy tablets, in 2008 ecstasy seizures increased to 3,743 tablets –

9 Drug Situation – 2010. CARICC Report, p. 37, 2011.

10 Interview with the Head of Department of the National Security Committee (NSC), Kazakhstan. The NSC website

www.kbn.kz (accessed on 8 October 2010). 11

Current Situation on Illicit Drugs Trafficking in Latvia, 2009-2011. Ninth Meeting of Heads of National Drug Law

Enforcement Agencies, Europe, UNODC, Vienna, 28 June-1 July 2011.

16

an almost 370% increase.12 However, in 2009, this dropped to 150 tablets of ecstasy13 and 23

grams of amphetamine.14

The ecstasy market is present throughout the region and is thought to be distributed from

Kazakhstan to other Central Asian countries.15 In April 2009 the Drug Control Agency of

Kyrgyzstan disrupted an ecstasy supply channel and seized 400 tablets;16

while Tajikistan

reported the seizure of over 800 tablets of ecstasy in August of that year.17

Fig. 1: Ecstasy seizures in Tajikistan, 2011

The ecstasy seizures in 2011 likely indicate participation of Afghan

nationalities in distribution of synthetic drugs. On 12 May, 2011, DCA

of Tajikistan seized five packages containing ecstasy

(methylenedioxymethamphetamine) in the amount of 477 pills.

According to the evidence given by the detainee, he had bought

ecstasy from Afghan citizen for further distribution in Tajikistan. The

origination of ecstasy is unknown. 18

The region has the potential to be a major source of methamphetamine and psychotropic

substances, given its copious supply of the Ephedra plant from which its main precursor

chemical is derived. According to information from the State Service on Drug Control of

Kyrgyzstan, the homemade production of ephedrone is activated in Chui Province. For example,

on 18 November 2011, two homemade labs were suppressed in this province. As a

consequence, the percent of ephedrone abusers went up to 12% and came in the third place

after opium and hashish addiction in Kyrgyzstan in the last years.19

Precursors

Acetic anhydride is a precursor chemical essential to the production of heroin. UNODC

estimates that approximately 2,700 tonnes of opium (from a total 6,900 tonnes of produced)

were transformed into about 380 tonnes of heroin. Global manufacture of acetic anhydride

reaches 2 million tons annually, but only a fraction – some 475 tons (or 0.02 per cent) – is

needed to satisfy the demand of Afghanistan’s heroin processors.20

Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan both manufacture, import and export controlled chemicals,

including AA, for their chemical, mining, pharmaceutical and other industries. Although there

have been several sizable seizures of hydrochloric and sulphuric acid, the association of these

seizures with the narcotics trade remains a probability rather than proven fact.

12Narcopost. Information Bulletins, 2006-2009. Drug Control Committee, Kazakhstan;

Press-releases of the National Security Committee of Kazakhstan, http://www.kbn.kz 13

CARICC Information Bulletin, #50, 2009, p.2 14

UNODC Annual Reports Questionnaire 2009, Kazakhstan 15

Press Release of the Extended Board Session on outcomes and priorities 2008-2009. Astana: National Security

Committee. 16

Countermeasures against Drug Trafficking af Law Enforcement Agencies, 2009. Bishkek: Drug Control Agency,

Kyrgyzstan. 17

Drug Situation in 2009. Dushanbe: Drug Control Agency, Tajikistan, p.26 18

News of the Drug Control Agency on 13 May 2011, www.akn.tj 19

http://www.gskn.kg/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=131%3A-211111-

&catid=17%3Anews&Itemid=35&lang=ru 20

The Global Afghan Opium Trade: A Threat Assessment, UNODC, 2011, p.9

17

Central Asia witnessed seizures of 260 tons of acetic anhydride from 1995-2000, but from 2001-

2010 it seized less than half a ton. The role of the so-called ‘Northern route’ through Central

Asia appears secondary 21 while Afghanistan authorities reject it because of absence of any fact

related to precursor seizures. 22 However, there are facts indicating efforts to smuggle

precursors to Afghanistan.23

The only significant seizure of AA in the last 10 years in Central Asia was recorded in Tajikistan

(373 litres) in 2010;24 Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan have also seized AA, but in quantities too

small to be of practical value in heroin production (a total of 17 litres25

and 9 litres26

between

2005 and 2009 respectively).

Table 1: Precursor Seizure Trends, 2005-2011 (litres)

Acetic

Anhydride

Hydrochloric

Acid

Sulphuric Acid

2005 2 77 61

2006 4 30 3,643

2007 6 962 1,113

2008 2 7 179

2009 3 187 2,817

Jan-June 2010 0 2327

4028

Kazakhstan

Total 17 1,286 7,853

2005 0 193 0

2006 0 0 231

2007 9 0 346

2008 0 5,748 2,983

2009 0 0 300

2010 n/a n/a 8929

Kyrgyzstan

Total 9 5,941 3,949

2007 0 0 1,007

2010 373 n/a n/a

2011 n/a n/a 3,95730

Tajikistan

Total 373 0 4,964

2006 0 120 542

2007 0 60 3,132

Uzbekistan

2008 0 0 3,360

21 Ibid

22 Interview with the Deputy Minister of Interior of Afghanistan during his meeting in DCA of Tajikistan, 29 October

2011, www.akn.tj 23

Two facts, seizures of 373 litres of AA in 2010 and 7,288 kg (3,957 litres) of sulphuric acid in 2011, were recorded

DCA of Tajikistan. Source: DCA of Tajikistan 24

On information of CARICC provided for UNODC ROCA 25

Drug Situation and Development Trends in Kazakhstan. Reports for 2005-2009. Astana: Committee on Legal

Statistics, Kazakhstan. 26

Seizures of substances in Tables I and II of the 1988 Convention, INCB Precursor Report 2010. Vienna:

International Narcotics Control Board. 27

The seizure of quantities reported in kg was converted into litres based on the INCB-defined conversion factor

(Form D) for hydrochloric acid (0.833). 28

The seizure of quantities reported in kg was converted into litres based on the INCB-defined conversion factor

(Form D) for sulphuric acid (0.543). 29

The conversion factor for sulphuric acid (0.543) from kg to litres. 30

The conversion factor for sulphuric acid (0.543) from kg to litres.

18

Acetic

Anhydride

Hydrochloric

Acid

Sulphuric Acid

2009 0 0 300

Total 0 180 7,334

Source: Compiled from Government Reports, INCB Precursor reports (2009, 2010)

Two chemicals have been consistently reported in the region since 2005: sulphuric acid and

hydrochloric acid. A total 5,941 litres of hydrochloric acid were seized in Kyrgyzstan in 2005 and

2008.31

Kazakhstan seized 1,286 litres of hydrochloric acid between 2005 and July 2011, and

Uzbekistan seized a total of 180 litres hydrochloric acid in 2006 and 2007.

The largest volume of sulphuric acid seized was reported by Kazakhstan (a total of 7,853 litres

between 2005 and July 2011), followed by Uzbekistan (a total of 7,334 litres between 2006 and

2009), Kyrgyzstan (3,949 litres between 2005 and 2010) and Tajikistan (4,964 litres in 2007 and

2011).

According to information from DCA of Tajikistan, on 28 March 2011 DCA intercepted 199

canisters with 7,288 kg (3957 litres) sulphuric acid in the north of country. The chemical

substance was produced in Uzbekistan and was delivered through Kyrgyzstan.

PATTERNS OF OPIATE TRAFFICKING

Central Asia is a transit region for opiates on their way to Russia. Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and

Turkmenistan all share borders with Afghanistan. Tajikistan and Turkmenistan have borders

which are difficult to control. The border between Uzbekistan and Afghanistan consists of the

Amu Darya River and the only dry border crossing between the two is a bridge at Hayraton. This

bridge also supports the only railway from Central Asia into Afghanistan.

Opiates enter Tajikistan across its 1,300 km long border with northern Afghanistan much of

which is mountainous and difficult to control. Shipments are then transported by road across

country into Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan. There is also heroin trafficking by air and railway from

Tajikistan to the Russian Federation.

Opiates enter Uzbekistan from Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan and then travel either

north to Kazakhstan or in small amounts to Turkmenistan and by a circular route, into

Kyrgyzstan. Opiates also travel to the Russian Federation by air from Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and

Uzbekistan.

31 Information on the TARCET operation in the Kyrgyz Republic. Country presentation, the Operation TARCET

Debriefing Meeting, Tashkent, 2009. Bishkek: DCA, Kyrgyzstan

19

Map 1: Likely Drug Trafficking Routes and Heroin Seizures (over 100 grams), 2010

Most opiates arriving in Kyrgyzstan move across the Kazakh border and through Kazakhstan to

the Russian Federation.

Opiates also enter Turkmenistan from Afghanistan and Islamic Republic of Iran. Once in

Turkmenistan, the main opiate routes run through Kazakhstan (via the Caspian Sea and/or

Uzbekistan), but secondary routes travel to Azerbaijan or the Russian Federation across the

Caspian Sea.

Once opiates reach Kazakhstan, they are further smuggled across its north-western borders

into the Russian Federation. The impact of the recent customs union between the Russian

Federation and Kazakhstan has yet to be measured.32

Kazakhstan

According to information provided by the Ministry of Interior of Kazakhstan,33 drugs transiting

the territory of Kazakhstan have travelled one of the following routes:

1. Kyrgyzstan:

• Bishkek – Korday – Almaty – Ayaguz – Georgievka – Ust-Kamenogorsk to the

Russian Federation;

• Bishkek – Almaty – Saryshagan –Balkhash – Karaganda – Astana – Kokshetau –

Petropavlovsk to the Russian Federation;

• Bishkek – Taraz – Shymkent – Kyzylorda – Aktobe – Uralsk to the Russian

Federation;

32 Addiction, Crime, and Insurgency. The Transnational Threat of Afghan Opium. UNODC, 2009, p.50

33 Information on Major Drug Routes on the Territory of Kazakhstan, 2007. Astana: Drug Control Committee,

Ministry of Interior, Kazakhstan.

