LES PRODUITS FORESTIERS NON LIGNEUX EN AFRIQUE: UN … · écologique de l'utilisation des produits...

FORESTRY DEPARTMENTDÉPARTEMENT DES FORETS

NON-WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS PROGRAMMEPROGRAMME PRODUITS FORESTIERS NON LIGNEUX

NON-WOOD FOREST PRODUCTSIN AFRICA:

A REGIONAL AND NATIONAL OVERVIEW

LES PRODUITS FORESTIERS NON LIGNEUXEN AFRIQUE:

UN APEnU RÉGIONAL ET NATIONAL.

Aug ust/AoCA 2001

Working PaperDocument de

TravailFOPW/01/1

EUROPEANCOMMISSIONDIRECTORATE-GENERALDEVELOPMENT

FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNation

FORESTRY DEPARTMENT DEPARTEMENT DES FORETS

NON-WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS PROGRAMME PROGRAMME PRODUITS FaRES TIERS NON LIGNEUX

NON-WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS IN AFRICA:


LES PRODUITS FORESTIERS NON LIGNEUX EN AFRIQUE:

UN APERCU REGIONAL ET NA TIONAL

AugustlAoOt 2001

Working Paper Document de

Travail FOPW/01/1

EUROPEAN COMMISSION DIRECTORATEGENERAL DEVELOPMENT

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation

FORESTRY DEPARTMENTDÉPARTEMENT DES FORETS

Non-Wood Forest Products ProgrammeProgramme Produits Forestiers Non Ligneux

NON-WOOD FOREST FTIODUCTSIN AFRICA:

A REGICOAL AND NATIONAL OVI-ELIVILM,ff

LES MODUITS FOOESTIERS NON LIGNEUXEN AFRIQUE:

UN APERU RÉGIONAL ET NA TIONAL

by/parSven Walter

with funding from theEC-FAO Partnership Programme

PROJECT GCP/INT/679/EC"Data Collection and Analysis for Sustainable Forest Management in ACP Countries

Linking National and International Efforts"PROJECT GCP/RAF/354/EC

"Sustainable Forest Management Programme in African ACP Countries"

avec l'appui financier duProgramme de Partenariat CE-FAO

PROJET GCP/INT/679/EC"Collecte et Analyse de Données pour l'Aménagement Durable des Foréts dans les

Pays A.C.P. Joindre les Efforts Nationaux et lntemationaux"PROJET GCP/RAF/354/EC

"Programme d'Aménagement Durable des Foréts dans lesPays Africains de l'A.C.P."

August/Août 2001

FORESTRY DEPARTMENT DEPARTEMENTDESFORETS

Non-Wood Forest Products Programme Programme Produits Forestiers Non Ligneux



LES PRODUITS FORESTIERS NON LIGNEUX EN AFRIQUE:

UN APER9U REGIONAL ET NA TIONAL

by/par Sven Walter

with funding from the EC-FAO Partnership Programme

PROJECT GCPIINT/679/EC "Data Collection and Analysis for Sustainable Forest Management in ACP Countries

Linking National and International Efforts"

PROJECT GCP/RAF/354/EC "Sustainable Forest Management Programme in African ACP Countries"

avec I'appui financier du Programme de Partenariat CE-FAO

PROJETGCP~NTm7WEC

"Collecte et Analyse de Donnees pour l'Amenagement Durable des Forets dans les Pays A.C.P. - Joindre les Efforts Nationaux et Internationaux"

PROJETGCP/RAF~5~EC "Programme d'Amenagement Durable des Forets dans les

Pays Africains de I'A. C. P. "

August/AoOt 2001

The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not implythe expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and AgricultureOrganization (FAO) of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country,territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers orboundaries.

The opinion expressed in the document are those of the author(s) and do not necessarilyreflect the opinion on part of the FAO.

Les appellations employées dans cette publication et la présentation des données qui yfigurent n'impliquent de la part de l'Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation etl'agriculture (FAO) aucune prise de position quant au statut juridique des pays, territoires,villes ou zones, ou de leurs autorités, ni quant au tracé de leurs frontières ou limites.

Le document exprime les opinions de l'auteur et ne reflète pas nécessairement celles del'Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture (FAO).

ii

The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

The opinion expressed in the document are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the opinion on part of the FAO.

Les appellations employees dans cette publication et la presentation des donnees qui y figurent n'impliquent de la part de l'Organisation des Nations Unies pour I'alimentation et I'agriculture (FAO) aucune prise de position quant au statut juridique des pays, territoires, villes ou zones, ou de leurs autorites, ni quant au trace de leurs frontieres ou limites.

Le document exprime les opinions de I'auteur et ne reflete pas necessairement celles de l'Organisation des Nations Unies pour I'alimentation et I'agriculture (FAO).

ii

NON-WOOD FOREST PRODUCTSIN AFRICA:


e

III

-

LES PRODUITS FORESTIERS NON LIGNEUXEN AFRIQUE:

UN APEKU REGIONAL ET NATIONAL



LES PRODUITS FORESTIERS NON LIGNEUX EN AFRIQUE: ,

UN APER~U REGIONAL ET NATIONAL

iii

FOREWORDThis regional study presents an overview of the socio-economic importance and ecologicalimpact of the use of non-wood forest products (NWFP) in Africa. The document consists oftwo main parts: i) presentation of background information on the programme activities andanalysis of the available information on the regional and sub-regional level (both in Englishand in French); and ii) presentation of data on NWFP on the national level (so-called"country profiles", available in either English or French).

The country profiles were originally cornpiled to be made available on the FAO homepage.However, taking into consideration the limited access to the Internet in various countries, ithas been decided to publish, in addition, a hardcopy version of the country profiles and toadd a regional and sub-regional analysis of the data.

Most of the data presented in this report are indicative figures, which have been collected inpublished and unpublished reports, and therefore do not represent official statistics. Theresults presented show that qualitative and quantitative information on NWFP on the nationallevel is still weak. It is hoped that this report will support the on-going process of dataimprovement on NWFP. Improved data is considered to be essential to ensure that the useand importance of NWFP is adequately taken into consideration by decision-makers, land-use planners, politicians, or other concerned experts. Additional information and commentsfrom readers to improve data on NWFP in African countries would be very muchappreciated. The authors of the country briefs will be duly acknowledged in the Internetversion. Information and comments can be sent to:

Non-Wood Forest Products ProgrammeForest Products Division, Forestry Department, FAOViale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, ItalyE-mail: non-wood-news @fao.orqTel: +39-06-570-52746 or 53853; Fax: + 39-0657055618Internet: http://wwvv.fao.org/forestrv/F0P/FOPW/NWFP/nwfp-e.stm

During the last two years, various colleagues have been involved in the compilation andfinalisation of the NWFP country profiles. At FAO Headquarters, Jamal Bandon, AlexiaBaldascini, Jean-Louis Blanchez, Celine Curi, Tina Etherington, Helena Kästel, Johan Lejeune,Sabrina Lozzi, Liana Micotti, Michèlle Millanes, Laura Russo, Patrick So and Paul Vantommecontributed to the collection, analysis and editing of the information presented.

In addition, thls report includes data provided by Lamin Bojang (Gambia), Michel Bonannee(Central African Republic), Tembo F. Chanyenga (Malawi), Girma Deffar (Ethiopia), D. Djiramba(Guinea), Cliff Sibusiso Dlamini (Swaziland), Mahamat A. Haggar (Chad), Joseph Hailwa(Namibia), G. Hamisou (Niger), Abdourahaman Ben Houssen (Comores), K. K. Keapoletswe(Botswana), Marie Mbolo (Cameroon), Petro N. Mangue (Mozambique), John Mulombwa(Zambia), Anastase Murekezi (Rwanda), Salvator Ndabirorere (Burundi), N. Oreste(Mozambique), G. J. Osemeobo (Nigeria), Elias S. Sekaleli (Lesotho), Gloria Ujor (Nigeria) andAfonso Zola (Angola).

Their efforts are appreciated. Furthermore, we would like to thank the European Commission forthe financial support given for this work through the Tropical Forestry Budget Line B7-6201/97and B7-6201/98-08NIII/FOR.

It is hoped that readers will find this publication useful and that it will be a start to continuouslyupdate the information on NWFP,

iv

FOREWORD This regional study presents an overview of the socio-economic importance and ecological impact of the use of non-wood forest products (NWFP) in Africa. The document consists of two main parts: i) presentation of background information on the programme activities and analysis of the available information on the regional and sub-regional level (both in English and in French); and ii) presentation of data on NWFP on the national level (so-called "country profiles", available in either English or French).

The country profiles were originally compiled to be made available on the FAO homepage. However, taking into consideration the limited access to the Internet in various countries, it has been decided to publish, in addition, a hardcopy version of the country profiles and to add a regional and sub-regional analysis of the data.

Most of the data presented in this report are indicative figures, which have been collected in published and unpublished reports, and therefore do not represent official statistics. The results presented show that qualitative and quantitative information on NWFP on the national level is still weak. It is hoped that this report will support the on-going process of data improvement on NWFP. Improved data is considered to be essential to ensure that the use and importance of NWFP is adequately taken into consideration by decision-makers, landuse planners, politicians, or other concerned experts. Additional information and comments from readers to improve data on NWFP in African countries would be very much appreCiated. The authors of the country briefs will be duly acknowledged in the Internet version. Information and comments can be sent to:

Non-Wood Forest Products Programme Forest Products Division, Forestry Department, FAO Via Ie delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy E-mail: [email protected] Tel: +39-06-570-52746 or -53853; Fax: + 39-0657055618 Internet: http://www . fao.org/forestrY/FO P IFO PW INW FP Inwfp-e. stm

During the last two years, various colleagues have been involved in the compilation and finalisation of the NWFP country profiles. At FAO Headquarters, Jamal Bahdon, Alexia Baldascini, Jean-Louis Blanchez, Celine Curi, Tina Etherington, Helena Kastel, Johan Lejeune, Sabrina Lozzi, Liana Micotti, Michelle Millanes, Laura Russo, Patrick So and Paul Vantomme contributed to the collection, analysis and editing of the information presented.

