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Division I Sciences humaines et socialesDivision II Mathématiques, sciences naturelles et de l'ingénieurDivision III Biologie et médecineAdresse case postale 8232, 3001 BerneTéléphone +41 (0)31 308 22 22Telefax +41 (0)31 301 30 09e-mail div1@snf.ch / div2@snf.ch / div3@snf.ch

Rapport scientifique

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Ce rapport concerne le subside no: 20-65'179.01Il est établi pour la période du 01.10.2001 au 30.09.2002

Titre du projet de recherche: A) High-Energy Interactions : CDF at the Tevatron and ATLAS at the CERN LHC B) Research and Development for Neutrino Factories

Nom et prénom du/de la bénéficiaire: CLARK AllanTéléphone direct : 0227026275 Date de remise du rapport: 15 novembre2002Téléphone secrétariat: 0227026369 e-mail: Allan.Clark@cern.ch

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Résumé (10-15 lignes) des résultats obtenus et de leur signification; ce résumé peut être mis àla disposition de milieux intéressés.A. HIGH-ENERGY HADRON INTERACTIONS: THE CDFEXPERIMENT AT THE FERMILAB TEVATRON AND THE ATLAS DETECTOR AT THE CERN LHC

SUMMARY :

The study of hadron interactions at the highest possible collision energies allows a detailedverification of the Standard Model for strong and electroweak interactions, and allows stringentsearches for extensions or deviations from the Standard Model.

Follwing the completion of Run I in 1996, major improvements were made to the FermilabTevatron Collider and the CDF experiment. Data taking restarted in April 2001, with proton-antiproton ( ) collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of = 1.96 TeV The improved detector is fullycommissioned, and it is intended to collect a 20-fold increase of integrated luminosity in thecoming 2 years.

The ATLAS experiment is now being constructed and from 2007 will study proton-proton (pp)interactions at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC), at = 14 TeV.

2

Résumé (2-4 pages) des résultats obtenus et de leur signification :• Présentez en grandes lignes l'avancement de vos recherches en y

situant les publications parues, soumises et prévues, mentionnées ci-dessous aux points b), c) et d).

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FNS.• Commentez le cas échéant les modifications significatives

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Si oui, veuillez nous remettre ces publications (avec mention du numéro dusubside) avec votre prochain rapport ; s’il s’agit ici d’un rapport final, veuilleznous envoyer un exemplaire des publications dès leur parution.

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Lieu et date: Signature du/de labénéficiaire responsable:

Genève, le 15 novembre 2002

Annexes (points a-c, e)nombre total de pages Dans leurs rapports finaux, les bénéficiaires responsables doivent donner desrenseigne-ments détaillés au sujet de l’état et de l’utilisation future du matériel de valeurdurable (unités d’un prix d’acquisition supérieur à CHF 20'000.-)acquis grâce ausubside du FNS (cf. art. 42 du Règlement relatif aux octrois de subsides).

K:\Basics\DocsGA1Rapports\FormWissberJuli2002F5_div123.doc

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A. HIGH-ENERGY INTERACTIONS: CDF AT THE TEVATRONAND ATLAS DETECTOR AT THE CERN LHC

Responsibles: Professor Allan G. Clark, Professor Alain Blondel and Dr. Xin Wu.

Participants: M. Mangin-Brinet, F. Mazzucato, B. Mikulec, I. Riu, L. Rosselet(physicists ATLAS experiment)M. Campanelli (physicst, CDF experiment)M. Donega, M. D’Onofrio (candocs, ATLAS experiment),Y. Liu, A. Zsenei, (candocs, CDF experiment)Departmental technical support,

During the period October 2001 – September 2002:- L. Moneta (January 2002) left the group to take a staff position at CERN;- D. Ferrere (March 2002) transferred to a technical post as System Engineer;- F. Strumia completed her PhD. thesis and left the group (February 2002);- I. Riu (March 2002) and B. Mikulec (June 2002) joined the group;- A.-S. Nicollerat (ETHZ) has been a visitor to the CDF group from November 2001;- B. Toczek (University of Mining and Metallurgy, Cracow) was a Summer Student

with the group (July-September 2002).

Y. Liu and A. Zsenei are expected to complete their PhD studies at the CDF experimentduring 2003. M. Donega and M. D’Onofrio are now completing their ATLAS hardwareand analysis activities, and will transfer to the CDF experiment to complete their PhD.studies in Spring 2003. Manuel Diaz Gomez joined CERN as a Technical Student inSeptember 2002, and will make his PhD studies at the University of Geneva, working ondata acquisition aspects of the design and testing of the ATLAS Liquid Argon readout.

ATLAS development and construction activities at the University of Geneva (DPNC) arefocussed towards:- the fabrication and test of forward silicon modules, meeting stringent ATLAS

electrical and mechanical specifications, for the high-precision central silicontracking detector (SCT) of ATLAS;

- the design and construction of 4 carbon fibre sandwich cylinders and associatedbrackets to support silicon modules of the SCT, and the subsequent mechanical andsystem integration of the assembled barrel detector layers;

- the development of off-detector read-out electronics (“RODs”) for the Liquid Argoncalorimeter of ATLAS; and

- data acquisition associated with the electronics developments noted above.

This report summarises the activities of the group during the period October 2001 –September 2002, but concentrates on the period since the report given in our March 2002funding request. Work has concentrated on:- the supply and technical evaluation of silicon sensors for the ATLAS SCT that have

been supplied by Hamamatsu Semiconductor (France);- the supply of the ABCD3T binary front-end readout chips for the ATLAS SCT

silicon modules;- module development (using the ABCD3T front end electronics and Hamamatsu

forward silicon detectors) towards a final production prototype able to survive theoperating conditions at the LHC;

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- activities related to the large-scale construction of modules within mechanical andthermal specifications;

- mechanics activities related to the barrel support of SCT detector modules;- development of a pre-production prototype (ROD) motherboard for read-out of the

ATLAS LAr calorimeter.

The declared objectives for the period October 2001 - September 2002 have not beenfully met, with major delays incurred on the go-ahead for production of silicon modules,and in the delivery of carbon fibre barrels. Far more positively, however, is that all themajor technical problems have (we believe) now been successfully resolved, and thetransfer from a regime of R&D to construction is in progress. In addition to this hardwareprogress, work has continued on simulation and computing activities with the physicsgroups of the ATLAS Collaboration.

The upgraded CDF experiment (CDFII) has been fully commissioned. A major Tevatronupgrade and a new Main Injector to increase the machine luminosity is also completed,The first proton-antiproton collisions at an energy √s = 1.96 TeV were reported in April2001. Since January 2002, the CDF detector has collected data in a stable manner and thefirst new results were presented in September 2002 at the XIV’th Hadron ColliderConference (Karlsruhe). However, there have been major machine problems limiting theintegrated luminosity. The group continues its maintenance responsibilities for the CDFsilicon trigger, and participates in operational activities. Physics analyses by the groupsince the March 2002 report are also described below.

A.1. THE ATLAS DETECTOR AT LHC

A.1.1 The ATLAS Silicon Tracker (SCT)

A. SCT silicon sensor procurement and quality assurance

A total of 25001 silicon sensors have been ordered from Hamamatsu Photonics (France)by the group for the construction of the outer forward modules in Geneva. Productiondeliveries started in March 2001, with a rate close to the planned 130 detectors per month(see Figure 1). In October 2002, 98% of the detectors had been delivered (see Table 1)and sent for quality control. The final cost is only slightly higher than the CORE estimate(2056 KCHF for Geneva), with some remaining exchange rate uncertainty.

The quality control, performed at the Czech Academy of Science (Prague) and MoscowState University, consists of systematically making a visual inspection and a leakagecurrent (Il) versus voltage (IV) scan for each detector. The leakage current Il that ismeasured on the delivered detectors is on average two orders of magnitude less than thespecified Il at a detector bias voltage of 350V. The rejection rate of approximately 1% ofthe delivered detectors is due mainly to visual inspection problems or to atypical Ilbehavior.

1 In addition 100 sensors of each type were recently ordered as construction spares

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Figure 1: Hamamatsu sensor delivery in Geneva since the beginning of the production

Total ordered: 2500Delivered: 2476Rejected: 21% delivered: 98.2

Table 1. Delivered silicon sensors from Hamamatsu France S.A.

Following the quality assurance, the detector batches are stored with a controlledtemperature and humidity at the University of Geneva, prior to their use in moduleassembly. In October 2002, 60% of the sensors are stored and ready for assembly.

B. Status of SCT electronics procurement

The group is financially responsible for 4.5% of the supply of the front-end ABCD3Treadout electronics, developed by the CERN, Cracow and Geneva groups. A total of 924wafers were ordered, at a value of 4.3 M€. A subsequent order of 37 wafers has beenmade for spares at a cost of 170 K€. The Geneva contribution to this is 201 K€ (to becompared with a CORE cost of 180 K€).

As of October 2002, the collaboration had received 657 wafers. The acceptance yield ofchips is 27.5%, and corresponds to 65.8% of the total chip requirements.

C. SCT hybrid development and module readout studies

As noted in the March 2002 report, a fifth version (K5) of the baseline hybrid for theforward module was developed by Freiburg and ~20 hybrids were delivered fromDecember 2001. To evaluate the electrical performance of these K5 hybrids, severalmodules have been built (a total of 162 were available in October 2002). Five outermodules resulted from a mini-production made in Geneva (see below). The electricalperformance of these modules is summarized in Table 2. 2 this does not include a recent K5-module, or four modules that have been constructed using the K5.1hybrid and are currently under evaluation.