20

2. Uzbekistan:

• Tashkent – Saryagash – Shymkent – Taraz – Almaty – Taldykurgan – Ayaguz –

Georgievka – Ust-Kamenorogorskl to the Russian Federation;

• Tashkent – Saryagash – Shymkent – Taraz – Shu – Birlik – Balkhash – Karaganda –

Pavlodar to the Russian Federation;

• Tashkent – Shymkent – Taraz – Almaty – Balkhash – Karaganda – Astana –

Kokshetau – Petropavlovsk and to the territory of the Russian Federation;

• Nukus (Uzbekistan) – Beineu – Opornaya – Makat – Atyrau – Ganyushkino to the

Russian Federation;

3. Turkmenistan:

• Chorjou (Turkmenistan) – Bekdash – Janaozen – Beineu – Opornaya – Makat –

Atyrau – Ganushkino to the Russian Federation;

• Tashavuz (Turkmenistan) – Bekdash – Janaozen – Beineu – Opornaya – Makat –

Atyrau – Ganushkino to the Russian Federation.

In 2008, law enforcement in Kazakhstan achieved a notable success in targeting organized drug

smuggling groups and made larger than normal seizures in the range 100-550 kg. By contrast,

2009-2010 was characterized by smaller seizures with no individual seizure exceeding 55 kg.

The distribution of seizures over 100 grams plotted on the map 2-4 tends to confirm the Kazakh

analysis of smuggling networks. However these data may also be influenced by: the layout of

the transport infrastructure; the localised deployment and concentration of law enforcement

officers; as well as the presence of larger population centres (that present additional

opportunity for law enforcement to encounter drug users).

21

Map 2: Heroin Seizures (over 100 grams) along the South Border of Kazakhstan, 2010

Map 3: Heroin Seizures (over 100 grams) in the North-West and North-East of Kazakhstan, 2010

Map 4: Heroin Seizures (over 100 grams) in the West of Kazakhstan, 2010

In 2010, 81 heroin seizures over 100 grams were recorded by the Drug Control Committee,

Ministry of Interior. Most opiate seizures were less than 5 kg (94%); a few seizures were

between 5-10 kg (5%), and only two cases (representing 1%) were between 20-40.

22

Fig. 11: Distribution of Seizure Cases by Weight of Heroin Seized by the Ministry of Interior, 2010

Source: Drug Control Committee, Kazakhstan

Kyrgyzstan

According to information from the Ministry of Interior of Kyrgyzstan, the four main drug routes

for Afghan drugs trafficked through Kyrgyzstan are well defined:34

1. “Kyzyl-Art” route: covering the Khorog – Osh highway and adjacent areas bordering

Tajikistan’s Murgab region (Gorno-Badakhshan Oblast, (GBAO));

2. “Batken” route: including the mountain trails used for passing from Garm to Djirgital

(Districts under Republican Subordination of Tajikistan);

3. “Altyn-Mazar” route: beginning in the Rushan upland (GBAO) in Tajikistan passing

through the Trans Alai gorges into the Chon-Alai Valley (Osh Province) in Kyrgyzstan;

4. “Khujand” route: involving all highways in the Laylyak District (Batken Province) and

adjacent border areas of Uzbekistan towards Osh City in southern Kyrgyzstan.

Each of these drug trafficking routes is subdivided into numerous smaller smuggling channels

and pathways.

In both Bishkek and in Osh, there is a significant division between groups that focus on retail

sales of smuggled narcotics and those that re-pack shipments for onward transportation into

Kazakhstan. Some consignments from Osh bypass Bishkek entirely before crossing the Kazakh

border.35

A total of 94 cases of opiate seizures were recorded in Kyrgyzstan in 2010 involving 89 people

and a total of 186 kg (including 148.5 kg heroin and 37.5 kg opium).

34 A. Zelichenko. Letter of information for the Paris Pact Initiative Expert Round Table in Almaty, 2010. Bishkek:

Ministry of Interior, Kyrgyzstan. p.1 35

Kyrgyzstan: Border assessment mission report. UNODC ROCA, 2007

23

Map 5. Heroin Seizures (over 100 grams) in Kyrgyzstan, 2010

No heroin or opium seizure in Kyrgyzstan in 2010 exceeded 25 kg. The largest consignment of

heroin (21.4 kg) and opium (19 kg) was made in Osh City.

Map 6: Opium Seizures (over 100 grams) in Kyrgyzstan, 2010

Like Kazakhstan, most of the opiate seizures (which were chiefly of heroin) did not exceed 5 kg.

Of 93 opiate seizures in 2010, 82 cases (87%) involved less than 5 kg including 80 cases of

heroin and 13 cases of opium seizures.

24

Fig. 12: Distribution of Seizure Cases by Weight of Seized Opiates in Kyrgyzstan, 2010

Source: Ministry of Interior, Kyrgyzstan

Tajikistan

Law enforcement agencies in Tajikistan suggest the following routes are prominent in opiate

trafficking:36

1. Tajikistan (Tursunzade and Rudaki districts, Districts of Republican Subordination (DRS)) –

Uzbekistan (Surkhandarya Province) - Kazakhstan - the Russian Federation;

2. Tajikistan (Sughd Province) – Uzbekistan (Samarkand, Jizzakh, Syrdarya provinces) –

Kazakhstan – the Russian Federation;

3. Tajikistan (Sughd Province) – Uzbekistan (Tashkent and Fergana provinces) – the other CIS

countries;

4. Tajikistan (Sughd Province) – Kyrgyzstan (Batken and Osh provinces) – Uzbekistan

(Fergana Valley) – Kazakhstan – the Russian Federation;

5. Tajikistan (Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Oblast, GBAO) – Kyrgyzstan (Osh Province) –

Kazakhstan – the Russian Federation.

UNODC ROCA has only received specific seizure information on Tajikistan from the Tajik Drug

Control Agency (DCA) and Ministry of Interior. The agencies recorded 2.734 kg of drugs over

100 grams in 2010. Most of them were cannabis group drugs (over 1.5 tonnes, 55%) and

included 1,240 kg of hashish and 277 kg of marijuana.37 The four largest seizures of cannabis

made in Khatlon (118 kg of hashish and 82 kg of marijuana) and Sughd (113 kg of hashish)

provinces, and in Dushanbe City (71 kg of hashish).

The rest of seized drugs over 100 grams (45%) were opiates (almost 1 tonne) and a mix of

cannabis and opiates (123 kg). The largest opiate seizures were recorded in Dushanbe City (217

kg of heroin and 155 kg of opium), Sughd (191 kg of heroin and almost 120 kg of opium),

36 Drug Situation in Tajikistan, 2009. Country presentation, the Paris Pact Initiative Expert Round Table, Almaty,

2010. Dushanbe: DCA, Tajikistan 37

Information on drug seizures over 100 grams recorded in Tajikistan, 2010. Dushanbe: Ministry of Interior and

Drug Control Agency.

25

Khatlon (120 kg of heroin and 110 kg of opium) provinces, and in the Districts of Republican

Subordination (132 kg of opium).

Map 7: Heroin (over 100 grams) Seized by the DCA and MoI of Tajikistan, 2010

Fig. 13: Heroin (over 100 grams) Seized by the DCA and MoI of Tajikistan, 2010

26

Of 212 opiate seizures38 over 100 grams made by the DCA and Ministry of Interior (MoI) of

Tajikistan in 2010, 81% were less than 5 kg. Figure (below) shows a predominance of heroin,

but 85% of a total 157 heroin seizures involved less than 5 kg. However, during this period,

there were also two opiate seizures around 100 kg: 118 kg of heroin in Sughd Province and 125

kg of opium in Districts of Republican Subordination.

Fig. 14: Distribution of Seizure Cases by Weight of Opiates Seized by the DCA and MoI

of Tajikistan, 2010

Source: Drug Control Agency, Tajikistan

Turkmenistan

Turkmenistan’s geographical position provides the potential for its involvement in both the

southern and northern trafficking routes due to its frontiers with Islamic Republic of Iran,

Uzbekistan and its Caspian Sea ports.39

Turkmenistan recorded 1.017 kg of drugs over 100 grams in 2010. Most of them were opiates

(861 kg, 85%) and included 766 kg of opium and 104 kg of heroin.40

Almost 46% of opiates were seized in Turkmen-Iran border zones and along the M-37 highway

close by the Turkmen-Iran border;41 23% were seized inland, 11% near to Turkmen-Afghan

border,42 and 7% near to Turkmen-Uzbek border.43

In 2010, law enforcement in Turkmenistan made larger than normal seizures in the range 100-

250 kg. By contrast, 2010 was characterized by smaller seizures with no individual seizure

38 Cases related to multiple seizures with total figures weren’t included in this number.

39 The U.S. Department of States assumes that the heavy commercial truck traffic from Iran to Turkmenistan and

Caspian Sea ferry traffic from Turkmenistan to Azerbaijan and Russia continue to be an opportune smuggling

route across Caspian Sea ports. Source: 2010 INCSR: Turkmenistan Country Report

(http://www.state.gov/p/inl/rls/nrcrpt/2010/vol1/137199.htm). 40

Information on drug seizures over 100 grams recorded by law enforcement of Turkmenistan, 2010. Ashgabat:

Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 41

In Serahs, Kaka of Ahal Province; Etrek and Magtymguly of Balkan Province. 42

In Serkhetabad and Tagtabazar of Mary Province; Koytendag of Lebap Province. 43

In five places of Dashoguz Province and two places of Lebap Province.

27

exceeding 100 kg. The three largest seizures were recorded in Ashgabat City (20 kg of heroin

and 93 kg of opium) and Mary Province (20 kg of heroin).

