Paysages agraires médiévaux en Trentine oriental et autour de Besançon

Paysages agraires

médiévaux en Trentine oriental

et autour de Besançon

Paolo Forlin - Durham University

Progetto Apsat

Ambiente e paesaggi d’altura del Trentino

Trentino OrientaleVal di Cembra and

Valsugana

Valsugana and Val di Cembra

Roman and early medieval sites

Woodlands in Trentino

Visibility outside the forest

14%

85%

2%

Fields Vineyards and orchards Gardens

Hydrogeologic instability and

surface visibilitySlope and valley floor aggradation

5th-6th century ADslope instability

Lidar DTMand archaeological contexts

1. Lidar DTMand hilltop sites

Doss Venticcia

Late Iron Age finds

Paolo Forlin

Some examples, with a clarification: Each site’s chronology has been extrapolated by scattered find mainly collected (and then published) by metal detectors users in the 70s and 80s…Doss Venticcia is an Late iron Age hill top settlement this is the Aerial view and this is the Lidar DTM with a sky view factor visualisation


Doss Venticcia

Late Iron Age finds

Paolo Forlin

The image allows to recognise easily almost 30 depressions that correspond to as many huts excavated on the bedrock still visible -in many case- on the surface


Doss Venticcia

Late Iron Age finds


Doss Caslir

Late Iron age, Roman and late Roman finds

Paolo Forlin

Another case is Doss Caslir, an hill top that probably was occupied by a sanctuary during the late Iron age and the Roman period that develop later into a settlement during the end of the Empire


Doss Caslir

Late Iron age, Roman and late Roman finds


Doss Caslir

Colle Tegazzo

Late Iron Agefinds


Paolo Forlin

A third case - the last one- is Colle Tegazzo, another late Iron Age settlement were again we had the opportunity to map the cut rock huts on the northern portion

Colle Tegazzo

Late Iron Agefinds

2. Mining areasMons Argentarius

Medieval mining pits

Paolo Forlin

A second context in which we gained an amount of new information thanks to Lidar data is represented by Mining areas, and in particular by the silver extraction mines of the Mons Argentarius, just east of the city of TrentoThis is one of the most important silver mine in medieval Europe -deeply exploited between the 11th and the 14th century- and its use led to the definition of the most ancient medieval mine codex (Codex Wangianus from the name of the bishop) So what we know better now before we used Lidar data is the spatial organisation of the mine and the impressive distribution of its evidence - represented generally by clustered and circular mines pits!!

Medieval mining area of Mons Argentarius

Automatic Features Extraction

Medieval mining area of Mons Argentarius

Terraced slopes

Val di CembraLisignago

Valsugana

Paolo Forlin

Abandoned terracesare the only filed system typology nowadays reforested and fossilised beneath the forestTheir chronology is not always clear, but we can say roughly that many terraces date back to the Middle Ages, since their connection with the medieval castles. In some cases, terraces (where vineyards were cultivated) are mentioned in medieval documents in association with medieval castle.Actually, medieval pottery is often present in these terraced areas but we need to take INTO account that here OFFSITE is the RULEFrom ethnographical evidence, we now that until recent times, Soil was often moved from one area to the terraces every year, in order to RESPOND to soil erosion every here

ValsuganaCastel Selva

Terraced slopes

Paolo Forlin


ValsuganaCaldonazzo

Terraced slopes

Paolo Forlin


ValsuganaCastel Vedro

Terraced slopes

Paolo Forlin


Lidar mapped contexts

1m DTM resolution available for areas beneath ~ 1200 m asl

Telve and Castelnuovo alluvial fans

Lidar and field systems

Telve and Castelnuovo alluvial fan

Environment and field systems

Paolo Forlin

This for instance is the case study of the alluvial fan of Telve and the mapping of the 4 identified field systems in that area

Telve and Castelnuovo alluvial fans


Field systems evolution

Post-Medieval fieldsPhase 2: 19th century

Post-Medieval fieldsPhase 1: 17th-18th

centuries

Medieval fieldsPhase 2: 13th-14th

centuries

Medieval fieldsPhase 1: before the 12th

century

Marsh of PerginePost-Medieval fieldsPhase 2: 19th century

Brenta riverPost-Medieval fieldsPhase 2: 19th century

Paolo Forlin

The third and last context where I found Lidar data very useful for improving our understanding of the landscape evolution corresponds with palaeo hydrological features in relationship with field systemThese images shows the debris flow of a flood that hit the alluvial fan of Spagolle