Detector Delivery in GenevaDetector Delivery in GenevaDetector Delivery in GenevaDetector Delivery in Geneva

0

50

100

150

200

250

Mar-01

Apr-01

May-01

Jun-0

1Ju

l-01

Aug-01

Sep-01

Oct-01

Nov-01

Dec-01

Janv

-02

Feb-02

Mar-02

Apr-02

May-02

Jun-0

2Ju

l-02

Aug-02

Sep-02

Month

TotalW31W32

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Module Gain (mV/fC) Noise(ENC)

Noise Occupancy @1fC Masked channels

K5 305 48.1 1426 3.62 10-5 0K5 308 46.8 1449 1.53 10-5 4K5 309 47.9 1388 3.37 10-6 12K5 310 47.4 1449 6.36 10-6 0K5 312 49.0 1454 5.93 10-6 10

Table 2: Electrical performances of the non-irradiated prototype K5 modules. The values of gain, noiseand noise occupancy are corrected for a calibration factor and normalized to the expected SCT operatingtemperature ( 2 0C at the hybrid thermistor).

Typical efficiency curves are displayed for one module in Figure 2 and do not show theinstability characteristic of the previous K4 version. The other modules also performwell, with a typical rms noise of ~ 1440 electrons (ENC) for the outer modules, 1345ENC for the middle modules, and 920 ENC for the inner modules3. The average noiseoccupancies for the three module types at a 1 fC comparator value are respectively ~10-5,~5.10-6, and ~10-8.

Figure 2: Curves of the efficiency versus threshold (s-curves) of link 0 at 1 fC for the non irradiated K5308. One plot corresponds to 32 superimposed readout channels.

Five K5 modules have been irradiated with the 24 GeV proton beam of the CERN PS T7facility. Two (K5 305 and K5 308) received a dose of 3.1014 protons/cm2, “simulating” 10years of ATLAS experiment, two (K5 310 and K5 312) were irradiated with half the dose(1.6 1014 protons/cm2) and a fifth was used for thermal studies. The resulting electricalperformance is shown in Table 3. These irradiated modules do not meet the performance

3 Values normalised to SCT operating temperature, that is 20C on the hybrid thermistor

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specifications (noise < 1800ENC, and noise occupancy < 5.10-4) and a program ofadditional irradiations is in progress to better understand this result.

Module Gain (mV/fC) Noise (ENC) Noise Occupancy@1fC TemperatureK5 305 27.6 2408 8.80 10-3 +1K5 308 32.2 2185 4.40 10-3 +1K5 310 33.8 2068 1.27 10-3 +8K5 312 37.7 1928 1.05 10-3 -1

Table 3: Electrical performances of the irradiated prototype outer K5 modules. The values of gain, noiseand noise occupancy are corrected by a calibration factor. The noise and occupancy have been evaluatedby separate methods.

Three test beam studies were made in 2002 at the ATLAS test beam facility at the CERNSPS H8 beamline using a collimated, parallel beam of 180 GeV/c pions passed through apair of trigger scintillators and an inline array of silicon detectors. The measurementprogram was designed to investigate the performance of both non-irradiated andirradiated modules as particle tracking detectors, through a range of varied operationaland environmental parameters. The basic test beam measurement of SCT binary modulesis a scan of the input comparator thresholds resulting in s-curves of particle detectionefficiency versus threshold. From these data, the module efficiency at the designedoperating threshold (1 fC) can be determined, as well as the median charge response,defined as the threshold at 50% efficiency. Combining median charge and noisemeasurements, a median signal-to-noise ratio can be evaluated. Nine modules werestudied, two of them both before and after irradiation. Table 4 shows the efficiency,median charge and signal-to-noise ratio for the forward modules tested.

Module Efficiency (%) at 1 fC median charge (fC) Median S/N ratioK5 304 (i) 99.6 3.3 20.6K5 301 (m) 99.7 3.3 13.8K5 302 (o) 99.7 3.3 13.2K5 303 (o) 99.7 3.6 14.5K5 310 (o) 99.5 3.4 14.4K5 312 (o) 99.7 3.5 13.8K5 305* (o) 98.7 2.8 7.0K5 308* (o) 99.5 2.8 7.7K5 310* (o) 99.6 3.3 11.0K5 312* (o) 99.6 3.3 11.0K5 315* (o) 99.6 3.5 12.0

Table 4: Electrical performances of the prototype K5 module in the three test beam periods of 2002 (May,July, August). Modules labeled with * are irradiated ones and (o), (m), (i) indicate respectively outer,middle and inner modules. Only the hybrid of the K5 315 module was irradiated.

As an alternative to the test beam, a method for testing modules using a 90Sr beta sourcehas been developed. The analysis of the data relies on the reconstruction of thedifferential signal spectrum (Gaussian noise with a Landau-like signal), which allows therecovery of analog information from a threshold scan. Typical results obtained by thisanalysis are shown in Figure 4, for the irradiated K5 308 module. The channelsconsidered are those giving the maximum number of hits. Several aspects of this methodneed further study – for example the control of systematics for numerical determination

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of noise and signal – nevertheless it provides a useful comparison of modules betweeneach other and a deeper insight of the standard performance determination.

Figure 4: Source data analysis for 3 channels of irradiated K5 308. The top curves represent the s-curvesof the efficiency versus threshold in fC, and the bottom one are the derivative spectrum. Left and right handsides are respectively the noise and the signal.

The latest pre-production prototype K5.1 hybrids are currently under evaluation. Subjectto their satisfactory performance, the production of hybrids will start in early 2003. TheCORE cost (1860 KCHF, with a share of 409 KCHF for Geneva) will be significantlyexceeded.

This represents a significant delay affecting the module assembly, and the schedule is ona critical path for ATLAS. M. Mangin-Brinet, B. Mikulec, M. D’Onofrio and M. Donegaand the technical groups have all contributed to this major effort.

D. SCT forward module thermal performance

The thermal behavior of an ATLAS-SCT module changes dramatically with the radiationdose it collects. At the beginning of its life an SCT module will mainly dissipate powerthrough its hybrid because of the 12 readout chips. At the end of its nominal life thedetectors, damaged by radiation of up to 3x1013 protons/cm2, will also dissipate asignificant amount of power and if not properly cooled will result in thermal runaway.Since the leakage current is strongly dependent on the detector temperature, heating thesilicon translates into an increase of the leakage current that in turn increases the powerdissipation. If the module is not properly cooled this feedback will in principle make thetemperature of the detector diverge and therefore impossible to bias.

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In the past, several simulations have been proposed to understand the thermal behaviourof the modules. Now the temperature of the irradiated modules is measured directly onfully operational modules, emulating the real ATLAS-SCT environment.

The module is mounted in a dedicated box, designed and built at the DPNC (M. Donega),that allows cooling in a controlled atmosphere. This box has also feed through for theelectrical connections and for the temperature monitoring. All the temperatures aremeasured with DS1820 Dallas semiconductor temperature sensors. The modulescurrently tested are one KB outer irradiated (see below) and one K5 inner irradiated(discussed here). The K5 inner module is a critical cases design, since it has only onecooling point.

Two fundamental specifications are required of the thermal performance:- no part of the detectors should be above –7 °C (the temperature where the module

benefits from best annealing conditions), and- the module must not be in thermal runaway below 240 µW/mm2, this being an

estimation plus some safety margin of the worst operating conditions the module cansuffer in the ATLAS-SCT.

The K5 inner module has been tested in the ATLAS C3F8 evaporative cooling test rig,which is currently at RAL (Rutherford Appleton Laboratory) and allows measurements inrealistic experimental conditions. Measurements by the Geneva group are almostcomplete (M. Donega). First results indicate as expected that the thermal design is at thelimit of design specifications without a safety margin, using the design coolanttemperature of –230C. Since the module design is fixed, attention is concentrated on thecooling block design. The baseline block is produced in ‘Composite Carbon’, a materialsimilar to graphite that has good thermal conductivity on a plane and low conductivity onthe perpendicular dimension. Taking advantage of this characteristic it is possible tomodel a block reducing the coupling between the hybrid side, dissipating 7 W, and thedetector side, at lower temperature, dissipating much less power. The final block designwill be finalised over the coming months and a test disk equipped with all the services isforeseen. This should allow an investigation of the cooling rig on multi-module chain.

This work was not foreseen in the proposed research plan for 2001-2, but wasnecessitated by slow progress in understanding thermal issues of the K5 module, and bythe need to compare an alternative KB module design (see below).

E. SCT forward module mechanics and assembly

Following delivery of the new K5 hybrid, 16 modules were made in the forwardcommunity, including 5 outer K5 modules made as a mini-series production in Genevaand 5 inner modules made by Nikhef. From these mini-production lines the forwardcommunity could identify limitations of the module or tooling design, and therepeatability of both the electrical and the mechanical/alignment behaviour. A detailedsummary of this mini-production activity is accessible on the following web page:http://dpnc.unige.ch/atlas/ferrere/assembly/K5miniprod/.

The five modules were assembled over a 1-month period from mid-April 2002. Twoadditional modules were recently made (September 02) with the K5.1 pre-productionhybrid, and are now under evaluation.

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a) Detector current measurement during the various assembly steps:

It is essential that fully assembled modules have detector currents that behave wellwithout any sign of instability or breakdown. The current value and shape may increaseor change after gluing and wire bonding and it is essential to keep track of currentchanges throughout the module assembly. An excess of current after any assemblyoperation can result from mechanical stress during gluing (Figures 5a-5e), or due totrapped surface charge that decreases over several hours after biasing (Figure 5f).

The 5 Geneva mini-production modules produced in a systematic way showedsatisfactory detector and module currents.

0200400600800

1000120014001600

0 100 200 300 400Bias [V]

Figure 5a: Module G1 - Total current

0100200300400500600700800

0 100 200 300 400 500Bias [V]

Figure 5b2: Module G2 - Total current

0200400600800

1000120014001600

0 100 200 300 400 500Bias [V]

I [nA

] After det gluingAfter hybrid gluingQC data (ind. Detector)Fully bonded

Figure 5c: Module G3 - Total current

0

100

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300

400

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600

0 100 200 300 400Bias [V]

Figure 5d : Module G4 - Total current

0100200300400500600700800

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I [nA

] QC data (Geneva)After detector gluingAfter hybrid gluingModule fully bonded

Figure 5e: Module G5 - Total current

0100200300400500600700800900

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2Time [h]

Figure 5f: Module G5 - Leakage current stability @450V

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b) Detector (XY) alignment

A metrology survey to track any assembly problem and to provide basic surveyinformation to the database is essential. The parameters that are used to survey a modulein the module plane (X and Y) are:- midXF and midYF, representing the front-to-back detector pair alignment in X and

Y respectively (X-direction is along the strips),- SepF and SepB, representing the separation between the detectors on each of the

front and back sides,- the Stereo angle (nominally +/- 20 mrad) between the front and back detector pairs,- a1, a2,a3, a4, the 4 individual detector angles relative to their nominal position, and- the hole and slot positions in X and Y.