Map 8: Heroin Seizures (over 100 grams) in Turkmenistan, 2010

Map 9: Opium Seizures (over 100 grams) in Turkmenistan, 2010

As in other Central Asian countries, most opiate seizures were less than 5 kg (79% out of 217

cases). Heroin seizures predominated among seizures less than 1 kg while opium was seized

more frequently in volumes over 5 kg.

28

Fig. 15: Distribution of Seizure Cases by Weight of Seized Opiates in Turkmenistan, 2010

Source: Law enforcement agencies of Turkmenistan

Uzbekistan

According to information from of the National Center on Drug Control (NCDC) of Uzbekistan,

the main drug trafficking routes are:

• Afghanistan – Surkhandarya Province (Termez and Muzrabad districts) – Tashkent City –

Kazakhstan – Russian Federation;

• Afghanistan – Districts of Republican Subordination (Tursunzade District, Tajikistan) –

Surhandarya Province (Uzun, Denau, and Saryosiyo districts) – Khorezm Province –

Karakalpakstan – Kazakhstan – Russian Federation;

• Afghanistan – Tajikistan – Surkhandarya Province (mountainous areas) – Khorezm

Province – Turkmenistan;

• Afghanistan – Sughd Province (Penjikent District, Tajikistan) – Samarkand Province

(Urgut, Bulungur, and Taylyak districts) – Djizak Province – Syrdarya Province –

Kazakhstan – Russian Federation;

• Sughd Province (Ura-Tube District, Tajikistan) – Syrdarya Province (Gulistan City, Yangier

City, Khavast District) – other CIS countries;

• Sughd Province (Tajikistan) – Tashkent Province (Bekobod and Akhangaran districts, and

Almalyk City) – other CIS countries;

• Sughd Province (Kanibadam and Asht districts, Tajikistan) – Fergana Province (Kokand

City; Besharyk, Uzbekistan, Furkat and Dangara districts) – other CIS countries;

• Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Oblast of Tajikistan – Kyrgyzstan (through Osh, Jalal-

Abad and Batken provinces) – Uzbek districts of Fergana Valley bordering Kyrgyzstan.44

The National Center on Drug Control (NCDC) Report 2009 45 states that majority of Afghan

opiates enter Uzbekistan through Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. The rest crosses the Afghan border

44 UNODC Annual Reports Questionnaire 2005, Uzbekistan

45 Information on drug situation in Uzbekistan, 2009. Tashkent: NCDC, Uzbekistan, p.2, 2010

29

through Termez and Muzrabad districts of Surkhandarya Province. The distribution of the

seizures over 100 grams in 2010 plotted on the maps 10-12 confirms this statement. Majority of

seizures was made along the highway ramps connecting incoming and outcoming points of

Uzbekistan with Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Turkmenistan. The maps can also exhibit that

mainly auto road is used for smuggling of drugs.

Uzbekistan recorded 1.059 kg of drugs (heroin, opium, hashish) over 100 grams in 2010. Most

of them were opiates (684 kg, 65%) and included 406 kg of heroin and 278 kg of opium.46

The three largest seizures were recorded in Bekobod District of Tashkent Province (94 kg of

heroin), Dehqonobod District of Kashkadarya Province (almost 50 kg of heroin) and Saryosiyo

District of Surkhandarya Province (44 kg of opium).

Map 10: Heroin Seizures (over 100 grams) in Uzbekistan, 2010

46 Information on drug seizures over 100 grams recorded by law enforcement of Uzbekistan, 2010. Tashkent:

NCDC, 2011

30

Map 11: Opium Seizures (over 100 grams) in Uzbekistan, 2010

Of 174 opiate seizures over 100 grams recorded in Uzbekistan in 2010, 86% were less than 5 kg.

Most were heroin seizures (123 cases, 71%).

31

Fig. 16: Distribution of Seizure Cases by Weight of Seized Opiates in Uzbekistan, 2010

Source: Law enforcement agencies of Uzbekistan

DRUG-RELATED CRIME47

Between 2004 and 2009, the total number of drug-related crimes in Central Asia has been

stable with roughly 21,000-22,000 crimes per year. The figures have fluctuated between a high

of 22,857 crimes in 2008 and a low of 19,973 crimes in 2010.

In this period, Kyrgyzstan reported the highest decrease in drug-related crime with a reduction

of 1,547 (-50%). The 10% decrease was reported by Tajikistan and Kazakhstan. Only Uzbekistan

reported the increase, which was 4% between 2004 and 2010.

Table 2: Number of Drug-Related Crimes, 2004-2010

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 as %

of 2004

Kazakhstan 9,748 9,741 10,423 10,502 10,065 9,705 8,795 -10

Kyrgyzstan 3,090 2,565 2,437 1,996 1,905 1,887 1,543 -50

Tajikistan 864 763 726 775 687 796 781 -10

Uzbekistan 8,538 8,367 8,834 9,435 10,200 8,901 8,854 4

Total 22,240 21,436 22,420 22,708 22,857 21,289 19,973 -10

Source: Compiled from Government Reports

When comparison is made using the rate of drug crime per 100,000 population,48

Kazakhstan

comes out the highest. Over 2004-2010 Kazakhstan’s rate has hovered around 61-68 crimes per

100,000; in 2010 this rate fell to 55. In Kyrgyzstan, the rate slumped from 62 crimes in 2004 to

29 in 2010. Drug-related crime rates in Uzbekistan remained relatively stable 2004-2010 at

47 According to the criminal codes of Central Asian countries any possession of an illicit substance is a criminal

offence. Drug crime figures include all allegations and investigations of drug crime recorded. 48

Based on UN World Population Prospects, the 2010 Revision

32

34/33 per 100,000. During the same period the rate in Tajikistan stayed at around 11-12 crimes

per 100,000 population (in 2010 there were 11 cases per 100,000).

Fig. 17: Drug-Related Crime Trends, 2004-2010

Source: Compiled from Government Reports

By type of offence, there were no major changes reported in the balance between different

types of drug offences (such as possession with intent to sell, without intent to sell, smuggling,

and illicit cultivation) in Central Asia.

In Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, offences of possession with intent to sell in 2010 continued to

represent the largest group of drug offences accounting for 4,471 cases (50%) and 464 (59%)

respectively. In Kazakhstan, there were 2,584 such offences (or 29% of the total) and 425 cases

in Kyrgyzstan (23%).

The percentage of offences of possession without intent to sell was greater in Kazakhstan and

Kyrgyzstan accounting for 48% (4,221 cases) and 66% (1,051) of the total in 2010 respectively.

Uzbekistan and Tajikistan reported these cases to represent about 30% of the total (2,366 and

over 200 cases respectively).

Fig. 18: Drug-Related Crime by Type of Offence, 2010

Source: Compiled from Government Reports

33

The proportion of drug smuggling offences in relation to all drug offences is very low at only 3-

4%.49

Offenders

In Central Asia, over 14,000 people were recorded as having committed drug-related crimes in

2010. By country, the highest crime rate was in Kazakhstan (around 39 per 100,000) and the

lowest in Tajikistan (around 12 per 100,000); lower rates were recorded in Uzbekistan (21) and

Kyrgyzstan (20). Among those arrested for drug-related crimes most were unemployed.

In 2010, the share of women among those arrested didn’t change compared to 2009 and

accounted for 10%. The highest share of women arrested was reported in Kazakhstan (674

women, 11%). The share in Uzbekistan had been falling in 2007-2009, and likely was above 10%

in 2010. Their share in other Central Asian countries was less than 10%: 68 women (6%) in

Kyrgyzstan and 53 women (6%) in Tajikistan.

Table 3: Persons Committed Drug-Related Crimes, 2010

Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Uzbekistan

Persons committed drug-related crimes 6,329 1,062 848 5,828

Per 100,000 39 20 12 21

Females (%) 11 6 6 > 10%

Source: Compiled from Government Reports

Kazakhstan

The map of Kazakhstan below shows the drug-related crime rate by province. The national

average in 2010 was 55 drug-related crimes per 100,000. The highest crime rate was recorded

in Karaganda (91) and Kostanai (83). An above average crime rate was also observed in

Northern-Kazakhstan (68), Eastern-Kazakhstan (61), and Almaty City (56) provinces. The rate in

all provinces decreased from their 2009 levels except two provinces, the ones increased from

67 to 68 in Northerm-Kazakhstan, and from from 23 to 25 in Kyzyl-Orda provinces.

Map 12: Drug-Related Crime Rate in Kazakhstan, 2010

49 The number of smuggling cases recorded by Tajikistan was not available separately and is included under the

“others” category.

34

Statistics provided by Kazakhstan are subdivided into crimes committed by two types of group.

Those committed by: (i) independent groups; and, (ii) groups that are part of a broader

organized structure (“organized groups”). The number of prosecutions for offences committed

by independent groups increased by 15% between 2009 and 2010 (from 253 to 291 cases),

while the number of offences committed by organized groups decreased by 33% between 2009

and 2010 (from 100 to 67 cases). The offences related to organized group were not recorded in

Astana City, Akmola, Eastern-Kazakhstan, Zhambyl, Aktobe, Western-Kazakhstan, and

Karaganda provinces. 50

The number of crimes committed in the state of drug intoxication

increased by 42%, 499 crimes contrary to 352 in 2009. 51

The table below shows statistics of persons detained for committing drug-related crime in

Kazakhstan 2004-2010 by nationality. As is to be expected, the majority of detainees (95%)

were Kazakhs. Among foreign nationals detained, citizens of the Russian Federation, Kyrgyzstan

and Uzbekistan were prominent (although involvement of Russia nationals fell steadily in this

period). Citizens of Tajikistan and Turkmenistan were detected at much lower levels.

