LIS 570
description
Transcript of LIS 570
LIS Qualitative_1
Th
e I
nfo
rmati
on
Sch
ool
of
the U
niv
ers
ity o
f W
ash
ing
ton
LIS 570
Sessions 3.1, 3.2
Th
e In
form
atio
n S
cho
ol
of t
he U
nive
rsity
of
Was
hing
ton
LIS 570_Measurement Mason; p. 2
Objectives• Have some experience with early
steps in research design• Understand the distinction
between qualitative and quantitative research
• Understand the relationships among quantitative-qualitative and positivist-constructionist philosophies
Th
e In
form
atio
n S
cho
ol
of t
he U
nive
rsity
of
Was
hing
ton
LIS 570_Measurement Mason; p. 3
Agenda• Q/A last session; readings• Exercise & Discussion: Life on
Campus• Discussions: deduction-induction;
qualitative-quantitative; positivist-interpretive (or positivist-constructivist)
Th
e In
form
atio
n S
cho
ol
of t
he U
nive
rsity
of
Was
hing
ton
LIS 570_Measurement Mason; p. 4
Readings, Assignments
Updates/Announcements– Text: requested to be on reserve– Research methods:
• 1pp; font at least 10pt; margins—1” L & R, min. 0.6” top/bottom
• Post not later than 8PM Tuesdays
– Email anytime w/ questions/issues/clarifications Reflections: focus on learning
Q/A
Th
e In
form
atio
n S
cho
ol
of t
he U
nive
rsity
of
Was
hing
ton
LIS 570_Measurement Mason; p. 5
Short Exercise
Life on Campus• In groups, discuss 1st group of
questions– 10 minutes– Report back on each of the questions
• Observers – Observe– Make notes on how the team
operated
Th
e In
form
atio
n S
cho
ol
of t
he U
nive
rsity
of
Was
hing
ton
LIS 570_Measurement Mason; p. 6
Teams• SGHR: Kate Sellers, Rachel Howard, Jonathan Rochkind,
Brian Greene
• JAO: Serin Anderson, Karen Jaskar, Stacey O'Shea
• OEH: Solveig Ekenes, Heather Higgins, Erin Ostrander
• EJM: Laurel Evans, Ben Johnson, Liz Melson
• BBW: Hannah Burke, Beth Barrett, Amy Wilcox
• SST: Jennifer Seib, Esti Shay, Kyla Tew
For today, “observers” of teams will be: Anne, Scott, Adam, Shawn, Rose, John, Dani
Th
e In
form
atio
n S
cho
ol
of t
he U
nive
rsity
of
Was
hing
ton
LIS 570_Measurement Mason; p. 7
Qualitative Methods• Definition• Researcher’s role• Features of qualitative research
– Context– Description– Process– Participant perspective– Induction
• Implications of research setting• Some qualitative field research
frameworks
Th
e In
form
atio
n S
cho
ol
of t
he U
nive
rsity
of
Was
hing
ton
LIS 570_Measurement Mason; p. 8
Definition - Qualitative Research
A process of enquiry that draws from the
context in which events occur, in an attempt
to describe these occurrences, as a means of
determining the process in which events are
embedded and the perspectives of those
participating in the events, using induction to
derive possible explanations based on
observed phenomena.
Th
e In
form
atio
n S
cho
ol
of t
he U
nive
rsity
of
Was
hing
ton
LIS 570_Measurement Mason; p. 9
Researcher’s role
In qualitative field research:fly on the wall vs. complete
participant “scientific” detachment immersing into subjects’ “world”
Personal involvement and partiality•Reflexivity•Discuss considerations of local culture
Empathetic understanding
Th
e In
form
atio
n S
cho
ol
of t
he U
nive
rsity
of
Was
hing
ton
LIS 570_Measurement Mason; p. 10
Features of Qualitative Research
Context
Description
Process
Participant perspective
Induction
Th
e In
form
atio
n S
cho
ol
of t
he U
nive
rsity
of
Was
hing
ton
LIS 570_Measurement Mason; p. 11
Context• Draws from the context or environment
in which events occur
• Uses the natural setting
• Researcher does not remain remote
•enters the context or situation to collect data
•enhances this data through insights gained onsite
Th
e In
form
atio
n S
cho
ol
of t
he U
nive
rsity
of
Was
hing
ton
LIS 570_Measurement Mason; p. 12
Context
Identify with your subjectsExperience what they are experiencing
Th
e In
form
atio
n S
cho
ol
of t
he U
nive
rsity
of
Was
hing
ton
LIS 570_Measurement Mason; p. 13
DescriptionDescribes occurrencesthe ‘flavor’ of events is included in the
research
– Instruments: researcher, tape recorders, video cameras, notes, camera, diaries, memos
– Collection: verbal narratives from the participants, observations. diary.
– Report: narrative, themes, corroborated by other analyses
Th
e In
form
atio
n S
cho
ol
of t
he U
nive
rsity
of
Was
hing
ton
LIS 570_Measurement Mason; p. 14
ProcessNot just the result of events but the
events themselves
•understanding the process of events
•how ideas become action
• the reactions to actions
•components of a process
• richer and fuller understanding through immersion in the entire activity
Th
e In
form
atio
n S
cho
ol
of t
he U
nive
rsity
of
Was
hing
ton
LIS 570_Measurement Mason; p. 15
Participant perspective
What do the people involved in a particular process think
• what people believe• how people feel• how people interpret events
Often involves participant involvement in or comment on the researchers observations and interpretations
Th
e In
form
atio
n S
cho
ol
of t
he U
nive
rsity
of
Was
hing
ton
LIS 570_Measurement Mason; p. 16
Exercise• What is the next number in these
sequences?