The XY metrology of the 5 modules from the Geneva mini-production, and the 2 morerecent modules, are summarized in Table 5 (D. Ferrere, M. Weber). The tightest toleranceis on MidYF; it is the parameter that requires particular attention during assembly, sinceit reflects both limitations of the alignment system, and operator errors.

Parameters Mod.G1

Mod.G2

Mod.G3

Mod.G4

Mod.G5

Mod.G7

Mod.G8

Tolerances

MidXF (µm) 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 ±10MidYF (µm) 6 3 1 1 1 -2 0 ±5SepF (µm) -5 -4 -3 -6 -4 -4 -3 ±10SepB (µm) -4 -3 -3 -5 -3 -4 -3 ±10Stereo (mrad) 0.020 0.011 0.002 0.018 0.028 0.005 0.009 ±0.130a1 (mrad) -0.014 0.012 -0.004 0.020 0.035 -0.004 0.006 ±0.130a2 (mrad) 0.013 0.029 0.007 0.017 0.015 -0.027 0.030 ±0.130a3 (mrad) 0.001 0.016 0.000 -0.004 -0.024 0.010 0.022 ±0.130a4 (mrad) -0.020 0.000 -0.028 -0.021 -0.038 -0.010 -0.011 ±0.130

Table 5 :XY alignment survey for 7 K5 modules made in Geneva.

Only the first module, G1, is 1 µm outside tolerance in MidYF and this has beenunderstood to result from not using a torque limitation tool. In summary the metrology ofthe 7 modules are understood and are well inside all the tolerances.

c) Experience and outcomes with the mini-production

Several minor design changes resulted from the use of a K5 hybrid, and several designshortcomings were identified (and subsequently corrected) during or after the mini-production. The list of problems can be found on the web page:http://dpnc.unige.ch/atlas/ferrere/assembly/K5miniprod/ProblemList.html

Despite the number of problems and shortcoming designs, this K5 mini-production wasextremely successful (electrically and mechanically). This has allowed us (subject tosatisfactory K5.1 evaluation) to proceed towards production tooling and site qualificationtowards large-scale production early in 2003. Geneva is expected to be the firstproduction site for forward modules.

12

F. Developments of the SCT Data Base (DB)(Web page: http://melb.unige.ch:3143/phyprdwww/sctprd/welcome.html )

The SCT production database has been developed, maintained and administrated by theGeneva group (D. Ferrere from the DPNC and Ph. Demierre from the ComputingDivision) and is running well for the current component production such as silicondetectors, the ASICs and some other generic components. The traceability of all the SCTcomponents and modules is essential during the module production and the subsequentintegration. Reference [1] describes the tools and functions available in the database.

An important next step is the inclusion of QA information for the hybrid and moduleassembly and test. This involves 11 new entitiesΦ with ~500 associated attributes. Theimplementation consists of:- creating the table with the respective attributes,- creating the web access modules to allow the user the visualize or delete the

recorded data,- implementing the java code to read the specific user data files and upload the test

information into the respective tables,- inserting the definition for the allowed test on the specific items- testing the tools described above onto the development DB and then migrating the

tools above to the production DB.

The status for the hybrid and module test implementation is summarized in Table 6.

Table 6. Status of new attributes in the SCT database.

Φ P. Phillips, L. Eklund, Electrical tests of SCT hybrids and modules,http://hepwww.rl.ac.uk/atlas-sct/documents/Electrical_Tests.htm♣ Only for the forward K5 hybrid and module defined into Test_list.

Table

Tableapprovedforaddition toDB

Tablecreatedin dev DB

Web accessview in devDB

Javaupload ondev DB

Definition fortest, defectand test list indev DB♣♣♣♣

Move all inprod DB +web doc andlinks

TSTDAQINFO YES YES Not yet YES YES Not yet

TSTDCSINFO YES YES Not yet YES YES Not yetTSTSCANINFO YES YES Not yet YES YES Not yetTSTMODIV Already exists in TEST_DET_IV and the test name is “DetModIV”TSTHYBRESET YES YES Not yet YES YES Not yetTSTHYBCLOCK YES YES Not yet YES YES Not yetTSTHYBBPASS YES YES YES YES YES Not yetTSTHYBPIPE YES YES Not yet YES YES Not yetTSTHYBDELAY YES YES Not yet YES YES Not yetTSTHYBRC YES YES Not yet YES YES Not yetTSTHYBTRIM YES YES Not yet YES YES Not yetTSTHYBNOISE YES YES Not yet YES YES Not yetTSTHYBTW YES YES Not yet YES YES Not yetTSTHYBLTT YES YES Not yet YES YES Not yet

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G. The KB alternative forward module design: electrical and mechanical status

Late in 2001, the Geneva group was involved in a parallel project on module constructionusing barrel hybrids as an alternative to the baseline because of the problems found in theK4 hybrids. A prototype was made and tested electrically in both the laboratory and thetest beam. To compare the behaviour of KB and the baseline K5 modules, 3 KB moduleswere built in January 2002. Despite the superior performance of the KB modules, thebaseline project was retained. To complete an overview of the 2 designs (specifically inrelation to thesis studies of M. D’Onofrio and M. Donega), a parallel mini-production ofKB modules was initiated: two modules have been fully tested both electrically and in thetest beam and three others are being evaluated. Table 7 shows electrical results of the 6KB modules produced and tested: the first one is the prototype B048 built in the 2001.Table 8 reports the efficiency, median charge and signal-to-noise ratio as measured in testbeam. The efficiency versus threshold is shown in Figure 6 for KB 100. In addition, aprogram of irradiation in the CERN T7 facilities is in progress in this period: bothelectrical and thermal results are expected in the next month.

Module Gain Noise(ENC)

Noise occupancy @ 1fC

Maskedchannels

B048 48.1 1426 3. 10-5 0KB 100 46.8 1449 2. 10-5 4KB 102 47.9 1388 3. 10-6 12KB 103 47.4 1449 6. 10-6 0KB 104 49.0 1454 6. 10-6 10KB 105 49.0 1454 6. 10-6 10

Table 7: Electrical performances of the non-irradiated KB modules. The values of gain, noise and noiseoccupancy are corrected for a calibration factor and normalized to the SCT operating temperature.

Module Efficiency (%) at 1 fC median charge (fC) S/N ratioKB 100 99.6 3.3 14.0KB 102 99.7 3.4 13.4KB 103 99.5 3.4 13.0

Table 8: Electrical performances of the non-irradiated KB modules in the test beam. The analysis for twoother modules (KB 104 and KB105) present in the last test beam period is in progress.

Figure 6: Efficiency versus threshold for both links of KB 100 in the test beam.

14

a) KB module assembly

As noted above, a parallel mini-production of 5 K5 and 5 KB modules has been made.The assembly principle of the KB module is exactly the same as the K5 modules(baseline) for the detector alignment and the gluing to the spine. The spine and the hybriddesigns differ, however, and significantly simplify the assembly.

A summary of the XY survey metrology is showed in Table 9. The results are wellwithin the required tolerances.

Parameters Mod. KB-04

Mod.KB-05

Mod.KB-06

Mod.KB-07

Mod.KB-08

Tolerances

MidXF (�m) 2 -2 1 1 2 ±10

MidYF (�m) -1 1 -1 0 -5 ±5

SepF (�m) -5 -2 -2 -2 -3 ±10

SepB (�m) -2 -3 -5 -1 -4 ±10

Stereo (mrad) 0.005 0.011 0.023 0.008 0.006 ±0.130

a1 (mrad) -0.011 0.005 0.021 0.016 -0.002 ±0.130

a2 (mrad) 0.014 0.008 0.024 0.022 0.022 ±0.130

a3 (mrad) -0.008 0.008 -0.035 0.003 -0.006 ±0.130

a4 (mrad) -0.021 -0.023 -0.043 -0.026 -0.010 ±0.130

Table 9: XY measured shift relative to the nominal values for the last 5 KB modules made.

b) KB thermal performance

Extensive simulations of the KB cooling have been previously reported, and indicate asignificantly better thermal performance for the KB module than for the K5 module. Thefirst measurements on the KB were made (M. Donega) using a split cooling block, aftergluing temperature sensors in the most significant points of the module (see Figure 7).The system was cooled with a conventional liquid based chiller and the box was placed in

Fig 7: Left, the split cooling block; Right, detail of one DS1820 sensor.

15

a climate chamber to control the atmospheric temperature. The measurements confirmedthe simulations, and showed that the module behaved well within the requiredspecifications. These measurements will soon be confirmed with the second irradiatedKB module, and the programme will be concluded.

H. SCT Barrel Mechanics

a) CFRP Cylinders production

The production of the four cylinders (B3-B6) of the barrel SCT support is nearlycomplete at Astrium (Friedrichshafen-D). This production has been satisfactory as far asthe manufacture of the bare sandwich cylinders and flanges is concerned. The 4 cylindershave successfully passed the load tests – without and with flanges bonded – as specifiedin the QA plan.

However, the company sub-contracted by Astrium to do the machining encounteredproblems to achieve the extremely precise machining specified. This was traced to theimpossibility to avoid small distortions induced by the fastening of these ultra-light partsonto large machine tools. Several improvements were made both in the tooling andmethodology before the final machining of the first cylinder was released. This hasresulted in an important delay and the schedule for delivery to CERN is now foreseenbetween October 2002 for the smallest barrel (B3) and January 2003 for the last cylinder.

