Local Knowledge and Conservation Priorities of Medicinal...

Research ArticleLocal Knowledge and Conservation Priorities of MedicinalPlants near a Protected Area in Brazil

Noelia Ferreira da Silva1 Natalia Hanazaki2 Ulysses Paulino Albuquerque 13

Juliana Loureiro Almeida Campos3 Ivanilda Soares Feitosa3 and Elcida de Lima Arauacutejo1

1Departamento de Biologia Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Botanica Universidade Federal Rural de PernambucoRua DomManoel de Medeiros SN Dois Irmaos 52171-900 Recife PE Brazil2Departamento de Ecologia e Zoologia (ECZ) Centro de Ciencias Biologicas (CCB) Universidade Federal de Santa CatarinaCampus Universitario Cidade Universitaria 88040-900 Florianopolis SC Brazil3Laboratorio de Ecologia e Evolucao de Sistemas Socioecologicos Departamento de Botanica Centro de BiocienciasUniversidade Federal de Pernambuco Cidade Universitaria 50670-901 Recife PE Brazil

Correspondence should be addressed to Ulysses Paulino Albuquerque upa677hotmailcom

Received 26 September 2018 Revised 10 December 2018 Accepted 17 December 2018 Published 3 February 2019

Academic Editor Shan-Yu Su

Copyright copy 2019 Noelia Ferreira da Silva et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons AttributionLicense which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properlycited

We investigated the influence of socioeconomic factors (age gender and occupation) on the local knowledge of medicinal plantsin the Araripe National Forest Brazil and the priority of conservation of the species as perceived by people Additionally priorityspecies for in situ conservation were identified by calculating conservation priority (CP) Initially free lists were developed with 152informants in order to identify the plants known and used by them Based on the most cited plants in these lists a salience analysiswas performed to identify the ten most prominent tree species In a second moment through a participatory workshop these tenspecies were classified by the perception of local experts as to their environmental availability and intensity of exploitation Thenthe population size of the forest plant species was quantified through a phytosociological sampling and the conservation priorityindex (CP) of the species was calculated A total of 214 ethnospecies were cited by the informants which were identified in 167species Local knowledge was influenced by socioeconomic factors with positive correlation between age and local knowledge anddifference in knowledge among professions Among the ten most prominent tree species in terms of their medicinal importanceHancornia speciosa was highlighted as a priority for conservation in the expertsrsquo perception because it has low environmentalavailability and a high exploitation rate The ten species were ordered by the CP differently from the ordering made by the localexpertsrsquo perception indicating that peoplersquos perception of species conservation status may not correspond to the actual situationin which they are found in the forests Conservationist measures based on the perception of informants need complementaryecological studies on the species accessed

1 Introduction

The collection and use of medicinal plants although com-mon practices in the different cultures of the world [1ndash3]may bring challenges for the conservation of the medicinalresource used This is particularly true when there is asignificant reduction in the population size of the exploitedspecies leading it to a risk of local extinction [4]

The local communities that use the medicinal resourceare the first to realize its availability reduction and aretherefore holders of a knowledge of expressive importance

to determine the priority species for conservation as well asfor the elaboration of strategies that allow the sustainabilityof exploitation [5]

However communities may differ among localitiesbecause of their socioeconomic characteristics and somestudies have shown that age gender and profession mayinfluence peoplersquos knowledge of resource use [6ndash11] Thisfact has indicated that the socioeconomic profile of humanpopulations needs to be considered in the recovery of theperception of the local populations and in the conception ofstrategies aimed at the conservation of the exploited resource

HindawiEvidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineVolume 2019 Article ID 8275084 18 pageshttpsdoiorg10115520198275084

2 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Among the strategies adopted by governments is thecreation of conservation units [12] which often incorporaterestrictive measures in order to introduce the sustainable useof resources prohibiting the use of target species of intenseextractivism in the region [13] This decision despite havinga conservationist intent often generates local problems andconflicts by not considering the perception and knowledge ofthe local populations about the practices of collection and useof the medicinal resource

Accordingly some studies report that forest resourcescontinue to be used by the populations around conservationunits regardless of whether they are full protection orsustainable use [8 14] especially when the populations havelow purchasing power

As an example people that live in the vicinity of theAraripe National Forest (FLONA) a full protection con-servation unit in the Northeastern region of Brazil collectnontimber forest resources [7 8] and wood [15] from theFLONA Araripe Except for the collection of the fruits ofpequi (Caryocar coriaceum Wittm) all other resources areexploited clandestinely that is without authorization fromthemanagement of the ConservationUnit which can be verynegative for the conservation of some species

Among the uses of the FLONA Araripe plant resourceswe can highlight the medicinal use since many people livingin the surroundings of the protected forest have low incomeand need to make use of the plants to cure their diseases [7ndash9] Therefore based on the above our expectation is that thelocal knowledge of these people on medicinal plants consid-ering their socioeconomic characteristics allows identifyingspecies that should be considered priorities for conservationEvidencing these species is of fundamental importance forthe establishment of measures by conservation units man-agers being one of the necessary steps to minimize existingconflicts in socioecological systems regarding the use andconservation of forest resources

Specifically this study seeks to answer the followingquestions are there differences in the total number ofmedicinal plants that are known and used Is the number ofplants cited influenced by the gender age and profession ofthe informant Are there any medicinal woody species thatneed conservation practices in the region Which parts ofthe plants stand out in medicinal use Is there a differencebetween the local perception and the calculation of theconservation priority in relation to the conservation status ofthe species

2 Material and Methods

21 Study Area The study was executed in the rural com-munity of Macauba (S 7∘ 211015840 10210158401015840 W 39∘ 241015840 126310158401015840) whichbelongs to the rural area of the municipality of Barbalha-Ceara This community is part of the Environmental Pro-tection Area (APA) of the Chapada do Araripe whichis located around the Araripe National Forest (FLONA)[8] The FLONA includes areas of Cerrado Carrasco andSemidecidual Seasonal Forest locally called wet forest [16]

The community of Macauba (with 250 families) accessesboth the APA and FLONA resources especially for the

collection of Pequi (Caryocar coriaceum Wittm) Faveira(Dimorphandra gardneriana Tul) Janaguba [Himatanthusdrasticus (Mart) Plumel] Barbatimao (Stryphnodendronrotundifolium Mart) and Coco Babacu (Attalea speciosaMart ex Spreng) [7 8 16] The people of this community liveprimarily from the extractivism of FLONArsquos nontimber forestproducts subsistence agriculture pensions and governmentsupport

22 Legal Procedures and Informants Selection The researchwas authorized by the Research Ethics Committee thatinvolves human beings from the Health Sciences Centerof the Federal University of Pernambuco (CEPCCSUFPE)resolution 19696 and the System of Authorization andInformation on Biodiversity (Sisbio) with the authorizationnumbers 03363812600005207 and 32682-1 respectively

Initial contact with the Macauba community was carriedout through the Macauba Rural Womenrsquos Association andthe local health agency and the objectives of the researchwere explained to the leaders Based on the data provided bythe health clinic a random simple probabilistic sampling wasused for the selection of informants [17] in which 152 out ofthe 250 families registered in the community were selectedfor the interviews

23 Data Collection and Processing Among the 152 familiesdrawn only 127 people were interviewed (73 women and 54men) because in residences with two families (11) it wasdecided to interview only the representative of one of themIn addition five families were traveling at the time of theinterview and nine refused to participate in the study Theinterviews were conducted only with the head of each familywhich could be bothmen and women However only the onethat was present at the residence at the time of the interviewwas interviewed

Initially the socioeconomic data of each informant suchas age gender and profession were recorded In order tocollect information about the local knowledge on known andused plants free lists were performed [17] through whichinformants were invited to list the known medicinal plantsFor each registered plant the following questions were raisedhas this plant been actually usedWhat are itsmedicinal usesWhich parts of the plants are used

Guided tours were conducted for the collection andtaxonomic identification of the plants cited by the informants[17] in which the respondents confirmed their vernacularnames The botanical collections were conducted duringMay and June 2012 and supplemented with collections fromour team (Laboratory of Applied and Theoretical Ethnobi-ology) between the years 2012 and 2013 All the specimenswere identified (according to APG [Angiosperm PhylogenyGroup] III) and deposited at the Dardano de Andrade andLima Herbarium (Herbario Caririense Dardano de Andradee Lima HCDAL) of the Regional University of Cariri (Uni-versidade Regional do Cariri URCA) in the city of CratoCeara The voucher numbers run fromHCDAL 6601 to 67018104 to 8110 and 51592 to 51754 Duplicates were depositedat Professor Vasconcelos Sobrinho herbarium (PEUFR) ofthe Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (Universidade

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 3

Federal Rural de Pernambuco-UFRPE) Recife PernambucoTwo different methodologies were used to survey priorityspecies for conservation The first was based on a partic-ipatory workshop held with local experts and the secondwas based on the conservation priority (CP) calculation Thedetermination of the local expertswas performed through thequartile analysis using the number of citations of medicinalplant uses per informant through the program BioEstat 50[18] For this the result of the third quartile was set asa threshold which presented 195 citations of plant usesThus thirty-two informants were invited to participate in theworkshop however only eight (five men and three womenover 38 years old) were present

Based on the perception of local experts data werecollected about the environmental availability and intensityof collection of the ten most prominent woody medicinalspecies For the selection of these species a salience analysiswas performed with all the species that obtained above 15of citation (34 species) (Table 1) using the ANTHROPAC40 software [19] This analysis considered the frequency ofcitation that a species obtained and its average position in thelists After that the tenmost salient and arboreal species wereselected which were native to the region

Two participatory methodologies were used during theparticipatory workshop four-cell and classification matrix[20] In the ldquofour-cellrdquomethodology the informants classifiedthe species in the following categories (1) plants with highavailability and low collection intensity (2) plants with highavailability and high collection intensity (3) plants withlow availability and low collection intensity (4) plants withlow availability and high collection intensity Through theldquoclassificationmatrixrdquo the informants by consensus identifiedthe collection sites of the ten most salient species

In the second moment the CP was calculated For thisthe following information was identified for each speciesrelative density in the collection area the risk of collectionrepresented by the part of the plant that is collected the localimportance represented by the percentage of citation of theinformants and lastly its diversity of use In order to obtainthe relative density of the species phytosociological samplingwas executed in a Cerrado area which was indicated bythe informants as an important site for the collection ofmedicinal resources in the regionThe total area sampled was05 hectare distributed within 50 plots of 10 x 10 m All livingwoody individuals with soil diameter at or above 3 cm wereidentified andmeasured on their DNSWith the exception ofthe relative density data the other information was obtainedthrough the interviews