In addition, th"is report includes data provided by Lamin Bojang (Gambia), Michel Bonannee (Central African Republic), Tembo F. Chanyenga (Malawi), Girma Deffar (Ethiopia), D. Djiramba (Guinea), Cliff Sibusiso Dlamini (Swaziland), Mahamat A. Haggar (Chad), Joseph Hailwa (Namibia), G. Hamisou (Niger), Abdourahaman Ben Houssen (Comores), K. K. Keapoletswe (Botswana), Marie Mbolo (Cameroon), Petro N. Mangue (Mozambique), John Mulombwa (Zambia), Anastase Murekezi (Rwanda), Salvator Ndabirorere (Burundi), N. Oreste (Mozambique), G. J. Osemeobo (Nigeria), Elias S. Sekaleli (Lesotho), Gloria Ujor (Nigeria) and Afonso Zola (Angola).

Their efforts are appreciated. Furthermore, we would like to thank the European Commission for the financial support given for this work through the Tropical Forestry Budget Line B7-6201/97 and B7 -6201 198-08NIII/FOR.

It is hoped that readers will find this publication useful and that it will be a start to continuously update the information on NWFP.

iv

PRÉFACECette étude régionale donne un aperçu de l'importance socio-économique et de l'impactécologique de l'utilisation des produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL) en Afrique. Cedocument comporte deux parties principales : (i) une présentation des informationsgénérales sur les activités du programme et l'analyse des informations disponibles au niveaurégional et sous-régional (en Anglais et en Français) ; et (ii) une présentation des donnéessur les PFNL au niveau national (appelé résumés par pays ; disponibles en Anglais ou enFrançais).

Les résumés par pays ont été initialement compilés pour étre disponibles sur la paged'accueil du site de la FAO. Cependant, étant donné l'accès limité à Internet dans plusieurspays, il a été décidé de publier en sus une version imprimée des résumés par pays et d'yajouter une analyse des données régionales et sous-régionales.

La plupart des données présentées dans ce rapport sont des chiffres donnés à titre indicatif,recueillis à partir de rapports publiés et non-publiés, et ne sont pas, de ce fait, desstatistiques officielles. Les résultats présentés montrent que les informations qualitatives etquantitatives sur les PFNL au niveau national sont encore peu nombreuses. Nous espéronsque le présent rapport appuiera le processus en cours pour améliorer les données sur lesPFNL. On estime que des données améliorées sont essentielles pour assurer quel'utilisation et l'importance des PFNL soient correctement prises en considération par lesdécideurs, les planificateurs de l'utilisation des terrains, les politiciens ou les autres expertsconcernés. Des informations supplémentaires et des commentaires des lecteurs pouraméliorer les données sur les PFNL dans les pays africains seraient très appréciés. Lesauteurs des communications seront dístment cités dans la version sur Internet. Lesinformations et les commentaires peuvent &re envoyés :

Programme des Produits Forestiers Non LigneuxDivision des Produits Forestiers, Département des ForatsOrganisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture (FAO)Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, ItalieE-mail : non-wood-news @fao.orqTél. : +39-06-570-52746 ou 53853.; Fax: +39-06-570-55618Internet : http://www.fao.org/forets/F0P/FOPW/NWFP/nwfp-f.stm

Au cours des deux dernières années, différents collègues ont participé à la compilation et lafinalisation des profils par pays PFNL. Au siage de la FAO, Jamal Bandon, Alexia Baldascini,Jean-Louis Blánchez, Céline Curl, Tina Etherington, Helena Kastel, Johan Lejeune, SabrinaLozzi, Liana Micotti, Michèlle Millanes, Laura Russo, Patrick So et Paul Vantomme ontcontribué à la collecte, l'analyse et l'édition des informations présentées.

De plus, ce rapport comprend des données fournies par Lamin Bojang (Gambie), MichelBonanée (République Centrafricaine), Tembo F. Chanyenga (Malawi), Girma Deffar(Ethiopie), D. Djiramba (Guinée), Joseph Hailwa (Namibie), G. Hamisou (Niger),Abdoinaham Ben Houssen (Comores), K.K. Keapoletswe (Botswana), Marie Mbolo(Cameroun) Petro N. Mangue (Mozambique), John Mulombwa (Zambie), Anastase Murekezi(Rwanda), Salvator Ndabirorere (Burundi), N. Oreste (Mozambique), G.J. Osemeobo(Nigeria), Elias S. Sekaleli (Lesotho), Gloria Yjor (Nigeria) et Alfonso Zola (Angola).

Leurs efforts sont appréciés. De plus, nous voudrions remercier la Commission Européenne(CE) pour l'appui financier offert à ce travail par le biais de la ligne budgétaire ForbtsTropicales B7-6201/97 et B7-6201/98-08/VIII/FOR. Nous espérons que les lecteurstrouveront cette publication utile et qu'elle sera le début d'une mise à jour constante desinformations sur PFNL.

PREFACE Cette etude regionale donne un aperQu de I'importance socio-economique et de I'impact ecologique de I'utilisation des produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL) en Afrique. Ce document comporte deux parties principales : (i) une presentation des informations generales sur les activites du programme et I'analyse des informations disponibles au niveau regional et sous-regional (en Anglais et en FranQais) ; et (ii) une presentation des donnees sur les PFNL au niveau national (appele resumes par pays; disponibles en Anglais ou en FranQais).

Les resumes par pays ont ete initialement compiles pour etre disponibles sur la page d'accueil du site de la FAO. Cependant, etant donne I'acces limite a Internet dans plusieurs pays, iI a ete decide de publier en sus une version imprimee des resumes par pays et d'y ajouter une analyse des donnees regionales et sous-regionales.

La plupart des donnees presentees dans ce rapport sont des chiffres donnes a titre indicatif, recueillis a partir de rapports publies et non-publies, et ne sont pas, de ce fait, des statistiques officielles. Les resultats presentes montrent que les informations qualitatives et quantitatives sur les PFNL au niveau national sont encore peu nombreuses. Nous esperons que Ie present rapport appuiera Ie processus en cours pour ameliorer les donnees sur les PFNL. On estime que des donnees ameliorees sont essentielles pour assurer que I'utilisation et I'importance des PFNL soient correctement prises en consideration par les decideurs, les planificateurs de I'utilisation des terrains, les politiciens ou les aut res experts concernes. Des informations supplementaires et des commentaires des lecteurs pour ameliorer les donnees sur les PFNL dans les pays africains seraient tres apprecies. Les auteurs des communications seront dument cites dans la version sur Internet. Les informations et les commentaires peuvent etre envoyes a :

Programme des Produits Forestiers Non Ligneux Division des Produits Forestiers, Departement des Forets Organisation des Nations Unies pour I'alimentation et I'agriculture (FAO) Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italie E-mail: [email protected] Tel. : +39-06-570-52746 ou -53853,; Fax: +39-06-570-55618 Internet: http://www.fao.org/forets/FOP/FOPW/NWFP/nwfp-f.stm

Au cours des deux dernieres annees, differents collegues ont participe a la compilation et la finalisation des profils par pays PFNL. Au siege de la FAO, Jamal Bahdon, Alexia Baldascini, Jean-Louis Bli:mchez, Celine Curi, Tina Etherington, Helena Kastel, Johan Lejeune, Sabrina Lozzi, Liana Micotti, Michelle Millanes, Laura Russo, Patrick So et Paul Vantomme ont contribue a la collecte, I'analyse et I'edition des informations presentees.

De plus, ce rapport comprend des donnees fournies par Lamin Bojang (Gambie), Michel Bonanee (Republique Centrafricaine), Tembo F. Chanyenga (Malawi), Girma Deffar (Ethiopie), D. Djiramba (Guinee), Joseph Hailwa (Namibie), G. Hamisou (Niger), Abdoinaham Ben Houssen (Comores), K.K. Keapoletswe (Botswana), Marie Mbolo (Cameroun) Petro N. Mangue (Mozambique), John Mulombwa (Zambie), Anastase Murekezi (Rwanda), Salvator Ndabirorere (Burundi), N. Oreste (Mozambique), G.J. Osemeobo (Nigeria), Elias S. Sekaleli (Lesotho), Gloria Yjor (Nigeria) et Alfonso Zola (Angola).

Leurs efforts sont apprecies. De plus, nous voudrions remercier la Commission Europeenne (CE) pour I'appui financier offert a ce travail par Ie biais de la ligne budgetaire Forets Tropicales B7-6201/97 et B7-6201/98-08/VIII/FOR. Nous esperons que les lecteurs trouveront cette publication utile et qu'elle sera Ie debut d'une mise a jour constante des informations sur PFNL.

v

SUMMARYIn most African countries, non-wood forest products - or abbreviated "NWFP" - play asignificant role in the livelihood of the population by providing key subsistence products andincome. Examples of NWFP are foodstuff, fodder plants, medicinal plants, exudates,bushmeat, etc. Despite their importance only limited information is available on the actualsocio-economic importance of NWFP as well as on the ecological impact of theirexploitation.

To improve the availability of quantitative and qualitative data, country profiles on NWFPstatistics have been compiled for all African countries in the framework of the EC-FAOPartnership Programme "Data Collection and Analysis for Sustainable Forest Managementin African, Caribbean and Pacific Countries Linking National and International Efforts»(Project GCP/INT/679/EC), a four year programme funded by the European Commission(Directorate-General Development). This report includes the standardised country profiles(which are also available on the FAO homepage) as well as a regional (Africa) and sub-regional (North, East, Southern, Central, West Africa and Insular East Africa) synthesis ofthe results.