Table 4: Citizens of CIS Countries Detained for Drug-Related Crime in Kazakhstan, 2005-2010

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Total 7,429 8,244 8,147 7,583 7,260 6,329

Including:

Kazakhstan 6,951 7,732 7,616 7,077 6,846 5,981

Kyrgyzstan 148 142 126 120 106 89

Tajikistan 15 15 21 27 23 12

Turkmenistan 10 11 14 8 2 1

Uzbekistan 105 118 132 140 92 87

Russian Federation 151 165 163 151 124 94

Ukraine 7 7 3 3 2 1

Other CIS countries 13 16 23 27 15 n/a

Source: Committee on Legal Statistics, Drug Control Committee, Kazakhstan

Kyrgyzstan

The geographical data available from Kyrgyzstan is from 2010 recorded by the Ministry of

Interior and is reproduced to allow at least a limited comparison with the situation inside the

country.

The 2010 data shown in the map below show Issyk-Kul Province to have had the highest drug-

related crime rate (57 per 100,000 population), followed by Chui Province (52), Bishkek City

(33), and Talas Province (33). The other areas reported crime rate below the national average

of 24 crimes per 100,000.

50 Analysis of Statistical Data on Situation with Fighting against Drug-Related Crime in Kazakhstan, 2010. Astana:

Committee on Legal Statistics, Kazakhstan, p.3 51

Ibid, p.6

35

Map 13: Drug-Related Crime Rate in Kyrgyzstan, 2010

The percentage of crime related to smuggling offences shown in the map below indicates that

Batken Province had the highest proportion (9%), followed by Jalal-Abad (5%), Chui (4%), Osh

Province (2%) and Bishkek City (1%). The other areas didn’t report on smuggling cases.

Fig. 19: Percentage of drug smuggling crimes recorded by Ministry of Interior of Kyrgyzstan, 2010

In 2008-2010, there were decreases both in the number of offences committed by individual

groups (from 97 cases in 2008, 93 cases in 2009, and to 75 cases in 2010), and in the number of

offences committed by organized groups (from 12 cases to 2 cases in 2010).

Table below shows the number of foreign nationals detained for drug-related crime in

Kyrgyzstan. As the table indicates, there was an upward trend between 2005-2009 with a sharp

36

increase between 2007-2008 (from 23 in 2005 to 208 in 2009) and a sharp decrease in 2010

most likely related to the political instability and unrest in Kyrgyzstan in 2010. Available data on

foreign nationals might indicate a recent involvement in drug crime by nationals from

Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and the Russian Federation (but such low figures could also

reflect a statistical anomaly).52

Table 5: Foreigners Detained for Drug-Related Crime in Kyrgyzstan, 2005-2010

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Total 23 35 17 96 208 23

Including:

Kazakhstan n/a n/a n/a 29 43 2

Tajikistan n/a n/a n/a 6 38 13

Uzbekistan n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 5

Azerbaijan n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 1

Russian Federation n/a n/a n/a 2 12 n/a

Source: Ministry of Interior of Kyrgyzstan53

, CARICC54

Tajikistan

The highest level of drug-related crime was recorded in Dushanbe City (34 per 100,000

population) followed by Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Oblast (11 per 100,000 population)

and Sughd Province (11 per 100,000 population) in 2010. Very low levels of drug related crime

were recorded in Khatlon Province (5 per 100,000) and in the Districts of Republican

Subordination (4 per 100,000).

52 Ibid

53 A. Zelichenko. Letter of information for the Paris Pact Initiative Expert Round Table in Almaty, 2010. Bishkek:

Ministry of Interior, Kyrgyzstan. p.6 54

Drug Situation - 2010. CARICC, Almaty, 2011, p. 34

37

Map 14: Drug Related Crime Rate in Tajikistan, 2010

Among foreign nationals detained in 2010, citizens of Afghanistan were prominent (25 people).

Citizens of other countries were detected at much lower levels: 5 Pakistani, 3 Kyrgyz, 3 Uzbek, 3

Turkish and 1 Russian nationals.55

Uzbekistan

According to the National Center on Drug Control (NCDC) of the Republic of Uzbekistan, there

were just 209 cases56 recorded related to opiate and hashish seizures over 100 grams in 2010.57

Areas where drug seizures were more common were Tashkent Province (49 cases), Khorezm

(29 cases), Fergana (24 cases), Surkhandarya (22 cases), Tashkent City (20 cases), followed by

Andijan (12 cases), Syrdarya (11 recorded cases) provinces. Less than 10 criminal cases were

recorded in other provinces.

55 Ibid

56 This figure differs from the official (194 cases) because the seizure of each drug is considered as one fact in this

report. 57

Description of drug-related crime is based on information on drug seizures over 100 grams in 2010 because of

lack of crime data by province.

38

Map 15: Crimes Related to Opiate and Hashish Seizures (over 100 grams) in Uzbekistan, 2010

There were 102 cases in Uzbekistan related to the selling of opiates and hashish (i.e. 49% ).

They were recorded in all provinces except Jizzakh, but in particular in Khorezm Province (19%),

Tashkent City and Tashkent Province (by 14%), Fergana (12%), Andijan (9%) provinces, and

Karakalpakstan (8%), Bukhara Province (6%). Less than five percent were recorded in other

provinces.

There were 99 cases related to smuggling and selling of opiates and hashish (involving 47% of

the total 209 seizures over 100 grams). These were mainly found in Tashkent (35%), Fergana

(12%), Surkhandarya (11%), Khorezm (10%), Sirdarya (9%) provinces and Tashkent City (6%).

Law enforcement agencies have not noticed any involvement of organized criminal groups in

Uzbekistan.58

The table related to arrested foreigners below indicates that over 100 foreigners are detained

annually in 2005-2010. A sharp increase was in 2007 (from 106 in 2006 to 192 in 2007). The

detainment was on the downward trend last three years. Data on foreign nationals might

indicate a recent involvement in drug crime by nationals from Kazakhstan, Tajikistan,

Uzbekistan and the Russian Federation.

Table 6: Foreigners Detained for Drug-Related Crime in Uzbekistan, 2005-2010

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Total 139 106 192 140 127 115

Including:

Afghanistan 7a 7 29 31 26 22

Kazakhstan 13 12 18 9 15 15

58 UNODC Annual Report Questionnaire 2009, Uzbekistan

39

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Kyrgyzstan 35 25 22 21 21 22

Tajikistan 50 29 54 25 39 34

Turkmenistan 15 15 26 19 6 1

Russian Federation 5 4 17 9 12 15

Turkey 8 5 16 16 1 1

Islamic Republic of Iran 2 7 8 9 3 3

Source: NCDC59

DRUG PRICES

Heroin

Wholesale heroin prices

Wholesale heroin prices per kg were found to vary dramatically across the region and may

reflect relative positioning along the distribution routes from Afghanistan or the volumes of

narcotics smuggled. Prices were lowest in Tajikistan. In Kyrgyzstan they were almost twice as

high as in Tajikistan, in Uzbekistan they were three times higher, in Turkmenistan, five times,

and in Kazakhstan six times as much.60

In 2010 in Tajikistan, wholesale prices of heroin of low purity ranged from $2,000 to $4,000.

These are some similar to 2008-2009 prices, but prices in 2005-2007 were somewhat lower at

between $1,000 and $2,700. High purity heroin in 2010 was lower than prices in 2008-2009:

between $3,500-$6,000.

Table 7: Wholesale Heroin Prices, 2005-2010

Year-

month

Min.

(US$ per

kg)

Max.

(US$ per

kg)

Source Year-

month

Min.

(US$

per kg)

Max.

(US$ per

kg)

Source

2005-10 4,000 40,000 DCC 2005 4,000 12,000 MoI

2006 6,000 40,000 ARQ 2006 4,000 12,000 MoI

2007-03 6,000 40,000 DCC 2007 4,000 12,000 MoI

2008 5,000 40,000 ARQ 2008 4,000 12,000 DCA

2009 8,000 50,000 CARICC 2009 4,000 12,000 CARICC

Kazakhstan

2010 n/a n/a

Kyrgyzstan

2010 6,000 12,000 MoI

Tajikistan

2005 1,200 2,500 ARQ 2005 4,000 7,000 ARQ

2006 1,000 2,700 ARQ 2006 3,000 5,000 ARQ

2007 1,000 2,700 DCA 2007 2,800 6,000 ARQ

Low purity heroin

2008 1,500 4,500 ARQ

High purity

heroin

2008 3,000 8,000 ARQ

59 Information Bulletin on Drug Related Situation. Country reports of Uzbekistan in 2006-2010.

Press-Release of the NCDC on 24.06.2011, Uzbekistan 60

The rough price (an average of lower and upper prices) are estimated by ROCA without adjustment for purity

because of limited information

40

Year-

month

Min.

(US$ per

kg)

Max.

(US$ per

kg)

Source Year-

month

Min.

(US$

per kg)

Max.

(US$ per

kg)

Source

2009 1,500 4,000 DCA 2009 3,000 8,000 DCA

2010 2,000 4,000 DCA 2010 3,500 6,000 ARQ

2005 n/a n/a 2005 15,000 35,000 ARQ

2006 20,000 25,000 ARQ 2006 7,000 25,000 ARQ

2007 17,500 32,000 ARQ 2007 8,000 25,000 ARQ

2008 n/a n/a 2008 10,000 22,000 ARQ

2009 32,500 84,000 CARICC 2009 7,500 22,000 ARQ

Turkmenistan

2010 43,000 84,500 CARICC

Uzbekistan

2010 n/a n/a

By province, in 2010 the cheapest heroin in Tajikistan was available in the provinces bordering

Afghanistan: in the GBAO ($1,200 – $1,800 for low purity and $3,400 – $3,500 for high purity)

and Khatlon Province ($1,250 – $1,300 for low purity and $3,500 – $3,800 for high purity). In

Dushanbe City and the Districts of Republican Subordination, heroin prices were a little higher

($1,800 – $2,000 and $4,000 – $4,500). In the north (Sughd Province) prices were their highest

($1,800 – $2,000 for low and $4,000 – $4,500 for high purity).61

Tajikistan reported on drug prices in mid-year of 2010 and its increases compared to the same

period of 2009. Two maps below exhibit distribution of heroin prices in Tajikistan.