24 Data Analysis The normality of the data was verifiedusing the Lilliefors test In order to verify differences betweenthe total of known and used plants the Wilcoxon test wasused The possible correlation of the variable age and thenumber of known medicinal plants was evaluated throughthe Spearman Correlation test The ages of the informantswere grouped into six classes with intervals of 9 years havingin the first class informants aged 21 years and in the latterinformants older than 71 years (Table 2) In order to iden-tify if there were differences in local knowledge according

to gender and age Kruskal-Wallis and Student-Newman-Keuls post hoc tests were performed at 5 probability TheMann-Whitney U test was used to analyze whether therewere differences in local knowledge as a function of theprofessional activity The professions of the informants weregrouped into two categories farmers and nonfarmers In thefarmer category all thosewho currently practiced or has prac-ticed some activity related to agriculture In the nonfarmercategory the informants who did not engage in agriculture-related activities were included such as production assistantreceptionist public official school cooks and assistant ofgeneral services Statistical analyseswere performedusing theBioEstat 50 program [18]

In order to obtain the order of conservation priority (PC)among the ten most prominent medicinal woody species theformula initially proposed by Dzerefos and Witkowski [21]and adapted by Albuquerque et al [22] was applied

CP = 05 (BS) + 05 (UR) (1)

where BS is biological score and UR is utilization risk

Step 1 BS= Dx10 (score for the relative density as in Table 3)

Step 2 UR= 05 (H) + 05 (U) x 10

H = risk of collection score (Table 3)D = relative density score of the species in theconforming area (Table 3)U = is defined by the average of the local importancesum (L) and the diversity of uses (V) (Table 3)

The collection risk (H) considered the part of the plantthat was used For those species that had more than one partused the part of the vegetable that had the highest numberof citations by the informants was chosen and consequentlythe corresponding score was adopted (Table 3)

The relative density (DR) of the species was calculatedby the formula DR = 100 (NiN) where N is the totalnumber of individuals in the sample and Ni is the numberof individuals of a particular species in the sample [23] Thelocal importance (L) refers to the percentage of informantswho cited a particular species as medicinal and the diversityof uses (V) refers to the number of different uses that a givenspecies receivedThe data needed to calculate the value of use(U) and the other parameters for the risk of use were obtainedfrom semistructured interviews and free lists

For the medicinal species that according to the expertinformants also had destructive use such as timber use thevariable wood use (WU) was added to the equation adding10 points for these species Thus the new equation for thecalculation of conservation priority (CP) was CP = 05 (BS) +05 (UR) + (WU)

The results of the CP were used to classify the species intorisk categories Category 1 CPgt 80 covered priority specieswith controlled and monitored extraction Category 2 CPgt60 lt80 included the species that present monitored collec-tion and associated with a specific study on the sustainabilityof the exploitation Category 3 CP lt60 included speciessuitable formore intensive extraction formedicinal purposes


Table 1 Salience of the medicinal species most cited by informants from the Macauba community Barbalha Ceara Northeast Brazil (thenative tree species used in the ldquofour-cellrdquo tools and ldquoclassification matrixrdquo during the participatory workshop with local experts from theMacauba site are in bold)

Species Commonname

Frequency ofcitation ()

Rankaverage Salience Collection point

Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour) Spreng Malva doreino 528 46 0403 Backyard

Mentha spicata L Hortela 512 618 0368 BackyardMyracrodruon urundeuva Allemao Aroeira 472 1023 0244 local native vegetationLippia alba (Mill) NEBr ex Britton amp PWilson Cidreira 457 741 0275 Backyard

Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf Capimsanto 370 723 0231 Backyard

Himatanthus drasticus (Mart) Plumel Janaguba 362 704 024 local native vegetationHymenaea stigonocarpaMart ex Hayne Jatoba 339 1037 0199 local native vegetationRuta graveolens L Arruda 339 965 0219 BackyardStryphnodendron rotundifoliumMart Barbatimao 307 651 0203 local native vegetationCitrus sinensis (L) Osbeck Laranja 283 1217 013 BackyardChenopodium ambrosioides L Mentruz 283 1222 0135 BackyardCentrosema sp Alcancu 276 1009 0165 local native vegetation

Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam) Pers Mava daCosta 268 697 0176 Backyard

Rosmarinus officinalis L Alecrim 268 685 0193 BackyardPlectranthus sp Bodo 268 715 0172 BackyardEucalyptus citriodora F Muell Eucalipto 268 906 014 Backyard local native vegetationCroton campestris ASt-Hil Velame 260 815 0159 local native vegetationHancornia speciosaGomes Mangaba 244 952 015 local native vegetation51741Anacardium occidentale L Caju 228 1221 09 Backyard local native vegetationEgletes viscosa (L) Less Marcela 213 1107 0114 Backyard purchased

Coutarea hexandra (Jacq) KSchum Quinaquina 205 1208 0088 local native vegetation

Aloe Vera (L) Burm f Babosa 205 110 0089 BackyardCaryocar coriaceumWittm Pequi 205 1062 0092 local native vegetationDorstenia brasiliensis Lam Contra erva 205 135 0101 local native vegetationEschweilera blanchetiana (O Berg) Miers Imbiriba 197 158 007 local native vegetationBowdichia virgilioides Kunth Sucupira 173 645 0127 local native vegetation

Heliotropium indicum L Crista deGalo 173 120 0091 Backyard

Ocimum gratissimum L Alfavaca 165 1038 0086 Backyard

Myristica fragransHoutt Nozmoscada 165 1838 0057 purchased

Astronium fraxinifolium Schott Goncalave 165 1286 0077 local native vegetation

Phyllanthus urinaria L Quebrapedra 165 1271 0083 Backyard

Copaifera langsdorffii Desf Podoia 157 151 0064 local native vegetationXimenia americana L Ameixa 150 1216 0089 local native vegetationHelianthus annuus L Girassol 150 1605 0065 purchased

3 Results31 Local Therapeutic Repertoire Diversity of Known andUsed Species A total of 214 ethnospecies belonging to thetherapeutic repertoire of the Macauba community were reg-istered of which 167 species were identified and distributed

among 140 genera and 67 families (Table 4) The familiesthat presented the highest numbers of medicinal specieswere as follows Fabaceae (22 spp) Asteraceae (12 spp) andLamiaceae (10 spp) with the use of bark being the mostprominent (Table 4)


Table 2 Analysis of variance of the mean distribution of knowledge on medicinal plants by age class and gender of informants from theMacauba Barbalha Ceara Northeast Brazil site (NI = total informants SD = standard deviation NIM =Number of woman informants andNIH = number of man informants)

Age class (years) NIAverage number of

ethnospecies citationsAverage number of citations

NIM NIHMen WomenXplusmnSD XplusmnSD XplusmnSD

21 ndash 30 13 707plusmn442A 80plusmn0Aa 68plusmn57Aa 10 331 ndash 40 15 1346plusmn812 AB 135plusmn51Aa 135plusmn918Ba 11 441 ndash 50 22 1218plusmn642AB 118plusmn682Aa 125plusmn636Ba 12 1051 ndash 60 18 1188plusmn763AB 133plusmn598Aa 1012plusmn943Ba 8 1061 ndash 70 26 1907plusmn1163B 16plusmn604Aa 2171plusmn1479Ba 14 12gt71 33 1884plusmn1376B 211plusmn1536Aa 170plusmn1240Ba 18 15Different capital letters between lines and within the same column as well as different lowercase letters between columns and within the same row indicatesignificant differences by Kruskal-Wallis and Student-Newman-Keuls a posteriori at 5

Table 3 Criteria used for scoring the relative density collection risks local importance and diversity of use of medicinal plants (modified byDzerefos and Witkowski 2001 and Albuquerque et al 2011a)

Criterion ScoreRelative Density (D)None recorded - very low (0 ndash 1) 10Low (10 lt 35) 7Medium (35 lt 7) 4High (ge 7) 1Collection Risk (H)(i) Destructive plant collection or over-exploitation of roots or bark The collection involves the removal of theindividual 10

(ii) Aerial structures such as bark and roots and removal of parto stem for extraction of latex which arecollected without causing death to the individual 7

(iii) Permanent aerial structures such as leaves that are removed potentially affecting plant energy investmentsurvival and long-term reproductive success 4

(iv) Removal of transient aerial structure such as flowers and fruits Regeneration of the population can bealtered in the long term by removal from the seed bank but the individual plant is not affected 1

Local Importance (L)(i) Very High (listed by gt de 75 of local informants) 10(ii) Moderately high (listed by 50-75 of local informants) 7(iii) Moderately low (listed by 25-50 of local informants) 4(iv) Very low (listed by lt 25 of local informants) 1Diversity of use (V)(i) One point is added for each medicinal use up to the maximum of 10 1 ndash 10(E) Associated Timber UseFor species with timber use 10 points are added to the formula 10

We verified the existence of a significant differencebetween the number of known plants and those that areeffectively used by the informants (Z (U) = 872 p lt001)showing that the repertoire of known plants was much largerthan that of plants that are actually used Most informants(92) used more than 50 of the ethnospecies they knewOn average the informants knew 1484 plusmn 1067 and used 1192plusmn 962 ethnospecies

32 Influence of Gender Age and Professional Activity onthe Knowledge of Medicinal Plants The number of medicinal

plants cited by farmers and nonfarmers differed significantlybetween them (Z (U) = 223 p = 0013) with the first pre-senting greater knowledge about medicinal plants Howeverthe gender interfered with this knowledge as men farmerswere more knowledgeable than the nonfarmers (Z (U) = 261p = 0004) Such a difference was not observed amongwomenfarmers and nonfarmers (Z U) = 017 p = 0864)

The age of the informant also had an influence onthe number of medicinal plants mentioned with a positivecorrelation (rs = 033 p lt001) However this influencediffered between age classes (H= 1976 plt001) showing that


Table 4 Medicinal plants mentioned in the free list in Macauba community Barbalha Ceara with their respective common name habitorigin used part and uses (plants not found in guided tour plants brought in from other regions or purchased)

FamilyScientific name Ethnospecies Habit Origin Used part UseAmaranthaceaeChenopodium ambrosioides L Mentruz Herb Exotic Leaf Pain healing influenza vermeAmaryllidaceaeAllium sativum L Alholowastlowast Herb Exotic Bulb leaf Heart fever gases influenza

Allium cepa L Cebolabrancalowastlowast Herb Exotic Bulb Fever gases influenza cough

AnacardiaceaeAnacardium humile ASt-Hil Cajuı Tree Native Bark Healing influenza

Anacardium occidentale L Caju Tree Native Bark weavesleaf

Healing inflammation vaginal inflammationinfluenza

Astronium fraxinifolium Schott Goncalave Tree Native Bark weaves Bronquitis catarrh healing vaginal dischargesore throat influenza cough

Mangifera indica L Manga Tree Exotic Leaf Influenza

Myracrodruon urundeuvaAllemao Aroeira Tree Native Bark bark of

fruit weaves

Bronquitis healing vaginal discharge diabetiscatarrh sour throat spinal pain stomachachegastritis infuenza inflammation of womancough