The information presented has mainly been collected at FAO headquarters in Rome. Forselected countries, national studies on NWFP statistics have been carried out to fill datagaps and to provide additional information. The collected data has then been validatedduring sub-regional workshops, which were held in the context of the EC-FAO PartnershipProgramme and the FAO Forestry Outlook Study for Africa (FOSA). According to the results,the most important African NWFP are:

medicinal plants, aromatic plants, forage and cork in North Africa;medicinal plants, exudates, and bee products in East Africa;medicinal plants, edible plants, ornamental plants and living animals in Insular EastAfrica;medicinal plants, edible plants, forage and bee products in Southern Africa;medicinal plants, edible plants, rattan and bushmeat in Central Africa; andmedicinal plants, edible plants, bushmeat and forage in West Africa.

The available data show that some NWFP are of high socio-economic importance in all sub-regions (medicinal and edible plants), whereas others are only of relevance in selected sub-regions (e.g. exudates in East Africa, bushmeat in Central and West Africa). Most of theNWFP are used at local level for subsistence and/or extra income generation. National andinternational trade in NWFP is limited to selected NWFP.

NWFP are collected in various habitats (natural forests, plantations, woodlands, shrublands,non-forest areas) and can be provided by both wild and cultivated species. Negative effectson species providing NWFP are mainly caused by inappropriate harvesting techniques andhabitat degradation. The lack of sound property and ownership arrangements prevent thelong-term management of NWFP on a sustainable basis.

The country profiles show that statistical information on NWFP at national level is seriouslymissing. Due to the scarcity and unreliability of the available data, most of the informationpresented has to be considered "tentative" and "preliminary", only reflecting the "top of theiceberg" within the large and heterogeneous group of NWFP.

Substantial efforts still have to be undertaken to improve the availability of data on NWFP fora better understanding of their socio-economic significance in national economies.Therefore, nationally and/or internationally agreed-upon terminologies, concepts andstatistics on NWFP, combined with improved methodologies for the regular collection andanalysis of statistical data on NWFP are needed.

vi

SUMMARY In most African countries, non-wood forest products - or abbreviated "NWFP" - playa significant role in the livelihood of the population by providing key sUbsistence products and income. Examples of NWFP are foodstuff, fodder plants, medicinal plants, exudates, bushmeat, etc. Despite their importance only limited information is available on the actual socio-economic importance of NWFP as well as on the ecological impact of their exploitation.

To improve the availability of quantitative and qualitative data, country profiles on NWFP statistics have been compiled for all African countries in the framework of the EC-FAO Partnership Programme "Data Collection and Analysis for Sustainable Forest Management in African, Caribbean and Pacific Countries - Linking National and International Efforts' (Project GCP/INT/679/EC), a four year programme funded by the European Commission (Directorate-General Development). This report includes the standardised country profiles (which are also available on the FAO homepage) as well as a regional (Africa) and subregional (North, East, Southern, Central, West Africa and Insular East Africa) synthesis of the results.

The information presented has mainly been collected at FAO headquarters in Rome. For selected countries, national studies on NWFP statistics have been carried out to fill data gaps and to provide additional information. The collected data has then been validated during sub-regional workshops, which were held in the context of the EC-FAO Partnership Programme and the FAO Forestry Outlook Study for Africa (FOSA). According to the results, the most important African NWFP are:

III medicinal plants, aromatic plants, forage and cork in North Africa; III medicinal plants, exudates, and bee products in East Africa; • medicinal plants, edible plants, ornamental plants and living animals in Insular East

Africa; • medicinal plants, edible plants, forage and bee products in Southern Africa; • medicinal plants, edible plants, rattan and bushmeat in Central Africa; and 411 medicinal plants, edible plants, bushmeat and forage in West Africa.

The available data show that some NWFP are of high socio-economic importance in all subregions (medicinal and edible plants), whereas others are only of relevance in selected subregions (e.g. exudates in East Africa, bush meat in Central and West Africa). Most of the NWFP are used at local level for subsistence and/or extra income generation. National and international trade in NWFP is limited to selected NWFP.

NWFP are collected in various habitats (natural forests, plantations, woodlands, shrublands, non-forest areas) and can be provided by both wild and cultivated species. Negative effects on species providing NWFP are mainly caused by inappropriate harvesting techniques and habitat degradation. The lack of sound property and ownership arrangements prevent the long-term management of NWFP on a sustainable basis.

The country profiles show that statistical information on NWFP at national level is seriously missing. Due to the scarcity and unreliability of the available data, most of the information presented has to be considered "tentative" and "preliminary", only reflecting the "top of the iceberg" within the large and heterogeneous group of NWFP.

Substantial efforts still have to be undertaken to improve the availability of data on NWFP for a better understanding of their socio-economic significance in national economies. Therefore, nationally and/or internationally agreed-upon terminologies, concepts and statistics on NWFP, combined with improved methodologies for the regular collection and analysis of statistical data on NWFP are needed.

vi

RESUMEDans la plupart des pays africains, les produits forestiers non ligneux ou PFNL en abrégéjouent un rôle prépondérant dans la vie de la population car ils fournissent des produits-clésde subsistance et de revenu. Des exemples de PFNL sont les denrées alimentaires, lesplantes fourragères, les plantes médicinales, les exsudats, le gibier, etc. Malgré leurimportance, on dispose seulement des informations limitées sur l'importance socio-économique des PFNL ainsi que l'impact écologique de leur exploitation.

Pour augmenter les données quantitatives et qualitatives disponibles, on a compilé desstatistiques sur les PFNL relatifs à tous les pays africains dans le cadre du Programme dePartenariat CE-FAO "Collecte et analyse de données pour l'aménagement durable desforêts: joindre les efforts nationaux et internationaux" (Projet GCP/INT/679/EC), unprogramme de quatre ans financé par la CE (Direction Développement Général). Cerapport inclut les résumé par pays standardisés (disponibles également sur la page d'accueildu site de la FAO) ainsi qu'une synthèse des résultats au niveau régional (Afrique) et sous-régional (Afrique du Nord, de l'Est, de l'Ouest, Afrique Centrale, Australes et les Iles del'Afrique de l'Est).

Les informations présentées ont été principalement collectées au siège de la FAO à Rome.Pour des pays sélectionnés, des études nationales sur les statistiques de PFNL ont étémenées pour suppléer aux données manquantes et fournir des informationssupplémentaires. Les données collectées ont été validées au cours des ateliers sous-régionaux CE-FAO et de l'Étude prospective du secteur forestier en Afrique (FOSA). D'aprèsles résultats les PFNL les plus importants sont

les plantes médicinales, les plantes aromatiques, les fourrages et les lièges en Afriquedu Nord ;les plantes médicinales, les exsudats, et les produits apicoles en Afrique de l'Est ;les plantes médicinales, les plantes comestibles, les plantes ornementales et lesanimaux vivants dans les Iles de l'Afrique de l'Est ;les plantes médicinales, les plantes comestibles, les fourrages et les produits apicoles enAfrique Australe ;les plantes médicinales, les plantes comestibles, les rotins et le gibier en AfriqueCentrale ; etles plantes médicinales, les plantes comestibles, le gibier et le fourrage en Afrique del'Ouest.

Les données .obtenues montrent que certains PFNL sont d'une haute importance socio-économique dans toutes les sous-régions (plantes médicinales et comestibles), tandis qued'autres ne sont que pertinentes dans des sous-régions sélectionnées (par exemple lesexsudats en Afrique de l'Est, le gibier en Afrique de l'Ouest et Afrique Centrale). La plupartdes PFNL sont utilisés au niveau local pour la subsistance et/ou pour générer des revenussupplémentaires. Le commerce national et international de PFNL est limité aux PFNLsélectionnés.

Les PFNL sont collectés dans des habitats variés (foréts naturelles, plantations, autresterres boisées, zones non-forestières) et peut provenir d'espèces sauvages commed'espèces domestiques. Les effets négatifs sur les espèces qui fournissent les PFNL sontsurtout dus à des techniques de collecte inadéquates et à la dégradation de l'habitat. Lemanque de système sérieux sur la propriété et l'appropriation empésche la gestion à longterme sur une base durable des PFNL.

vii

RESUME Dans la plupart des pays africains, les produits forestiers non ligneux ou PFNL en abrege jouent un role preponderant dans la vie de la population car ils fournissent des produits-cles de subsistance et de revenu. Des exemples de PFNL sont les denrees alimentaires, les plantes fourrageres, les plantes medicinales, les exsudats, Ie gibier, etc. Malgre leur importance, on dispose seulement des informations limitees sur I'importance socioeconomique des PFNL ainsi que I'impact ecologique de leur exploitation.

Pour augmenter les donnees quantitatives et qualitatives disponibles, on a compile des statistiques sur les PFNL relatifs a tous les pays africains dans Ie cadre du Programme de Partenariat CE-FAO "Collecte et analyse de donnees pour I'amenagement durable des forets: joindre les efforts nationaux et internationaux/l (Projet GCP/INT/679/EC) , un programme de quatre ans finance par la CE (Direction - Developpement General). Ce rapport inclut les resume par pays standardises (disponibles egalement sur la page d'accueil du site de la FAO) ainsi qu'une synthese des resultats au niveau regional (Afrique) et sousregional (Afrique du Nord, de l'Est, de l'Ouest, Afrique Centrale, Australes et les lies de l'Afrique de l'Est).