The production of 4424 PEEK pads for bonding to the cylinders has been completed inthe Geneva workshop and the parts were delivered in time to be bonded to the cylindersby Astrium.

The CORE estimate of 980 KCHF for these barrels and pads was exceeded by 260KCHF; Geneva is financially responsible for 50% of this sum.

b) Barrel mechanics (on-cylinder components)

The previously reported prototype sector, together with module support brackets, wasdelivered in late 2001 to the Rutherford Appleton laboratory, where it was equipped withpre-production electrical service harnesses and cooling loops. Some of these componentscould not be made within the expected envelopes and as a result clearances becamemarginal. In June 2002, after careful evaluation, it was decided to increase the tilt angleof the modules from 10° to 11° for B3. However, due to the complexity of this detector,these small changes necessitated significant detailed design work and verification. A newset of new brackets has been fabricated, and these will be implemented on the sectorduring November.

In parallel, an evaluation of the clearances in other barrels is ongoing to define this angleincrease for the other barrels. Preparation for the bracket production is (excepting B3where the order is placed) awaiting the result of this evaluation. Work sharing betweenthe Geneva workshop and subcontractors is foreseen, to maintain costs at the CORElevel.

16

c) Inner detector engineering

Previously reported FEA verifications made at EPFL to check for possible distortions dueto recent changes in the Pixel detector design (situated immediatly inside the SCT Barreland supported by the SCT) have been invaluable, and have been used to define interfacesbetween the two sub-systems. The full model made at EPFL was transmitted to the USATLAS Pixel group who will further this work.

Work has started on integration, including testing of these sub-detectors to have a betterunderstanding of the infrastructure and tooling needed. Progress has also been made bothwith the evaporative cooling system foreseen to cool the SCT detector and the complexactive thermal barrier which will enclose the SCT barrel.

A.1.2. The Liquid Argon Calorimeter Readout

The successful conclusion of a prototype ROD programme, culminating in the integrationof ROD prototypes in the ATLAS DAQ-1 system and their use in a test beam, has beenpreviously reported. As a result, it became feasible to increase both the density and speedof the ROD system.

Since March 2002, the group (I. Riu plus 2 engineers) has concentrated on the finaldesign and final electrical schematics of this pre-production ROD mother boardprototype. The board is an essential part of the readout system of the Liquid ArgonCalorimeters of ATLAS. It is responsible of calculating the energy and the time relativeto the peak of the signal for each of the calorimeter cells. The ROD mother board is a 9UVME64x board housed in a 9U VME crate. It consists of a mother board and fourdaughter boards called Processing Unit (PU) boards mounted on top as shown in Figure8. Digitized data from the front-end boards is received by the ROD mother board througheight optical receivers. After processing, the data from the ROD are serialized andtransferred to the Transition Module (TM) board located at the back of the crate wherethe data are de-serialized and sent to the data acquisition system.

The work until September 2002 at the University of Geneva has included:

- the design of the input link schematics: the use of link receiver mezzanine boardsand G-link chips in the ROD is a very delicate point and has required very carefuldesign and implementation;

- the definition of the interface lines between the ROD mother board and the PUboard: there has been close collaboration with the designers of the Processing Unitboard (LAPP, Annecy) in order to define the exact PU input and output pin-outimplementation;

- the interface between the ROD mother board and the TM board: in order to check ifthe serializer and deserializer chips will work well between the ROD and the TM at280 MHz, two electronic boards containing these chips were designed and built (seeFigure 9). Around 800,000 packets of 32,000 bits were transferred without errors,demonstrating the appropriate use of these chips in the ROD and TM;

- the implementation of the staging mode: this mode implies the use of only two PUsin the ROD (instead of four) at the beginning of LHC and to allow this runningmode, extra data line buses needed to be implemented in the schematics;

17

- the VME interface and busy signal implementation: the chips are programmed andmonitored through the VME, making this interface one of the most critical parts. Theschematics of this interface have been worked out and finalised.

Figure 8: The ROD board scheme

Figure9: Electronic boards to test the transmission between serializer and de-serializer chips at 280 Mhz.

A preliminary design review was held in September 2002 at CERN with a very positiveoutcome. Only minor changes are to be implemented in the ROD design and the work isconcentrated on finalising the design of the Printed Board Circuit (PCB) of the RODmother board.

There has been a significant delay in this activity, with respect to the plan outlined in ourresearch programme for 2001-2002. This should, however, be seen positively, since thedesign has consequently improved significantly. The programme is still well within thetime schedule, and within CORE budget estimates.

A.1.3. ATLAS Physics and Simulation Activities

The group focused on three activities during the period October 2001 to September 2002.

a) Physics studies on the Higgs particle.

After the discovery of the Higgs boson at LHC, the Higgs potential has to be determinedexperimentally, through a measurement of the Higgs self coupling strength. In Genevathe accessibility of the self-couplings via the determination of the cross section for Higgspair production has been studied (F. Mazzucato) considering two possible scenarios: astandard LHC delivering an instantaneous luminosity of 1034 cm-2s-1, and a “super” LHCdelivering an instantaneous luminosity of 1035 cm-2s-1. In particular the second option wasconsidered in the framework of comparing the physics reach of an upgraded LHC to thepotential of a Linear Collider such as TESLA. The initial study was extended with the

18

collaboration of theoreticians to estimate the backgrounds in all possible discoverychannels, and to extend the allowed event topology of signal events. The work isdocumented as an ATLAS Internal Note [2] and a more complete publication is inpreparation. In the first part of 2003 we also intend to start studying a new physicschannel using the recently developed ATLAS software in C++ to become familiar with thenew algorithms and tools. Longer term, further studies are planned. Depending on theHiggs mass, the detection process will be very different. In many cases (e.g. theassociated production of a Higgs with tt pair) there is still the need to prove that, afterthe discovery of the Higgs, LHC will be able to measure its main properties, for exampleits spin.

An investigation has also started of the possibility of measuring the spin of the Higgs ifits mass is below 120 GeV and it decays into pairs of photons (F. Mazzucato and M.Mangin-Brinet).

b) Shower parameterization of the calorimeters

The simulation of electromagnetic and hadronic showers in ATLAS using Geant4 [3] isenormously time-consuming and there is the necessity for many physics analyses to haveseveral levels of simulation available. The possibility of developing a fast simulation ofelectromagnetic showers within Geant4 is being studied (F. Mazzucato). In this approachit is possible to decide particle-by-particle whether to apply the fast simulation or thestandard Geant4 tracking to produce the same type of hits in the detector.

The resulting parameterization includes both the longitudinal and the radial showerprofiles, reproducing both the mean behavior and the fluctuations of the shower shapes.The performance of the parameterization has been tested using simulated data on a toyhomogeneous calorimeter. Figure 10 shows the resulting longitudinal and radial profiles.Extensive tests to assess the robustness of the parameterization we developed haveproved to be very satisfactory. The tests also show that in the energy range 1 GeV-100GeV the fast simulation is more than 100 times faster than the standard Geant4 on thesingle particle (see Figure 11).

This activity on the simulation of electromagnetic showers in the calorimeters willcontinue. We first intend to study and test the sampling fluctuations introduced by theparameterization on a toy calorimeter. We will then adapt and tune the parameterizationon a realistic model of the Liquid Argon Calorimeter. Finally the dependence of theparameterization on the position of the calorimeter in the ATLAS detector will be studiedand introduced. Longer term, we are interested in extending the parameterization to othercalorimeters and to study the possibility of developing a similar fast simulation forhadronic showers.

c) A-A Collisions

An ATLAS sub-group has been investigating the possibility to use the detector withheavy-ion beams at 5.5A TeV collision energy. Three domains of interest have beenlooked at, namely the proton-nucleus collisions (p-A), the Ultra-Peripheral Collisions(UPC) and the nucleus-nucleus collisions (A-A).

19

Figure 10: Longitudinal and radial profiles obtained for 1000 electrons of respectively 1 and 100 GeV,using Geant4 (blue) and the fast parameterization (red). The radial profile corresponds to theposition of the shower maximum.

Figure 11: Time to process one electron using Geant 4 (blue) or a parametrised profile (blue) as a functionof energy.

20

Profiting from the large muon spectrometer in ATLAS one of us (L. Rosselet) is lookingat the possibility of studying Y production in A-A collisions. First studies have been doneusing a specific generator for the decayY → µ+µ− with a full tracking by GEANT and areconstruction in the µ-spectrometer. These Y’s are reconstructed for pT > 0 GeV with a10-20 % acceptance, but with a mass resolution of 390 MeV which is not sufficient toseparate the Y from the Y’ states. An investigation is ongoing to improve this resolutionusing of the inner detector, if the occupation level is not too high. The background hasbeen estimated with the HIJING [4] generator: Pb-Pb events are generated, processedinto GEANT, and reconstructed. The main µ-background, from π and K in-flight decaysbefore the calorimeter, is suppressed by the ~3 GeV momentum cut of the µ-spectrometer. Based on an estimated production cross section of Y → µ+µ− of 410 µb anda corresponding trigger capability, the signal /background ratio is better than 1/10(typically 1/7) but will improve if the inner detector can be used successfully to improvethe µ-momentum resolution and reduce the µ-background from in-flight decays.

A.2. The CDF Experiment

A.2.1. CDF Run 1 data analysis

The Geneva group’s final Run 1 result on the search of the Bs →µµφ rare decay has nowbeen published on PRD [5].

Searches for first generation scalar and vector leptoquarks in the eνjj and eejj decaychannels were concluded by F. Strumia, who defended her thesis based on this work inDecember 2001. As detailed in a previous report, the search for second generationleptoquarks in the µνjj channel was completed by L. Moneta. Both results have beenreported at recent international conferences [6]. Although PRL drafts have been preparedon these results, their publication will not be pursued since Run II data is quicklyaccumulating and the results will be superseded by preliminary Run II results.

