Privacy in Islam · If ye two turn in repentance to Him, your hearts are indeed so inclined; But if...

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Privacy in Islam A T M Monawer M A in Fiqh & Usul al-Fiqh International Islamic University Malaysia B A in Hadith and Its Sciences Al-Azhar University, Cairo

Transcript of Privacy in Islam · If ye two turn in repentance to Him, your hearts are indeed so inclined; But if...

Page 1: Privacy in Islam · If ye two turn in repentance to Him, your hearts are indeed so inclined; But if ye back up each other against him, truly Allah is his Protector, and Gabriel, and

Privacy in Islam

A T M Monawer

M A in Fiqh & Usul al-Fiqh

International Islamic University Malaysia

B A in Hadith and Its Sciences

Al-Azhar University, Cairo

Page 2: Privacy in Islam · If ye two turn in repentance to Him, your hearts are indeed so inclined; But if ye back up each other against him, truly Allah is his Protector, and Gabriel, and

Recitation of the Verses

وإذا جاءهم أمر من المن أو الوف أذاعوا به ولو ردوه إل الرسول وإل أولهم ولول فضل الله عليكم ورحته لت ب ع هم لعلمه الذين يست نبطونه من م ت المر من

يطان إل قليلا سورة النساء( 83)الش 83. When there comes to them some matter

touching [Public] safety or fear, they divulge it. If they had only referred it to the

Messenger, or to those charged with authority among them, the proper

investigators would have Tested it from them [direct]. Were it not for the Grace and Mercy

of Allah unto you, all but a few of you would have fallen into the clutches of

Satan. (Surah al-Nisa, 83)

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ا ن بأت به وأظهره الله وإذ أسر النب إل ب عض أزواجه حديثاا ف لما ن بأها به قالت من أن بأك عليه عرف ب عضه وأعرض عن ب عض ف لم

إن ت توبا إل الله ف قد صغت ( 3)هذا قال ن بأن العليم البري ق لوبكما وإن تظاهرا عليه فإن الله هو موله وجبيل وصالح

عسى ربه إن طلقكن أن ( 4)المؤمنني والملئكة ب عد ذلك ظهري راا منكن مسلمات مؤمنات قانتات تائبات عابدات ا خي ي بدله أزواجا

سورة التحرمي( 5)سائحات ث يبات وأبكاراا

Page 4: Privacy in Islam · If ye two turn in repentance to Him, your hearts are indeed so inclined; But if ye back up each other against him, truly Allah is his Protector, and Gabriel, and

3. When the Prophet disclosed a matter in confidence to one of his

consorts, and she then divulged it [to another], and Allah made it

known to him, he confirmed part thereof and repudiated a part.

Then when he told her thereof, she said, "Who told thee this? "He

said, "He told me Who knows and is well-acquainted [with all

things]."

4. If ye two turn in repentance to Him, your hearts are indeed so

inclined; But if ye back up each other against him, truly Allah is

his Protector, and Gabriel, and [every] righteous one among those

who believe,- and furthermore, the angels - will back [him] up.

5. It may be, if he divorced you [all], that Allah will give him in

exchange consorts better than you,- who submit [their wills], who

believe, who are devout, who turn to Allah in repentance, who

worship [in humility], who travel [for Faith] and fast,- previously

married or virgins. (Surah al-Tahreem, 3-5)

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Privacy in Islam

Privacy in the text of Quran and Sunnah

Bases of privacy

Secrete and its criteria

Attributes and Ruling of privacy

Which is greater offense?

Why do we disclose secretes?

Consequences of disclosing secretes

How to deal with secretes?

When to disclose secrete?

Secretes of Muslim Affairs

Example of early generation

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Current Situation of Muslims

Programs

◦ Conference

◦ Meeting

Activities

◦ Handling critical issues

Personal Secretes

◦ Bad habits, unlawful relation, smoking,

watching bad movies

Disclosing inside and outside the sphere

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Privacy in the Quran and Sunnah

Sir ( was mentioned 32 times in the Quran including its (سر roots and derivatives

Bases of privacy protection: Islam obligated all ways that protect the privacy and prohibited all ways that disclose the privacy.

◦ Commands

Protection of Amanah/trust: 58. Allah doth command you to render back your Trusts to those to whom they are due; (al-Nisa:58)

Fulfillment of promise: and fulfil [every] engagement, for [every] engagement will be enquired into [on the Day of Reckoning]. (al-Isra:34)

وعنأنسال إيمان لمن ال أمانة له، وال دين لمن ال عهد »:ماخطبنارسولهللاإالقال:قال .رواهاإلمامأحمد)( .)(«له

Anas R narrated that whenever Prophet pbuh addressed us he says: there is no imam for the person who does not keep the amana and there is no religion for the person who does not fullfill the promise.