Spondias purpurea L Siriguela Tree Exotic Leaf Indigestion diarrhea constipationAnnonaceae

Annona coriaceaMart Araticum Tree Native Fruit rootseed Strengthen bones animal louse

Annona muricata L Graviola Tree Exotic Leaf Cancer high pressureApiaceae

Anethum graveolens L Endrolowastlowast Herb Exotic Leaf seed Anemia nausea child colic dysentery Strokeheadache bellyache fever

Coriandrum sativum L Coentrolowastlowast Herb Exotic Leaf Bellyache

Pimpinella anisum L Erva-docelowastlowast Herb Exotic Leaf seedAnsia soothing child colic dysenterybellyache headache constipation nervescough

Apocynaceae

Hancornia speciosa Gomes Mangaba Tree Native Bark leaf latex

Stomach stuff cancer healing cholesteroldiabetes fracture gastritis herniainflammation broken bone blow highpressure prostate ulcer varicose veins

Himatanthus drasticus (Mart)Plumel Janaguba Tree Native Latex

Open your appetite anemia asthmaheartburn Stomach stuff bronchitis cancercatarrh healing bellyache stomachachefracture gastritis swelling inflammation liverproblems stomach problems prostaterheumatism cough ulcer vesicle

Arecaceae

Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq) Lodd Macauba Tree Native Leaf fruit Depression head wound high pressurenerves cough

Cocos nucifera L Coco-da-praia Tree Exotic Bark of fruitfruit Swelling weakness

Syagrus cearencis Noblik Coco-catolelowastlowast Tree Native Fruit root blindness eye woundAristolochiaceae

Aristolochia sp Jarrinha Creeper Native Rhizome leafroot

Influenza tune the blood epilepsy coughhealing fall in hair fever

Asteraceae

Acanthospermum hispidum DCEspinho-de-cigano

ArritiranteHerb Native Leaf root Influenza hepatitis


Table 4 Continued

FamilyScientific name Ethnospecies Habit Origin Used part UseAcmella oleracea (L) RKJansen Agriaolowastlowast Herb Native All the plant Back painAgeratum conyzoides L Mentrasto Herb Native All the plant ColicArtemisia absinthium L Lorma Herb Exotic Leaf Dor de barriga

Artemisia vulgaris L Anadorlowastlowast Herb Exotic Leaf Colic bellyache headache body ache feverinfluenza

Bidens pilosa L

Espinho-de-agulha

carrapicho-de-agulhapicao

Herb Native Leaf Hepatitis

Centratherum punctatum Cass Perpeta Herb Native Flower Tune the blood leg wounds

Egletes viscosa (L) Less Macelalowastlowast Herb Native Flower fruitseed

Swollen belly colic indigestion bellyachegastritis liver problem

Helianthus annuus L Girassollowastlowast Herb Exotic Seed Tune the blood Stroke indigestion headachemigraine fever thrombosis

Matricaria recutita L Camomilalowastlowast Herb Exotic Leaf flowerseed Soothing insomnia

Tanacetum vulgare L Prumalowastlowast Herb Exotic Leaf BellyacheBignoniaceaeCrescentia cujete L Coitelowastlowast Tree Exotic Leaf KidneysHandroanthus impetiginosus(Mart DC) Mattos

Pau-darco-roxo Tree Native Leaf Back pain inflammation Sore throat

Jacaranda brasiliana (Lam) Pers Caroba Tree Native Root Tune the bloodBixaceae

Bixa orellana L Urucum Tree Native Bark of fruitleaf seed

Catarrh cholesterol Influenza stone in theliver

Boraginaceae

Heliotropium indicum L Crista-de-galo Herb Native Leaf rootStroke heart bellyache headache spinal painjoin pain avoid cancer fever fever of childinfluenza dizziness eye pain

Brassicaceae

Brassica rapa L Mostardalowastlowast Herb Exotic Seed Stroke indigestion constipation headacheavoid swoon girth dizziness thrombose

BromeliaceaeAnanas sativus Schult ampSchult f Abacaxilowastlowast Herb Native Fruit Lose weight digestionCactaceaeCereus jamacaru DC Mandacarulowastlowast Tree Native Bark root Tune the blood Kidney stoneOpuntia ficus-indica (L) Mill Palmalowast Shrub Exotic Bark leaf Bronchitis fatigueCapparaceae

Cleome spinosa L Mussambe Shrub Native Root Bronchitis catarrh influenza coughtuberculosis

CaprifoliaceaeSambucus australis Cham ampSchltdl Sabugueirolowast Shrub Exotic Flower leaf Measles

Caricaceae

Carica papaya L Mamaolowast Tree Exotic Leaf fruit Indigestion disentery digestion bellyacheconstipation

Caryocaraceae

Caryocar coriaceumWittm Pequi Tree Native Leaf fruit

Bronchitis fatigue lump catarrh healingheadache tootache sore throat join painmouth sore sorethroat influenza brokenbone rheumatism cough

CelastraceaeMaytenus distichophyllaMart Bom-nomelowast Tree Native Bark Do not know


Table 4 Continued

FamilyScientific name Ethnospecies Habit Origin Used part UseChrysobalanaceae

Hirtella sp Caninana Tree Native Bark lianaroot Headache spinal pain rheumatism

Convolvulaceae

Operculina sp Batata-de-tiulowastlowast Liana Native Rhizome Open animal appetite tune the blood healing

headache fever influenza snake bite

Operculina macrocarpa (L) Urb Batata-de-purgalowastlowast Liana Native Rhizome Kidneys

Crassulaceae

Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam)Oken

Malva-da-costaMalva-coronhaPabulagem

Herb Exotic Bark leaf root

Allergy to the skin lump healing indigestionvaginal discharge bellyache headache sorethroat gases gastritis influenza swellinginflammation constipation cough

CucurbitaceaeCitrullus lanataus (Thunb)Matsum amp Nakai Melancialowast Herb Exotic Leaf fruit seed Headache fever high pressure

Luffa operculata (L) Cogn Cabacinhalowastlowast Creeper Native Leaf fruit SinusitisSechium edule (Jacq) Sw Chuchulowastlowast Creeper Exotic Leaf High pressureErythroxylaceaeErythroxylum ampliofolium(Mart) OE Schulz Catuaba Shrub Native Bark latex

BarkAphrodisac sore throat body ache weaknessimpotence nerves prestate viagra

EuphorbiaceaeCroton blanchetianus Baill Marmeleiro Shrub Native Bark leaf Indigestion bellyache

Croton campestris ASt-Hil Velame Shrub Native Leaf branchmilk root

Tune the blood bronquitis lump healingindigestion constipation bellyache headachetoothache sore throat earache fever influenzainflammation broken bone rheumatism badblood cough

Jatropha gossypiifolia L Pinhao-roxo Shrub Native Leaf latex Allthe plant seed

Stroke eye disease headache tootache avoidevil eye disturbed judgment

Jatropha mollissima (Pohl) Baill Pinhao-manso Shrub Native Seed Stroke

Ricinus communis L Mamonalowast Shrub Exotic Leaf seedOpen your appetite cataract blindnessbellyache headache swelling drowsinessswollen chin dizziness

Fabaceae

Amburana cearenses (Allemao)ACSm

ImburanaImburana-de-cheirolowastlowast

Tree Native BarkAccelerates chidbirth healing womanrsquosdisease back pain joint pain fever influenzainflammatin cold sinusitis cough

Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell)Brenan Angicolowastlowast Tree Native Bark weaves

woodyBronquitis healing bellyache injury gastritisinfluenza inflammation lung burn cough

Bauhinia cheilantha (Bong)Steud

Pata-de-vacaMororolowast Tree Native Bark weaves

leafCholesterol diarrhea diabetis pain whenurinating pain bone influeza nerves

Bowdichia virgilioides Kunth SucupiraSicupira Tree Native Bark weaves

root seed

Heartburn healing cholesterol diabetisbellyache back pain pain bone edemagastritis influenza swelling snake biterheumatism cough

Cajanus cajan (L) Millsp Andu Shrub Exotic Leaf seed Diabetis bellyache high pressure

Centrosema sp Alcancu Herb Native Root Bronquitis fatigue catarrh sore throatinfluenza liver problem cough

Copaifera langsdorffii Desf PodoiaCopaıba Tree Native Bark leaf

latex oil seed

Healing indigestion Stroke headache backpain migraine gastritis inflammation lungnerves intestine rheumatism sinusitisdizziness

Dimorphandra gardneriana Tul Faveira Tree NativeBark leaffruit latex

rootSnake bite


Table 4 Continued

FamilyScientific name Ethnospecies Habit Origin Used part UseDioclea grandiflora Benth Mucuna Creeper Native Bark leaf InfluenzaEnterolobium contortisiliquum(Vell) Morong Tamburılowast Tree Native Bark Swelling

Hymenaea sp Jatubılowast Tree Native Do not know Do not know

Hymenaea stigonocarpaMart exHayne Jatoba Tree Native Bark weaves

leaf

Tune the blood bronquitis tiredness catarrhitchiness sore throat influenza inflammationbody drowsiness hoarseness cough

Leucaena leucocephala (Lam) deWit Linhacalowastlowast Tree Exotic Seed Inflammation of the uterus

Libidibia ferrea (Mart ex Tul)LPQueiroz Pau-ferro Tree Native Bark weaves

fruit

Bronquitis healing depression feverinfluenza inflammation of woman nervescough

Macroptilium bracteatum (Neesamp C Mart) Marechal amp Baudet

Flor-de-mulher Herb Native All the plant sore throat

Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd) Poir Jurema preta Tree Native Bark weavesleaf root

Healing diarrhea bellyache tootache injuryinfluenza inflammation inflammation ofwoman

Mimosa pudica L Malıcia Shrub Native Leaf root High pressurePeltophorum sp Canafistulalowastlowast Tree Native Leaf Tune the hairPoincianella pyramidalis (Tul)LPQueiroz Catingueiralowast Tree Native Bark flower Headache

Senna occidentalis (L) Link Manjerioba Shrub Native Leaf rootsement

Catarrh Stroke bellyache headache feverinfluenza cold cough

Stryphnodendron rotundufoliumMart Barbatimao Shrub Native Bark weaves

Cancer healing vaginal discharge bellyacheinjury gastritis inflammation kidneyssinusitis

Tamarindus indica L Tamarindo Shrub Exotic Leaf Diarrhea bellyacheKrameriaceae

Krameria tomentosa A St-Hil Carrapicho-de-boi Shrub Native Root Anemia menstruation

LamiaceaeLavandula sp Alfazema Herb Exotic Seed Bellyache

Leonotis nepetifolia (L) R Br Cordao-de-SaoFrancisco Herb Exotic Flower Azia indigestion

