Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course Evasion & Recovery.

Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course

Evasion & Recovery


References

• Joint Pub 3-50.2 Doctrine for Joint Combat Search and Rescue

• Joint Pub 3-50.21 Joint Tactics, Techniques and Procedures for Combat Search and Rescue

• Joint Pub 3-50.3 Joint Doctrine for Evasion and Recovery


“Evasion is the highest form of resistance”

Unknown SERE instructor

Evasion- The act or means of evading (to escape or avoid by cunning)

Recovery- The act of getting back, or returning to ones originally intended location. (friendly lines)


Recovery Rates

• WW 2 - 30%

• Korea - 52%

• Vietnam - 80.2 %

• Gulf War - 98%


E&R ChainJPRA

JSRC

RCC

Individual units

Individual soldier


JPRAJoint Personnel

Recovery Agency

• Responsible for developing joint E&R tactics, techniques and procedures, E&R aids and tools, and specialized equipment for E&R

• Provides expertise on E&R and survival to all services


JSRCJoint Search and Rescue Center

• Comprised of 2 or more services/countries

• For coordinating recovery efforts among joint services

• Develops and distributes the ATOSPINS

• Maintains ISOPREP cards for missing personnel


RCCRescue Coordination Center

• One at each service in theatre

• Notifies the JSRC of isolated personnel

• Develops Evasion Plans of Action with units

• Maintains ISOPREP cards for all isolated personnel

• Coordinates recovery efforts for that service


Service Capabilities

• Army- No dedicated CSAR assets / aviation, medical evacuation, and LRS units have a secondary mission of CSAR

• Navy- ASW crews and A/C (HH-60) capable of CSAR / SEALs may be used for recovery

• Air Force- Para rescue are a dedicated CSAR asset / all aircraft have a secondary mission of CSAR


• Marines- No dedicated CSAR forces / TRAP teams

• Coast Guard- No CSAR assets / set up for SAR missions (boats/long range A/C)

• Other- SARSAT (Search and Rescue Satellite), UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle)

CWI (Combat Warfare Intelligence)

Service Capabilities(cont.)


Types of Recovery

Conventional Recovery

• Unassisted - Evasion to friendly lines

• CSAR - Combat Search and Rescue assets

• On Site - Aviation or ground forces


• Planned assisted recovery- Follow on SOF missions- Dedicated recovery missions- Clandestine assets

• Unplanned assisted recovery- Opportunists- Acts of mercy

- Accidental

Types of Recovery

Unconventional Recovery


TYPES OF RECOVERY

COMBAT RECOVERY OF ISOLATED PERSONNEL

CONVENTIONAL UNCONVENTIONAL

UNASSISTED CSAR ON-SCENE CLANDESTINE AIRCRAFT

ASSISTED EVASION

HELICOPTER STAR

PLANNED UNPLANNED

FOLLOW-ON

SOF

MISSIONS

DEDICATED

EXTRACTION

TEAMS

UARM OPPORTUNISTSACTS

OF

MERCY

ACCIDENTAL

-MERCENARIES

-DISSIDENTS

-OUTLAWS

-EVADING TO

FRIENDLY

FORCES

-USAF CAF

-USN CVW

-USA HELO

-USMC TRAP

-USCG

-AIRCRAFT

-NAVAL VESSELS

-GROUND FORCES

-USCG


Reasons to Initiate E&R

• On order by the commander

• To avoid capture or escape from capture

• Have met commander’s abort criteria (pending communication)


Classifications of Evasion

• Short range- Within tactical battle area- Near FLOT- Short duration (hours/days)

- Adequate supplies- Location of friendly/enemy known

- Familiar with terrain


• Long range- Greater distance from friendly forces- Longer duration of evasion

- Travel restrictions- Use of survival skills

Classifications of Evasion


Common Considerations

• Knowledge of the area of operations- Pre-deployment studies- Post-deployment studies

• Survival skills and training• Supply economy• Endurance (physical and mental)• Patience and discipline


• Living in the open with limited supplies• Maintain the will to survive

- Family and home ties- Material items- Self preservation- Religion- Sense of responsibility

1) Team2) Country3) Family

Common Considerations


Movement Considerations

• Routes• Concealment• Energy conservation• Equipment cross load / discard• Night vs. Day movement• Camouflage• Rate of movement• Stealth• Progress• Method of movement (team SOPs)


Obstacles

• Natural- Mountains and hilltops- Streams and rivers

• Man made- Roads and trails- Bridges- Populated areas


Special Considerations

• Attitude of the local population• Local customs / habits• Dogs / animals• Type of population involved