Fig. 20: Wholesale Prices for High Purity Heroin in Tajikistan,

1 July 2011

Wholesale prices for high purity

heroin indicate a rise in all

provinces in July 2010-2011. The

largest increase was GBAO (+31%)

following by Khatlon Province

(+27%), Dushanbe City & DRS

(+20%), and Sughd Province (+9%).

61 Prices for Drugs in Tajikistan as of 21 October 2010. Dushanbe: DCA, Tajikistan, p.26

41

Fig. 21: Wholesale Prices for Low Purity Heroin, in Tajikistan,

1 July 2011

Strongly increased the wholesale

prices for low purity heroin in July

2011. The largest increase was also

GBAO (+100%) following by

Dushanbe City & DRS (+91%),

Khatlon (+77%), and Sughd (+74%)

provinces.

In Kyrgyzstan, heroin prices have remained stable between 2005-2009 with prices from $4,000

to $12,000. Officials from the Ministry of Interior of Kyrgyzstan have suggested that heroin

prices in the southern provinces are $4,000 – $5,000 per kg and 50% more in the Northern

provinces, $6,000 – $8,000. It appears that the purity of this particular heroin is lower than the

high purity heroin known as “duddi”.62 The higher quality heroin cost from $8,000 per kg in the

south to $12,000 per kg in the north of the country. In 2010, the cheapest price for heroin was

some higher ($6,000), the highest price was invariable ($12,000) compared to prices in 2009.

In Uzbekistan, heroin prices reached their highest in 2005 when they varied from $15,000 to

$35,000 per kg. Prices fell the following year and the fall continued in 2007 when they were

$7,000 – $25,000. In 2008, prices showed an increase in the minimum price and a fall in the top

price ($7,000 – $22,000). In 2009 the prices remained about the same with $7,500 at the

cheapest and $22,000 at the most expensive. The slight changes in price noted from 2007

onwards are likely to be a characteristic of variable data collection methodology rather than

any real difference in the market.

By province, the lowest prices were in Surkhandarya and Kashkadarya in the south while

highest prices were found in the north (Karakalpakstan) and Tashkent City.63

In Turkmenistan, wholesale heroin prices varied from $20,000 to $25,000 per kg in 2006 and

from $17,500 to $32,000 per kg in 2007. Heroin was much more expensive in 2009-2010:

wholesale prices varied from $32,500 to $84,000 in 20009 and from $43,000 to $84,500 in

2010.In Kazakhstan, heroin prices in the four years up to and including 2008 were stable before

a notable increase in 2009. The lower-range price fluctuated between $4,000 -$6,000 per kg

in 2005-2008 while upper-range prices remained unchanged at $40,000 per kg. In 2009, heroin

prices increased to between $8,000 to $50,000.

62 “Duddi” is the name of high purity heroin. The DCA of Kyrgyzstan (before closure of this agency) reported purity

of over 70%. 63

Drug prices in Uzbekistan as of the end of 2006. Tashkent: NCDC, Uzbekistan.

42

Retail heroin prices

Retail prices of heroin in Tajikistan varied from $2 to $5 per gram in 2009. In Kyrgyzstan heroin

was sold for $13– $15 per gram in 2009 and 2010. Uzbekistan reported on prices for brown and

white heroin in 2009. Brown heroin was in the range of $12 – $30 per gram while white heroin

retailed for between $16 and $36. In Kazakhstan retail prices varied from $29 to $40 per gram

in 2009 and were reported to cost between $25 and $29 in 2010. The highest difference

between low and high retail price was reported in Turkmenistan where heroin was sold from

$46 to $95 in 2009 and from $72 to $102 in 2010.

The economic concept of ‘supply and demand’ applies equally to the illicit drugs market. With

this in mind there appears to be an interesting correlation in the local prices of narcotics and

the presumed volumes of drugs transiting different countries in Central Asia. If the law of

supply and demand indeed applies, then the low price in Tajikistan would indicate an excess of

available supply and, in fact, the lowest prices are seen in those provinces bordering

Afghanistan. The next lowest price is found in Kyrgyzstan where retail prices are four times as

high as in Tajikistan. Next comes Uzbekistan with increases of between 50-100% on Kyrgyzstan.

Kazakhstan prices are only slightly higher than Uzbekistan. By looking at the relative geography,

the interesting point to note is that Uzbekistan, although bordering Afghanistan, does not have

retail prices anywhere near the low price of Tajikistan. It is therefore possible to propose a

hypothesis in which these figures reflect the distances travelled by the heroin from its source. If

this is the case, then it could be suggested that most heroin on the Uzbek market does not

cross directly from Afghanistan into Uzbekistan, but is first routed into Tajikistan and,

potentially, through Kyrgyzstan. This hypothesis would appear supported by the relative

similarity in the prices in Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan (which is further along the distribution

chain). The highest prices for heroin in Turkmenistan likely indicate inaccessibility of heroin in

illicit drugs market. Given the limited data made available to the UNODC ROCA; however, we do

not hold information about quality of street heroin.

Table 8: Retail Heroin Prices, 2009-2010

2009 (US$/kg) 2010 (US$/kg) Source

Kazakhstan 29-40 25-29 CARICC

Kyrgyzstan 13-15 13-15 CARICC

Tajikistan 2-5 n/a CARICC

Turkmenistan 46-95 72-102 CARICC

Uzbekistan 16-35 n/a ARQ

Opium

Wholesale opium prices

Wholesale opium prices in Tajikistan was lower compared to 2009 and varied from $550 to

$600 per kg in 2010 according to region; in Kyrgyzstan from $1,000 to $1,200; in Uzbekistan

from $1,600 -$3,500 (2009); and in Kazakhstan from $4,500 to $6,000.

43

Table 9: Wholesale Opium Prices, 2005-2009

Year-

month

Min.

(US$ per

kg)

Max.

(US$ per

kg)

Source

Year-

month

Min.

(US$ per

kg)

Max.

(US$ per

kg)

Source

2005 1,500 12,000 ARQ 2005 700 1,500 MoI

2006 2,000 12,000 ARQ 2006 900 1,500 MoI

2007 4,800 5,200 CARICC 2007 900 1,700 DCA

2008 5,000 6,000 CARICC 2008-05 900 1,700 CARICC

2009 5,000 6,000 CARICC 2009 800 1,400 CARICC

2010 4,500 5,500 CARICC 2010 1,000 1,200 CARICC

Kazakhstan

2011-06 4,000 6,000 CARICC

Kyrgyzstan

2011-01 1,000 1,200 CARICC

2005 100 600 ARQ 2005 2,500 7,000 ARQ

2006 200 800 ARQ 2006 800 4,000 ARQ

2007-10 200 800 DCA 2007 800 3,000 ARQ

2008 200 1,000 ARQ 2008 1,500 2,500 ARQ

2009 500 800 CARICC 2009 1,600 3,500 ARQ

2010 550 600 CARICC 2010 n/a n/a

Tajikistan

2011-06 400 600 DCA

Uzbekistan

2011 n/a n/a

In Kazakhstan wholesale opium varied from $1,500 to $12,000 kg in 2005-2006 and in 2008-

2010 was available around for $$4,000– $6,000 per kg. Available price data from 2008 showed

the lowest prices were in South-Kazakhstan and Almaty provinces (about $1,000 kg) followed

by Kostanai Province (about $4,000 kg) and Akmola Province (about $6,000 kg).

In Kyrgyzstan, wholesale opium prices 2005-2006 did not top $1,500 kg. In 2007 and 2008,

prices varied between $900-$1,700 kg before becoming slightly cheaper in 2009 ($800-$1,400

kg). Prices in 2010 were between $1,000-$1,200. Again this variation is possibly a reflection of

data collection methodologies.

In Tajikistan wholesale opium prices ranged from $100-$600 kg in 2005, between 2006-2009

prices rose to $200-$800 kg. Retail prices were lower in 2010 and 2011 and varied from $400 to

$600.

In Turkmenistan opium prices were stable and remained at around $3,000 – $3,500 kg in 2006-

2007.

In Uzbekistan, wholesale opium prices in 2005 were between $2,500-$7,000 kg. In the next two

years prices appeared to be much cheaper at around $800-$3,500 kg. In 2008-2009 the

minimum wholesale opium price was given as almost $1,600 kg (about two times higher), but

the highest price quoted remained at $3,500 kg.

Retail opium prices

The hypothesis proposed by analysing heroin retail prices also holds generally true when

considering opium price distribution. The retail prices in Tajikistan are by far the lowest at $0.5

to $0.7 per gram in 2010. Kyrgyz prices are about double these, but Uzbekistan is several times

higher at between $8 –$20. In Kazakhstan the lowest retail price for opium was similar to

Uzbekistan, but the maximum price is almost half. The quality of opium and its appreciable

difference among countries of Central Asia were not observed in official reports and mass

media.

44

Table 10: Retail Opium Prices, 2009-2010

2009 (US$/kg) 2010 (US$/kg) Source

Kazakhstan 8-12 7-11 CARICC

Kyrgyzstan 1-2 1-2 CARICC

Tajikistan n/a 0.5-0.7 CARICC

Turkmenistan 10-13 16-20 CARICC

Uzbekistan 8-20 n/a ARQ

Note: CARICC, Annual Questionnaire Report 2009 (Uzbekistan)

Marijuana and Hashish

Wholesale cannabis prices

In Kazakhstan the price of marijuana some decreased compared to the previous year and

ranged from $150 to $200 in 2010 ($200-$250 in 2009). In Tajikistan prices were relatively

stable between 2009 and 2010, from $100 kg (in the south) to $900 kg (in in the north). Prices

in Kyrgyzstan from $1,000 to $1,200 kg didn’t change in 2009-2010. Uzbekistan reported on

prices from $300 to$800 for 1kg of marijuana in 2009 (no figures were reported for 2010).