Mentha spicata L Hortela Herb Exotic Leaf seed

Open your appetite Stroke lump tirednessitchness heart swoon bellyache headachespinal pain tootache sore throat body acheeye pain lose weight migraine fever girthinfluenza inflammation of woman bad breathcold blow in the heart dizziness coughthrombosis vomit

Mentha pulegium L Hortela poejo Herb Exotic Leaf Headache migraine girth vermeOcimum basilicum L Manjericao Herb Exotic Leaf Earache influenza cough

Ocimum gratissimum L Alfavaca Herb ExoticLeaf all theplant root

seed

Anemia cancer healing menstrual colicheadache woman pain earache spinal painkidney migraine inflammation high pressuresinusitis

Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour)Spreng

Malva-do-reino Herb Exotic Leaf seed

Open your appetite burning in the eyesbronquitis fatigue catarrh healing colicindigestion vaginal discharge bellyacheheadache sore throat stanch blood skinwound influenza inflammation cough

Plectranthus barbatus Andrews Sete dor Shrub Exotic LeafAbortive swollen belly indigestion bellyacheheadache back pain inflammation of womanliver problem


Table 4 Continued

FamilyScientific name Ethnospecies Habit Origin Used part Use

Plectranthus neochilus Schltr

BoldoBoldinho

Boldo da folhamole

Herb Exotic LeafOpen your appetite heartburn colicindigestion hangover diarrhea bellyacheheadache nausea liver gastritis high pressure

Rosmarinus officinalis L Alecrimlowast Herb Exotic Leaf seedFever headache constipation bellyachestomach problem colic cough heart problemhigh pressure

LauraceaeLaurus mobilis L Lourolowastlowast Herb Exotic Leaf ConstipationCinnamomum sp Canelalowastlowast Shrub Exotic Bark seed Weakness nervesPersea americanaMill Abacatelowast Tree Exotic Leaf seed Bellyache kidney pain liverLecythidaceae

Eschweilera blanchetiana (OBerg) Miers Imbiriba Tree Native

Bark bark offruit flowerleaf fruit seed

Swollen belly colic indigestion bellyacheheadache stomach cough vomito

Liliaceae

Lilium L Anilestreladolowastlowast Herb Exotic Flower Fever

Malphigiaceae

Byrsonima sericea DC Muricıvermelho Arbusto Native Weaves Diabetis

Malphigia glabra L Acerolalowast Arbusto Exotic Leaf Open your appetite Tune the blood InfluenzaMalvaceaeGossypium barbadense L Algodaolowast Shrub Exotic Leaf seed IndigestionPseudobombax marginatum (ASt-Hil Juss amp Cambess) ARobyns

Imbiratanhalowast Tree Native Bark Diabetis spinal pain

Sida cordifolia L Malva-branca Herb Native Leaf root Coceira vaginal discharge fever influenzainflammation of woman cough

Theobroma cacao L Cacaulowastlowast Tree Exotic Seed DizzinessMarantaceaeMaranta arundinacea Blanco Ararutalowast Herb Native Rhizome MalnutritionMenispermaceae

Cissampelos ovalifolia DC Orelha-de-oncalowast Herb Native Root rhizome Indigestion influenza cough

MoraceaeDorstenia brasiliensis Lam Contra-erva Herb Native Leaf root Catarrh diarrhea fever influenza coughMusaceaeMusa paradisiaca L Banana pratalowast Herb Exotic Fruit DiarrheaMyristicaceae

Myristica fragransHoutt Nozmoscadalowastlowast Tree Exotic Seed

Ansia Stroke colic indigestion heart swoonbellyache headache numbness nerveskidneys dizziness cough thrombosis

Myrtaceae

Eucalyptus citriodora F Muell Eucaliptolowast Tree Exotic Leaf Fatigue catarrh headache fever couchrhinitis sinusitis cough

Eugenia uniflora L Pitangalowast Shrub Native Leaf Verme indigestion diarrheaMyrciaria sp Cambuılowast Shrub Native Leaf Do not know

Psidium guajava L GoiabaGoiaba branca Shrub Native Leaf Diarrhea bellyache vomito

Psidium sp1 Aracavermelho Tree Native Leaf Nerves

Psidium sp2 Araca branco Tree Native Leaf Nerves


Table 4 Continued

FamilyScientific name Ethnospecies Habit Origin Used part UsePsidium myrsinites DC Araca Tree Native Leaf Bellyache diarrhea indigestion high pressurePsidium sp4 Araca amarelo Tree Native Leaf Nerves

Syzygium cumini (L) Skeels Azeitona preta Tree Exotic Flower seed Colic indigestion fever influenza highpressure cough vomito

Nyctaginaceae

Boerhavia diffusa L Pega-pinto Herb Exotic Root Allergy vaginal discharge inflammationinflammation of woman

Olacaceae

Ximenia americana L Ameixa Tree Native Bark weavesfruit

Tune your blood anemia healing diabetisbellyache headache stomach ache gastritisinflammation inflammation of woman

PapaveraceaeArgemone mexicana L Carro santo Herb Exotic Leaf root seed Stroke influenza coughPassifloraceae

Passiflora edulis Sims Maracujalowast Creeper Native Bark of fruitleaf fruit Soothing diabetis insomnia high pressure

Passiflora cincinnata Mast Maracuja domato Creeper Native Leaf fruit Nerves high pressure

Turnera subulata Sm Xanana Herb Native Leaf root Vaginal discharge inflamamtionPedaliaceaeSesamum orientale L Gergilimlowastlowast Shrub Exotic Seed Stroke indigestion bellyache headache feverPhyllanthaceae

Phyllanthus urinaria L Quebra pedra Herb Native Bark leaf allthe plant

Indigestion bellyache kidney pain feverbroken bone

PhytolaccaceaePetiveria alliacea L Tipı Herb Native Leaf root Vaginal discharge rheumatism StrokePiperaceae

Piper nigrum L Pimenta doreinolowastlowast Shrub Exotic Seed Migriane

Piper aduncum L Pimenta denico Shrub Native Bark fruit

seed Migraine

Plantaginaceae

Scoparia dulcis L Bassorinha Herb Native Leaf root allthe plant Allergy chickenpox headache fever influenza

Poaceae

Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf Capim santolowast Herb Exotic Leaf rootOpen your appetite colicbellyache headache fever influenza nerveshigh pressure cough

Pennisetum sp Capim deplantalowast Herb Exotic Root Swelling

Saccharum officinalis L Cana-de-acucarlowast Herb Native Leaf Back pain high pressure

Polygalaceae

Polygala paniculata L Caninaninhade cipo fino Shrub Native Root Rheumatism

Proteaceae

Roupala montana Aubl Congonha Tree Native Leaf all theplant Indigestion bellyache nerves

Punicaceae

Punica granatum L Roma Tree Exotic Bark the fruitleaf fruit Diarrhea sore throat

Rhamnaceae

Zizyphus joazeiroMart Jua juazeiro Tree Native Bark weavesleaf

Healing bellyache influenza inflamationcough


Table 4 Continued

FamilyScientific name Ethnospecies Habit Origin Used part UseRosaceaeRosa alba L Rosa brancalowast Herb Exotic Flower InflammationMalus domestica Borkh Macalowastlowast Arbusto Exotic Fruit Lose weightRubiaceaeCoffea arabica L Cafelowast Arbusto Exotic Seed SwellingCoutarea hexandra (Jacq)KSchum Quina-quinalowast Arvore Native Bark leaf Healing bellyache headache fever influenza

sinusitisTocoyena formosa (Cham ampSchltdl) KSchum Genipapinho Shrub Native Bark Broken bone

RutaceaeCitrus aurantifolia (Christm)Swingle Limao azedolowast Tree Exotic Fruit Cataract

Citrus sp1 Laranja daterralowast

Tree Exotic Bark in thefruit leaf Cancer diarrhea bellyache fever gastritis

Citrus limon (L)Burmf Limaolowast Tree Exotic Leaf fruit Fever influenzaCitrus sp3 Limalowast Tree Exotic Fruit Hepatitis

Citrus sinensis (L) Osbeck Laranjalowast Tree ExoticBark Bark inthe fruit leaf

fruit

Open your appetite indigestion bellyacheheadache nerves high pressure

Citrus sp4Lima doceLima deumbigolowast

Tree Exotic Bark leaf Indigestion migraine hepatitis nerves

Murraya paniculata (L) Jack Jasmimlaranjalowast

Shrub Exotic Leaf Indigestion

Pilocarpus microphyllus Stapf exWardleworth Jaborandilowast Shrub Native Bark leaf root Fever influenza

Ruta graveolens L Arruda Herb Exotic Leaf all theplant Bellyache headache fever influenza

SapindaceaeTalisia esculenta (Cambess)Radlk Pitomba Tree Native Do not know Do not know

Serjania sp Cipo devaqueirolowast

Creeper Native Root Prostate

SapotaceaeSideroxylon obtusifolium (Roemamp Schult) TD Penn Quixabalowast Shrub Native Bark weaves

leaf Diabetis inflammation broken bone

SmilacaceaeSmilax staminea Griseb Japecanga Creeper Native Bark root RheumatismSolanaceae

Capsicum frutescens L Pimentamalaguetalowastlowast

Herb Exotic Leaf Lump

Solanum erianthum D Don Jurubebabranca

Herb Exotic Do not know

UrticaceaeCecropia Loefl Tore Tree Native Leaf Cancer diabetesVerbenaceae

Lippia alba (Mill) NEBr exBritton amp PWilson Cidreira Shrub Exotic Leaf branch

Open your appetite colic indigestion diarrheabellyache headache influenza nerves highpressure constipation cough

ViolaceaeHybanthus calceolaria (L) Oken Papaconhalowastlowast Herb Native Root Catarrh fever influenza cough verme


Table 4 Continued

FamilyScientific name Ethnospecies Habit Origin Used part UseVochysiaceae

Qualea parvifloraMartPau

piranhapauterra

Tree Native Bark Cow abortion

Xanthorrhoeaceae

Aloe Vera (L) Burm f Babosa Herb Exotic Leaf Open your appetite bronquitis cancerhealing gastritis influenza inflamation

ZingiberaceaeAlpinia zerumbet (Pers)BLBurtt amp RMSm

ExpritoColonia Herb Exotic Leaf flower Headache influenza high pressure

Zingiber officinale Roscoe Gengibrelowastlowast Herb Exotic Rhizome Cough

Table 5 Results of the four-cell tool performed with the local experts from the Macauba community Barbalha Ceara Northeast Brazil

High environmental availability and low collectionintensity

High environmental readiness and high collectionintensity

Copaifera langsdorffii DesfCaryocar coriaceumWittmStryphnodendron rotundifoliumMartBowdichia virgilioides KunthHymenaea stigonocarpaMart ex HayneAstronium fraxinifolium Schott