A.2.2. CDF Run II Activities

The upgraded Tevatron Collider started operation at s = 1.96 TeV in April 2001,followed by a commissioning run in August-October 2001. The upgraded CDF detectorhas been successfully commissioned, and since January 2002 the experiment has beenaccumulating physics quality data. However, although the machine luminosity hasrecently been greatly improved, it has yet to reach its design performance. The recordinstantaneous luminosity, reached in October 2002, is about 4x1031cm-2s-1, approachingthe design goal of 8.6x1031cm-2s-1 without the Antiproton Recycler (1032 cm-2s-1with theRecycler). The data sample accumulated on tape by CDF is about 70 pb-1 to date (Figure12); this is expected to reach ~100 pb-1 by the end of 2002. The main difficulties toachieve higher Tevatron luminosity are the injection aperture and lifetime, beam-beameffects and instabilities. These issues are being dealt with aggressively by the FermilabBeams Division, with the goal of reaching 8.6x1031cm-2s-1 at the beginning of 2003,together with stable and reproducible operation. Another major improvement onluminosity is expected when the Antiproton Recycler is installed in the second half of2003.

21

Figure 12. CDF integrated luminosities (delivered and to-tape) since July 2001.

The upgraded CDF detector is functioning well. The most delicate sub-system of thedetector, the silicon tracking system, has been in stable running condition for severalmonths, with about 90% of the silicon detector elements working. The full physics triggertable has been implemented and is being continuously adjusted for increasing machineluminosity. Offline software, calibration and detector alignment have reached a maturestage making high quality physics analysis available. Preliminary results using CDF RunII data have already been presented at international conferences, among which are someinteresting new results in charm and B physics that were made possible by the SiliconVertex Tracker (SVT), of which the University of Geneva has made an importantcontribution.

Since its last report, the Geneva group has continued its efforts on the operation and theimprovement of the SVT. Several trigger implementations for B physics and Exoticphysics groups have been made. As noted below, several Run II analyses in hadroniccharm physics, rare B decays and photon physics have been started.

A. SVT

The Silicon Vertex Tracker (SVT) is a hardware level-2 trigger system that reconstructscharged tracks with a precise impact parameter to identify those from a secondary vertexsuch as the B hadron decay vertex. The Geneva group has built the Associative MemorySequencer (AMS) of SVT and is responsible for its continuing operation through Run II.The SVT system has been in stable running condition since its installation in 2001, andhas already contributed to new physics results. The device is recognised by the ParticlePhysics community as a major innovation in hadron collider detector technology. It opensup the whole new field of hadronic c-quark and b-quark physics at hadron colliders, andit will also contribute to the measurement of the top quark mass and the search for newparticles.The AMS boards work very well due to their robust design. Until now only one boardfailed because of a burned chip. The failed board is replaced by a spare one, and is nowbeing repaired in Geneva (Y. Liu plus an engineer). Besides being responsible for theAMS boards, the group is actively involved with the operation of the SVT and the study

22

of its performance (M. Campanelli, X. Wu). We are working on the generation of varioushardware maps and fitting constants for SVT, and on the study of SVT performance in adense jet environment.

B. Physics trigger implementations

Due to an overwhelming QCD background, it is vital at a hadron collider to deviseappropriate triggers for various interesting event signatures. The group (X. Wu, A.Zsenei) has devised and implemented three triggers, all of which use SVT at level 2: therare B dimuon trigger, the inclusive high pT b-jet trigger and the (b-quark + γ) trigger.

The first trigger collects dimuon events that allows a continuation of the rare B decaysearches carried out by the group using Run 1 data. This trigger is sensitive to any rare Bdecays that have two muons in the final state. For example an identification of the decay

*0 KBd−+→ µµ with 2 fb−1 data is expected for the initial Run 2 period. Other rare B

decay channels can be searched using this trigger include −+→ µµ0dB , −+→ µµ0

sB andφµµ −+→0

sB . The main interest of rare B decays studies is the search for new physicsbeyond the Standard Model. This trigger is now fully functional.

The second trigger is devised to be an inclusive high pT b-jet trigger, made possible forthe first time at a hadron collider by the SVT. This data sample can be used in multitudeof studies, for example the search for new particles decaying to final states containing ab-quark such as Higgs and SUSY particles. The trigger has been implemented withpreliminary level-3 trigger cuts since silicon tracking is not yet available at level 3.Level-3 silicon tracking is expected to be available in the coming months.

The third trigger, the (b-quark + γ) trigger will collect a data sample with a uniquesignature, that of a photon together with a b-jet. It is motivated by Gauge MediatedSUSY-breaking models that predict such final states. This trigger has also beenimplemented.

One of us (X. Wu) continues to serve as the co-convener of the Exotic Trigger/datasetsubgroup.

C. Run 2 data analyses

The group’s Run 2 data analyses have evolved from its Run 1 analysis experience, andhas profitted from its deep involvement in the SVT hardware and SVT-related triggerimplementation. The group is following the same two lines of research as in Run 1, thatis the study of Flavor Changing Neutral Current (FCNC) rare B decays and the search fornew particles. The group’s involvement in the (b-quark + γ) trigger has led to importantresponsibilities in photon analyses. In the short term, the group is measuring the diphotoncross section. A new charm analysis will also lead quickly to interesting physics resultswith the current SVT data sample.

23

a) Rare B studies

As mentioned above, the Geneva group is responsible for the dimuon trigger thatprovides the data sample for rare B decay studies. The design, implementation andvalidation for this trigger have been completed and about 30 pb-1 of data have beencollected. An analysis has started on the *0 KBd

−+→ µµ channel. Given the limitation onthe luminosity, a competitive result is not expected until the end of 2003; indeed we mayhave already lost the identification of this decay channel to the B-factories. Howeversince this is the benchmark process of rare B decays, the analysis remains important. Ourgoals in the coming month are to:

- establish the reference signal **0 KKJBd−+→Ψ→ µµ in the data sample;

- study the signal acceptance and trigger efficiency using simulated data;- optimize selection cuts for best signal/background;- go through the exercise to derive a preliminary limit.

This analysis is expected to develop into the thesis of A. Zsenei who is expected todefend his thesis in Spring 2003.

b) Photon analysis.

The group’s interest in photon analyses originated from the development of a (SVT+γ)trigger. In the past year the group has made important contributions to the photonanalysis, including dataset validation, trigger efficiency studies and simulation softwarevalidation. Y. Liu has been the responsible person for the photon dataset validation, andrecently he has added the task of librarian for the simulation software of the CentralShower-Max detectors (CES). He has chosen a measurement of diphoton cross section asthe subject of his thesis; a comparison of the diphoton cross section with QCDpredictions is very topical since previously measured cross sections have disagreed withtheoretical predictions. The main difficulty of the analysis is the estimation of thebackground coming from 0π decays. A method using the shape information obtainedwith the CES was developed in Run 1, and the group is now validating and improvingthis method using Run 2 data.

c) Charm Physics.

The group (M. Campanelli) has recently become involved in the study of heavy flavordecays, as a natural continuation of the efforts to build and operate the SVT. The firstactivity involved the development of tools for data analysis, in the framework of thehadronic B group, through the development of software for the identification of somecharm hadronic decays. The second activity has been the development of algorithms tomonitor the production rate of the D0, and its mass and width (Figure 13), as a functionof the run number, to proceed to the validation of the various version of thereconstruction code. These quantities have been carefully monitored for the mainproduction releases in the last months, to highlight possible time-dependent fluctuationseither in the detector or in the reconstruction. This activity is closely related to themonitoring of the performance of the SVT. The effort is now extending from thedevelopment and monitoring of the reconstruction tools to the data analysis. The hadronicB group has an ambitious schedule, aiming at the completion of a series of basic

24

measurements by the winter conferences of 2003. Our group has taken responsibility forthe measurement of orbitally-excited D mesons, and the study of their relative productionusing an helicity analysis. On the longer term, the plan is to convert the tools developedin the framework of this measurement to the search for charm mixing, that is expected tobecome a very “hot” topic as soon as the integrated Tevatron luminosity reaches valuesaround 100 pb-1.

]2

Mass [GeV/cπK1.78 1.8 1.82 1.84 1.86 1.88 1.9 1.92 1.94

2E

ven

ts p

er 2

MeV

/c

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

CDF Run 2 Preliminary

-1L = 5.7 pb

π K→0D 200± = 37200 0DN

Figure 13: D0 signal reconstructed from SVT data that serve as an online and offline monitoring tool.

d) New particle searches.

As mentioned before, the group is working on the inclusive b-jet trigger and the (b-quark+ γ) trigger, which will provide unique datasets to search for new particles. Both triggershave been implemented and the groups are working on their fine-tuning and validation.We are still in the process of concretizing analysis projects in the search area, since thecurrent data sample size makes it difficult to perform competitive searches. Two newstudents will work on CDF analyses next year and we plan to setup an analysis in the areaof the search for SUSY particles or the Higgs.

Since November 2001, Anne-Sylvie Nicollerat (ETHZ) has joined the group as a visitorand has stayed at Fermilab for one year. The necessary infrastructure for her smoothintegration into CDF was established. She has worked with Michael Dittmar (ETHZ, avisitor to the CDF Santander group) on luminosity measurements using forward Wevents. She has reported their work in a CDF internal note [7].

25

References

[1] A. Clark et al., The ATLAS SCT Production Database, ATLAS Internal NoteATL-INDET-2002-015.

[2] A.Blondel et al., Studies on the Measurement of the SM Higgs self-couplings,ATLAS Internal Note ATL-COM-PHYS-2002-005See also:F. Mazzucato et al., Physics potential and experimental challenges of the LHCluminosity upgrade, HEP preprint hep-ph/0204087

[3] The Geant4 program. See http://wwwinfo.cern.ch/asd/geant4/geant4.html

[4] X. N. Wang and M. Gyulassy, HIJING: A Monte Carlo model for multiple jetproduction in pp, pA and AA collisions, Phys. Rev. D44, 3501 (1992).