Evader vs. Escapee

Evader - Considered a lawful combatant and able to conduct military operations

while in evasion

Escapee- A non-combatant unable to conduct any type of military operations

while in evasion


Considerations of an Evader

• While evading, evaders still fall under the Geneva Convention, Law of Land Warfare, and UCMJ• An evader is still considered a lawful combatant• Protected emblems (Red Cross / Crescent)• Uniforms / civilian clothing• Identification• Neutral countries


Evasion Aids


ISOLATED PERSONNEL REPORT (ISOPREP)

(See Privacy Act Statement on reverse before completing this form)

1. NAME (Last, First, Middle Initial)

2. SSN

CLASSIFIED BY: AFR 64-3 AR 525-90 NWP 19-2 DECLASSIFY ON: OADR

INSTRUCTIONSItems 1 through 15 and 20 through 23 are to be completed by Applicant. Items 16 through 19 and Item 24 are to be com-pleted by RCC personnel. All items must be filled in INK; however use PENCIL for items 3,13,14 and 20 through 24

3. RANK/GRADE

4. BRANCH OF SERVICE

5. NATIONALITY

6. DATE OF BIRTH (YYMMDD)

7. OBVIOUS MARKS (Scar, Birthmark, Mole)

8. BLOOD GROUP

9. HEIGHT

10. COLOR OF EYES

11. COLOR OF HAIR

12. DATE PREPARED (YYMMDD)

13. DATE REVIEWED (YYMMDD) AND CURRENT ASSIGNMENT

14. AUTHENTICATOR NO.

15. SIGNATURE

16. DATE MISSING (YYMMDD)

17. LOSS POSITION

18. PRIORITY (Holds vital information requiring priority rescue)

YES NO

19. SPARE

Isolated Personnel Report


PERSONAL AUTHENTICATION STATEMENTS

20.

21.

22.

23.

24. ADDITIONAL DATA

84 FEB

DD FORM 1833 PREVIOUS EDITION IS OBSOLETE CONFIDENTIAL (WHEN FILLED IN)



AUTHORITY: 10 U.S.C. Sections 133, 3012, 3051 and 8012; EO 9397.PRINICPAL PURPOSE(S): It is essential to the combat search and rescue effort for the protection of search and rescue forces from enemy entrapment. The social security number is used to ensure positive identification.ROUTINE USE(S): It will be completed by each aircrew member who may be subject to action in or over hostile territory. It contains personal information that may be used to ensure positive identification. After the aircrew member has completed the form it will be classified “CONFIDENTIAL.”DISCLOSURE IS VOLUNTARY: The information is necessary since it affects the entire search and rescue and effect on individual of not providing information could be loss of crew status.

LEFT HAND CODE PRINT CODE CODE RIGHT HAND

1. LITTLE FINGER Arch KK Tented Arch LL Finger Loop MM Thumb Loop NN Whorl OO Finger Missing PP Finger Mutilated QQ Question/Uncertain YY

10. LITTLE FINGER

2. RING 9. RING



3. MIDDLE PHOTOGRAPH (Front View) 8. MIDDLE

4. INDEX 7. INDEX

PHOTOGRAPH (Profile View)

5. THUMB 6. THUMB



Blood Chits

• Developed by the Flying Tigers in 1940/ reprinted for Vietnam/Desert Storm/etc• Made of Tyvec• Four serialized numbers (one in each corner)• Phrases in all major languages of the theatre• Never surrender the blood chit itself• Program administered by JPRA• Distributed by blood chit managers in theatre• Controlled item


Type 1 Chit issued to the American Volunteer Group AVG (Flying Tigers) for use in China. The flag is that of the Chinese nationalist flag. The serial number is proceeded by a W which designates that this chit was issued in Washington DC. The scrip translates to: This foreign person has come to China to help in the war effort. Soldiers and civilians, one and all, should rescue, protect, and provide him with medical care. The W preceeding the issue number indicates the chit was issued from Washington DC.


The blood chit shown here, is made from wool felt. The text (in Korean and English) is machine embroidered, and the US and United Nations flags are appliquéd. It was not a government-issue item and so had no official value. It was one of many types made by townsfolk for sale to military personnel. These "theater made" items found their way into many aviators' jackets and escape kits. Today they are prized for their craftsmanship.


