PMU Brazil's experience

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    CRIS International Workshop on Critical Infrastructures WAMS

    On-line Voltage Instability RiskIdentification Based on Phasor

    Measurements

    Glauco N. Taranto

    Rio de Janeiro, RJ

    COPPE/UFRJ

    Programa de Engenharia Eltrica

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    CRIS International Workshop on Critical Infrastructures WAMS

    Acknowledgements

    Dr. Sandro Corsi (Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano)

    Acknowledgements

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    Presentation Outline

    Introduction

    PMU

    Voltage Stability

    Background for the Method Utilized

    Proposed Algorithm for Identification

    Results

    Italian System

    Brazilian System (Preliminary Results)

    Concluding Remarks

    Presentation Outline

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    Introduo

    PMU

    First experiments back to the seventies

    The pioneers: Profs. Phadke and Thorp

    In Brazil: MedFasee Project (2003)

    Technology for synchronizationLoran-C (in the past 100 kHz)

    GPS (presently 2 MHz)

    Applications

    Monitoring (low sampling rate)

    Protection and Control (high sampling rate)

    Introduction

    CRIS I i l W k h C i i l I f WAMS

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    Localization of PMUs in TVA (USA)

    Introduction

    CRIS I t ti l W k h C iti l I f t t WAMS I t d ti

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    Voltage Stability

    Short termFrom miliseconds to a few seconds

    Large perturbation

    Induction motor starting, HVDC

    Long termFrom seconds to many minutes

    OLTC, OEL

    Introduction

    Introduction

    Work Focus

    Elemento causador da instabilidade de tenso de Curto tempo.

    Partidas de motores e links HVDC pode ser as

    consideradas grande perturbao para tenso.

    CRIS International Workshop on Critical Infrastructures WAMS B k d

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    Background

    Based on:

    Measurements of voltage and current phasors

    Thevenin equivalent

    Impedance matching

    Background

    CRIS International Workshop on Critical Infrastructures WAMS Background

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    Background (Thevenin)

    LThThL IZEVrrr

    =

    ThL ZZ =

    1 equation

    2 unknowns

    Maximal power

    transfer

    Background

    CRIS International Workshop on Critical Infrastructures WAMS Background

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    Installation Layout

    Source: Sakis Meliopoulos, IREP 2007

    Background

    Transformador de Corrente

    CRIS International Workshop on Critical Infrastructures WAMS Background

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    VIP Voltage Instability Prediction

    Source: K. Vu and D. Novosel, Voltage Instability Predictor (VIP) - Method and

    System for Performing Adaptive Control to Improve Voltage Stability in Power

    Systems, US Patent No. 6,219,591, April 2001.

    Finding: relying only on voltage magnitudes

    to detect voltage instability is neither helpful

    nor reliable!

    Background

    Os rels convencionais medem somente as

    magnitudes das tenses, o que por si s no uma

    condio suficiente, pois instabilidades de tenso

    podem ocorrer com nveis relativamente altos de

    tenso.

    CRIS International Workshop on Critical Infrastructures WAMS Fundamentals

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    Fundamentals

    =

    Th

    L

    E

    V

    coscos

    1

    0ThR

    assumingEth is

    unknownMethods already proposed:

    1) LMS

    2) Tellegens Principle

    Fundamentals

    CRIS International Workshop on Critical Infrastructures WAMS

    Fundamentals

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    Conceptual Analysis

    Known Variables Estimated Variables

    ZL() I

    L(A) V

    L(V) E

    Th(V) Z

    Th() E

    Th(V) Z

    Th()

    1 9 2 18 21 1,5 19 0,5

    2 8 2,22 17,76 21 1,46 19 0,56

    Step

    20 V(?)

    1 (?)

    LVIL ZL

    Hint!

    Eth = 20 V

    Zth = 1

    Fundamentals

    1,45

    10

    1,82 18,2

    Zth0 para estimativa acima

    Ztho para

    estimativa abaixo.

    CRIS International Workshop on Critical Infrastructures WAMS Proposed Algorithm

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    p

    Proposed Algorithm

    Step 1 Estimate the initial value of Etho

    Step 2 Compute Xtho

    Step 3 Compute Eth(i) according to the logics of

    the previous numerical exampleStep 4 Compute Xth

    (i) given Eth(i)

    Step 5 Increment (i) and return to Step 3.

    oposed go t

    CRIS International Workshop on Critical Infrastructures WAMS Results

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    p

    Results

    The proposed algorithm was applied to the entire Italian System from

    real data

    System Characteristics:

    2549 buses (380 kV and 220 kV networks)

    2258 transmission lines and transformers

    325 generators

    50 GW of load

    Dynamic models for OLTCs, OELs, voltage regulators and speed governors

    Application to load and transit buses

    Sampling rate 20ms (1 phasor/cycle in 50Hz)

    CRIS International Workshop on Critical Infrastructures WAMS Results

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    380 kV Network

    Milan

    Florence

    CRIS International Workshop on Critical Infrastructures WAMS Results

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    Brugherio 380kV Bus

    CRIS International Workshop on Critical Infrastructures WAMS Results

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    Baggio 380kV Bus

    CRIS International Workshop on Critical Infrastructures WAMS Results

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    Sensitivity to the Sampling Rate

    CRIS International Workshop on Critical Infrastructures WAMS Results

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    Tests in the Rio Area

    Tests are still preliminary

    Made possible via Anatem from CEPELCase and models obtained from ONS webpage(February/2007)

    Load ramp increase

    Summary submitted to SEPOPE 2008

    CRIS International Workshop on Critical Infrastructures WAMS Results

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    Preliminay Tests in the Rio Area

    I

    I

    V

    I

    CRIS International Workshop on Critical Infrastructures WAMS

    C h i P li t 500kVResults

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    Cachoeira Paulista 500kVZ_Thevenin x Z_carga

    CRIS International Workshop on Critical Infrastructures WAMS Concluding Remarks

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    Concluding Remarks

    The phasor measurements can efficiently be utilized in voltage

    instability prevention.

    High sampling rates are necessary.

    Prediction of voltage instability in a region can be made without

    extensive use of the communications resources.

    It is possible to proposed more sophisticated control logics relying on

    data synchronization via GPS.

    Comprehensive results from the Italian System and preliminary ones

    from the Brazilian System encourage further research on this topic.

    CRIS International Workshop on Critical Infrastructures WAMS Rio de Janeiro, RJ

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    THANKS !e-mail: [email protected]