Himatanthus drasticus (Mart) Plumel

Low environmental availability and low collectionintensity

Low environmental availability and high collectionintensity

Myracrodruon urundeuva AllemaoEschweilera blanchetiana (O Berg) Miers Hancornia speciosa Gomes

the older ones presented greater knowledge (Table 2) Amongthe age classes it was also possible to observe that there wasa difference in knowledge only among women (H = 2254p = 002) since on average older women knew more aboutmedicinal plants (Table 2)

33 Local Perception and Conservation Priority Calculation(PC) The tenmost salient species evaluated in the participa-tory workshop were Himatanthus drasticus (Mart) PlumelHymenaea stigonocarpa Mart ex Hayne Stryphnodendronrotundifolium Mart Caryocar coriaceum Wittm Eschweil-era blanchetiana (O) Berg Bowdichia virgilioides KunthAstronium fraxinifolium Schott Copaifera langsdorffii DesfHancornia speciosa Gomes and Myracrodruon urundeuvaAllemao (Table 5)

According to the classification of the local specialists onlyH drasticus andH speciosa deserved special care about theirconservation The species H drasticus classified with highavailability and high intensity according to experts (Table 5)is in the third position in the calculation of conservationpriority (CP) (Table 6) Although it was mentioned asabundant by the specialists its relative density in the plotswas very low presenting the highest score (10) In turnH speciosa presented low availability and high intensity ofcollection according to the expertsrsquo perception and althoughthis information was confirmed in the CP it appeared in thefifth position

The species that appeared in the first and second positionsin the CP were E blanchetiana and M urundeuva although

both were classified by local experts as presenting low riskof extinction low availability and low collection intensityThe other species were classified as having high availabilityand low collection intensity (C langsdorffii C coriaceumS rotundifolium B virgilioides A fraxinifolium and Hstigonocarpa) (Table 5) Although these specieswere classifiedas very available the relative densities of the species used inthe CP were very low following the same score of the speciesthat was in the first position

According to the CP seven of the ten medicinal speciesanalyzed (E blanchetiana H drasticus H stigonocarpa Hspeciosa B virgilioides C langsdorffii and A fraxinifolium)would fall into Category 2 These are species that cancontinue to be collected provided they are monitored andassociated with a specific study on the sustainability of theexploitation However four of these species classified inCategory 2 did not present individuals in the sample plots(H stigonocarpa E blanchetiana M urundeuva and Afraxinifolium) (Table 6) The other species (C coriaceum andS rotundifolium) were classified in Category 3 and can beconsidered as suitable species for a more intensive collectionfor medicinal purposes in the region

4 Discussion

41 Knowledge and Local Use of Medicinal Plants In theAraripe region several studies have reported the occurrenceof plant species used for various medicinal products bypopulations living in the vicinity of the protection area [7ndash9]


Table 6 Conservation priority of the 10most salient woody species of theAraripeNational Forest andAraripeNational Forest EnvironmentalProtection Area Ceara Northeast Brazil (D = relative density score DR = relative density H = risk score L = local importance score NI =number of individuals NU = total number of uses CP = conservation priority U = use value and V = diversity of uses score lowast associatedlogging use)

Scientific name DR D H NI L NU V U CPEschweilera blanchetiana (O Berg) Mierslowast 0 10 1 0 1 11 10 55 7400Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemao 0 10 7 0 4 17 10 7 6925Himatanthus drasticus (Mart) Plumel 08 10 7 19 4 23 10 7 6925Hymenaea stigonocarpaMart ex Hayne 0 10 7 0 4 13 10 7 6925Hancornia speciosa Gomes 021 10 7 5 1 17 10 55 6550Bowdichia virgilioides Kunth 021 10 7 5 1 14 10 55 6550Copaifera langsdorffii Desf 008 10 7 2 1 16 10 55 6550Astronium fraxinifolium Schott 0 10 7 0 1 7 7 4 6175Caryocar coriaceumWittm 114 7 1 27 1 19 10 55 4900Stryphnodendron rotundifoliumMart 595 4 7 141 4 11 10 7 3925

The richness of the ethnospecies cited is high (222) and 50of them present arboreal habit [9] which was also confirmedin the present study

The emphasis on the use ofmedicinal resources from treessuggests thatmuch of the local therapeutic repertoire is basedon plants that have a longer life cycle and that dependingon the part accessed may show a delay in time to expressthe deleterious effects of some of the collection practicesHowever the fact that tree species aremost frequently cited isnot enough to assert that these species are themost exploitedsince not every known species is necessarily used by theinformant and evenwhen they are the frequencymay be lowpresenting no risk to conservation

The argument above is reinforced by the fact that a largepart of the informants of the Macauba community usedslightly more than half of what was known a fact that hasalso been evidenced by other studies [2 8] Although sharinginformation about medicinal resources favors the uniformityof knowledge among members of a community the use of aparticular resource depends on other factors such as diseaseoccurrence people preference availability and accessibilityof the resource Thus knowing the application of a resourcedoes not necessarily imply its use [1 7 9]

In the FLONA plant barkwas widely cited as used to treatinfections and inflammations following what has alreadybeen indicated in several studies [7 8 24ndash29] The use ofbark is perhaps due to the fact that some species are richin tannins secondary compounds that are very effective incuring various diseases [30] Besides that these resourcesdo not disappear during the dry season especially in theCerrado and Carrasco areas in the FLONA during whichmany species lose their leaves

In some cases it is not the bark that is used by theextractors but rather the latex However it is necessary toremove the bark to obtain of this resource as has beenreported for H speciosa and H drasticus and Himatanthusdrasticus in the Araripe region Baldauf and Santos [16] pointout that the increase in the commercialization of bark whichis motivated by the discovery of its efficiency in treating somediseases can generate negative impacts on plant populations

Borges Filho and Felfili [31] found that the removal of thebark has the potential to cause negative impacts since it canreach the phloem tissues by interfering with the transportof nutrients and consequently affect the vegetative andreproductive growth of the species In addition the barkprotects individuals against attacks ofmicroorganismsWhenlarge amounts of bark are exploited in the same individual itcan not resist damage and die [32]

The fruits of some species are medicinal resources thatare substantially collected in the FLONA 82 of the usesof Caryocar coriaceum (pequi) are indicated as medicinal inthe Araripe region with the exception of pulp and chestnutoil extraction Many local populations set up camp aroundFLONA at the time of the pequi crop for the collectionand manufacture of oil using wood from different forestspecies for cooking the fruits [9] Thus the medicinal useof pequi together with its cultural food use [9] reduces thecontribution of diaspores that reach the soil to renew thepopulation of the species which may lead to problems withthe dynamics of renewal of the C coriaceum population [25]This may have social implications to the sustainability ofcultural practices in the region

Influence of Socioeconomic Factors on Local Knowledge onMedicinal Plants Ethnobiological studies that seek to assessthe influence of socioeconomic factors under local knowl-edge are very frequent [7 33 34] Although this influence isnot always confirmed there is evidence that socioeconomicfactors can influence knowledge at different scales

Professional activity was one of the factors that influencedpeoplersquos knowledge about the uses of medicinal species inthe Macauba community The fact that the farmers presentgreater knowledge about medicinal plants indicates that thispractice can induce different experiences with the medicinalresource Most of the farmers also extract the forest productsto supplement their incomes thus promoting knowledgeabout medicinal plants However this can also be the resultof the different functions that are exercised by nonfarmerswhich are limited to activities very distant from contactwith nature such as production assistant receptionist school


cooks and general services assistant According to Penna andLamano Ferreira [35] in modern society local knowledgeis being altered and adapted to the new socioeconomicdemands due to the changes imposed by urbanization andeconomic development resulting in changes and acquisitionof new values Another factor is the time that people wouldhave available to have contact with these resources based onthe large number of hours of work required by these nonruralactivities resulting in less contact with natural resources

Although the knowledge presented a difference betweenthe professional activities when this knowledge between thegenders was analyzed the women did not follow this patternThis finding is different from what is found in the literaturewhich records that women know more about medicinalplants thanmen regardless of their collection sites [5 6]Theprominence of the male farmers of the Macaıba communityin the knowledge about medicinal plants may be related tothe fact that they go into the forest to extract the forestproducts The absence of a difference in knowledge betweenwomen farmers and nonfarmers is perhaps justified by thefact that women also have the responsibility of domestic careTherefore they have greater contact with themedicinal plantscultivated which is mostly formed by herbaceous plants ashas been reported by Lozano et al [9] for the FLONAArariperegion

The positive influence of age on the knowledge of medic-inal plants that we detected in our research was also recordedin several studies [10 11 14 36] Such a finding was expectedas older people are likely to havemore time to accumulate life-long experiences Although the homogeneity of knowledge iseasier to observe when analyzing a species of great culturalimportance [7] our study revealed that the homogeneity ofknowledge of medicinal species may occur and depends onthe interaction of the socioeconomic characteristics of thepopulation since the knowledge of older farmers women didnot differ from that of nonagricultural women a differentpattern from that observed for men

Undoubtedly local knowledge about medicinal species isinfluenced by several factors and represents the accumulationof experiences lived by the person during his life history inaddition to the information that is transmitted to them Thisknowledge is of extreme importance for the managementand conservation of the resources used because it reflectsthe way people classify and perceive the environment In thisway men can perceive the distribution of resources and theirlevels of exploitation differently from women The same canoccur between older and younger people and so on Thusaccess to knowledge and perception can reveal the similaritiesand disagreements between peoplersquos view of reality providingmanagers with information on what measures should betaken to succeed in establishing conservation strategies forpriority species

42 Environmental Perception X Conservation Priority (CP)Our results show that people living within the same realitymay have differing perceptions about the availability of aresource in the environment and the intensity of its exploita-tion Although the ten species analyzed in the participatoryworkshop have appeared numerous times in the free lists

many of them were not perceived as being in evident risk oflocal extinction according to the informantsrsquo perception Incontrast species classified as most vulnerable by informantswere ranked fifth in the list of priority conservation speciesobtained by the CP

The above disagreement between the local perception andconservation priority may be a reflection of the nonupdat-ing of the baseline references which Pauly [37] called theBaseline Syndrome According to the author this syndromesuggests that there are potential limits to the adaptabilityof traditional knowledge Even if significant transformationsoccur in the environment local populations can maintainbehavior and attitudes based on past referrals [38] TheBaseline Syndrome is also considered a sociopsychologicalphenomenon that describes imprecise human perception ofchanges in ecosystems which can have serious implicationsfor species conservation and peoplersquos adaptability [39] Overtime humans modify their notion of healthy ecosystemsby adjusting the characteristics of contemporary environ-ments which may occur due to inefficient intergenerationaltransmission of knowledge [40] loss of access to traditionalresources transition tomarket economies or the influence ofmodern education [41]

