MIS Hardware 4PDF

7/24/2019 MIS Hardware 4PDF

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M IS 4 M IS 4

Hardware:Hardware: Input, Processing,Input, Processing,

Output, and Storage DevicesOutput, and Storage Devices



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Com puter Com ponentsCom puter Com ponentsInput Process Output

Secondarystorage

• Video monitor• Printer

• Plotter• Process control• Voice output• Music synthesizers• Other computers

• Magnetic Disk • Floppy Disk • Optical Disk • Tape Drive

• Processor• RAM

• Device controllers

• Keyboard• Mouse

• Optical scanner• Voice input• Bar code• Touch screen• Light pen• MICR • Magnetic strips• Card reader• Other computers

seconds - milliseconds nanoseconds

milliseconds



Hardware Components…• Central Processing Unit (CPU): the part

of the computer that consists of twoprimary elements: arithmetic/logic unitand control unit

• Arithmetic/logic Unit (ALU): performsmathematical calculations and makeslogical comparisons

• Control unit: sequentially accessesprogram instructions, decodes them,and coordinates the flow of data



Computer System Components

RAM orActive

Memory



Execution of an Instruction



Processing CharacteristicsProcessing Characteristics• Machine Cycle Time

– Time it takes to execute the instruction and

execution phases• Clock Speed

– A series of electronic pulses produced at apredetermined rate, that affect machine cycle

time– Measured in Megahertz (MHz)

– Also, MIPS or million instructions per second

• Physical Characteristics of the CPU– Transistor densities

– Material used (superconductivity)

Page 43



• A “bus line” or “data bus” is a set of electrical pathsused to transmit data inside the computer

• The amount of data that can be transferred

simultaneously is called the “data bus width” or “busline width” – twice as much data can be transferred at the same time by a

64-bit bus as a 32- bit bus

– larger numbers can be processed

– more complex instructions can be used

• Microprocessors use PCI or Peripheral ComponentInterface

– 32/64 bit data bus architecture– high bandwidth between CPU and devices such as hard drives

& video

• CISC and RISC

– “complex” & “reduced instruction set computing”

The Microprocessor (continued):The Microprocessor (continued):



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The Microprocessor: Multiprocessing

• Multiprocessing-simultaneous executionof two or more instructions

• Coprocessor-when added to thecomputer, it speeds processing byexecuting certain types of instructions

(math) while the CPU works on otherprocessing activities

• Parallel Processing-speeds processing

by linking several microprocessors tooperate simultaneously

Page 45



Memory Characteristics and Functions

• Storage Capacity

• Types of Memory

– Random Access Memory (RAM)

– Read-Only Memory (ROM)

Storage Measurements

Page 44



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Data Storage: Data Storage: • 1 byte is the storage space required for 1 character

• 1 byte = 8 bits (usually)

• A bit is a binary digit .…represented by a 1 or 0

• For example: the letter K is represented by 01001011 in

bits

• “SMU” would be represented in memory as:

– 01010011 the S

– 01001101 the M – 01010101 the U

• Large Storage Units of Measure:

– 1 Kilobyte is 1,024 bytes – 1 Megabyte is 1,0242 or 1,048,576 bytes

– 1 Gigabyte is 1,0243 or 1,073,741,824 bytes

– 1 Terabyte is 10244

or 1,099,511,627,776 bytes

Page 44



Basic Types of Memory Chips

Page 45



Types of Secondary Storage• Magnetic Tapes

• Magnetic Disks

• RAID

• Storage areanetwork (SAN)

• Optical Disks

• Magneto-optical Disk

• Digital Video Disk

(DVD)• Memory Cards

• Expandable Storage



Costs for Data Storage



Secondary Storage Devices

Hard Disk

Hard disks givedirect access tostored data

Expandable Storage

Removable disk cartridges…ZIP disks

Pages 46-49



• DVDs look like CDs but have a much greaterstorage capacity and can transfer data at a muchfaster rate.

Digital Video Disk and Player

Page 48 & 49

• Storage that usesremovable disk

cartridges toprovide additionalstorage capacity(ZIP disks).

Expandable Storage



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• ROM (Read Only Memory) is a form of secondarymemory

– these are silicon chips onto which data and/or programs can

be permanently recorded (“burned”)

• CACHE (pronounced “cash”)

– small amount of semiconductor memory devoted tospeeding up the internal transfer of data and programinstructions

– the data and instructions most recently used and mostfrequently used are stored in this memory for rapid retrieval

– newer processors have this type of memory built-in

• Also, CD-ROM and DVD are classed as secondarystorage devices.

Secondary Storage (continued) Secondar y Storage (continued)



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Cache MemoryCache Memory

Cache

Memory

Processor

Disk Drive

File

Processor is faster then disk drive.

Reads ahead and stores several pieces of

the file into Cache memory.

Pulls data from cache as needed.

Especially fast for small sets of data usedrepeatedly.

Fast

Slow

NeededMight need

Read ahead



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Input Devices

Page 49-52

• Keyboard andmouse

• Voice-recognitiondevices

• Digital ComputerCameras

• Terminals

• Scanning Devices

• Point-of-Sale(POS) Devices

• Automatic TellerMachine (ATM)Devices

• Touch SensitiveScreens

• Bar Code

Scanners



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Output Devices• Display Monitors

• Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs)

• Printers and Plotters

Pages 52-53



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Computer System TypesComputer System Types

• Personal Computers – Network Computers

– Workstations

– Handheld & Laptop computers• Notebooks

• Subnotebook

– Web Appliance

• Midrange Computers

• Mainframe Computer

• Supercomputer

Pages 54-58

See Table 2.3 on Page 55 todistinguish among thedifferent types

Mainframe ComputersMainframe Computers

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