WWII US blood chit printed in 7 languages: French, Annamese, Japanese, Korean, Chinese, Thai and Lao.Serial numbers for type 4 chits are printed in red. The Chinese flag was replaced by the American flag so that it could be used in several operational theatres.


Our U.S. Enduring Freedom Blood Chit is an exact replica of the Blood Chit used by American pilots flying over Afghanistan during the Enduring Freedom Campaign. The languages include Pashto, Formal Dari, Spoken Dari, Arabic, Uzbek, Persian Farsi, Urdu, and English.


British (Desert Storm) Canadian (Desert Storm)


Used during the Gulf Warconflict 2003/2004 by RAF flight personnel.


Pointee Talkee

• For all major languages in the theatre• Also includes a phonetic translation• May or may not use pictures• Distributed by JPRA


Some American troops in Haiti were issued a small pointee-talkie booklet. The cover shows an American soldier in front of the flags of Haiti and the United States and the text "MWEN SE OU SOLDA AMERIKAN" ("I AM AN AMERICAN SOLDIER"). The 46-page booklet introduces the troops to Haiti's history, culture and religion, has a pronunciation guide, and ends with a number of Creole phrases and expressions. Some of the more interesting ones for soldiers in peril are:


The Americans also produced a "pointee-talkie" card for use by servicemen who might fall into the hands of the Somalis. The card is printed in black and white and laminated. The front depicts the flags of Somalia and the United States. Some of the 13 phrases in English and Somali are, "My friend, I am hungry. Please provide me with food," and "My friend, if enemy troops come, please conceal me."


The holder of this note is entitled to a bag of wheat, to be issued at the stadium complex. This Somali citizen has made a contribution to the Coalition forces by providing useful information. The information assisted Task Force Mogadishu with locating criminal elements, weapons cache sites, the surrendering of a personal weapon or crew served weapons. Treat this Somali citizen with respect and dignity. Thank you for helping us make your city more peaceful. Please take this note to the Marines at the gate of Mogadishu stadium. You will receive wheat as a token of our gratitude. Consider us your friends. Together, with your assistance, we can make Mogadishu a peaceful city for the future of your children."

The Gift Card


Selected Area for Evasion Intelligence Description

• Distributed by the Defense Intelligence Agency• Some made for training (Benning, JRTC)• Contains a description of the SAFE - Food / water / animals / terrain - Approaches to the SAFE - Size of SAFE (MGRS or Lat / Long) - Details and pictures of contact points


Area Briefings

• Received from G2 or unit intel personnel

Maps

• 1:25,000/1:50:000• 1:250,000 (JOG)• 1:500,000• Strip maps


EVCEvasion Charts

• Distributed by the Defense Mapping Agency• Made of Tyvec• Has (8) 1:250,000/1:500,000 maps overprinted• Contains survival data, navigation, food, water• Can be used for shelter, blanket, carrying water


Air Tasking Order Special Instructions

• Developed by the JSRC• Information that allows recovery to be done with the least amount of problems possible• Contains

- Point of contact for CSAR incident reporting- Communications instructions- Color, number, codeword, and letter of the day- SARDOT- Additional Recovery Information


Communication

• Voice is the optimum method for recovery• Use secure if possible• Survival Radio - Cone of silence - Use with survival blanket - Touching the antenna


Evasion Plan of Action

• Developed by individual units with the help of the RCC• Quick recovery dependent upon how closely the EPA is followed• Developed at unit level and not at team


Evasion Planning

•All individuals operating in or over hostile territory should develop an Evasion Plan of Action (EPA) or review an existing EPA, each time a designated target or operating area changes (Joint Pub 3-50.3)


Evasion Planning

•“Ultimate responsibility for proper evasion preparation and planning rests with the potential evader(s)”• Headquarters element provides planning support• Potential evader(s) develop the actual plan• Joint theater assets support recover effort


Evasion Planning

•Successful evasion depends on detailed prior planning•Possess contingency plans and predetermined initiation mechanisms•Incorporate information from available reference sources


The Evasion Plan of Action

•Provides critical information to the recovery force

- Scheme of maneuver- Contact procedures

•EPA format- Six mandatory components- Five optional components


•Scheme of maneuver- Evasion with wounded or injured personnel- Assisted versus non-assisted evasion- Extended versus short range evasion

•Contact procedures- Contact with U.S. forces- Contact with allied or coalition forces- Contact with local populace

The Evasion Plan of Action


Mandatory Components

• Identification• Planned route of travel / movement (primary and alternate)• Immediate evasion actions and / or intentions for the first 48 hours; uninjured / injured• Extended evasion actions and / or intentions after 48 hours• Communications and authentications