The information that each person acquires or transmitsabout the environment may be imperfect generating behav-ior that is not always correct for the current environment [42]For example people may have out-of-date information aboutthe availability and intensity of exploitation of a resource andtherefore start collecting more intensively The transmissionof this outdated information may lead other people to selectthe same cultural traits for a compliance bias that is peopleare prone to adopt the most frequent cultural traits in thepopulation without regard to whether the information iscorrect or not Due to this type of bias people can perceiveand collect resources based onwhat ismost widespread in thesystem by other peopleThis has implications both for peopleand for plant populations In the case of people according toBarkow [43] an unadaptable cultural trait tends to conductbehaviors that may diminish the aptitude of those who acceptit In the case of plant populations exploitation based oninaccurate or erroneous information may generate a greaterpressure of collection providing negative impacts for theconservation of the resource

The perception of the informants recorded in this studyindicated that people do not associate the problems generatedby the collection practices with the local extinction risk of themedicinal resource In the perception of the informants someplant species does not experience conservation problemsbecause the resource accessed is the bark that is alwaysavailable in the environment However Feitosa et al [7]evaluated the extractivism of the bark of S rotundifoliumMart in the same region of the FLONA Araripe and verifiedthe existence of many dead plants others presenting almost100 of their bark removed and absence of plants with largerdiameters or with intermediate diameters

Therefore although the medicinal use of perennial struc-tures favors the continuity of the collection practice [44]the risk of collecting bark in combination with the intensityof collection frequency can generate negative impacts for


species [5 7 45] and should be cautiously assessed especiallyin the case of small populations According to and Kala [45]and Dhar [46] medicinal species with small populations andexperiencing destructive collection are critically endangeredin the forests

It is worth noting that the CP does not distin-guish between collection intensity and quantity of resourceexploited assuming that it is related to the part of the plantthat is removed Thus different parts can cause differentnegative effects on plants and species that have the barks asextracted resources will probably have a higher priority ofconservation by the CP than those that have their leaves col-lected This may also create some biases in making decisionsabout species conservation since the amount of resource thatis collected may directly interfere with the condition of thespecies being explored

A personrsquos relationship to the resource can be shapedby their perception However the findings of this studyshowed that there may be a time delay in the perceptionof the people about the impacts generated on the exploitedresource Perhaps this occurs simply because of the biologicalcharacteristics of the resource and the part of the plantaccessed For example in the case of pequi people collectpractically all the fruits of the local crop [9] decreasing thenumber of diaspores in the soil seed bank for populationregeneration in FLONA Araripe [9] However people do notrealize the ecological problem generated because at presentthe pequi population has a size that meets the local demandof the resource Peoplersquos perception should change when theplants reach senility and die and there are not sufficient pequiregenerators to maintain the collection practice Thus thisdelaymay simply represent the time required for the exploitedresource to express the deleterious effect of past collectionsin its population dynamics Similar fact was detected byHoffman et al [47] in the exploitation of Rhizophora manglein Venezuela There although the rate of exploitation of thisspecies was high people did not perceive and continued toexploit it without restrictions

The high number of species that presented low numbersof individuals in the phytosociological sampling led the CPto group most of the species in Category 2 which meansthat they have potential to be collected Among the eightspecies classified with high values for their density four(M urundeuva A fraxinifolium H stigonocarpa and Eblanchetiana) did not present any individuals in the phytoso-ciological sampling performedThis fact does not necessarilyindicate that these species have a high conservation priorityThe absence of species in phytosociological sampling mayreflect a less regular distribution of the plants in the arearather than low availability or even local nonexistence Inany case due to their absence in the sampling the collectionshould be limited

5 Conclusions

FLONA Araripe proved to be a good source of medicinalresources for the Macauba community These resources

presented great diversity of habits and origins with emphasison native tree plants However even in the face of thisvast diversity much of the therapeutic repertoire of thiscommunity is composed of species that are not used

Socioeconomic factors interfered in local knowledgeabout medicinal plants which corroborates the evidencefound in the literature

The perception of people when choosing medicinalspecies with conservation priorities based on their availabilityin the environment and intensity of exploitation differed fromthat found by calculating the conservation priority (CP)According to peoplersquos perceptions only H speciosa wouldhave an urgent need of conservation strategies implemen-tation According to the CP the species that presented thehighest conservation priority was E blanchetiana

Although the two approaches have presented diver-gent data both are important and necessary for decision-making about species that need to receive more conservationattention as well as for determining sustainable collectionstrategies However we recommend complementary studiesto evaluate the sustainability of the extractivism in the regionsince some of these species present other types of uses inaddition to the medicinal one which can lead to a greaterpressure of use

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study areincluded within the article

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest

Acknowledgments

We acknowledge CAPES CNPq and FACEPE for the finan-cial support and grants of scholarships research and post-doctoral training We also acknowledge the members of theLaboratory of Ecology and Evolution of Social-EcologicalSystems for assistance in the data collection and analysisthe managers of the Araripe National Forest for the logisticsupport and the community of Macauba for the receptivityand support during the accomplishment of this researchThispaper is part of the MSc dissertation (NFS) presented tothe Postgraduate Program in Botany Department of BiologyRural Federal University of Pernambuco This paper is thecontribution of the Rede de Investigacao em Biodiversidade eSaberes Locais (REBISA-Network of Research in Biodiversityand Local Knowledge) with financial support from FACEPE(Foundation for Support of Science and Technology) tothe Project Nucleo de Pesquisa em Ecologia Conservacaoe Potencial de Uso de Recursos Biologicos no Semiaridodo Nordeste do Brasil (Center for Research in EcologyConservation and Potential Use of Biological Resources inthe Semi-Arid Region of Northeastern Brazil-APQ-1264-20510)


References

[1] T Ngarivhume C I E A vanrsquot Klooster J T V M de Jong andJ H VanDerWesthuizen ldquoMedicinal plants used by traditionalhealers for the treatment of malaria in the Chipinge district inZimbabwerdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 159 pp 224ndash237 2015

[2] Z Popovic R Matic S Bojovic M Stefanovic and VVidakovic ldquoEthnobotany and herbal medicine in moderncomplementary and alternative medicine An overview ofpublications in the field of IampC medicine 2001-2013rdquo Journal ofEthnopharmacology vol 181 pp 182ndash192 2016

[3] A A Boadu andA Asase ldquoDocumentation of herbalmedicinesused for the treatment and management of human diseasesby some communities in southern Ghanardquo Evidence-BasedComplementary and Alternative Medicine vol 2017 pp 1ndash122017

[4] C A Marshall and W D Hawthorne ldquoRegeneration Ecologyof the Useful Flora of the Putu Range Rainforest LiberiardquoEconomic Botany vol 66 no 4 pp 1ndash15 2012

[5] G T Soldati and U P Albuquerque ldquoA new application for theoptimal foraging theory The extraction of medicinal plantsrdquoEvidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine vol2012 pp 1ndash10 2012

[6] A H C Meretika N Peroni and N Hanazaki ldquoLocal knowl-edge of medicinal plants in three artisanal fishing communities(Itapoa Southern Brazil) according to gender age and urban-izationrdquo Acta Botanica Brasilica vol 24 no 2 pp 386ndash3942010

[7] I S O Feitosa U P A Albuquerque and J M MonteiroldquoKnowledge and extractivism of Stryphnodendronrotundifolium Mart in a local community of the BrazilianSavanna Northeastern Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnobiology andEthnomedicine vol 10 pp 1ndash13 2014

[8] J L Almeida Campos T L L da Silva U P Albuquerque NPeroni andE LimaAraujo ldquoKnowledgeUse andManagementof the Babassu Palm (Attalea speciosa Mart ex Spreng) in theAraripe Region (Northeastern Brazil)rdquo Economic Botany vol69 no 3 pp 240ndash250 2015

[9] A Lozano E L Araujo M F T Medeiros and U P Albu-querque ldquoThe apparency hypothesis applied to a local pharma-copoeia in the Brazilian northeastrdquo Journal of Ethnobiology andEthnomedicine vol 10 pp 1ndash17 2014

[10] J S Bento-Silva W M de Andrade M A Ramos et al ldquoStu-dentsrsquo perception of urban and rural environmental protectionareas in Pernambuco BrazilrdquoTropical Conservation Science vol8 no 3 pp 813ndash827 2015

[11] W S Ferreira Junior T G Da Silva I R Alencar Menezes andU P Albuquerque ldquoThe role of local disease perception in theselection of medicinal plants A study of the structure of localmedical systemsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 181 pp146ndash157 2016

[12] MMA 2017-Ministerio do Meio Ambiente httpwwwmmagovbr

[13] B Mustafa Z Veselaj A Hajdari and Z Krasniqi ldquoManage-ment status of protected areas in Kosovordquo Procedia - Social andBehavioral Sciences vol 19 pp 651ndash654 2011

[14] S Van Hoang P Baas and P J A Keszligler ldquoUses and conserva-tion of plant species in a national park - A case study of Ben EnVietnamrdquo Economic Botany vol 62 no 4 pp 574ndash593 2008

[15] S Ribeiro-Silva M B Medeiros B M Gomes E N C Seixasand M A P Silva ldquoAngiosperms from the Araripe National

Forest Cearardquo Journal of species lists and distribution vol 8 no4 pp 744ndash751 2012

[16] C Baldauf and F A M Dos Santos ldquoThe effect of manage-ment systems and ecosystem types on bark regeneration inHimatanthus drasticus (Apocynaceae) Recommendations forsustainable harvestingrdquo Environmental Modeling amp Assessmentvol 186 no 1 pp 349ndash359 2014

[17] U P Albuquerque L V F C Cunha R F P Lucena andR R NAlvesMethods and techniques in ethnobiology and ethnoecologySpringer New York NY USA 2014

[18] MAyresMD Ayres Junior L Ayres andA A S SantosBioE-stat 50 Aplicacoes estatısticas nas areas das ciencias biologicas emedicas Sociedade Civil MamirauaCNPq 2007

[19] S P Borgatti Anthropac 40 Analytic Technologies NatickMA USA 1996

[20] W S Boef and M H Thijssen Ferramentas participativas notrabalho com cultivos variedades e sementes Um guia paraprofissionais que trabalham com abordagens participativas nomanejo da agrobiodiversidade no melhoramento de cultivos eno desenvolvimento do setor de sementes Wageningen Interna-tional Wageningen Netherlands 2007

[21] C M Dzerefos and E T F Witkowski ldquoDensity and potentialutilization of medicinal grassland plants from Abe BaileyNature Reserve South Africardquo Biodiversity and Conservationvol 10 no 11 pp 1875ndash1896 2001