Les informations presentees ont ete principalement collectees au siege de la FAO a Rome. Pour des pays selectionnes, des etudes nationales sur les statistiques de PFNL ont ete menees pour suppleer aux donnees manquantes et fournir des informations supplementaires. Les donnees collectees ont ete validees au cours des ateliers sousregionaux CE-FAO et de l'Etude prospective du secteur forestier en Afrique (FOSA). D'apres les resultats les PFNL les plus importants sont : • les plantes medicinales, les plantes aromatiques, les fourrages et les lieges en Afrique

du Nord; • les plantes medicinales, les exsudats, et les produits apicoles en Afrique de l'Est ; • les plantes medicinales, les plantes comestibles, les plantes ornementales et les

animaux vivants dans les lies de l'Afrique de l'Est ; • les plantes medicinales, les plantes comestibles, les fourrages et les produits apicoles en

Afrique Australe ; • les plantes medicinales, les plantes comestibles, les rotins et Ie gibier en Afrique

Centrale ; et • les plantes medicinales, les plantes comestibles, Ie gibier et Ie fourrage en Afrique de

l'Ouest.

Les donnees .obtenues montrent que certains PFNL sont d'une haute importance socioeconomique dans to utes les sous-regions (plantes medicinales et comestibles), tandis que d'autres ne sont que pertinentes dans des sous-regions selectionnees (par exemple les exsudats en Afrique de l'Est, Ie gibier en Afrique de l'Ouest et Afrique Centrale). La plupart des PFNL sontutilises au niveau local pour la subsistance eVou pour generer des revenus supplementaires. Le commerce national et international de PFNL est limite aux PFNL selectionnes.

Les PFNL sont collectes dans des habitats varies (forets naturelles, plantations, autres terres boisees, zones non-forestieres) et peut provenir d'especes sauvages comme d'especes domestiques. Les effets negatifs sur les especes qui fournissent les PFNL sont surtout dus a des techniques de collecte inadequates et a la degradation de I'habitat. Le manque de systeme serieux sur la propriete et I'appropriation empeche la gestion a long terme sur une base durable des PFNL.

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Les résumés par pays montrent que les renseignements statistiques sur les PFNL manquentsérieusement au niveau national. DO à la rareté et à la non fiabilité de données disponibles,la majorité des données présentées doivent étre considérées comme "provisoires" ou"préliminaires", n'affectant que la "pointe de l'iceberg" dans le grand groupe hétérogène desPFNL.

On doit encore faire des efforts considérables pour augmenter les données disponibles surles PFNL afin d'avoir une meilleure appréhension de leur signification socio-économiquedans les économies nationales. C'est pourquoi, des technologies, des concepts et destatistiques sur les PFNL acceptées au niveau national et/ou international, combinées avecdes méthodologies améliorées sont nécessaires pour la collecte régulière et l'analyse desdonnées statistiques.

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Les resumes par pays montrent que les renseignements statistiques sur les PFNL manquent serieusement au niveau national. DO a la rarete et a la non fiabilite de donnees disponibles, la majorite des donnees presentees doivent etre considerees comme "provisoires" ou "preliminaires", n'affectant que la "pointe de I'iceberg" dans Ie grand groupe heterogene des PFNL.

On doit encore faire des efforts considerables pour augmenter les donnees disponibles sur les PFNL afin d'avoir une meilleure apprehension de leur signification socio-economique dans les economies nationales. C'est pourquoi, des technologies, des concepts et de statistiques sur les PFNL acceptees au niveau national et/ou international, combinees avec des methodologies ameliorees sont necessaires pour la collecte reguliere et I'analyse des donnees statistiques.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS / TABLE DE MATIERES

FOREWORD IV

PRÉFACE V

SUMMARY VI

RÉSUMÉ VII

TABLE OF CONTENTS / TABLE DE MATIERES IX

BACKGROUND AND MAIN FINDINGS 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1.1 Scope of the study 1

1.1.2 Methodology 21.1.3 Lessons learnt 6

1.2 REGIONAL SYNTHESIS 81.3 SUB-REGIONAL SYNTHESIS 12

1.3.1 North Africa 121.3.2 East Africa 141.3.3 Insular East Africa 181.3.4 Southern Africa 201.3.5 Central Africa 231.3.6 West Africa 28

CONTEXTE ET PRINCIPAUX RÉSULTATS 34

2.1 INTRODUCTION 342.1.1 Limite de l'étude 342.1.2 Méthodologie 352.1.3 Leçons tirées 40

2.2 SYNTHÈSE RÉGIONALE 412.3 SYNTHÈSE SOUS-RÉGIONALE 45

2.3.1 Afrique du Nord 452.3.2 Afrique de l'Est 472.3.3 Les Iles de l'Afrique de l'Est 51

2.3.4 Afrique Australe 532.3.5 Afrique Centrale 572.3.6 Afrique de l'Ouest 62

COUNTRY REPORTS1/ RESUMES PAR PAYS2 69

3.1 NORTH AFRICA / AFRIQUE DU NORD 703.1.1 Algérie (F) 703.1.2 Egypt (E) 733.1.3 Libya (E) 743.1.4 Maroc (F) 753.1.5 Mauritanie (F) 803.1.6 Tunisie (F) 82

3.2 EAST AFRICA / AFRIQUE DE L'EST 873.2.1 Djibouti (F) 873.2.2 Eritrea (E) 89

1 The country profiles are either compiled in English (E) or in French (F).2 Les résumés par pays sont rédigés soit en Anglais (E) soit en Français (F).

ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS I TABLE DE MATIERES

FOREWORD ........................................................................................................................ IV

PREFACE ...................................................................................................... , ...................... V

SUMMARy ........................................................................................................................... VI

RESUME ............................................................................................................................. VII

TABLE OF CONTENTS! TABLE DE MATIERES ................................................................ IX

1. BACKGROUND AND MAIN FINDINGS ............................................................................ 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1 1 .1.1 Scope of the study ................................................................................................ 1 1 .1 .2 Methodology ......................................................................................................... 2 1.1.3 Lessons learnt ...................................................................................................... 6

1.2 REGIONAL SYNTHESIS ................................................................................................... 8 1.3 SUB-REGIONAL SYNTHESIS .......................................................................................... 12

1.3.1 North Africa ......................................................................................................... 12 1 .3.2 East Africa .......................................................................................................... 14 1.3.3 Insular East Africa ............................................................................................... 18 1.3.4 Southern Africa ................................................................................................... 20 1 .3.5 Central Africa ...................................................................................................... 23 1.3.6 West Africa ......................................................................................................... 28

2. CONTEXTE ET PRINCIPAUX RESULTATS ................................................................... 34

2.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 34 2.1.1 Limite de I'etude .................................................................................................. 34 2.1 .2 Methodologie ...................................................................................................... 35 2.1.3 Legons tirees ...................................................................................................... 40

2.2 SYNTHESE REGIONALE ................................................................................................ 41 2.3 SYNTHESE SOUS-REGIONALE ....................................................................................... 45

2.3.1 Afrique du Nord ................................................................................................... 45 2.3.2 Afrique de l'Est .................................................................................................... 47 2.3.3 Les lies de l'Afrique de l'Est ................................................................................ 51 2.3.4 Afrique Australe .................................................................................................. 53 2.3.5 Afrique Centrale .................................................................................................. 57 2.3.6 Afrique de l'Ouest ............................................................................................... 62

3. COUNTRY REPORTS1 ! RESUMES PAR PAYS2 ........................................................... 69

3.1 NORTH AFRICA! AFRIQUE DU NORD ............................................................................. 70 3.1.1 Algerie (F) ........................................................................................................... 70 3.1.2 Egypt (E) ............................................................................................................. 73 3.1.3 Libya (E) ............................................................................................................. 74 3.1.4 Maroc (F) ............................................................................................................ 75 3.1.5 Mauritanie (F) ..................................................................................................... 80 3.1.6 Tunisie (F) .......................................................................................................... 82

3.2 EAST AFRICA! AFRIQUE DE L'EsT ................................................................................ 87 3.2.1 Djibouti (F) .......................................................................................................... 87 3.2.2 Eritrea (E) ........................................................................................................... 89

1 The country profiles are either compiled in English (E) or in French (F). 2 Les resumes par pays sont rediges soit en Anglais (E) soit en FrancaiS (F).

ix

3.2.3 Ethiopia (E) 923.2.4 Kenya (E) 983.2.5 Somalia (E) 1053.2.6 Sudan (E) 1093.2.7 Tanzania (E) 1163.2.8 Uganda (E) 123

3.3 INSULAR EAST AFRICA / ILES DE L'AFRIQUE DE L'EsT 1273.3.1 Comores (F) 1273.3.2 Madagascar (F) 1283.3.3 Maurice (F) 1373.3.4 Mayotte (F) 1393.3.5 Réunion (F) 1403.3.6 Seychelles (F) 141

3.4 SOUTHERN AFRICA / AFRIQUE AUSTRALE 1423.4.1 Angola (E) 1423.4.2 Botswana (E) 1443.4.3 Lesotho (E) 1453.4.4 Malawi (E) 1483.4.5 Mozambique (E) 1553.4.6 Namibia (E) 1633.4.7 South Africa (E) 1693.4.8 Swaziland (E) 1753.4.9 Zambia (E) 1773.4.10 Zimbabwe (E) 186

3.5 CENTRAL AFRICA / AFRIQUE CENTRALE 1903.5.1 Burundi (F) 1903.5.2 Cameroun (F) 1973.5.3 Gabon (F) 2143.5.4 Guinée équatoriale (F) 2193.5.5 République centrafricaine (F) 2243.5.6 République Démocaratique du Congo (F) 2303.5.7 République du Congo (F) 2333.5.8 Rwanda (F) 2393.5.9 Sao Tomé et Principe (F) 249

3.6 WEST AFRICA / AFRIQUE DE L'OUEST 2503.6.1 Benin (F) 2503.6.2 Burkina Faso (F) 2513.6.3 Cape Vert (F) 2563.6.4 Coto D'Ivoire (F) 2573.6.5 Gambia (E) 2593.6.6 Ghana (E) 2643.6.7 Guinea (F) 2693.6.8 Guinea-Bissau (F) 2723.6.9 Liberia (E) 2733.6.10 Mali (F) 2753.6.11 Niger (F) 2803.6.12 Nigeria (E) 2833.6.13 Sénégal (F) 2903.6.14 Sierra Leone (E) 2943.6.15 Tchad (F) 2973.6.16 Togo (F) 303