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◦ Prohibitions

Khiyanah/betrayal

Suspicion

Espionage/Spying

Gibah/backbiting

Namimah/talebearing

Harm: may neither inflicted nor reciprocated ال »

.«ضرر وال ضرار

Nifaq: It is conflicted with the Imam

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• What is secrete? Which some one does not like to be disclosed. It can be good or bad. Defers based on personality, importance , situation etc.

ويف احلديث أنه استعينوا على قضاء حاجاتكم بالكتمان »: قال .«فإن كل ذي نعمة محسود

قال علي( :سرك أسريك، فإن تكلمت به صرت أسريه.) Kinds of secretes: ◦ Prohibited by textual evidence of Islam ◦ Prohibited by the person ◦ Hidden by nature but knowable by mixing NB: All of these three kinds are prohibited by

shariah

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Criteria of Secretes Looking around while talking:

قال :«إذا حدث رجل رجال بحديث ثم التفت فهو أمانة». Any kind of meeting except 3:

إنما يتجالس المتجالسان باألمانة، »: روي عن الرسول صلى اهلل عليه وسلم أنه قال .(11) «فال يحل ألحدهما أن يفشي على صاحبه ما يكره

المجالس باألمانة إال ثالثة مجالس سفك دم حرام أو »: وعنه صلى اهلل عليه وسلم .(12) «فرج حرام أو اقتطاع مال بغير حق

Special conversation of two persons: رأيت ابن عمر يناجي رجلا، فدخل رجل : )وروى أحد بسنده عن سعدي بن املقبي قال

إذا تناجى اثنان فال يدخل بينهما »: قال رسول اهلل : بينهما فضرب صدره وقال له .)(«الثالث إال بإذنهما

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Information of other group: من استمع إلى خبر قوم وهم له كارهون، صب في أذنه »: وقال

.)(«اآلنك يوم القيامة Achieving any good thing:

( استعينوا على إنجاح حوائجكم بالكتمان، فإن كل ذي نعمة رواه الطبراني (محسود

Secretes of spouse: إن أعظم األمانة عند اهلل يوم القيامة الرجل يفضي إلى »: وقال

.«امرأته وتفضي إليه ثم ينشر سرها

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Importance of Privacy ◦ One of the rights of Muslim Brotherhood

يا معشر من " وقال للمنافقني . رواه الشيخان " من سرت على مسلم سرته اهلل يف الدنيا واآلخرة ◦ ل تغتابوا املسلمني ول تتبعوا عوراهتم: : آمن بلسانه ومل يدخل اإلميان قلبه

).سرك أسيرك، فإن تكلمت به صرت أسيره: )-رضي اهلل عنه -قال علي ◦◦ Its violation is Hypocrisy:

رواه الشيخان (إذا حدث كذب، وإذا وعد أخلف، وإذا اؤتمن خان: آية المنافق ثالث)◦ ·من حديث أبي هريرة

◦ Threat against it يا معشر من " وقال للمنافقني . رواه الشيخان " من سرت على مسلم سرته اهلل يف الدنيا واآلخرة ◦

ل تغتابوا املسلمني ول تتبعوا عوراهتم ، فإن من يتبع عورة : : آمن بلسانه ومل يدخل اإلميان قلبه . " أخيه يتبع اهلل عورته ، ومن يتبع اهلل عورته يفضحه ولو يف جوف بيته

◦ It requires Tawbah to repent if disclosed ◦ The Prophet PBUH used to make doa

اللهم اسرت عوراتنا ، وآمن روعاتنا ◦

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Attributes and Ruling of Privacy Attributes of privacy:

◦ It’s a divine system ا للناظرين و اء ب روجا و ز ي ناه ا من كل ش يط ان ر جيم * ل ق د ج ع لن ا في السم فظن اه إال م ن * و ح است ر ق السمع ف أ ت ب ع ه شه اب مبين [18 -16: احلجر]

◦ it can be personal and collective ◦ It requires caution and punishment if violated ◦ It needs tarbiah and training

Ruling on privacy: It is betrayal, deception, non-fullfilment of promise, causing harm . All are prohibated in Islam. Hence, disclosing secretes are Haram. On the other hand removing harm and protection of privacy is obligatory in Islam. According to Mawardi ◦ Earning of spying: Punishment: Al-Misswar Bin Makhrama that the Messenger

Muhammad (saw) said: “Whoever earns and eats from exposing any secret of a Muslim, Allah will put fire in his mouth in Jahannam and whoever earns and clothes himself from exposing any secret of a Muslim Allah will cloth him with clothes of fire in Jahannam”.