[22] U P de Albuquerque G T Soldati S S Sieber P M deMedeiros J C de Sa and L C de Souza ldquoRapid ethnobotanicaldiagnosis of the Fulni-o Indigenous lands (NE Brazil) Floristicsurvey and local conservation priorities for medicinal plantsrdquoEnvironment Development and Sustainability vol 13 no 2 pp277ndash292 2011

[23] E L Araujo and E M N Ferraz ldquoAnalysis of vegetation in eth-nobotanical studiesrdquo inMethods and Tecniques in Ethnobiologyand Ethoecology U P Albuquerque L V F C Cunha R F PLucena and R R N Alves Eds vol 1 of Springer ProtocolsHandbooks pp 141ndash159 Humana presss 2014

[24] F D S Silva U P Albuquerque L M Costa Junior AD S Lima A L B D Nascimento and J M MonteiroldquoAn ethnopharmacological assessment of the use of plantsagainst parasitic diseases in humans and animalsrdquo Journal ofEthnopharmacology vol 155 no 2 pp 1332ndash1341 2014

[25] F M Macedo G T Martins C G Rodrigues and DA Oliveira ldquoTriagem fitoquımica do Barbatimao [Stryphn-odendron adstrigens (Mart) Coville]rdquo Revista Brasileira deBiociencias vol 5 pp 1166ndash1168 2007

[26] F A Carvalho T K B Jacobson A F Costa A A BSantos and J D V Hay ldquoEstrutura e distribuicao espacial doBarbatimao (Stryphnondedron polyphyllum) em uma area decerrado no sudeste de Goiasrdquo Revista Tropica-Ciencias Agrariase Biologicas vol 3 no 1 p 14 2009

[27] A H F Castro R Paiva A A Alvarenga and S M MVitor ldquoCalogenese e teores de fenois e tatinos totais em barba-timao [stryphnodendron adstringens (mart) coville]rdquo Cienciae Agrotecnologia vol 33 no 2 pp 385ndash390 2009

[28] L Campos A Nascimento U Albuquerque and E AraujoldquoCriteria for Native Food Plant Collection in NortheasternBrazilrdquo Human Ecology vol 44 no 6 pp 775ndash782 2016

[29] J MMonteiro C F C B Almeida andU P Albuquerque ldquoUseand Traditional management of Anadenathera colubrina (Vell)Brenan in the semi-arid region of northeastern Brazilrdquo Journalof Etnobiology and Ethnomedicine vol 2 no 6 2006


[30] E M de Freitas Lins Neto N Peroni and U P de AlbuquerqueldquoTraditional knowledge and management of Umbu (Spondiastuberosa Anacardiaceae) An endemic species from the semi-arid region of Northeastern Brazilrdquo Economic Botany vol 64no 1 pp 11ndash21 2010

[31] H C Borges Filho and J M Felfili ldquoAvaliacao dos nıveisde extrativismo da casca de barbatimao [Stryphnodendronadstringens (Mart) Coville] no Distrito Federal Brasilrdquo RevistaArvore vol 27 no 5 pp 735ndash745 2003

[32] I S Feitosa J M Monteiro E L Araujo and U P Albu-querque ldquoImpact of collection on bark regeneration fromStryphnodendron rotundifolium Mart in northeastern BrazilrdquoEnvironmental Modeling amp Assessment vol 189 p 234 2017

[33] D Stanley R Voeks and L Short ldquoIs non-timber forest productharvest sustainable in the less developed world A systematicreview of the recent economic and ecological literaturerdquo Ethno-biology and Conservation vol 1 no 9 2012

[34] N Hanazaki J Y Tamashiro H F Leitao-Filho and A BegossildquoDiversity of plant uses in two Caicara communities from theAtlantic Forest coast Brazilrdquo Biodiversity and Conservation vol9 no 5 pp 597ndash615 2000

[35] T A Penna and A P N Lamano-Ferreira ldquoRevisao bib-liometrica sobre o cultivo de plantas medicinais em quin-tais Urbanos em Diferentes Regioes do Brasil (2009-2012)rdquoUNOPAR Cientıfica Ciencias Biologicas e da Saude vol 16 no1 pp 61ndash67 2014

[36] A K Bisht A Bhatt R S Rawal and U Dhar ldquoPrioritizationand conservation of Himalayan medicinal plants Angelicaglauca Edgew as a case studyrdquo Ethnobotany Research amp Appli-cations vol 4 pp 11ndash23 2006

[37] D Pauly ldquoAnecdotes and the shifting baseline syndrome offisheriesrdquo Trends in Ecology amp Evolution vol 10 no 10 p 4301995

[38] U P Albuquerque P H Goncalves W S Ferreira Junior etal ldquoHumans as niche constructors Revisiting the concept ofchronic anthropogenic disturbances in ecologyrdquo Perspectives inEcology and Conservation vol 16 no 1 pp 1ndash11 2018

[39] A Fernandez-Llamazares I Dıaz-Reviriego A C Luz MCabeza A Pyhala and V Reyes-Garcıa ldquoRapid ecosystemchange challenges the adaptive capacity of local environmentalknowledgerdquoGlobal Environmental Change vol 31 pp 272ndash2842015

[40] M Clavero ldquoShifting baselines and the conservation of non-native speciesrdquoConservation Biology vol 28 no 5 pp 1ndash3 2014

[41] Z Kai T S Woan L Jie and E Goodale ldquoShifting Baselines ona Tropical Forest Frontier Extipartions Drive Declines in LocalEcological Knowledgerdquo PLoS ONE vol 9 no 1 pp 1ndash8 2014

[42] J Henrich and R Boyd ldquoThe Evolution of Conformist Trans-mission and the Emergence of Between-Group DifferencesrdquoEvolution and Human Behavior vol 19 no 4 pp 215ndash241 1998

[43] J H Barkow ldquoThe elastic between genes and culturerdquo Ethologyand Sociobiology vol 10 no 1-3 pp 111ndash129 1989

[44] R L C de Oliveira E M F Lins Neto E L Araujo and UP Albuquerque ldquoConservation priorities and population struc-ture of woodymedicinal plants in an area of caatinga vegetation(Pernambuco State NE Brazil)rdquo Environmental Monitoring andAssessment vol 132 no 1-3 pp 189ndash206 2007

[45] C P Kala ldquoIndigenus uses population density and conserva-tion of threatened medicinal plants in protected areas of theIndianHymalayasrdquoConservation Biology vol 19 no 2 pp 368ndash378 2005

[46] U Dhar R S Rawal and J Upreti ldquoSetting priorities forconservation of medicinal plants - A case study in the IndianHimalayardquo Biological Conservation vol 95 no 1 pp 57ndash652000

[47] L L Hoffman I E Monroe E Narvaez M Martinez and DD Ackerly ldquoSustainability of mangrove harvesting How doharvestersrsquo perceptions differ from ecological analysisrdquo Ecologyand Society vol 11 no 2 p 14 2006

Stem Cells International

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018


MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION

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EndocrinologyInternational Journal of



Disease Markers


BioMed Research International

OncologyJournal of



Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity


PPAR Research

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2013Hindawiwwwhindawicom

The Scientific World Journal

Volume 2018

Immunology ResearchHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Journal of

ObesityJournal of



Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine


Behavioural Neurology

OphthalmologyJournal of


Diabetes ResearchJournal of



Research and TreatmentAIDS


Gastroenterology Research and Practice


Parkinsonrsquos Disease

Evidence-Based Complementary andAlternative Medicine

Volume 2018Hindawiwwwhindawicom

Submit your manuscripts atwwwhindawicom


Among the strategies adopted by governments is thecreation of conservation units [12] which often incorporaterestrictive measures in order to introduce the sustainable useof resources prohibiting the use of target species of intenseextractivism in the region [13] This decision despite havinga conservationist intent often generates local problems andconflicts by not considering the perception and knowledge ofthe local populations about the practices of collection and useof the medicinal resource

Accordingly some studies report that forest resourcescontinue to be used by the populations around conservationunits regardless of whether they are full protection orsustainable use [8 14] especially when the populations havelow purchasing power

As an example people that live in the vicinity of theAraripe National Forest (FLONA) a full protection con-servation unit in the Northeastern region of Brazil collectnontimber forest resources [7 8] and wood [15] from theFLONA Araripe Except for the collection of the fruits ofpequi (Caryocar coriaceum Wittm) all other resources areexploited clandestinely that is without authorization fromthemanagement of the ConservationUnit which can be verynegative for the conservation of some species

Among the uses of the FLONA Araripe plant resourceswe can highlight the medicinal use since many people livingin the surroundings of the protected forest have low incomeand need to make use of the plants to cure their diseases [7ndash9] Therefore based on the above our expectation is that thelocal knowledge of these people on medicinal plants consid-ering their socioeconomic characteristics allows identifyingspecies that should be considered priorities for conservationEvidencing these species is of fundamental importance forthe establishment of measures by conservation units man-agers being one of the necessary steps to minimize existingconflicts in socioecological systems regarding the use andconservation of forest resources

Specifically this study seeks to answer the followingquestions are there differences in the total number ofmedicinal plants that are known and used Is the number ofplants cited influenced by the gender age and profession ofthe informant Are there any medicinal woody species thatneed conservation practices in the region Which parts ofthe plants stand out in medicinal use Is there a differencebetween the local perception and the calculation of theconservation priority in relation to the conservation status ofthe species

2 Material and Methods

21 Study Area The study was executed in the rural com-munity of Macauba (S 7∘ 211015840 10210158401015840 W 39∘ 241015840 126310158401015840) whichbelongs to the rural area of the municipality of Barbalha-Ceara This community is part of the Environmental Pro-tection Area (APA) of the Chapada do Araripe whichis located around the Araripe National Forest (FLONA)[8] The FLONA includes areas of Cerrado Carrasco andSemidecidual Seasonal Forest locally called wet forest [16]

The community of Macauba (with 250 families) accessesboth the APA and FLONA resources especially for the

collection of Pequi (Caryocar coriaceum Wittm) Faveira(Dimorphandra gardneriana Tul) Janaguba [Himatanthusdrasticus (Mart) Plumel] Barbatimao (Stryphnodendronrotundifolium Mart) and Coco Babacu (Attalea speciosaMart ex Spreng) [7 8 16] The people of this community liveprimarily from the extractivism of FLONArsquos nontimber forestproducts subsistence agriculture pensions and governmentsupport

22 Legal Procedures and Informants Selection The researchwas authorized by the Research Ethics Committee thatinvolves human beings from the Health Sciences Centerof the Federal University of Pernambuco (CEPCCSUFPE)resolution 19696 and the System of Authorization andInformation on Biodiversity (Sisbio) with the authorizationnumbers 03363812600005207 and 32682-1 respectively

Initial contact with the Macauba community was carriedout through the Macauba Rural Womenrsquos Association andthe local health agency and the objectives of the researchwere explained to the leaders Based on the data provided bythe health clinic a random simple probabilistic sampling wasused for the selection of informants [17] in which 152 out ofthe 250 families registered in the community were selectedfor the interviews