[5] D. Acosta et al., The CDF Collaboration, Search for the Decay B0s→µ+µ−φ

channel in p anti-p Collisions at s**(1/2) = 1.8 TeV, Phys.Rev.D65, 111101(2002)

[6] G. V. Velev, The CDF Collaboration, Recent CDF and D0 Run I Results ,FERMILAB-CONF-02/080-E. Published Proceedings 37th Rencontres deMoriond on Electroweak Interactions and Unified Theories, Les Arcs, France,March 9-16, 2002.

[7] Michael Dittmar, Anne-Sylvie Nicollerat, Luminosity for the summer 2002 Run IIdata using W -> e nu and Z-> e e, CDF Internal Note 6118.

26

B. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ON FUTUREACCELERATORS : A NEUTRINO FACTORY COMPLEX

Personnel in 2001-2002Alain Blondel, Professeur (Etat)Mario Campanelli (Maître-assistant, part-time since September 2001)Silvia Borghi (Assistante Etat)Maximilien Fechner (Intern from Ecole Normale Supérieure de Paris)Simone Gilardoni (Doctoral student at CERN, 10% supported by Etat)Juraj Krasnohorsky (Intern Université de Genève June-September 2002)Maria Cristina Morone (Assistante FN)Gersende Prior (Doctoral student at CERN, 10% supported by Etat)Giovanni Santin (Maître-assistant visitor from October 2001 to March 2002)

Funding: FORCE subside, 133 000- for 2001-2002; travel budget from FNRS subsideandDIP

IntroductionIt is by now well established that neutrinos have mass and that the three families mix.Coming after over thirty years of difficult experimentation using neutrinos from naturalsources, this realization is probably the most important event in particle physics in thelast ten years. It opens a field of research which could last several decades and culminatewith the discovery of leptonic CP violation – a key ingredient in the understanding of thebaryon-antibaryon asymmetry of the universe. This justifies an important investment inaccelerator-based neutrino beams and experiments.

University of Geneva has been involved actively since three years in the definition of thisfuture program, with focus on those experiments which could first reveal the so farunobserved transitions from electron neutrinos and muon neutrinos at short wavelength,and on a longer term on the facilities needed to precisely measure mixing angles andmass differences, and establish CP violation. The tool of choice in this endeavour is aneutrino factory.

The activities of the group in the last year have been as follows.� management of the ECFA sponsored study groups and of the European R&D (A.

Blondel)� physics studies of neutrino oscillation experiments with superbeams and neutrino

factory (A. Blondel, M. Campanelli, S. Gilardoni, M. Fechner, G. Santin)� R&D on target and pion collection (A. Blondel and Simone Gilardoni)� Participation inthe HARP experiment (A.Blondel, S. Borghi, M. Campanelli, C.

Morone, G. Prior, G. Santin)� preparation of a muon ionization cooling experiment MICE (A. Blondel, M.

Campanelli, S. Gilardoni, G. Santin)

27

1. European R&D for neutrino factories.The neutrino factory was stated as one of the possible options for the future of CERN andthe R&D for high intensity proton sources and neutrino factories explicitly described inthe medium term plan of May 2001 [1]. In view of the financial difficulties of CERN, thisprogram that had started end 1999 was cut in December 2001.

This has made necessary a redistribution of the R&D efforts across Europeanlaboratories. The European Coordination and oversight group (EMCOG) was created inApril 2002, under the chairmanship of Carlo Wyss, CERN director of accelerators. Thegroup assembles representatives from the major European laboratories (RAL, PSI,Saclay, GSI, INFN Legnaro) and funding agencies (INFN, IN2P3) (A. Blondel isscientific secretary) The mandate of the group has been defined [2] and priorities set asfollows, ordered from the source downstream.

1. High Intensity proton driver2. target studies3. Horn studies4. Muon Ionization cooling experiment.

These four points require different skills and apply to different laboratories oruniversities. The group is presently actively working on setting up the collaborations andbids for placing request to the European Union under FP6 – Integrated InfrastructureInitiatives (I3) or under design studies.

2. Physics studiesA. Blondel acts as chair of the steering group of the ECFA sponsored studies of aEuropean Neutrino Factory Complex. The University of Geneva group has been active inthe study of beam systematics at a neutrino factory, and in the study of new physicssignals in oscillations [3]. The group participated extensively in the design of theaccelerator [4] and in a comprehensive study of the physics capabilities of neutrinofactories and other possible conventional neutrino beams. Mario Campanelli served aseditor of the yellow report article[5] summarizing the work of the neutrino oscillationsworking group.

From this study it appears clearly that a neutrino factory based on a muon storage ring isthe ultimate tool for studies of neutrino oscillations. (see figure 1) Although such amachine could be realized with existing technologies, it is clear that much effort will beneeded to reduce the cost and ascertain the performance. This is the motivation for a longterm R&D such as the muon ionization cooling experiment (see below)

28

Fig 1. Comparison of performance of various future neutrino facilities.

It was noted by our group that a first step towards a neutrino factory could be a lowenergy conventional neutrino beam exploiting the target and horn system [6] of theneutrino factory. The resulting neutrino beam could be used in an electron neutrinoappearance experiment, for which a large water Cerenkov detector is the optimal tool.Our studies have shown that the neutrino beams that one could obtain from this machineare very competitive, surpassing the present limits on the eυυµ → oscillations by twoorders of magnitudes, [7] though falling short of what could be done with a neutrinofactory by, also, two orders of magnitude. The sensitivity to CP violation was alsostudied and showed interesting sensitivity, provided a very large water Cerenkov detector(several hundred ktons of fiducial mass) could be fit at a distance of around 100 km fromCERN. This is, incidentally, the approximate distance of the Fréjus tunnel. A workshopwas organized in January 2002 at CERN [8] with the conclusion that this large detectorwould also be a very powerful tool to study other essential processes, such as protondecay and astrophysical sources of neutrinos (supernovae in particular). This interestingfirst step could become extremely promising with the advent of beta-beams (neutrinosfrom decay of radioactive isotopes) which have been proposed by Zucchelli [9]. Theinvestigation of this possibility will be continued in a workshop that will be organised inMarch 2003 at the occasion of the Moriond Conference.

29

Target and pion collection. Simone Gilardoni participates in the design and simulationof the pion production target, and in the magnetic horn collection system [10]. This hasled to a baseline design of a horn for the neutrino factory. This horn design, shown infigure 2, has been built and is being tested, first with low currents and low frequency tocharacterize the mechanical response of the horn, then with high currents (up tp 350 KA)and to high frequency (up to 50 Hz). Although this program has been slowed down due tothe cuts at CERN, the University of Geneva has helped occasionally by providing cashfor small purchases, and this has saved considerable amount of time.

Fig. 2. Horn design for a neutrino factory or low energy high intensity neutrino beam.

1000

Ø80

300

NEUTRINO FACTORY - Horn 1 prototype S. Rangod15/05/2001

Ø40

0

64

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6

2 2

6

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22

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Ø56

Ø42

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0 100 200 300 400 500 mm

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An important work is taking place to understand how to optimize the horn design for thesuperbeam constraints. This has motivated the introduction of the double horn concept(Fig 3) which increases the flux by nearly a factor of 2. It is difficult to place a reflectorin the passage of the beam because of the heavy radiation.

Fig 3. Double horn concept and improvement in the flux for the low energy superbeam.

The pion production experiment HARP[11]The physics objective of HARP is a systematic and precise study of hadron productionfor beam momenta between 2 and 15 GeV/c for target nuclei ranging from hydrogen tolead. The experiment was approved on 17 February 2000. Geneva has been involved withthe construction of the TPC readout and electronics, to which Silvia Borghi and GersendePrior have remarkably contributed. The TPC was finished by July 2001 and the wholeapparatus began to take data by August 15 2001. Cristina Morone has taken an importantrole in the data acquisition of the experiment, in particular for the TPC readout. Duringthe shut-down 2001-2002 a considerable amount of activity was devoted to eliminatingdead or inefficient channels in the TPC, with a resulting efficiency of better than 98% anda considerable reduction in the data volume. The work of G. Prior in particular hasallowed the increase in data taken from 100 events per PS spill in 2001 to 500 events perPS spill in 2002.

The data taken in 2002 represent a very extensive coverage of energies and targets,including the targets of the K2K neutrino beam and of the Mini-boone experiment atFermilab. A summary can be found in table 1.

31

Table 1: data taken by the HARP experiment in 2002.

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The major contribution of the Geneva group is in the TPC. On the whole the HARPdetector was built largely from refurbished equipment but the TPC was entirely new. TheGeneva group has contributed the largest part of the 4000 ADC channels thanks to theFORCE subside. In addition we assume responsibility for the TPC clustering and trackreconstruction, with the work of Silvia Borghi and Cristina Morone. The picture of aHARP event with the recosntructed tracks can be seen in Fig. 4.

Fig.4: 3D view of a 12 GeV proton interaction in the HARP TPC, showing the raw TPC hitsand the reconstructed tracks.

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International Muon Ionization cooling experiment (MICE)Cooling is an important component of a Neutrino Factory, both in performance and cost.The group is participating in the elaboration of an International Muon CoolingExperiment, the success of which should be a crucial milestone in the demonstration offeasibility of a neutrino factory. Alain Blondel initiated the concept of the experiment[12], and was asked to convene the steering group in charge of setting up an internationalcollaboration and acts now as European spokesperson of the collaboration.

The basic aims of the experiment [12] and a baseline scenario were defined and a letter ofIntent submitted to the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) and to the Rutherford AppletonLaboratory. A total of 40 institutes, including several teams from large laboratoriesaround the world (Fermilab, CERN, Brookhaven, Berkeley, Legnaro and RAL) areparticipating in this effort. The directors of RAL and PSI agreed to collaborate on thisexperiment, PSI providing a beam solenoid to allow RAL to provide a high quality muonbeam for the experiment.

Figure 6: layout of a muon ionization cooling experiment.