X

3.2.3 Ethiopia (E) ......................................................................................................... 92 3.2.4 Kenya (E) ............................................................................................................ 98 3.2.5 Somalia (E) ....................................................................................................... 105 3.2.6 Sudan (E) ......................................................................................................... 109 3.2.7 Tanzania (E) ..................................................................................................... 116 3.2.8 Uganda (E) ....................................................................................................... 123

3.3 INSULAR EAST AFRICA IlLES DE L' AFRIQUE DE L'EST. ................................................ 127 3.3.1 Comores (F) ..................................................................................................... 127 3.3.2 Madagascar (F) ................................................................................................ 128 3.3.3 Maurice (F) ....................................................................................................... 137 3.3.4 Mayotte (F) ....................................................................................................... 139 3.3.5 Reunion (F) ........................................................................................................ 140 3.3.6 Seychelles (F) ................................................................................................... 141

3.4 SOUTHERN AFRICA I AFRIQUE AUSTRALE ................................................................... 142 3.4.1 Angola (E) ......................................................................................................... 142 3.4.2 Botswana (E) .................................................................................................... 144 3.4.3 Lesotho (E) ....................................................................................................... 145 3.4.4 Malawi (E) ......................................................................................................... 148 3.4.5 Mozambique (E) ............................................................................................... 155 3.4.6 Namibia (E) ....................................................................................................... 163 3.4.7 South Africa (E) ................................................................................................ 169 3.4.8 Swaziland (E) .................................................................................................... 175 3.4.9 Zambia (E) ........................................................................................................ 177 3.4.10 Zimbabwe (E) ................................................................................................. 186

3.5 CENTRAL AFRICA I AFRIQUE CENTRALE ..................................................................... 190 3.5.1 Burundi (F) ........................................................................................................ 190 3.5.2 Cameroun (F) ................................................................................................... 197 3.5.3 Gabon (F) ......................................................................................................... 214 3.5.4 Guinee equatoriale (F) ...................................................................................... 219 3.5.5 Republique centrafricaine (F) ............................................................................ 224 3.5.6 Republique Democaratique du Congo (F) ......................................................... 230 3.5.7 Republique du Congo (F) .................................................................................. 233 3.5.8 Rwanda (F) ....................................................................................................... 239 3.5.9 Sao Tome et Principe (F) .................................................................................. 249

3.6 WEST AFRICA I AFRIQUE DE L'OUEST ........................................................................ 250 3.6.1 Benin (F) ........................................................................................................... 250 3.6.2 Burkina Faso (F) ............................................................................................... 251 3.6.3 Cape Vert (F) .................................................................................................... 256 3.6.4 Cotf") D'ivoire (F) ................................................................................................ 257 3.6.5 Gambia (E) ....................................................................................................... 259 3.6.6 Ghana (E) ......................................................................................................... 264 3.6.7 Guinea (F) ........................................................................................................ 269 3.6.8 Guinea-Bissau (F) ............................................................................................. 272 3.6.9 Liberia (E) ......................................................................................................... 273 3.6.10 Mali (F) ........................................................................................................... 275 3.6.11 Niger (F) ......................................................................................................... 280 3.6.12 Nigeria (E) ...................................................................................................... 283 3.6.13 Senegal (F) ..................................................................................................... 290 3.6.14 Sierra Leone (E) ............................................................................................. 294 3.6.15 Tchad (F) ........................................................................................................ 297 3.6.16 Togo (F) .......................................................................................................... 303

x

Ces pays sont membres des Etats de la Ligue Arabe et de l'Organisation pour leDéveloppement Agricole (AOAD). Son objectif est le développement du secteur agricole despays membres.

Tous les pays nord-africains, sauf la Mauritanie, font partie de l'éco-région méditerranéenne.Cependant, la majeure partie de la sous-région sont des déserts ou des semi-désertscouverts de buissons résistants à la sécheresse (par exemple Acacia spp., Argania spinosa,palmiers, alpha). Les forêts couvrent notamment les parties montagneuses du nord de la*ion. La couverture forestière en Afrique du Nord va de 9 pour cent au Maroc à moins de 1pour cent en Mauritanie, Libye et Egypte. Les principales espèces forestières comprennentPinus spp., Abies spp., Juniperus spp., Querypercus spp. et Populus spp.. La majorité desfor-61s ont été déjà défrichées. La végétation forestière a été remplacée par des terresboisées (par exemple pin ou Thuya) ou du maquis, une végétation de petits arbres à feuillespersistantes, et des groupes d'arbustes.

Principaux PFNLEn général, les PFNL utilisés en Afrique du Nord comprennent des plantes comestibles(surtout fruits, champignons, graines comme le Pinus halepensis, P. pinea et huiles commeArgania spinosa), du liège (Quercus suber), des fibres (Stipa tenacissima), des plantesmédicinales (par exemple l'arbre "brosse à dent" Salvadora persica), des plantesaromatiques (par exemple Mentha virdis, Acacia famesiana, Eucalyptus spp.), du fourrage,des colorants (par exemple, Acaciaseyal, Anogeissus leiocarpus), des tannins (Acacianilotica), des résines (par exemple Commiphora africana) et des gommes (Acacia senegal).Les produits d'origine animale sont le gibier, les trophées de chasse, le miel, les insecticideset les fongicides.

Tableau 21. Princi aux PFNL en Afri ue du Nord

Les PFNL les plus importants dans la sous-région de l'Afrique du Nord sont le liège, lesplantes médicinales et aromatiques ainsi que le fourrage.

Le liège est l'un des principaux PFNL en Algérie, au Maroc et en Tunisie. Bien que 33 pourcent des foréls de liège dans le monde se trouvent en Afrique du Nord, cette régioncontribue seulement à neuf pour cent de la production de liège dans le monde (350 000tonnes). En particulier, l'Algérie a un faible production de liège (2 pour cent de la productionmondiale) par rapport à sa ressource extensive de forèts de liège, formant 21 pour cent de laforét de liège dans le monde (Conseil sur la Qualité du Liége Naturelle, 2000). L'Union

45

Pays Principaux PFNL Données statistiques sélectionnéesdisponibles

Algérie Liége (Quercus suber) Production annuelle de 6 000 tonnesexploitées sur 460 000 ha de forèts de liège

Egypte Huiles essentielles, plantesmédicinales, miel, fruits

Exportation annuelle de 11 250 tonnes deplantes médicinales, soit $EU12.35 millions

Libye Aucune information disponible Aucune information disponibleMauritanie Fruits, fourrage, gommes,

plantes médicinalesAucune information disponible

Maroc Liège, plantes médicinales,plantes aromatiques

Exportation annuelle de 6 850 tonnes deplantes médicinales, soit $EU12.85 millions

Tunisie Fourrage, plantesaromatiques, liège, alfa (Stipatenacissima)

Production annuelle de 10 000 tonnes degraines de Pinus halepensis

Ces pays sont membres des Etats de la Ligue Arabe et de l'Organisation pour Ie Oeveloppement Agricole (AOAO). Son objectif est Ie developpement du secteur agricole des pays membres.

Tous les pays nord-africains, sauf la Mauritanie, font partie de I'eco-region mediterraneenne. Cependant, la majeure partie de la sous-region sont des deserts ou des semi-deserts couverts de buissons resistants a la secheresse (par exemple Acacia spp., Argania spinosa, palmiers, alpha). Les forets couvrent notamment les parties montagneuses du nord de la region. La couverture forestiere en Afrique du Nord va de 9 pour cent au Maroc a moins de 1 pour cent en Mauritanie, Libye et Egypte. Les principales especes forestieres comprennent Pinus spp., Abies spp., Juniperus spp., Querypercus spp. et Populus spp .. La majorite des forets ont ete deja defrichees. La vegetation forestiere a ete remplacee par des terres boisees (par exemple pin ou Thuya) ou du maquis, une vegetation de petits arbres a feuilles persistantes, et des groupes d'arbustes.

Principaux PFNL En general, les PFNL utilises en Afrique du Nord comprennent des plantes comestibles (surtout fruits, champignons, graines comme Ie Pinus halepensis, P. pinea et huiles comme Argania spinosa), du liege (Quercus suber), des fibres (Stipa tenacissima) , des plantes medicinales (par exemple I'arbre "brosse a dent" Salvadora persica) , des plantes aromatiques (par exemple Mentha virdis, Acacia farnesiana, Eucalyptus spp.) , du fourrage, des colorants (par exemple, Acaciaseyal, Anogeissus leiocarpus) , des tannins (Acacia nilotica) , des resines (par exemple Commiphora africana) et des gommes (Acacia senegal). Les produits d'origine animale sont Ie gibier, les trophees de chasse, Ie miel, les insecticides et les fongicides.

T bl a eau 21 P' . rlnClpaux PFNL Af' en rique d N d u or Principaux PFNL Donnees statistiques selectionn '

disponibles Algerie Liege (Quercus suber) Production annuelle de 6 000 tonnes

exploitees sur 460 000 ha de forets de liege Egypte Huiles essentielles, plantes Exportation annuelle de 11 250 tonnes de

medicinales, miel, fruits plantes medicinales, soit $EU12.35 millions Libye Aucune information disponible Aucune information disponible

Mauritanie Fruits, fourrage, gommes, Aucune information disponible plantes medicinales

Maroc Liege, plantes medicinales, Exportation annuelle de 6 850 tonnes de plantes aromatiques plantes medicinales, soit $EU12.85 millions

Tunisie Fourrage, plantes Production annuelle de 10 000 tonnes de aromatiques, liege, alfa (Stipa graines de Pinus halepensis tenacissima)

Les PFNL les plus importants dans la sous-region de l'Afrique du Nord sont Ie liege, les plantes medicinales et aromatiques ainsi que Ie fourrage.