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, ?
1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, ?
How did you decide the next number in the sequence?
Th
e In
form
atio
n S
cho
ol
of t
he U
nive
rsity
of
Was
hing
ton
LIS 570_Measurement Mason; p. 17
InductionAnalysis of observations in a
coherent and meaningful mannera ‘bottom-up” approach after data
have been collected• from the particular to the general
• evidence is used to develop an explanation of events - to establish a theory based on observed phenomena
Th
e In
form
atio
n S
cho
ol
of t
he U
nive
rsity
of
Was
hing
ton
LIS 570_Measurement Mason; p. 18
Deduction
Collection of data based on prior assumptions
“Top down” approach– From general to specific– Typically begins with theory– Data are used to support or question
theory
Th
e In
form
atio
n S
cho
ol
of t
he U
nive
rsity
of
Was
hing
ton
LIS 570_Measurement Mason; p. 19
Grounded Theory• Approach data collection with little or
no theory (“let data speak for themselves”)
• Once some data are collected, review and see what theories might match
• Theory development (or matching) is “grounded” in the observations/data
• Theory-data collection are interactive
Th
e In
form
atio
n S
cho
ol
of t
he U
nive
rsity
of
Was
hing
ton
LIS 570_Measurement Mason; p. 20
Definition - Qualitative Research
A process of enquiry that draws from the
context in which events occur, in an attempt
to describe these occurrences, as a means of
determining the process in which events are
embedded and the perspectives of those
participating in the events, using induction to
derive possible explanations based on
observed phenomena.
Th
e In
form
atio
n S
cho
ol
of t
he U
nive
rsity
of
Was
hing
ton
LIS 570_Measurement Mason; p. 21
Research setting
Effect of the research agenda • E.g. R & D in industry
Effect of the research institution• Power relationship?
Th
e In
form
atio
n S
cho
ol
of t
he U
nive
rsity
of
Was
hing
ton
LIS 570_Measurement Mason; p. 22
Data recording sheet (Bouma: 182)
What you observe Your reactions/ thoughts
Th
e In
form
atio
n S
cho
ol
of t
he U
nive
rsity
of
Was
hing
ton
LIS 570_Measurement Mason; p. 23
Actor Network Theory• Network structure emerges from
interactions among “actants,” who may be both human and non-human
• Analyst looks at issues such as – Translation– Enrollment– Delegation
• Example: consortium of universities
Th
e In
form
atio
n S
cho
ol
of t
he U
nive
rsity
of
Was
hing
ton
LIS 570_Measurement Mason; p. 24
Qualitative research• Researchers work within the natural setting of
the data, and the key data collection instruments are the researchers themselves
• The data (collected) are verbal, not numerical
• Researchers are concerned with the process of an activity, not only the outcomes of that activity
• Researchers usually analyze their data verbally rather than statistically
The outcomes are often the generation of research questions and conjectures, not the verification of predicted relationships or outcomes
Th
e In
form
atio
n S
cho
ol
of t
he U
nive
rsity
of
Was
hing
ton
LIS 570_Measurement Mason; p. 25
A
B
C
Particular Behavior SystemsUniversal Behavior Systems
Unobtrusive Research
Operations
Obtrusive Research
Operations
Th
e In
form
atio
n S
cho
ol
of t
he U
nive
rsity
of
Was
hing
ton
LIS 570_Measurement Mason; p. 26
Uses of Qualitative Research
• Phase 1: Essential First Steps
• Phase 2: Data Collection
• Phase 3: Analysis and Interpretation
Th
e In
form
atio
n S
cho
ol
of t
he U
nive
rsity
of
Was
hing
ton
LIS 570_Measurement Mason; p. 27
Qualitative Research and Essential First
Steps
Phase 1– Select, Narrow, and Define Problem
• Exploratory Qualitative Research• Refine “problem statement”
– Select a Research Design– Design and Devise Measures for Variables
• “Operationalization” of the variable• Measurement Process
– Select Tables for Analysis– Select a Sample
Th
e In
form
atio
n S
cho
ol
of t
he U
nive
rsity
of
Was
hing
ton
LIS 570_Measurement Mason; p. 28
Qualitative Research and…
Purpose– Descriptive
•What is ….
– Exploratory—seek Relationships•Association Between Ideas (Concepts)
– Explanatory and predictive•Cause and Effect Relationships
Th
e In
form
atio
n S
cho
ol
of t
he U
nive
rsity
of
Was
hing
ton
LIS 570_Measurement Mason; p. 29
Summary – Qualitative Research Often Goes from Bottom Up in
Ladder of Abstraction
Th
e In
form
atio
n S
cho
ol
of t
he U
nive
rsity
of
Was
hing
ton
LIS 570_Measurement Mason; p. 30
For more readings in
Qualitative Research in IS
http://www.qual.auckland.ac.nz/