23 Data Collection and Processing Among the 152 familiesdrawn only 127 people were interviewed (73 women and 54men) because in residences with two families (11) it wasdecided to interview only the representative of one of themIn addition five families were traveling at the time of theinterview and nine refused to participate in the study Theinterviews were conducted only with the head of each familywhich could be bothmen and women However only the onethat was present at the residence at the time of the interviewwas interviewed

Initially the socioeconomic data of each informant suchas age gender and profession were recorded In order tocollect information about the local knowledge on known andused plants free lists were performed [17] through whichinformants were invited to list the known medicinal plantsFor each registered plant the following questions were raisedhas this plant been actually usedWhat are itsmedicinal usesWhich parts of the plants are used

Guided tours were conducted for the collection andtaxonomic identification of the plants cited by the informants[17] in which the respondents confirmed their vernacularnames The botanical collections were conducted duringMay and June 2012 and supplemented with collections fromour team (Laboratory of Applied and Theoretical Ethnobi-ology) between the years 2012 and 2013 All the specimenswere identified (according to APG [Angiosperm PhylogenyGroup] III) and deposited at the Dardano de Andrade andLima Herbarium (Herbario Caririense Dardano de Andradee Lima HCDAL) of the Regional University of Cariri (Uni-versidade Regional do Cariri URCA) in the city of CratoCeara The voucher numbers run fromHCDAL 6601 to 67018104 to 8110 and 51592 to 51754 Duplicates were depositedat Professor Vasconcelos Sobrinho herbarium (PEUFR) ofthe Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (Universidade









CP = 05 (BS) + 05 (UR) (1)



Step 2 UR= 05 (H) + 05 (U) x 10








Species Commonname













































fruit weaves








Apocynaceae





Arecaceae






Asteraceae




Table 4 Continued



Bidens pilosa L

Espinho-de-agulha













Boraginaceae


Brassicaceae





Caricaceae


Caryocaraceae





Table 4 Continued



Convolvulaceae




Crassulaceae















Fabaceae










root seed





latex oil seed



rootSnake bite


Table 4 Continued




leaf




fruit



















seed







Table 4 Continued



BoldoBoldinho

Boldo da folhamole







Liliaceae


Malphigiaceae










Myrtaceae







Table 4 Continued



Nyctaginaceae


Olacaceae












seed Migraine

Plantaginaceae


Poaceae




Polygalaceae


Proteaceae


Punicaceae


Rhamnaceae




Table 4 Continued








fruit























Table 4 Continued



piranhapauterra


Xanthorrhoeaceae



















4 Discussion






























5 Conclusions






Data Availability




Acknowledgments



References






















































of




Disease Markers



OncologyJournal of





PPAR Research



Volume 2018


Journal of

ObesityJournal of



























CP = 05 (BS) + 05 (UR) (1)



Step 2 UR= 05 (H) + 05 (U) x 10








Species Commonname













































fruit weaves








Apocynaceae





Arecaceae






Asteraceae




Table 4 Continued



Bidens pilosa L

Espinho-de-agulha













Boraginaceae


Brassicaceae





Caricaceae


Caryocaraceae





Table 4 Continued



Convolvulaceae




Crassulaceae















Fabaceae










root seed





latex oil seed



rootSnake bite


Table 4 Continued




leaf




fruit



















seed







Table 4 Continued



BoldoBoldinho

Boldo da folhamole







Liliaceae


Malphigiaceae










Myrtaceae







Table 4 Continued



Nyctaginaceae


Olacaceae












seed Migraine

Plantaginaceae


Poaceae




Polygalaceae


Proteaceae


Punicaceae


Rhamnaceae




Table 4 Continued








fruit























Table 4 Continued



piranhapauterra


Xanthorrhoeaceae



















4 Discussion






























5 Conclusions






Data Availability




Acknowledgments



References






















































of




Disease Markers



OncologyJournal of





PPAR Research



Volume 2018


Journal of

ObesityJournal of





















Species Commonname













































fruit weaves








Apocynaceae





Arecaceae






Asteraceae




Table 4 Continued



Bidens pilosa L

Espinho-de-agulha













Boraginaceae


Brassicaceae





Caricaceae


Caryocaraceae





Table 4 Continued



Convolvulaceae




Crassulaceae















Fabaceae










root seed





latex oil seed



rootSnake bite


Table 4 Continued




leaf




fruit



















seed







Table 4 Continued



BoldoBoldinho

Boldo da folhamole







Liliaceae


Malphigiaceae










Myrtaceae







Table 4 Continued



Nyctaginaceae


Olacaceae












seed Migraine

Plantaginaceae


Poaceae




Polygalaceae


Proteaceae


Punicaceae


Rhamnaceae




Table 4 Continued








fruit























Table 4 Continued



piranhapauterra


Xanthorrhoeaceae



















4 Discussion






























5 Conclusions






Data Availability




Acknowledgments



References






















































of




Disease Markers



OncologyJournal of





PPAR Research



Volume 2018


Journal of

ObesityJournal of













































fruit weaves








Apocynaceae





Arecaceae






Asteraceae




Table 4 Continued



Bidens pilosa L

Espinho-de-agulha













Boraginaceae


Brassicaceae





Caricaceae


Caryocaraceae





Table 4 Continued



Convolvulaceae




Crassulaceae















Fabaceae










root seed





latex oil seed



rootSnake bite


Table 4 Continued




leaf




fruit



















seed







Table 4 Continued



BoldoBoldinho

Boldo da folhamole







Liliaceae


Malphigiaceae










Myrtaceae







Table 4 Continued



Nyctaginaceae


Olacaceae












seed Migraine

Plantaginaceae


Poaceae




Polygalaceae


Proteaceae


Punicaceae


Rhamnaceae




Table 4 Continued








fruit























Table 4 Continued



piranhapauterra


Xanthorrhoeaceae



















4 Discussion






























5 Conclusions






Data Availability




Acknowledgments



References






















































of




Disease Markers



OncologyJournal of





PPAR Research



Volume 2018


Journal of

ObesityJournal of




















Table 4 Continued



Bidens pilosa L

Espinho-de-agulha













Boraginaceae


Brassicaceae





Caricaceae


Caryocaraceae





Table 4 Continued



Convolvulaceae




Crassulaceae















Fabaceae










root seed





latex oil seed



rootSnake bite


Table 4 Continued




leaf




fruit



















seed







Table 4 Continued



BoldoBoldinho

Boldo da folhamole







Liliaceae


Malphigiaceae










Myrtaceae







Table 4 Continued



Nyctaginaceae


Olacaceae












seed Migraine

Plantaginaceae


Poaceae




Polygalaceae


Proteaceae


Punicaceae


Rhamnaceae




Table 4 Continued








fruit























Table 4 Continued



piranhapauterra


Xanthorrhoeaceae



















4 Discussion






























5 Conclusions






Data Availability




Acknowledgments



References






















































of




Disease Markers



OncologyJournal of





PPAR Research



Volume 2018


Journal of

ObesityJournal of




















Table 4 Continued



Convolvulaceae




Crassulaceae















Fabaceae










root seed





latex oil seed



rootSnake bite


Table 4 Continued




leaf




fruit



















seed







Table 4 Continued



BoldoBoldinho

Boldo da folhamole







Liliaceae


Malphigiaceae










Myrtaceae







Table 4 Continued



Nyctaginaceae


Olacaceae












seed Migraine

Plantaginaceae


Poaceae




Polygalaceae


Proteaceae


Punicaceae


Rhamnaceae




Table 4 Continued








fruit























Table 4 Continued



piranhapauterra


Xanthorrhoeaceae



















4 Discussion






























5 Conclusions






Data Availability




Acknowledgments



References






















































of




Disease Markers



OncologyJournal of





PPAR Research



Volume 2018


Journal of

ObesityJournal of




















Table 4 Continued




leaf




fruit



















seed







Table 4 Continued



BoldoBoldinho

Boldo da folhamole







Liliaceae


Malphigiaceae










Myrtaceae







Table 4 Continued



Nyctaginaceae


Olacaceae












seed Migraine

Plantaginaceae


Poaceae




Polygalaceae


Proteaceae


Punicaceae


Rhamnaceae




Table 4 Continued








fruit























Table 4 Continued



piranhapauterra


Xanthorrhoeaceae



















4 Discussion






























5 Conclusions






Data Availability




Acknowledgments



References






















































of




Disease Markers



OncologyJournal of





PPAR Research



Volume 2018


Journal of

ObesityJournal of




















Table 4 Continued



BoldoBoldinho

Boldo da folhamole







Liliaceae


Malphigiaceae










Myrtaceae







Table 4 Continued



Nyctaginaceae


Olacaceae












seed Migraine

Plantaginaceae


Poaceae




Polygalaceae


Proteaceae


Punicaceae


Rhamnaceae




Table 4 Continued








fruit























Table 4 Continued



piranhapauterra


Xanthorrhoeaceae



















4 Discussion






























5 Conclusions






Data Availability




Acknowledgments



References






















































of




Disease Markers



OncologyJournal of





PPAR Research



Volume 2018


Journal of

ObesityJournal of




















Table 4 Continued



Nyctaginaceae


Olacaceae












seed Migraine

Plantaginaceae


Poaceae




Polygalaceae


Proteaceae


Punicaceae


Rhamnaceae




Table 4 Continued








fruit























Table 4 Continued



piranhapauterra


Xanthorrhoeaceae



















4 Discussion






























5 Conclusions






Data Availability




Acknowledgments



References






















































of




Disease Markers



OncologyJournal of





PPAR Research



Volume 2018


Journal of

ObesityJournal of




















Table 4 Continued








fruit























Table 4 Continued



piranhapauterra


Xanthorrhoeaceae



















4 Discussion






























5 Conclusions






Data Availability




Acknowledgments



References






















































of




Disease Markers



OncologyJournal of





PPAR Research



Volume 2018


Journal of

ObesityJournal of




















Table 4 Continued



piranhapauterra


Xanthorrhoeaceae



















4 Discussion






























5 Conclusions






Data Availability




Acknowledgments



References






















































of




Disease Markers



OncologyJournal of





PPAR Research



Volume 2018


Journal of

ObesityJournal of















































5 Conclusions






Data Availability




Acknowledgments



References






















































of




Disease Markers



OncologyJournal of





PPAR Research



Volume 2018


Journal of

ObesityJournal of




















References






















































of




Disease Markers



OncologyJournal of





PPAR Research



Volume 2018


Journal of

ObesityJournal of










































of




Disease Markers



OncologyJournal of





PPAR Research



Volume 2018


Journal of

ObesityJournal of



















Local Knowledge and Conservation Priorities of Medicinal...

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