Le liege est I'un des principaux PFNL en Algerie, au Maroc et en Tunisie. Bien que 33 pour cent des forets de liege dans Ie monde se trouvent en Afrique du Nord, cette region contribue seulement a neuf pour cent de la production de liege dans Ie monde (350 000 tonnes). En particulier, l'Algerie a un faible production de liege (2 pour cent de la production mondiale) par rapport a sa ressource extensive de forets de liege, formant 21 pour cent de la foret de liege dans Ie monde (Conseil sur la Qualite du Liege Naturelle, 2000). L'Union

45

1. Iiii-X1.-. COUND AND MAN I' INDINCS

1.1 Introduction

1.1.1 Scope of the studyIn most tropical countries, non-wood forest products (NWFP)3 play an important role in thedaily life and well being of the local population. In particular rural and poor people depend onNWFP as sources of food, fodder, medicines, gums, resins, construction material, etc. Inaddition to local consumption, NWFP are also important traded commodities, which can befound on local, regional, national as well as international markets. Traded NWFP contributeto the fulfilment of daily needs and provide employment as well as income. Internationallytraded NWFP, such as gum arabic, aromatic oils and medicinal plants, can achieve highprices in comparison with NWFP traded on national markets and thus contribute to theeconomic development of the respective country.

However, very limited statistical data is currently available on the exploitation, management,consumption and trade of NWFP. Unlike timber and agricultural products, no regularmonitoring and evaluation of the resources and socio-economic contribution of NWFP at thenational level is being carried out. In the FAO Yearbook of Forest Products, for example,statistical data on NWFP such as cork, tannins, bamboo and various oils are only availablefor the period 1954 to 1971 (Chandrasekheran, 1995)4. Therefore, today, information islimited to selected NWFP of main national importance (e.g. gum arabic in Sudan). But evenfor these major NWFP, data are often incomplete, not available or based on case studies,which can not be extrapolated to the national level.

FAO assists national governments and institutions to improve the availability of nationalqualitative and quantitative data related to NWFP. This activity is carried out within theframework of the EC-FAO Partnership Programme "Data Collection and Analysis forSustainable Forest Management in African, Caribbean and Pacific Countries LinkingNational and International Efforts"(Project GCP/INT/679/EC), a four year programme fundedby the European Commission (Directorate-General Development). The overall aim of thisprogramme is to strengthen national capacity to collect and compile reliable and currentinformation on forestry and analyse the forest sector.5 With regards to NWFP, the mainexpected outputs of the EC-FAO Partnership Programme are:

National country profiles on statistical data related to NWFP are compiled for eachcountry;Appropriate methodologies for the collection and validation of key information related toNWFP are elaborated and tested.

This report on hand contains the NWFP country profiles compiled for all African countries atnational level (output 1). These country profiles include a standardised text providing theavailable qualitative and quantitative data on NWFP and a standardised table showing

3 NWFP consist of goods of biological origin other than wood, derived from forests, other wooded landsand trees outside forests.4 Chandrasekharan, C. 1995. Terminology, definition and classification of forest products other thanwood. In: Report of the International Expert Consultation on Non-Wood Forest Products. Yogyakarta,Indonesia 17-25 January 1995. FAO NWFP Series No.3, pp. 345-380. Rome.5 For further information on the Programme, seehttp://www.fao.org/forestrv/FON/FONS/outlook/Africa/acppro-e.stm on the internet.

1

1. BACKGROUND AND MAIN FINDINGS

1.1 Introduction

1.1.1 Scope of the study In most tropical countries, non-wood forest products (NWFP)3 play an important role in the daily life and well being of the local population. In particular rural and poor people depend on NWFP as sources of food, fodder, medicines, gums, resins, construction material, etc. In addition to local consumption, NWFP are also important traded commodities, which can be found on local, regional, national as well as international markets. Traded NWFP contribute to the fulfilment of daily needs and provide employment as well as income. Internationally traded NWFP, such as gum arabic, aromatic oils and medicinal plants, can achieve high prices in comparison with NWFP traded on national markets and thus contribute to the economic development of the respective country.

However, very limited statistical data is currently available on the exploitation, management, consumption and trade of NWFP. Unlike timber and agricultural products, no regular monitoring and evaluation of the resources and socio-economic contribution of NWFP at the national level is being carried out. In the FAO Yearbook of Forest Products, for example, statistical data on NWFP such as cork, tannins, bamboo and various oils are only available for the period 1954 to 1971 (Chandrasekheran, 1995)4. Therefore, today, information is limited to selected NWFP of main national importance (e.g. gum arabic in Sudan). But even for these major NWFP, data are often incomplete, not available or based on case studies, which can not be extrapolated to the national level.

FAO assists national governments and institutions to improve the availability of national qualitative and quantitative data related to NWFP. This activity is carried out within the framework of the EC-FAO Partnership Programme "Data Collection and Analysis for Sustainable Forest Management in African, Caribbean and Pacific Countries - Linking National and International Efforts" (Project GCP/INT/679/EC), a four year programme funded by the European Commission (Directorate-General Development). The overall aim of this programme is to strengthen national capacity to collect and compile reliable and current information on forestry and analyse the forest sector.s With regards to NWFP, the main expected outputs of the EC-FAO Partnership Programme are:

1. National country profiles on statistical data related to NWFP are compiled for each country;

2. Appropriate methodologies for the collection and validation of key information related to NWFP are elaborated and tested.

This report on hand contains the NWFP country profiles compiled for all African countries at national level (output 1). These country profiles include a standardised text providing the available qualitative and quantitative data on NWFP and a standardised table showing

3 NW FP consist of goods of biological origin other than wood, derived from forests, other wooded lands and trees outside forests. 4 Chandrasekharan, C. 1995. Terminology, definition and classification of forest products other than wood. In: Report of the International Expert Consultation on Non-Wood Forest Products. Yogyakarta, Indonesia 17-25 January 1995. FAO NWFP Series No.3, pp. 345-380. Rome. 5 For further information on the Programme, see http://www.fao.org/forestry/FON/FONS/outlookiAfrica/acppro-e.stm on the internet.

quantitative information. Furthermore, the report includes a regional and sub-regional dataanalysis.

To improve the availability of NW FP national statistical data (output 2), some pilot studieshave been initiated in various countries (Uganda, Suriname, Cameroon, Madagascar andZimbabwe) analysing the current status of NWFP statistics by:

evaluating the coverage of NWFP through national statistics;identifying all institutions involved in the collection and assessment of statistical dataon NWFP; andassessing the methods used for monitoring and evaluation of NW FP utilisation.

Based on this information, a methodology for the improved collection and validation of keyinformation related to NWFP will be developed and tested. This methodology will providebest estimates of the production and consumption of NWFP and trade thereof. Themethods used will be cost-effective, widely applicable and relevant to other countries in thesub-region. Finally, the pilot studies will describe necessary steps to improve the availabilityof statistical data on NWFP and identify relevant training and capacity building needs. Resultsregarding the development of methodologies will be presented in a subsequent paper.

1.1.2 WiethodologyUnder the EC-FAO Partnership Programme, the available information on NW FP wasreviewed and compiled at national level, in each country, to assess the socio-economicsignificance and ecological impact of its utilisation. Existing data gaps and constraintsrelated to data collection were identified for each country to elaborate practical proposals forimproved monitoring of NWFP. In particular, desk studies were carried out to compile draft"country profiles" on NWFP, including information available at FAO Headquarters. Astandard format (see below) for the presentation of information was elaborated showing keyinformation requirements for the evaluation of NWFP.

Five sub-regional workshops for data validation were held between October 1998 and March2000 in:

East Africa: Nakuru, Kenya, 12-16 October 1998;

Southern Africa: Mutare, Zimbabwe, 30 November-4 December 1998;

Central Africa: Lambarene, Gabon, 27 September-1 October 1999;

West Africa: Yamoussoukro, Côte d'Ivoire, 13-18 December 1999; and

Insular East Africa: Andasibe, Madagascar, 15-18 March 2000.6

The draft profiles were discussed with country representatives with the aim to validateavailable information and add missing data. Country profiles related to North Africancountries will be validated in the framework of the Forestry Outlook Study for Africa (FOSA).

Data gaps were identified during the workshops and additional studies on statistical datarelated to NWFP have been carried out by national experts since these workshops inselected countries (i.e. Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic,Chad, Comoros, Ethiopia, Gambia, Guinea, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique Namibia, Niger,Nigeria, Rwanda, Swaziland, Zambia). This lead to the final country profiles. Based on thisinformation, available data has been evaluated on a sub-regional and regional level.

6 The proceedings of the regional workshops are available on the internet(http://www.fao.org/forestrv/FON/FONS/outlook/Africa/ACP/acmproc.stm)

2

quantitative information. Furthermore, the report includes a regional and sub-regional data analysis.

To improve the availability of NWFP national statistical data (output 2), some pilot studies have been initiated in various countries (Uganda, Suriname, Cameroon, Madagascar and Zimbabwe) analysing the current status of NWFP statistics by:

• evaluating the coverage of NWFP through national statistics; • identifying all institutions involved in the collection and assessment of statistical data

on NWFP; and • assessing the methods used for monitoring and evaluation of NWFP utilisation.

Based on this information, a methodology for the improved collection and validation of key information related to NWFP will be developed and tested. This methodology will provide best estimates of the production and consumption of NWFP and trade thereof. The methods used will be cost-effective, widely applicable and relevant to other countries in the sub-region. Finally, the pilot studies will describe necessary steps to improve the availability of statistical data on NWFP and identify relevant training and capacity building needs. Results regarding the development of methodologies will be presented in a subsequent paper.