Prices of hashish decreased in Kazakhstan and Tajikistan compared to 2009. In Kazakhstan were

given as ranging from $600 to $700 per kg; prices in Tajikistan in 2010 ranged from $300 to

$350 kg. In Kyrgyzstan hashish was available for $1,000-$1,200 per kg. Prices in Uzbekistan

were from $800-$3,000 per kg in 2009 (no figures for 2010). Hashish prices are not adjusted in

terms of purity and its origination because of lack of data needed for analysis between Central

Asian countries.

Table 11: Wholesale cannabis prices, 2010

Marijuana (US$ per kg) Hashish (US$ per kg)

2009 2010 2009 2010

Kazakhstan 200-250 150-200 700-800 600-700

Kyrgyzstan 32-46 32-46 1,000-1,200 1,000-1,200

Tajikistan 100-950 (est.) 100-90064

400-600 300-350

Uzbekistan 300-800 n/a 800-3,000 n/a

Source: CARICC (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan), DCA (Tajikistan), ARQ 2009 (Uzbekistan)

Retail cannabis prices

In 2010, the cheapest street prices for marijuana were reported in Kyrgyzstan where the drug

was available for $0.1-$0.2 gram. In the same period, marijuana was sold for $0.4 gram in

Kyrgyzstan and from $1 to $6 gram in Uzbekistan.

64 As of 21 October 2010. Source: DCA of Tajikistan

45

Table 12: Retail Cannabis Prices

Marijuana (US$/gr) Hashish (US$/gr)

2009 2010 2009 2010

Kazakhstan 0.4 0.3-0.4 1.5-3 1.4-2.8

Kyrgyzstan 0.1-0.2 0.1-0.2 1.6-2 2-2.7

Tajikistan n/a n/a 0.4-0.6 n/a

Uzbekistan 1-6 n/a 6-18 n/a

Source: CARICC

The lowest street prices for hashish were found in Tajikistan (from $0.4 to $0.6 per gram in

2009) and the highest in Uzbekistan ($6– $18 per gram in 2009); the prices in Kyrgyzstan were

between these at $2– $3 gram in 2010 ($1.5-$2 in 2009); Kazakhstan reported on prices of

$1.5– $3 per gram in 2009-2010.

Drug Abuse

Along with the rise of drug trafficking in Central Asia there has been a rise in the use of

narcotics. Prior to the 1990s, the smoking of opium and marijuana were the most common

illicit drug activities in Central Asia. The easy availability of heroin has changed the pattern of

abuse and led to growing intravenous use of heroin and to a lesser extent opium, creating

serious problems with HIV/AIDS due to unsafe injecting practices.

According to official statistics, there were a total of 87,821 persons registered at dispensaries as

drug users in Central Asia compared with a total of 90,804 in 2005. This indicates a marginal

increase of 3%. In contrast, UNODC estimates that the full scope of opiate use in the region is

likely to be much larger at an estimated 320,000 users.65

Table 13: Cumulative Number of Drug Users Registered at Dispensaries, 2010

Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Uzbekistan Total

Drug users registered at

dispensaries, cumulative 49,795 10,171 7,398 20,457 87,821

Rate of registered drug users

(per 100,000 population) 311 191 108 75 -

Including:

Females (%) 8 7 4 4 6

Injecting drug users (%) 68 73 62 44 63

Source: Compiled from Government Reports

The rate of registered drug users per 100,000 population in 2010 was 311 in Kazakhstan; 191 in

Kyrgyzstan; 108 in Tajikistan,66 and 75 in Uzbekistan.

65 UNODC World Drug Report 2011, p.24

66 Data from the National Monitoring and Drug Prevention Center, Ministry of Health, Tajikistan.

46

The proportion of women among total registered drug users was 6% in 2010. The largest

percentage of women was observed in Kazakhstan (8%), followed by Kyrgyzstan (7%). In

Tajikistan and Uzbekistan this percentage did not exceed 5%.

On average, 63% of drug users registered at dispensaries in Central Asia in 2010 were injecting

drug users (IDUs). By country, IDUs as a percentage of total registered drug users is as follows:

68% in Kazakhstan; 73% in Kyrgyzstan; 62% in Tajikistan; and 44% in Uzbekistan.

Fig. 22: Percentage of Injecting Drug Use among Drug Users Registered at Dispensaries, 2004-2010

Source: Compiled from Government Reports

Analysis of substances used by registered drug users in 2010 again demonstrates the

predominance of heroin followed by cannabis based drugs (marijuana and hashish), opium and

then other psychotropic substances.

Table 14: Drug Use Patterns, 2010

Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Uzbekistan

Number of drug users (officially

registered), excl. solvent users 43,800 10,060 7,398 18,939

including

Heroin (%) 58 53 79 69

Opium (%) 12 16 12 8

Cannabis (%) 30 24 5 19

Others drugs (%) 5 7 4 4

Source: Compiled from Government Reports

In Figure 15 it can be seen that heroin users in Tajikistan, accounted for 79% of the total

number of drug users registered in 2010; in Uzbekistan – 69%; in Kazakhstan – 58%; and in

Kyrgyzstan – 53%.

These figures reveal a steady upward trend in percentage terms of heroin users in Kyrgyzstan

(2006-2010), Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan (from 2006 to 2008, and a slight decrease in 2010).

47

Tajikistan has the highest per cent of heroin users with numbers that show a slight increase in

the period from 2006-2010.

Fig. 23: Percentage of Heroin Users among Drug Users Registered at Dispensaries, 2006-2010

Source: Compiled from Government Reports

In 2010, opium users accounted for 12% of the total number of registered drug users in

Kazakhstan; 16% in Kyrgyzstan; 12% in Tajikistan and 8% in Uzbekistan.

The highest proportion of cannabis users in 2009 was registered in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan

(30% and 24% respectively of the total number of registered drug users). In Uzbekistan, 19%

used cannabis users while only 5% of registered drug users in Tajikistan were cannabis users.

Some Central Asian countries are concerned about poly-drug use and this is not uncommon– in

Kyrgyzstan the proportion of poly-drug users among those registered was 7%67 and 4% in

Tajikistan.68

HIV/AIDS

National experts of Central Asian countries have identified the development of an HIV epidemic

in the region.69 HIV infection continues to spread, but is mainly concentrated among injecting

drug users.70

Epidemiological data suggest that the epidemic is spreading beyond risk groups

and has started to affect the public at large through heterosexual transmission.

In 2001, 1,954 new HIV cases were detected in Central Asian countries, while in 2010 the

number of new HIV cases registered was over 7,500.

67 On information of the Republican Narcology Center provided for UNODC ROCA

68 Monitoring of Drug Abuse in Tajikistan, 2010. Dushanbe: Drug Abuse Monitoring and Prevention Center,

Ministry of Health, Tajikistan 69

UNGASS country progress reports on the Implementation of the UNGASS Declaration of Commitment on

HIV/AIDS, prepared by Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. 70

Fact Sheet: Eastern Europe and Central Asia. UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic 2010

48

Table 15: Trends in New HIV Infections, 2001-2010

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Kazakhstan 1,175 735 740 699 964 1,745 1,979 2,335 2,081 1,988

Kyrgyzstan 149 160 132 161 171 244 434 552 687 570

Tajikistan 34 32 42 198 189 204 339 373 431 1,004

Uzbekistan 549 981 1,836 2,016 2,198 2,205 3,169 3,404 4,016 n/a

Total 1,907 1,908 2,750 3,074 3,522 4,398 5,921 6,664 7,215 >7,500

Source: Compiled from Government Reports

The chart in Figure below exhibits increasing trends in the incidence of diagnosed HIV

infection71 in all Central Asian countries over the last ten years. While Kazakhstan ranked first

among Central Asian countries from 2001-2002 and 2006-2008, by the end of 2010 incidence in

the country (12 per 100,000) had fallen below its peak in 2008 (15 per 100,000). The highest

incidence of HIV in 2010 was in Tajikistan with 14.6 per 100,00072 followed by Uzbekistan (13)

and Kyrgyzstan (11).

Fig. 24: HIV Incidence Trend, 2001-2010

Sources: Compiled from Government Reports

As noted above, the HIV/AIDS epidemic is largely driven by injecting drug use (IDU); almost half

of all new HIV cases reported by Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan were attributed to this

practice. Data indicate an increase in percentage of new HIV cases related to IDU in Kyrgyzstan

(from 50% in 2008 to around 65% in 2009-2010), and Tajikistan (from 48% in 2008 to 55% in

2010). Kazakhstan reported a decrease in percentage terms of IDU-related infections among

new HIV cases: from 60% in 2008 to 53% in 2010. 73 This mode of transmission accounts for less

71 To calculate the HIV incidence, the reported number of newly infected with HIV was divided by the population

not infected at the start of the year under review: HIV incidence = Number of new cases*100,000/(Population in

the year under review–total number of HIV cases in the previous year) 72

Authorities of Tajikistan attribute the strong increase from 2009 to 2010 to increase in the number of people

underwent HIV testing. 73

UNGASS country progress reports on the Implementation of the UNGASS Declaration of Commitment on

HIV/AIDS, 2008-2009; other Government reports

49

than 20% new HIV infections in Uzbekistan. Data of Uzbekistan exhibit increasing trends in over

the last three years (from 18% in 2008 to 15% in 2010).74

Table 16: Major Drivers of New HIV Cases, 2008-2010

Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Uzbekistan

2008 2009 2010 2008 2009 2010 2008 2009 2010 2008 2009 2010

Injecting

(%) 60 56 53 50 66 65 48 51 55 18 16 15

Unprotected

sex (%) 29 36 43 28 25 27 33 27 28 24 32 39

Source: Compiled from Government Reports

Sexual transmission is likely to be a primary mode of HIV infection in Uzbekistan during the last

years because of continuous increase in the number of heterosexual infections. In 2010, 39% of

new HIV cases are related to unprotected sex in Uzbekistan (24% in 2008). 75 This mode of

transmission continues to be the secondary main mode in other countries of the region.