Disclosing secretes by words or actions

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Every one has own secretes عن النب r من سرت على مسلم سرته اهلل " وعنه أنه قال " اللهم اسرت عوراتنا ، وآمن روعاتنا " أنه كان يدعو هبذا الدعاء

ل تغتابوا : : يا معشر من آمن بلسانه ومل يدخل اإلميان قلبه " وقال للمنافقني . رواه الشيخان " يف الدنيا واآلخرة . " املسلمني ول تتبعوا عوراهتم ، فإن من يتبع عورة أخيه يتبع اهلل عورته ، ومن يتبع اهلل عورته يفضحه ولو يف جوف بيته

Which one is greater offense? ◦ Personal secrets or social/ collective secretes? ◦ Mass people’s secretes or high ranked personalities’ secretes? ◦ General secretes or religious secretes? ◦ Group’s secrets or institutional secrets? ◦ Betrayal of money or betrayal of secretes? ◦ Good secrete or bad secrete?

High ranking personality: r نبوفضل حفظ السرار اليت يف كشفها قبح ومساءة يكون فيه أحيانا معىن إقالة العثرة ، واملعونة على استقامة من وقعت منه الزلة ، قال ال◦

. " أقيلوا ذوي اهليئات عثراهتم إل احلدود " Which one is better?

◦ Chastity of money or chastity of secretes

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Why Do People Disclose Secretes? Why? ◦ It needs choice to put in and attributes such as intellect,

faith, goodwill, cordiality, reticent by nature etc. -Mawardi.

◦ It requires determination, fight with self, domination on shaitan.

ا إ نا ع ر ضن ا األ م ان ة ع ل ى السم او ات و األ رض و الجب ال ف أ ب ين أ ن ي حملن ه نس ان إنه ك ان ظ لوما ج هوال ا ال ه ا و ح م ل ه [.72: الحزاب] و أ شف قن من

Factors cause disclosing secretes: ◦ Arrogance, pride ◦ Human nature of Doing what is prohibited ◦ Insulting others, Spite ◦ Personal benefit

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Way to avoiding disclosing secretes: ◦ To observe Allah, ◦ Goodwill for every Muslim, ◦ Reflection on consequences,

Consequences of Disclosing Secretes ◦ Physical harm: (ل ضرر ول ضرار) ، ◦ Mental harm: والذين يؤذون املؤمنني واملؤمنات بغري ما }: -سبحانه -وقال

الحزاب]{ (58)اكتسبوا فقد احتملوا هبتانا وإمثا مبينا [· ◦ Relation break off: couple, parents and siblings,

relatives, friends, office, organization, movement etc. ◦ Damages: Economic, political, religious, skill etc.

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How to Deal with Secretes? To remove the secretes from the heart in such a way that it

seems to be forgotten. Use of Tawriah/equivocation/ insinuation/allusion

روى أن النب r وروى قول ذلك عن بعض السلف " إن يف املعاريض ملندوحة عن الكذب : " قال . والتعريض التورية To remove harm, lie is allowed, but to benefit, lie is not

allowed except in three cases: war, between two, and spouse. What to be disclosed: crime that excludes from millah

وقال النب r إنك إن تتبعت عورات املسلمني أفسدهتم أو كدت تفسدهم "ملعاوية رضي اهلل عنه "يعين استقام له شأن خلفته " نفعه اهلل هبا r كلمة مسعها معاوية من النب: " قال بعض السلف

مع الناس وقال :« المجلس باألمانة إال ثالثة مجالس مجلس سفك دم حرام، أو فرج حرام، أو

.أبو داود)( .)(«اقتطاع مال بغير حق

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When to Disclose Secretes?

If the person disclose himself

If it is disclosed by another one

If the person permit to disclose

After finishing promised time

After death if it is his good attributes

If hiding is more harmful than disclosing

To remove the harm

Situations of secretes: doctors, muftis,

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Secretes of Muslim Affairs Collective secrete is greater than personal Religious/Institutional secrete is greater than

any group secrete The prophet PBUH punished for such crime Threat for such crime in the Hereafter

من استمع إلى خبر قوم وهم له كارهون، صب في أذنه »: وقال .)(«اآلنك يوم القيامة

Betrayal with the Institutions/ religion Conflicted with obedience to institution

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Examples of Early Generation Tarbiah of the prophet PBUH:

ويف السنة يف قصة ماعز الذي اعرتف بالزىن ، فأقام النب r احلدفقال . أنا أمرته أن يأت ي فيع رتف : عليه بالرجم، جاء هزال فقال

. " يا هزال لو سرتته بثوبك لكان خريا لك " r النب Psychological mindset of Early generation:

لو وجدت شاربا : " وروى عن أيب بكر رضي اهلل عنه أنه قال " لحببت أن يسرته اهلل ، ولو وجدت سارقا لحببت أن يسرته اهلل

.

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