1.1.2 Methodology Under the EC-FAO Partnership Programme, the available information on NWFP was reviewed and compiled at national level, in each country, to assess the socio-economic significance and ecological impact of its utilisation. Existing data gaps and constraints related to data collection were identified for each country to elaborate practical proposals for improved monitoring of NWFP. In particular, desk studies were carried out to compile draft "country profiles" on NWFP, including information available at FAO Headquarters. A standard format (see below) for the presentation of information was elaborated showing key information requirements for the evaluation of NWFP.

Five sub-regional workshops for data validation were held between October 1998 and March 2000 in:

• East Africa: Nakuru, Kenya, 12-16 October 1998;

• Southern Africa: Mutare, Zimbabwe, 30 November-4 December 1998;

• Central Africa: Lambarene, Gabon, 27 September-1 October 1999;

• West Africa: Yamoussoukro, Cote d'ivoire, 13-18 December 1999; and

• Insular East Africa: Andasibe, Madagascar, 15-18 March 2000.6

The draft profiles were discussed with country representatives with the aim to validate available information and add missing data. Country profiles related to North African countries will be validated in the framework of the Forestry Outlook Study for Africa (FOSA).

Data gaps were identified during the workshops and additional studies on statistical data related to NWFP have been carried out by national experts since these workshops in selected countries (i.e. Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Ethiopia, Gambia, Guinea, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Swaziland, Zambia). This lead to the final country profiles. Based on this information, available data has been evaluated on a sub-regional and regional level.

6 The proceedings of the regional workshops are available on the internet (http://www.fao.orq/forestry/FON/FONS/outiook/Africa! ACP lacp-proc.stm)

2

Table 1. The African sub-re ions

* Source: FAO Country profiles. In: Internet http://www.fao.org/forestry/fo/country/nav world.isp, viewedSeptember 2000** Chad is member of the Economic Community of Central African States (CEEAC), and Tanzania is member ofthe Southern African Development Community (SADC). Both countries were grouped in the respective sub-region based on ecological factors.

The country profiles and the (sub-) regional syntheses can be accessed on the FAOHomepage (http://www.fao.org/forestry/fo/country/nav world.jsp), where they will be up-dated when additional information becomes available.

3

African sub-regions

North Africa East Africa Insular EastAfrica

SouthernAfrica

CentralAfrica

West Africa

Countries Algeria Djibouti Comoros Angola Burundi BeninEgypt Eritrea Madagascar Botswana Cameroon Burkina FasoLibya Ethiopia Mauritius Lesotho Central

AfricanRepublic

Cape Verde

Mauritania Kenya Mayotte Malawi DemocraticRepublic of

Congo

Chad**

Morocco Somalia Réunion Mozambique EquatorialGuinea

Côte d'Ivoire

Tunisia Sudan Seychelles Namibia Gabon GambiaTanzania** South Africa Republic of

CongoGhana

Uganda Swaziland Rwanda GuineaZambia Sao Tomé &

PrincipeGuinea-Bissau

Zimbabwe LiberiaMali

NigeriaNiger

SenegalSierra Leone

Togo

Mainsub-regional

economicorganization

Organizationfor

AgriculturalDevelopment

(AOAD)

Inter-governmentalAuthority onDevelopment

(IGAD)

- SouthernAfrican

DevelopmentCommunity

(SADC)

EconomicCommunity of

CentralAfrican States

(CEEAC)

EconomicCommunity ofWest African

States(ECOWAS)

Dominantforest types*

Shrublands,woodlands

Woodlands Upland forests Woodlands Closedtropical

broadleavedrainforest

Woodlands,closed tropicalbroadleaved

rainforestMean nationalforest cover

persub-region

5% 15% 15% 20% 50% 25%

T bl 1 Th Af' b a e e ncan su -re~ Ions African sub- I North Africa East Africa Insular East Southern Central West Africa

regions Africa Africa Africa

Countries Algeria Djibouti Comoros Angola Burundi Benin Egypt Eritrea Madagascar Botswana Cameroon Burkina Faso Libya Ethiopia Mauritius Lesotho Central Cape Verde

African Republic

Mauritania Kenya Mayotte Malawi Democratic Chad** Republic of

Conao Morocco Somalia Reunion Mozambique Equatorial Cote d'ivoire

Guinea Tunisia Sudan Seychelles Namibia Gabon Gambia

Tanzania** South Africa Republic of Ghana Conao

Uganda Swaziland Rwanda Guinea Zambia Sao Tome & Guinea-

Principe Bissau Zimbabwe Liberia

Mali Nigeria Niger

Senegal Sierra Leone

Togo

Main Organization Inter- - Southern Economic Economic sub-regional for governmental African Community of Community of

economic Agricultural Authority on Development Central West African

organization Development Development Community African States States (AOAD) (lGAD) (SADC) (CEEAC) (ECOWAS)

Dominant Shrublands, Woodlands Upland forests Woodlands Closed Woodlands, forest types* woodlands tropical closed tropical

broadleaved broadleaved rainforest rainforest

Mean national 5% 15% 15% 20% 50% 25% forest cover

per sub-region

* Source: FAO Country profiles. In: Internet http://www.fao.org/forestry/fo/countrylnav world.lsp, viewed September 2000 ** Chad is member of the Economic Community of Central African States (CEEAC), and Tanzania is member of the Southern African Development Community (SADC). Both countries were grouped in the respective subregion based on ecological factors.

The country profiles and the (sub-) regional syntheses can be accessed on the FAO Homepage (http://www.fao.orq/forestry/fo/country/nav world.jsp), where they will be updated when additional information becomes available.

3

Tab e 2. Methodolo used Main activities and results

Kind of information collected

To evaluate the socio-economic importance and ecological impact of NWFP exploitation, keyinformation on the product, resource and economic value has been collected.

(a) Product informationA standard classification of NWFP does not yet exist. NWFP can be classified in manydifferent ways: according to the end use (medicine, drinks, utensils, etc.) or the plant-partsused (roots, leaves, bark, etc.). For further information see Chandrasekehran (1995), Cook(1995)7, FAO (1992)8, and Shiva et al. (1996)9. Chandrasekharan (1995) developed aclassification of NWFP in accordance with the major international classification systems,such as the Harmonised Commodity Description and Coding System, the StandardInternational Trade Classification Rev. 3, and the Provisional Central Product Classifications.

To simplify the classification, NWFP were categorised according to their end use, asdescribed in Table 3.

Monitoring of the resources and evaluation of the economic value of all NWFP in a givencountry is neither feasible nor desirable. Therefore, only NWFP of national relevance forwhich monitoring and evaluation are strongly needed were identified. Exported or widelyused products in national markets should be well identified as opposed to NWFP of minorimportance, or limited significance. Selecting relevant NWFP should initially help the countryfocus its efforts on improving data collection on major NWFP. A further step would then be toinclude also other NWFP.

7 Cook, F.E.M. 1995. Economic botany data collection standard. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Kent8 FAO. 1992. NWFP database. By A. Singh. Working Paper. Rome.9 Shiva, M.P.; R.B. Mathur, R.B. 1996. Standard NTFP classification & documentation manual.Centre of Minor Forest Products, Dehra Dun.

4

Activity Result1. Gathering of national data on NWFP

available at FAO HQFirst draft of NWFP country profiles

2. Validation of country information bynational experts at regional workshops

Second draft of NWFP country profiles

3. Commission and realisation of country Country reports for selected countriesreports on the status of statistical datarelated to NWFP available in therespective country

compiled

4. Compilation of final version of NWFPcountry profiles, based on draft countryprofiles and country reports

Final version of country profiles

5. Compilation of sub-regional and regionalsynthesis

Final version of (sub-) regional syntheses

6. Publication of NWFP country profiles and All documents available both on the FAO(sub-) regional syntheses Homepage and as printed working paper

T bl 2 M th d I a e e o 0 ogy use d M' f T - aln ac IVI les an d It resu s Activity Result

1. Gathering of national data on NWFP First draft of NWFP country profiles available at FAO HQ

2. Validation of country information by Second draft of NWFP country profiles national experts at regional workshops

3. Commission and realisation of country Country reports for selected countries reports on the status of statistical data compiled related to NWFP available in the respective country

4. Compilation of final version of NWFP Final version of country profiles country profiles, based on draft country profiles and country reports

5. Compilation of sub-regional and regional Final version of (sub-) regional syntheses synthesis r:= Publication of NWFP country profiles and All documents available both on the FAO (sub-) regional syntheses HomepaQe and as printed workinQ paper

Kind of information collected

To evaluate the socio-economic importance and ecological impact of NWFP exploitation, key information on the product, resource and economic value has been collected.

(a) Product information A standard classification of NWFP does not yet exist. NWFP can be classified in many different ways: according to the end use (medicine, drinks, utensils, etc.) or the plant-parts used (roots, leaves, bark, etc.). For further information see Chandrasekehran (1995), Cook (1995/, FAO (1992)8, and Shiva et al. (1996t Chandrasekharan (1995) developed a classification of NWFP in accordance with the major international classification systems, such as the Harmonised Commodity Description and Coding System, the Standard International Trade Classification Rev. 3, and the Provisional Central Product Classifications.

To simplify the classification, NWFP were categorised according to their end use, as described in Table 3.

Monitoring of the resources and evaluation of the economic value of all NWFP in a given country is neither feasible nor desirable. Therefore, only NWFP of national relevance for which monitoring and evaluation are strongly needed were identified. Exported or widely used products in national markets should be well identified as opposed to NWFP of minor importance, or limited significance. Selecting relevant NWFP should initially help the country focus its efforts on improving data collection on major NWFP. A further step would then be to include also other NWFP.

7 Cook, F.E.M. 1995. Economic botany data collection standard. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Kent 8 FAO. 1992. NWFP database. By A. Singh. Working Paper. Rome. 9 Shiva, M.P.; R.B. Mathur, R.B. 1996. Standard NTFP classification & documentation manual. Centre of Minor Forest Products, Dehra Dun.