Identification

• Name and rank (for each team member)• Mission number• Team call sign or identifier• Team position• Call sign suffix• Other


Planned FlightTravel Route

• If not on file, the route points must be described in the EPA• Describe in-flight emergency plans for each leg of the mission


Evasion Actions and/or Intentions

First 48 Hours (Uninjured)

• Consideration give to evasion versus resupply and continue mission• Evade alone, small groups or linkup with team• Travel plans (e.g., distance, duration, speed, other details• Intended actions and/or length of stay at initial hole-up location(s)



First 48 Hours (Injured)

• Immediate and sustained treatment of life threatening wounds or injuries• Special movement techniques• Litter(s)• Artificial support (e.g., cane, crutches, etc.)



After 48 Hours• Destination• Travel routes, plans, and / or techniques

- Written- Overlay

• Actions and/or intentions at potential contact or recovery locations• Recovery / contact point signals, signs, and/or procedures• Back-up plans


Communications and Authentication

• Mission folder / ATOSPINS will provide:• Code word, bona fides, color, letter, and number of the day / month / quarter• Challenge / password, number combinations, etc.


Communications and Authentication

• Available communications & signaling devices (far / near, day / night)• Primary communication schedule, procedures, frequencies• Backup communication schedule, procedures, frequencies


Optional EPA Information

• Weapons and ammunition carried• Personal evasion kit items• Listing of issued survival / evasion kit items• Mission evasion preparation checklist• Signature of reviewing official


Recovery Activation Signal

• Identified in the ATOSPINS• Put out when in evasion, mandatory when in SAFE• Can be letter of the day, number of the day, etc.


• RAS can be made of natural materials, VS-17 panels, stepped down vegetation.• RAS should be 1m high/legs 1m wide/4m

width of whole letter/6m long of whole letter.• Orient RAS North-South (for shadow)• Radios can be used to transmit a RAS

Recovery Activation Signal


Default RAS Measurement

1 m

14ft

14ft


Selected Area For Evasion

• An area selected based on numerous factors such as population, terrain, and survival to best facilitate recovery efforts• Size- no set size/ large enough to facilitate needs• Identification- gained from S.A.I.D.• Contains numerous contact points


SAFE Area 468-1

SAFE AREA468-1


Contact Points

• Within the SAFE• No set order • May be at a contact point for a long period• Set periods for contact and setting out of LOAD signal• May not get recovered always at contact point• Must conduct a recon of the site• Contingencies: no recovery, contact, high enemy activity, or no commo with recovery asset


Approach

Area

Approach

Area

Potential

Hole-Up

Sites

Potential

Hole-Up

Sites

SAFE

SAFE

Hole-Up

Site

Hole-Up

Site

Contact

Point

Alpha

Contact

Point

Alpha

Contact

Point

Bravo

Contact

Point

Bravo

Contact

Point

Charlie

Contact

Point

Charlie

Contact

Point

Delta

Contact

Point

Delta

Contact

Point

Echo

Contact

Point

Echo

Contact

Point

Foxtrot

Contact

Point

Foxtrot

Load SignalLoad Signal

RASRAS

LL


LOAD Signal

• Put out by evader at briefed contact point• Detectable by the recovery force• Visual signal displayed in a covert manner• Constructed of natural materials/simple to make• Easy to remember under stress• Displayed only at briefed time windows to maintain security


LOAD Signal

• Example: 4 golf ball size rocks piled in a pyramid behind a specific telephone pole• Monitored at briefed contact times• After contact time move back to hole up site• Recovery element normally initiates final contact• Be prepared to authenticate identity from isoprep cards-may be at contact point or other location


Hole Up Sites

• Same criteria as a hide site, must facilitate camouflage, egress, water, communications• Use when enroute to the SAFE or when not at a contact point• Should facilitate air extraction (LZ) in close vicinity


Designated Areas for Recovery

• Issued when no SAFE is available in the area

of operation• Can possibly supplement a SAFE• Will be issued with the appropriate area study

(Similar to SAID)• Contact points referred to as recovery points


DAR MarsDAR Mars

DAR VenusDAR Venus

Recovery

Points

Recovery

PointsHole -Up Site

Display RAS

Hole -Up Site

Display RAS

SSSS

HSHS

DARS


Questions

Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course Evasion & Recovery.

Documents

Transcript of Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leader Course Evasion & Recovery.