NovaledoDead Lake

Paolo Forlin

These Filed systems are the result of an organic reclamation project that removed the marshy zones from the bottom valley of Valsugana. This operation was carried out for 2 main reasons:creation of new fieldssanitary reason Interestingly, also THE last creation of new arable land, WAS FOLLOWED By social protest: the way, this project, promoted by the local communities, was obstacles by the DOMINI of CASTEL SAVARO who owned the feudal right of the marsh exploitation… mainly for fishing



centuries


centuries


century


centuries

SpagollePost-Medieval fieldsPhase 1: 17th-18th

centuries

Maso MontelPost-Medieval fieldsPhase 1: 17th-18th

centuries

CaldonazzoPost-Medieval fieldsPhase 1: 17th-18th

centuries

Regular and planned field systems

Caldonazzo

Post-Medieval fields

- Reclamation of wetlands and stream embedment

- Arable land, introduction of new rational agrarian practices

- Risk management

- Sanitary reasons

SpagolleDebris flow

Spagolle - Late Medieval BuildingBefore and after the excavation

From post-medieval to medieval fields


SpagolleDebris flow

Spagolle - Late Medieval BuildingBefore and after the excavation


SpagolleDebris flow



centuries


centuries


century


Paolo Forlin

We found evidence of this flood in an open section at the foot of the fanthe flood produced the abandonment of a building we found there. The excavation, carried out later b the local Superintendence, determined that the abandonment dated back to the early post medieval period. An evidence that support the hypothesis that the flood was followed by a reshaping of the fields organisation with the creation on the 16th century of a regular field system instead of the irregular late medieval parcellaire outside the area

Social actors shaping the medieval

landscape

- Castle aristocracy- Village communities- Bishop of Trento

Social actors shaping the medieval

landscape - Val dei Mocheni

Social actors in shaping the

medieval landscape - Val dei Mocheni

1213-12141213

The village communities of Viarago, Serso and Seregnano ask the Bishop of Trento to stop the settlement of runcatores (colons) east of Mala promoted by the domini of Castel Pergine

1213The Bishop orders that the settlement in that valley has to be stopped

1214The village communities claim that the settlement never ended

… by end of the 13th century

That valley became the Valley of the Mocheni

Alluvial fan of Lochere and Quaere

Social contrast between the manorial family of Caldonazzo and the village community of Levico


centuries

Expansion of arable land in thesouth-exposed alluvial fan


centuries

1207

Expansion of arable land in thesouth-exposed alluvial fan


centuries

Masi di Novaledo

Castelnuovo

Roncegno


century

Alluvial fans exposed to south are attested before the end of the

12th century

Levico

Telve

Caldonazzo

San Desiderio


century


12th century

Levico


century


12th century

Telve

Medieval fields

- Deforestation of large woodlands

- Toward less attractive contexts

- Environmental constrains

Matrix of central Valsugana field systems


Ante 12th century

Expansion 12th, 13th, 14 th century

Reclamation of wetlands, 18th, 19th century

Reclamation of wetlands, late 19th century

Future perspective of research on fields systems evolution


Lavarone plateau

Paolo Forlin

Lavarone PLATEAU:anthropic pressure from the 11th centuryI will return on that LATER

New Insights on the hidden landscape:

Lidar analysis and the archaeological agrarian landscape surrounding the city of Besançon during the Middle Ages (500 - 1500 AD)

New Insights on the hidden landscape: Lidar analysis and the archaeological agrarian landscape surrounding the city of Besançon during the Middle Ages (500 - 1500 AD)

Besançon

Lidar DTM Visualisation techniques

Hill shade

Slope

Sky –view factor

Trend removal Equalised

Aérodrome de Besançon - Thise

Trend removal(LPF 20m)

Lidar DTM Visualisation techniques

Hill shade

Slope

Sky –view factor

Trend removal(LPF 20m)

Trend removal Equalised

Aérodrome de Besançon - Thise


Besançon, Forêt de ChailluzC. Fruchart, P. Forlin

New Insights on the hidden landscape: Lidar analysis and the archaeological agrarian landscape surrounding the city of Besançon during the Middle Ages(500 - 1500 AD)

Besançon, Forêt de ChailluzC. Fruchart, P. Forlin


Bois de Roche


Thise, Aérodrome


Grange of St. Antoine


La Veze


Auxon-Dessus


Chalizulle

Field system Typology:

Medieval Field systems Ridge and furrow on Clack Hill, to the east ofLittle Bowden, Leicestershire, England

Auxon-dessus

South of Rosemont


Transformation processes of the landscapes during the Middle Ages

Forêt de Chailluz

Marais de Saône



The Rise of new agrarian landscapes during the Middle Ages

Aérodrome of Thise

Auxon-dessus

Continuity of ancient agrarian landscapes during the Middle Ages (?)


Roman Sites

Thise

Fossilised agrarian landscapes and overlapping features

BESANÇON EASTERN TRENTINO

HUGE AMOUNT OF DATA

FEW EVIDENCE

Comparison between Eastern Trentino and Besançon’s area

Fossilised agrarian landscape and overlapping features

BESANÇON EASTERN TRENTINO

Heterogeneity(Several typologies) Homogeneity

(Abandoned terraces)


Lidar DTM grid resolution or filtering?

BESANÇON

0.50 m

TRENTINO

1.00 m


A different story for the Forests?

BESANÇON TRENTINO


Stability and instability of settlements and agrarian landscapes?

Dynamic and articulated

landscape

A conservative Alpine

landscape?

BESANÇON TRENTINO



Conclusions

Fundamental role of Lidar DTM data for the analysis of the rural landscapes

Diffusion and distribution of fossilised and relict evidence within the Besançon area

The possibility to address archaeologically some specific aspect of the medieval landscapes

evolution of field systems between Antiquity and the Middle Ages settlement network dynamics environmental and land-use evolution

Paysages agraires médiévaux en Trentine oriental et autour de Besançon

Science

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