Kazakhstan reported on increase in percentage of this infection among new HIV cases: from

29% in 2008 to 43% in 2010. The 2010 percentage some increased in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan

compared to the previous year: from 25% to 27% in Kyrgyzstan and from 27 to 28% in

Tajikistan.

Although HIV/AIDS has been found predominantly in the male population in the region, the

proportion of females with HIV/AIDS is growing. By 2010, an increase in percentage of women

among newly registered HIV sufferers was reported in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan.

Between 2006 and 2010 the percentage in Kazakhstan increased from 26% to 37%,76

in

Uzbekistan it grew from 24% to 46% (in 2009),77 and in Kyrgyzstan from 26% to 29% in the

same years. 78 In Tajikistan, the percentage among newly registered HIV people slightly

decreased from 24% in 2006 to 21% in 2010 despite of the number of HIV-positive women

increased (49 in 2006 and 207 in 2010).79 The growth of HIV- HIV is spread primarily among

persons aged 20-49 years, but HIV has also been registered in children under 15.80

Since 2001, the total number of officially registered HIV cases in Central Asia has increased

almost 12 times: from 3,548 cases in 2001 to over 40,000 cases in late 2010. By country, the

total number of HIV cases increased 63 times in Tajikistan, almost 25 times in Uzbekistan, 16

times in Kyrgyzstan, and 6 times in Kazakhstan.

Table 17: Trends in Recorded HIV Cases, 2000-2010

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Kazakhstan 2,522 3,257 4,003 4,702 5,657 7,402 9,381 11,709 13,784 15,771

Kyrgyzstan 202 362 494 655 826 1,070 1,479 2,031 2,718 3,288

Tajikistan 45 77 119 317 506 710 1,049 1,422 1,853 2,857

Uzbekistan 779 1,760 3,596 5,612 7,810 10,015 13,184 15,831 >16,000 >19,00081

Total 3,548 5,456 8,212 11,286 14,799 19,197 25,093 30,993 >35,000 >40,000

74 Information on Modes of Transmission modes of HIV-infection in Uzbekistan, 2005-2010. Ministry of Health

75 Ibid

76 Statistics on HIV infection by 1 January 2011, Republican AIDS Centre , Kazakhstan

77 UNGASS country progress report: Uzbekistan, 2008-2009, p.3

78 UNGASS country progress report:, Tajikistan, 2008-2009, p.6

79 Situation with HIV infection in Kyrgyzstan, 2009. Bishkek: Ministry of Health, Kyrgyzstan.

80 UNGASS country progress reports on the Implementation of the UNGASS Declaration of Commitment on

HIV/AIDS, 2008-2009 81

People living with HIV/AIDS

50

Source: Compiled from Government Reports

In 2010, the highest proportion of people living with HIV was in Kazakhstan (84 per 100,000

people) and the lowest in Tajikistan (36 per 100,000). 82 In Uzbekistan the figures were 68 per

100,000 people in Uzbekistan and 49 per 100,000 in Kyrgyzstan.

Fig. 25: Persons living with HIV per 100,000 People, 2001-2010

Source: Compiled from Government Reports, the 2010 figures for Kazakhstan and Tajikistan were estimated by UNODC ROCA.

The data provided above includes only official data provided by the relevant national

authorities and reflect those registered with the national HIV case identification or registration

system. UNAIDS estimates indicate that in 2009 in Central Asia there were 59,600 people living

with HIV. Of these, 12,900 people lived in Kazakhstan; 9,700 - in Kyrgyzstan; 9,000 in Tajikistan;

and 28,000 lived in Uzbekistan.83

POLICY

Conventions adherence

All Central Asian countries are the parties to three international drug control conventions:

Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961, as amended by the 1972 Protocol Amending the

Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961; Convention on Psychotropic Substances, 1971;

United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances,

1988.

82 Figures were estimated by UNODC ROCA

83 UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic-2010. Epidemiological data: HIV Estimates with uncertainty bounds,

2009. Web: http://www.unaids.org/en/dataanalysis/epidemiology/

51

National Drug Control Policy

The Governments of Central Asian countries consider the drug control as the highest priority.

The documents below setting out the anti-drug policy in Central Asian countries are functional:

Table 18: National Drug Control Plans of Central Asian States

Kazakhstan National Strategy on Fighting Drug Addiction and Narcobusiness in the

Republic of Kazakhstan for 2006-2014.

Programme to Combat Drug Abuse and Drug Trafficking in the Republic of

Kazakhstan and Action Plan for 2009-2011.

Kyrgyzstan Concept of Anti-drug Policy in the Kyrgyz Republic, 2011-2015 (drafted in

2011).

Action Matrix on Implementation of the Concept of Anti-drug Policy in the

Kyrgyz Republic, 2011-2015 (drafted in 2011).

Tajikistan Integrated State Task Programme on Drug Addiction Prevention and

Counteraction to Illicit Drug Trafficking in the Republic of Tajikistan for 2008-

2012.

National Border Management Strategy and Its Implementation Plan for 2010-

2025.

Turkmenistan National Programme on Fighting Illicit Trafficking, Psychotropic Substances,

Precursors And Rendering Assistance to Drug and Psychotropic Substance

Addicts for 2011-2015.

Uzbekistan Programme of Complex Measures on Counteraction to Drug Abuse and Illicit

Drug Trafficking with the Action Plan for 2011-2015.

Table 19: National Plans of Central Asian States on Fighting HIV/AIDS

Kazakhstan Programme on Counteraction of AIDS Epidemics in the Republic of Kazakhstan

for 2006-2010.

Kyrgyzstan State Programme on Prevention of HIV/AIDS Epidemics and its Social Economic

Consequences in the Kyrgyz Republic for 2012-2016 (a draft).

Tajikistan Programme on Prevention of the Spread of Drug Addiction and Enhancement

of Narcological Aid in the Republic of Tajikistan for 2005-2010

Programme on Counteraction to HIV/AIDS Epidemics in the Republic of

Tajikistan for 2007-2010.

Turkmenistan National Programme on HIV/AIDS/STI Prevention in Turkmenistan for the

Period of 2005-2010.

Uzbekistan Strategic Programme on Counteraction to HIV Spread in the Republic of

Uzbekistan for 2007-2011.

National Action Plan to Prevent the Spread of HIV-infection in the Republic of

Uzbekistan for 2009-2011

International Cooperation

The following agreements for cooperation in fighting against illicit drug trafficking were signed

by Central Asian countries:

52

Kazakhstan

Bilateral Agreements Central Asian countries, Russian Federation, Republic of Croatia, Hungary,

Czech Republic, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Arab Republic of Egypt, Azerbaijan,

Turkey, Georgia, Latvian Republic, Romania, Bulgaria, Lithuanian Republic,

USA.84

Bilateral Interagency

Agreement

Kazakhstan Ministry of Revenue – Azerbaijan Customs Committee.

Multilateral

Agreements

CARICC, CIS, Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), Interpol, Interstate

Commission of Central Asian Economic Community (CAEC) Memorandum of

Understanding and cooperation (Central Asian countries, Azerbaijan, Russian

Federation, Aga Khan Development Network and UNODC),.

Kyrgyzstan

Bilateral Agreements Central Asian countries, Russian Federation, Pakistan, Austria, Czech

Republic, Azerbaijan, China.

Bilateral Interagency

Agreements

Kyrgyzstan MoI - Ukraine MoI85

Kyrgyzstan Customs– Kazakhstan Customs

Kyrgyzstan National Security Committee – Russian FSDC86

On the stages of signing by the State Drug Control Service of Kyrgyzstan

with: China, Pakistan, Islamic Republic of Iran, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan,

Turkey

Multilateral Agreements CI, Interstate Commission of CAEC, SCO, CARICC, Interpol, Memorandum of

Understanding and cooperation (Central Asian countries, Azerbaijan, Russian

Federation, Aga Khan Development Network and UNODC), CSTO,

International Drug Enforcement Conference (IDEC).

Tajikistan87

Bilateral Agreements All Central Asian countries, the People's Republic of China, Turkey, the

Republic of India, Islamic Republic of Uzbekistan, France, USA, Poland,

Pakistan, Afghanistan, Thailand, Russian Federation.

Bilateral Interagency

Agreements

DCA - Kazakhstan MoI and National Security Committee

DCA - Kyrgyzstan National Security Committee, Customs, MoI

DCA, Customs – Uzbekistan MoI, Customs

DCA – Russian MoI, Border Service, Federal Security Service, FDCS

DCA – Ukraine National Security Service

DCA – China Ministry of Security

DCA – U.S. Drug Enforcement Department.

Multilateral Interstate Commission of CAEC, CARICC, CIS, CSTO, Memorandum of

Understanding and cooperation (Central Asian countries, Azerbaijan, Russian

Federation, Aga Khan Development Network and UNODC), SCO, Tajikistan-

Afghanistan-Iran.

84 Drug Control Committee, http://www.narcopost.kz

85 Ministry of Interior

86 Federal Service on Drug Control

87 Drug Control Agency, http://rus.akn.tj

53

Turkmenistan

Bilateral Azerbaijan, Russian Federation, USA.88

Multilateral CIS, CARICC, Memorandum of Understanding and cooperation (Central Asian

countries, Azerbaijan, Russian Federation, Aga Khan Development Network

and UNODC), WCO.

Uzbekistan

Bilateral Central Asian countries, Bulgaria, China, Germany, Islamic Republic of Iran,

Italy, Latvia, Pakistan, Poland, Russian Federation, Thailand Turkey, Ukraine,

USA.

Multilateral CIS, CSTO, Memorandum of Understanding and cooperation (Central Asian

countries, Azerbaijan, Russian Federation, Aga Khan Development Network

and UNODC), SCO, CARICC, WCO.

CARICC Agreements

Members Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russian Federation, Tajikistan,

Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan.