Following the review by a panel of experts from RAL and CLRC the experiment hasbeen encouraged [14] to submit a proposal. The collaboration is now preparing it. Thekey issues for the experiment are the potentially heavy background of electromagnetic

34

radiation from the RF cavities and the safety issues. The specific contribution of theGeneva group has been to propose, together with our former colleagues of HARP, a TPCread out with GEM chambers [15]. This is an attractive possibility since it would allow torecuperate the electronics that we have invested for HARP, and a good part of thesoftware experience. Such a TPC, filled with a light mixture (Helium based) couldprovide more than 100 points per track, ensuring good pattern recognition capability evenin presence of background, and a resolution of a tens of an MeV in transverse momentumA test of the TPG readout scheme is being prepared for 2003 making use of the HARP,solenoid, TPC field cage and read-out electronics.

Fig. 6 Simulations of muon tracks in the MICE TPG

.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

[1] The Scientific Activities of CERN and Budget Estimates for the Years 20022005 CERN/SPC/793 (May 2001), p. 62-64.

[2] European Muon Concertation and Oversight Group (EMCOG) Mandate, http://muonstoragerings.web.cern.ch/muonstoragerings/emcog/workingplan.doc

[3] Effects of new physics in neutrino oscillations in matter, M. Campanelli and A.Romanino, hep-ph/0207350.

[4] The Study of a European Neutrino Factory Complex, P. Gruber et al, (incl A.Blondel, S. Gilardoni de l’Université de Genève) Neutrino Factory Note103(2002) CERN/PS/2002-008(NF) to appear as CERN Yellow report.G. Franchetti, S. Gilardoni, P. Gruber, K.Hanke, H. Haseroth, E. B. Holzer, D.Küchler, A. M. Lombardi, R. Scrivens Phase Rotation, Cooling And Accelerationof Muon Beams: A Comparison of Different Approaches, CERN/PS 2000-054NUFACT-NOTE 2000-41, XXth International Linac Conference, Monterey,California, USA (2000);GEANT4 simulation of phase rotation for neutrino factory, S. Giani, S. Gilardoni,V. M. Grichine, Neutrino Factory Note 102, CERN-OPEN-2002-044, (2002)http://nicewww.cern.ch/~molat/neutrino/nf102.pdfA European Neutrino Factory Complex, S. Gilardoni, contribution to ICHEP’02Amsterdam, to be published in the proceedings;Stability criterium for periodic solenoidal channel, S. Gilardoni, Neutrino FactoryNote 107 (2002) CERN-OPEN-2002-047http://nicewww.cern.ch/~molat/neutrino/nf107.pdfMuon Polarisation in the Neutrino Factory, A.Blondel, Nucl. Instrum. MethodsPhys. Res., A 451 (2000) 131;Measurement of the muon beam size and divergence in the muon storage ring ofthe neutrino factory, R. Piteira, mémoire de stage à l’Université de Genève, EcoleNormale supérieure, sept. 2001.

[5] Oscillation Physics with a Neutrino Factory, M. Apollonio et al, (incl. Blondel,Campanelli, Donega, Fechner, Gilardoni, Santin de l’Université de Genève) hep-ph/0210192 October 2002 (edit. M. Campanelli), to appear as CERN yellowreport.Physics with Low-Energy Muons at a Neutrino Factory Complex, J. Aysto, A.Baldini, A. Blondel, et al, hep-ph/0109217, Report of the Stopped MuonsWorking Group for the ECFA-CERN study on Neutrino Factory & Muon StorageRings at CERN, to appear as yellow report.A. Blondel et al, Beam and experiments : summary, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys.Res., A : 451 (2000) 102

[6] Neutrino Fluxes from a Conventional Neutrino Beam Using CERN SPL ,A.Blondel, M. Donega, S.Gilardoni, NuFact Note 2000-53 (2000)

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Study of (Anti-)Neutrino Fluxes from a Horn Neutrino Beam Using 2.2 GeVProtons A. Blondel, M. Donega, S.Gilardoni, , NuFact Note 2001-78 (2001)Physics potential of very intense neutirno beams, JJ. Gomez-Cadenas, A. Blondel,[…] M. Donegà, S. Gilardoni, et al., hep-ph/0105297, Venice Conference onNeutrino Telescopes, Venice, March, 2001, to appear in the proceedings.

Study of neutrino oscillations with a low energy conventional neutrino superbeamM. Donegà, Tesi di Laurea, Università degli studi di Milano, March 2001, matr.508510; (supervised by A. Blondel)

[7] Reconstruction of neutrino energy in a large water Cerenkov detector usinglepton

information, A. Blondel, M. Campanelli, M. Fechner, Neutrino Factory Note 112(2002) , http://nicewww.cern.ch/~molat/Neutrino/nf112.pdfStudy of the Reconstruction of Neutrino Oscillation Parameters Using SpectralInformation from a Cerenkov Detector, A. Blondel, A. Campanelli, M. Fechner,Neutrino Factory Note 120 (2002),http://nicewww.cern.ch/~molat/neutrino/nf20.psEnergy reconstruction in quasi-elastic events unfolding physics and detectoreffects, A londel, M. Campanelli, M. Fechner, contribution to NUFACT02 toappear in the proceedings.Also: Mémoire de stage à l’Université de Genève, M. Fechner, Ecole NormaleSupérieure de Paris (june 2002)Superbeam Studies at CERN , A. Blondel et al, Neutrino Factory Note 95 (2001),Proc NUFACT01 in Tsukuba, Japan, to appear in Nucl. Instr. Methods A (2002)http://nicewww.cern.ch/~molat/neutrino/nf95.pdf

[8] Workshop on "Large Detectors for Proton Decay, Supernovae and AtmosphericNeutrinos and low Energy Neutrinos from high Intensity Beams, CERN Jan 16-182002http://muonstoragerings.web.cern.ch/muonstoragerings/NuWorkshop02/welcome.html

[9] A novel concept for a νe neutrino factory: the beta-beam P. Zucchelli,; Phys.Lett. B532 (2002) 3-4, p.166

[10] Preliminary Magnetic Horn Studies in the Collection Scheme for a NeutrinoFactory, A Ball, A Blondel, S Gilardoni and N.Vassilopoulos, Nucl. Instrum.Methods Phys. Res., A 451 (2000) 359A Thin Target Scheme for the Muon Source,A. Blondel, J.P. Fabre, S. Gilardoni,N. Vassilopoulos, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., A 451 (2000) 349 ;Updated Results of the Horn Study For the NuFact S. Gilardoni, A. E. Ball, A.Blondel, N. Vassilopoulos, NuFact Note 2000-42, to appear in the proceedings ofNUFACT00, Monterey California USA (2000).Proposal for a Four Horn Capture Scheme, S. Gilardoni, K. Hanke et A. PerrinNuFact Note 2001-77 (2001)

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Review and Comparison of Solenoid and Horn Capture System ,S. Gilardoni,NuFact Note 2001-86 (2001)Conducting Targets for Pion production,S. Gilardoni, B. Autin and P. Sievers,NuFact Note 2001-91 to appear in the proceedings of NUFACT01, Tsukuba,Japan, May 2001.

[11] Status report of the HARP experiment, HARP Collaboration,http://harp.web.cern.ch/harpCERN SPSC/2001.031 SPSC/M 672 29 October 2001.CERN SPSC/2002.013 SPSC/M 681 25 March 2002.

CERN SPSC/2002.019 SPSC/M 685 10 May 2002.

[12] An International Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment, Goals and preliminarydesign, A.Blondel, http://hep04.phys.iit.edu/cooldemo/intcoolex.pdf

[13] An International Muon Ionization Experiment (MICE), Letter of Intent to the PaulSherrer Institute (Nov 28) and to The Rutherford Appleton Laboratory A. Blondelet al. (the MICE collaboration)http://hep04.phys.iit.edu/cooldemo/micenotes/public/pdf/MICE0001/MICE0001.pdf

[14] Report of the joint CLRC/PPARC review Panel, A. Astbury et al.,

http://hep04.phys.iit.edu/cooldemo/micenotes/public/doc/MICE0002/MICE0002.doc

[15] TPG tracking for MICE, A Blondel et al.,http://proj-bdl-nice.web.cern.ch/proj-bdl-nice/cool/tpg/tpg.html

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b) The following articles have been published since our last report

A. HIGH-ENERGY INTERACTIONS : CDF AT THE TEVATRON AND ATLASAT THE CERN LHC

A.1 Measurement of the Ratio of b Quark Production Cross Sections in ppCollisions at ====s 630 GeV and ====s 1800 GeVD. Acosta et al., The CDF Collaboration, Phys. Rev. D66, 032002 (2002).

A.2 Search for New Physics in Photon-Lepton Events in pp Collisions atTeV8.1s ====

D. Acosta et al., The CDF Collaboration, Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 041802 (2002).

A.3 Search for New Physics in Photon-Lepton Events in pp Collisions atTeV8.1s ====

D. Acosta et al., The CDF Collaboration. Phys. Rev. D66, 012004 (2002).

A.4 Study of (((( )))) −−−−++++ππππππππψψψψ→→→→ 0*0 K/JB Decays with the Collider Detector at FermilabT. Affolder et al., The CDF Collaboration, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 071801 (2002)

A.5 Search for New Heavy Particles in the WZ0 Final State in pp Collisions atTeV8.1s ====

T. Affolder et al., The CDF Collaboration, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 071806 (2002).

A.6 Measurement of B Meson Lifetimes using Fully Reconstructed B DecaysProduced in pp Collisions at TeV8.1s ====D. Acosta et al., The CDF Collaboration, Phys. Rev. D65, 092009 (2002).

A.7 Comparison of the Isolated Direct Photon Cross Sections in pp Collisions atTeV8.1s ==== and TeV63.0s ====

D. Acosta et al., The CDF Collaboration, Phys. Rev. D65, 112003 (2002).

A.8 Search for Single-Top-Quark Production in pp Collisions at TeV8.1s ====D. Acosta et al., The CDF Collaboration, Phys. Rev. D65, 091102 (2002).