Observers Austria, Afghanistan, Canada, Germany, Finland, France, Interpol,

Italy, Pakistan, Southeast European Cooperation Initiative (SECI)

Centre, Turkey, UK, USA.

SIGNIFICANT MISCELLANEOUS NEWS

Kazakhstan

• 9 July 2011 – A conference on combating drugs trafficking and strengthening the

precursor control was initiated by Kazakhstan. The event was aimed at strengthening of

the support of the OSCE member states in struggle against trafficking of drugs and

psychotropic substances, international organized crime and in improvement of

interaction of law enforcement authorities of the OSCE member states. 89

• 1 July 2011 – The Khorgos International Centre for Boundary Cooperation placed

between Kazakhstan and China was launched. The 30-day visa-free regime for citizens of

Kazakhstan and China will be operated in the centre. A total area of 528 hectares

88 Turkmen Inform, http://www.turkmeninform.com/ru/news/20110922/04696.html

89 Kazakhstan National Information Agency (KazInform), http://www.inform.kz/eng/article/2284924

54

consists of two parts: Kazakhstan (185 ha) and Chinese (343 ha). Both parts incorporate

a special transport-pedestrian crossing.90

• 29 April 2011 – Astana hosted the 6th meeting of the Secretaries of the Security

Councils of the SCO member-states. The meeting provided the platform for the

exchange of opinions on ensuring security in the SCO region, strengthening the

cooperation in combating terrorism, and drug trafficking.

• 14 May 2011 – The SCO Anti-Drug Strategy for 2011-2016 and Action Program on

implementation the strategy were signed at the session of the SCO Foreign Ministers

Council in Astana. The SCO representatives also signed a Memorandum of

Understanding between the SCO Secretariat and UN Office on Drugs and Crime. The

Strategy was endorsed on 15 June 2011.

Kyrgyzstan

• 1 December 2011 – Inauguration of the elected President of the Kyrgyz Republic

Almazbek Atambaev took place in Bishkek. Ms. Atambayev, 55, who has served as the

country’s prime minister, overwhelmingly won the October 30 presidential elections

with 62% of the votes.

• 12 September 2011 - The meeting of the Issuk-Kul Initiative facilitated by BOMCA has

brought together border troops commanders from Central Asian countries to discuss

the border management issues. Commanders from Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and

Tajikistan signed the bilateral joint complex plans for interaction and cooperation.

• 1 September 2011 - EU and UNDP started implementation of the 8th phase of BOMCA

Programme. The overall objectives of BOMCA 8 are to help increase security in Central

Asian region, to contribute toward the facilitation of legitimate trade and transit, and to

reduce the illicit movement of goods and people.

• 19 October 2011 - Members of the Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC) announced

in St. Petersburg that both Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan are eligible to join the Russia-

Belarus-Kazakhstan Customs Union.91

• 16 July 2010 – The President of Kyrgyzstan signed a decree on transformation of the

Border Service into the Border Guards subordinating to the National Security Service.

Tajikistan

• 17-21 October 2011 - Afghan delegation led by Deputy Minister of Interior for Counter-

Narcotics met with law enforcement authorities of Tajikistan. The Afghan delegation’s

visit resulted in signing of a protocol on cooperation between Tajik DCA and Afghan

Ministry of Interior. The document reportedly provides for organization and carrying out

joint operations, collection and analysis of information on drug-related crimes and

training of personnel.

90 http://www.mcps-khorgos.kz

91 http://www.24.kg

55

• 22 September 2011 – Ministers of Interior of the Russian Federation and Tajikistan

signed an agreement on cooperation in combating against drug trafficking on rail and air

transport in Orenburg, Russia.

• 21-22 September 2011 – The CIS Council of Border Guard Commanders took place in

Dushanbe. The issues related to border control cooperation, interaction in combating

trafficking of drugs and weapons as well as countering illegal migration were discussed

at the meeting.

• 15-16 September 2011 - The BOMNAF92

Regional Conference on promoting border

cooperation of Afghanistan with Central Asia was held in Dushanbe.

• 15 September 2011 - The U.S. Embassy in Dushanbe organized training on border and

immigration control for 15 Tajik and Afghan border guards. The training course covered

the basic tenets of border security, cross border cooperation, visa policy, detection of

fraudulent documents, combating human trafficking, and anti-terrorism.

• 3 September 2011 - The CIS presidents gathered at the CIS Summit in Dushanbe to

discuss further development of the post-Soviet association and urgent international

problems. The summit resulted in signing of 11 documents. The CIS Council of Heads of

State has elected Turkmenistan to act as the chairman of the CIS in 2012.

• 2 September 2011 - The 3rd

Quadrilateral Summit of Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan

and the Russian Federation that took place in Dushanbe resulted in signing of a joint

statement. The four countries agreed to work more closely to combat extremism and

drug trafficking along with organized crime.

• 18 August 2011 - An addendum to the Tajik-U.S. agreement on drug control and law

enforcement cooperation was signed in Dushanbe. The U.S. Government will provide

assistance worth $7 million for strengthening of border control, assistance to law

enforcement reform and improvement of justice system in Tajikistan through training

programs, development of infrastructure and provision of equipment and experts. The

funds will be allocated to support the implementation of the police reform and

implementation of Tajikistan’s National Border Strategy.

• On 15-16 March - A two-day conference of the Central Asia Border Security Initiative

(CABSI) convened to discuss border security and cross-border cooperation in Central

Asia took place in Dushanbe. National counterparts, representatives of EU and EC,

members of the international donor community and agencies involved in border

security technical assistance shared with best practices and coordinate efforts.

• 16 March 2011 - Tajikistan’s lower chamber (Majlisi Namoyandagon) of the Parliament

ratified the cross-border transport agreement between Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. The

agreement will promote bilateral and regional trade. The document also provides for

simplification of customs procedures on Tajik-Kyrgyz border.

• 16-17 March 2011 - Two-day session of the CSTO Council of Foreign Ministers’ Working

Group on Afghanistan was conducted in Dushanbe. The meeting was devoted to

learning developments in Afghanistan, issues of coordination of Afghan-oriented efforts

of law enforcement agencies.

92 Border Management Northern Afghanistan

56

• 25 March 2011 - Two laws “On Countering Legalization (Laundering) of Criminal

Proceeds and Financing of Terrorism” and “On Conducting Operative-Investigative

Activities”, were adopted by the Government of Tajikistan.

• April 2010 - The Government of Tajikistan adopted a “National Border Management

Strategy” drafted with the help of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in

Europe (OSCE). The strategy outlines comprehensive border management reform plans

for 2010 to 2025. The aim of the strategy is to promote cooperation among all

government agencies that regulate the flow of people and materials across Tajikistan’s

borders. The strategy addresses drug and precursor chemical trafficking, customs and

border guard reform, corruption, improvements in training, and the use of sniffer dogs

to detect drugs and other contraband. Significant funding for implementation is

expected to come from outside donors.93

Turkmenistan

• 11 August 2011 - The new Border Post “Archabil” of Ashkhabad Border Guard

Detachment was opened by the President.94

• 31 May 2011 - A conference of Deputy Foreign Ministers of five Central Asian states

took place in Ashgabat to discuss the fighting against trans-border crime, extremism and

drug trafficking, the situation in Afghanistan and Kyrgyzstan.

• 30 June 2010 - The new railway line linking Turkmenistan with Kazakhstan and Iran is to

be commissioned by the end of 2011. It will make the cargo transit route from the

region to the Gulf 600 km shorter, becoming an important part of the trans-continental

transport corridor linking China and Europe. It is estimated that some 3-5 million tonnes

of cargo annually will be transported using the route at the beginning, which will be

raised later to 10-12 million tonnes.95

• 20 May 2010 - The President signed into law a revised Criminal Code. The revised code

eliminated Article 298, which imposed fines and/or prison terms for the acquisition

and/or possession of small amounts of narcotics for personal use. As a result,

government authorities are able to provide treatment for drug addicts, rather than

punishing them.96

• 15 January 2010 - The President signed a Decree on establishment of the Office of

Financial Monitoring under the Ministry of Finance of Turkmenistan. The new body is

responsible for prevention, revealing and suppression of money laundering and

terrorism financing.97

Uzbekistan

• The Mini-Dublin Group meeting was held on 4 November 2011 in Tashkent. The meeting

was chaired by the Italian Ambassador with the participation of representatives from a

range of Mini Dublin Group member states and observers, namely Afghanistan, Bulgaria,

93 2011 INCSR, Country Report, http://www.state.gov/p/inl/rls/nrcrpt/2011/vol1/156363.htm

94 2011 INCSR, Country Report, http://www.state.gov/p/inl/rls/nrcrpt/2011/vol1/156363.htm

95 http://www.turkmenistan.ru/?page_id=3&lang_id=en&elem_id=17275&type=event&sort=date_desc

96 2011 INCSR, Country Report, http://www.state.gov/p/inl/rls/nrcrpt/2011/vol1/156363.htm

97 Turkmen Inform, http://www.turkmeninform.com/en/news/20100117/00095.html

57

the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Japan, Latvia, OSCE, Romania, the Russian

Federation, Tajikistan, Turkey, UK, USA, and Uzbekistan and representatives of UNODC,

BOMCA and CADAP Programs. The representatives identified the needs of law

enforcement for external assistance. At the conclusion of the meeting, participants

adopted the series of recommendations for foster international coordination on the

fight against drug trafficking.

• 1 July 2011 - A new line of Hairatan-Mazar-i-Sharif railway launched in July 2011. The

railway is capable of transporting a wide range of cargo. The Hairatan–Mazar-i-Sharif

railway is 75 km long and can carry eight trains in each direction per day, or nearly 9

million tonnes of cargo per year.

• 5 April 2011 - The EU-Central Asia foreign minister-level meeting was held in Tashkent.

The meeting was focused on development of relations between the EU and Central

Asian states in the framework of the EU’s New Partnership Strategy in the fields of

energy, environment, use of water resources, border protection and fighting against

drug trafficking.

58

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