A.9 Search for the Decay φφφφµµµµµµµµ→→→→ −−−−++++SB in pp Collisions at TeV8.1s ====

D. Acosta et al., The CDF Collaboration, Phys. Rev. D65, 111101 (2002).

A.10 Charged Jet Evolution and the Underlying Event in Proton-AntiprotonCollisions at 1.8 TeVT. Affolder et al., The CDF Collaboration, Phys. Rev. D65, 092002 (2002).

A.11 ΥΥΥΥ Production and Polarization in pp Collisions at TeV8.1s ====D. Acosta, The CDF Collaboration, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 161802 (2002).

39

A.12 Diffractive Dijet Production at 630s ==== and 1800 GeV at the FermilabTevatronD. Acosta et al., The CDF Collaboration, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 151802 (2002).

A.13 Soft and Hard Interactions in pp Collisions at 1800s ==== and 630 GeVD. Acosta, The CDF Collaboration, Phys. Rev. D65, 072005 (2002).

A.14 Study of the Heavy Flavor Content of Jets Produced in Association with WBosons in pp Collisions at TeV8.1s ====D. Acosta et al., The CDF Collaboration, Phys. Rev. D65, 052007 (2002).

A.15 Measurement of the B+ Total Cross Section and B+ Differential Cross SectionTdp/dσσσσ in pp Collisions at TeV8.1s ====

D. Acosta et al., The CDF Collaboration, Phys. Rev. D65, 052005 (2002).

A.16 Searches for New Physics in Events with a Photon and b-quark Jet at CDFT. Affolder et al., The CDF Collaboration, Phys. Rev. D65, 052006 (2002).

A.17 Measurement of the Strong Coupling Constant from Inclusive Jet Productionat the Tevatron pp ColliderT. Affolder et al., The CDF Collaboration, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 042001 (2002).

A.18 Observation of Diffractive ψψψψ/J Production at the Fermilab TevatronT. Affolder et al., The CDF Collaboration, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 241802 (2001).

A.19 Search for Gluinos and Squarks Using Like-Sign Dileptons in pp Collisionsat TeV8.1s ====T. Affolder et al., The CDF Collaboration, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 251803 (2001).

A.20 Search for Gluinos and Scalar Quarks in pp Collisions at TeV8.1s ==== usingthe Missing Energy plus Multijets SignatureT. Affolder et al., The CDF Collaboration, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 041801 (2002).

A.21 Cross Section and Heavy Quark Composition of µµµµ++++γγγγ Events Produced inpp Collisions

T. Affolder et al., The CDF Collaboration, Phys. Rev. D65, 12003 (2001).

A.22 Observation of Orbitally Excited B Mesons in pp Collisions at TeV8.1s ====Affolder et al., The CDF Collaboration, Phys. Rev. D64, 072002 (2001).

A.23 Charged Particle Multiplicity in Jets in pp Collisions at TeV8.1s ====T. Affolder, The CDF Collaboration, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 211804 (2001).

A.24 Search for Quark-Lepton Compositeness and a Heavy W' Boson Using theµµµµe Channel in pp Collisions at TeV8.1s ====

T. Affolder et al., The CDF Collaboration, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 231803 (2001).

40

A.25 Search for Narrow Diphoton Resonances and for Z/W++++γγγγγγγγ Signatures in ppCollisions at TeV8.1s ====T. Affolder et al., The CDF Collaboration, Phys. Rev. D64, 092002 (2001).

A.26 THE CDF ONLINE SILICON VERTEX TRACKERA. Bardi et al., 7th International Conference on Advanced Technology andParticle Physics, Villa Olmo, Como, Italy, 15-19 Oct 2001.Published in Nucl.Instrum.Meth.A485:178-182,2002

A.27 STATUS REPORT OF THE INTERMEDIATE SILICON LAYERSDETECTOR AT CDFIIA. Affolder et al., Published in Nucl.Instrum.Meth.A485:6-9,2002

A.28 Evolution of silicon microstrip detector currents during proton irradiation attheCERN PSR.S. Harper, C.M. Buttar, P.P. Allport, L. Andricek, J.R. Carter, G. Casse, I.Dawson, D. Ferrère, C.M.D. Grigson, D. Morgan and D. RobinsonNuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A, Vol. 479 (2-3) (2002)pp. 548-554

A.29 Silicon Microstrip Detrectors for the ATLAS SCTD. Robinson et al., Nucl. Inst. Methods A485, p84-88,2002.

A. 30 Beam study of irradiated ATLAS-SCT PrototypesT. Akimoto et al., Nucl. Inst. Methods A485, p67-72, 2002

A. 31 Construction and performance of the ATLAS silicon microstrip barrelmodulesT. Kondo et al., Nucl. Inst. Methods A485, p27-42, 2002

b) The following articles are to be published

The Readout System of the ATLAS Liquid Argon CalorimetersA.Blondel et al, proceedings of 8th Workshop on Electronics for LHCExperiments, 9-13 Septembre 2002, Colmar (France)

b) The following articles have been published since our last report

B. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT FOR NEUTRINO FACTORIES

B.1 Updated Results of the Horn Study For the NuFact S. Gilardoni, A. E. Ball, A.Blondel, N. Vassilopoulos, Proceedings NUFACT00 Nucl. Instr. Meth., .http://nicewww.cern.ch/~molat/neutrino/nf42.pdf

41

B.2 Proposal for a Four Horn Capture Scheme, S. Gilardoni, K. Hanke et A.Perrin, Neutrino Factory Note 77 (2001)http://molat.home.cern.ch/molat/neutrino/nf77.pdf

B.3 Study of (Anti-)Neutrino Fluxes from a Horn Neutrino Beam Using 2.2 GeVProtons, A.Blondel, M. Donega, S. Gilardoni, Neutrino Factory Note 78 (2001)http://nicewww.cern.ch/~molat/neutrino/nf78.pdf

B.4 Review and Comparison of Solenoid and Horn Capture System, S. Gilardoni,Neutrino Factory Note 86 (2001)http://nicewww.cern.ch/~molat/neutrino/nf86.pdf

B.5 Conducting Targets for Pion production, S. Gilardoni, B. Autin and P. Sievers,Neutrino Factory Note 91 (2001)http://nicewww.cern.ch/~molat/neutrino/nf91.pdf

B.6 Superbeam Studies at CERN , A. Blondel et al, Neutrino Factory Note 95(2001), Proc NUFACT01 in Tsukuba, Japan, Nucl. Instr. Meth.,http://nicewww.cern.ch/~molat/neutrino/nf95.pdf

B.7 GEANT4 simulation of phase rotation for neutrino factory, S. Giani, S.Gilardoni, V. M. Grichine, Neutrino Factory Note 102, CERN-OPEN-2002-044,(2002) http://nicewww.cern.ch/~molat/neutrino/nf102.pdf

B.8 Stability criterium for periodic solenoidal channel, S. Gilardoni, NeutrinoFactory Note 107 (2002) CERN-OPEN-2002-047http://nicewww.cern.ch/~molat/neutrino/nf107.pdf

B.9 Effects of thermal shocks on the release of the radioisotopes and on moltenmetal target vessels, J. Lettry et al., (incl. S. Gilardoni) CERN-PS-2002-075-PP

B.10 Radioactive ion beams produced by neutron-induced fission at ISOLDE, R.Catherall, U. Köster, S.Gilardoni, CERN-PS-2002-065-PP

B.11 The Study of a European Neutrino Factory Complex, P. Gruber et al, (incl A.Blondel, S. Gilardoni de l’Université de Genève) Neutrino Factory Note103(2002) CERN/PS/2002-008(NF)

B.12 Status report of the HARP experimentHARP Collaboration, http://harp.web.cern.ch/harpCERN SPSC/2001.031 SPSC/M 672 29 October 2001.

B.13 Status report of the HARP experiment HARP Collaboration, http://harp.web.cern.ch/harp CERN SPSC/2002.013 SPSC/M 681 25 March 2002.

B.14 Status report of the HARP experiment HARP Collaboration, http://harp.web.cern.ch/harp CERN SPSC/2002.019 SPSC/M 685 10 May 2002.

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B.15 Oscillation Physics with a Neutrino Factory M. Apollonio et al, (incl. Blondel, Campanelli, Donega, Fechner, Gilardoni,

Santin de l’Université de Genève) hep-ph/0210192 October 2002 (edit. M.Campanelli)

B.16 Physics with low-energy muons at a neutrino factory complexJ. Äystö et al., hep-ph/0109217, September 24, 2001

B.17 Reconstruction of neutrino energy in a large water Cerenkov detector usinglepton informationA. Blondel, M. Campanelli, M. Fechner, Neutrino Factory Note 112 (2002) ,http://nicewww.cern.ch/~molat/Neutrino/nf112.pdf

B.18 Study of the Reconstruction of Neutrino Oscillation Parameters UsingSpectral Information from a Cerenkov DetectorA. Blondel, A. Campanelli, M. Fechner, Neutrino Factory Note 120 (2002),http://nicewww.cern.ch/~molat/neutrino/nf120.pdf

B.19 An International Muon Ionization Experiment (MICE)Letter of Intent to the Paul Sherrer Institute (Nov 28) and to The RutherfordAppleton Laboratory, A. Blondel et al. (the MICE collaboration)http://hep04.phys.iit.edu/cooldemo/micenotes/public/pdf/MICE0001/MICE0001.pdf

B.20 Effects of new physics in neutrino oscillations in matterM. Campanelli, Andrea Romanino, hep-ph/0207350 July 2002http://xxx.lanl.gov/pdf/hep-ph/0207350

b) The following articles are to be published

Status of a magnetic horn for a neutrino factory, S. Gilardoni et al.,presentation to NUFACT02 to appear in Nucl. Instr. Meth (2003)

The Study of a European Neutrino Factory Complex, P. Gruber et al, (incl A.Blondel, S. Gilardoni de l’Université de Genève) Neutrino Factory Note103(2002) CERN/PS/2002-008(NF) to appear as CERN Yellow report.

Energy reconstruction in quasi-elastic events unfolding physics and detectoreffectsA.Blondel, M. Campanelli, M. Fechner, contribution to NUFACT02 to appear inthe proceedings.