4

Table 3. Main cate ories of NWFP

5

Plant products Animals and animal productsCategories Description Categories Description

Food Vegetal foodstuff andbeverages providedby fruits, nuts, seeds,roots, mushrooms,etc.

Living animals Mainly vertebratessuch as mammals,birds, reptileskept/bought as pets

Fodder Animal and beefodder provided byleaves, fruits, etc.

Honey andbeeswax

Products provided bybees.

Medicines Medicinal plants (e.g.leaves, bark, roots)used in traditionalmedicine and/or bypharmaceuticalcompanies

Bushmeat Meat provided byvertebrates, mainlymammals

Perfumes andcosmetics

Aromatic plantsproviding essential(volatile) oils andother products usedfor cosmetic purposes

Other edibleanimal products

Mainly edibleinvertebrates such asinsects (e.g.caterpillars) and other"secondary" productsof animals (e.g. eggs,nests)

Dying and tanning Plant material (mainlybark and leaves)providing tannins andother plant parts(especially leavesand fruits) used ascolorants

Hides and skins Hide and skin ofanimals used forvarious purposes

Utensils, handicraftsand constructionmaterials

Heterogeneous groupof products includingthatch, bamboo,rattan, wrappingleaves, fibres

Medicine Entire animals or partsof animals such asvarious organs usedfor medicinal purposes

Ornamentals Entire plants (e.g.orchids) and parts ofthe plants (e.g. potsmade from roots)used for ornamentalpurposes

Colorants Entire animals or partsof animals such asvarious organs usedas colorants

Exudates Substances such asgums (water soluble),resins (waterinsoluble) and latex(milky or clear juice),released from plantsby exudation

Other non-edibleanimal products

e.g. bones used astools

Other e.g. insecticides,fungicides

T bl 3 M . a e aln ca egones 0 fNWFP Plant products Animals and animal products

Categories Description Categories Description Food Vegetal foodstuff and Living animals Mainly vertebrates

beverages provided such as mammals, by fruits, nuts, seeds, birds, reptiles roots, mushrooms, kept/bought as pets etc.

Fodder Animal and bee Honey and Products provided by fodder provided by beeswax bees. leaves, fruits, etc.

Medicines Medicinal plants (e.g. Bushmeat Meat provided by leaves, bark, roots) vertebrates, mainly used in traditional mammals medicine and/or by pharmaceutical companies

Perfumes and Aromatic plants Other edible Mainly edible cosmetics providing essential animal products invertebrates such as

(volatile) oils and insects (e.g. other products used caterpillars) and other for cosmetic purposes "secondary" products

of animals (e.g. eggs, nests)

Dying and tanning Plant material (mainly Hides and skins Hide and skin of bark and leaves) animals used for providing tannins and various purposes other plant parts (especially leaves and fruits) used as colorants

Utensils, handicrafts Heterogeneous group Medicine Entire animals or parts and construction of products including of animals such as materials thatch, bamboo, various organs used

rattan, wrapping for medicinal purposes leaves, fibres

Ornamentals Entire plants (e.g. Colorants Entire animals or parts orchids) and parts of of animals such as the plants (e.g. pots various organs used made from roots) as colorants used for ornamental purposes

Exudates Substances such as Other non-edible e.g. bones used as gums (water soluble), animal products tools resins (water insoluble) and latex (milky or clear juice), released from plants by exudation

Other e.g. insecticides, fungicides

5

Resource informationEvaluation and monitoring of the resources providing NWFP is important in order to estimatethe actual and potential socio-economic and ecological value of these products at thenational level. The first step in that process is the identification of the plant or animal species.In some cases, this identification can be difficult because the same commercial product canbe extracted from more than one species and, vice versa, several different NWFP can betaken from a single species. Gum arabic, for example, is obtained from Acacia senegal, A.seyal or A. laea. On the other hand, the Neem tree (Azadirachta indica) provides severalproducts, such as edible leaves, seeds, fodder, bark, and fuel.

Another important element worth knowing is which part of the plant is harvested (e.g. roots,bark, exudates). In fact, the harvesting of different plant-parts has a different impact on thesustainability of the species considered.

Knowledge of the habitat (or production system) and the source (management system) of theexploited species are also important factors. Harvesting of NWFP might cause degradationof the habitat if the exploitation is carried out in an unsustainable way (e.g. utilization of firefor bee hunting). On the other hand, habitat degradation (e.g. through shifting cultivation)might also have a negative influence on the availability of NWFP (e.g. forest fires reduceshoney harvests).

Furthermore, resource information on whether the species used is cultivated or gatheredfrom wild sources is important. The exploitation of wild species versus cultivated species(generally integrated in a man-made management system) has direct implications on choicesat the management level and can have far reaching ecological and socio-economic effects.For example, once the most valued NWFP became popular and commercialised on the worldmarket, they were usually transferred into a more intensive cultivation system (see Homa,1994)10, largely depriving the forest dweller from its socio-economic benefits that could begenerated otherwise. In some cases, classifying a species according to a specific habitat ormanagement system can prove to be difficult, since some species might be foundsimultaneously in different production and management systems.

Socio-economic informationTo evaluate the economic importance of NWFP, quantitative data on resources, productconsumption and trade are required. Figures should indicate quantity (tons, m3, etc.), productstatus (dried, graded, semi-processed, etc.) and value (US$) for a given period (year).

It is important to know if the product is mainly used for subsistence or commerce. Therefore,it is suggested to distinguish between utilization at the national level (including subsistenceand trade on a local, regional or national market) and the international level.

Besides this quantifiable information, qualitative information is important regarding thecultural and socio-economic context of the NWFP utilization (for example, access to theresources, the main social categories of the harvesters, etc.).

1.1.3 Lessons learntIn the framework of the EC-FAO Partnership Programme, efforts have been undertaken, forthe first time, to collect and collate qualitative and quantitative data on the socio-economicimportance and ecological impact of the use of NWFP on the national and (sub-) regionallevel. Due to the scarcity and unreliability of available information, most of the presented data

10 Flom, K.O. 1994. Plant extractivism in the Amazon: Limitations and possibilities. In: Cluesner-Godtand Sachs, I. Extractivism in the Brasilian Amazon: Perspectives on regional development. MABDigest 18, UNESCO, Paris, 89pp.

6

(b) Resource information Evaluation and monitoring of the resources providing NWFP is important in order to estimate the actual and potential socio-economic and ecological value of these products at the national level. The first step in that process is the identification of the plant or animal species. In some cases, this identification can be difficult because the same commercial product can be extracted from more than one species and, vice versa, several different NWFP can be taken from a single species. Gum arabic, for example, is obtained from Acacia senegal, A. seyal or A. laea. On the other hand, the Neem tree (Azadirachta indica) provides several products, such as edible leaves, seeds, fodder, bark, and fuel.

Another important element worth knowing is which part of the plant is harvested (e.g. roots, bark, exudates). In fact, the harvesting of different plant-parts has a different impact on the sustainability of the species considered.

Knowledge of the habitat (or production system) and the source (management system) of the exploited species are also important factors. Harvesting of NWFP might cause degradation of the habitat if the exploitation is carried out in an unsustainable way (e.g. utilization of fire for bee hunting). On the other hand, habitat degradation (e.g. through shifting cultivation) might also have a negative influence on the availability of NWFP (e.g. forest fires reduces honey harvests).

Furthermore, resource information on whether the species used is cultivated or gathered from wild sources is important. The exploitation of wild species versus cultivated species (generally integrated in a man-made management system) has direct implications on choices at the management level and can have far reaching ecological and socio-economic effects. For example, once the most valued NWFP became popular and commercialised on the world market, they were usually transferred into a more intensive cUltivation system (see Homa, 1994) 10, largely depriving the forest dweller from its socio-economic benefits that could be generated otherwise. In some cases, classifying a species according to a specific habitat or management system can prove to be difficult, since some species might be found simultaneously in different production and management systems.

(c) Socio-economic information To evaluate the economic importance of NWFP, quantitative data on resources, product consumption and trade are required. Figures should indicate quantity (tons, m3

, etc.), product status (dried, graded, semi-processed, etc.) and value (US$) for a given period (year).

It is important to know if the product is mainly used for sUbsistence or commerce. Therefore, it is suggested to distinguish between utilization at the national level (including subsistence and trade on a local, regional or national market) and the international level.

Besides this quantifiable information, qualitative information is important regarding the cultural and socio-economic context of the NWFP utilization (for example, access to the resources, the main social categories of the harvesters, etc.).

1.1.3 Lessons learnt In the framework of the EC-FAO Partnership Programme, efforts have been undertaken, for the first time, to collect and collate qualitative and quantitative data on the socio-economic importance and ecological impact of the use of NWFP on the national and (sub-) regional level. Due to the scarcity and unreliability of available information, most of the presented data

10 Homa, K.O. 1994. Plant extractivism in the Amazon: Limitations and possibilities. In: Cluesner-Godt and Sachs, I. Extractivism in the Srasilian Amazon: Perspectives on regional development. MAS Digest 18, UNESCO, Paris, 89pp.

6

still have to be regarded as "tentative" and "preliminary", and only as a reflection of the "topof the iceberg" of the large and heterogeneous group of NWFP.

The following key problems related to the collection and analysis of statistical data on NWFPhave been identified during the implementation of the programme:

Insufficient collaboration and networking: Institutions involved in NWFP statisticscollection and analysis do not collaborate sufficiently. Therefore, data remain fragmentedand sometimes duplicated;Lack of lead institutions on NWFP statistics: In most countries, various institutions (e.g.11 ministries and institutions in Rwanda 11) are involved in data collection and analysis.An official national focal point on NWFP statistics does not exist;Weak capacities: Most institutions involved in data collection have limited human andfinancial resources available;Poor stake holder involvement: Statistical data are mainly gathered by nationalorganisations. The industry and local communities are not involved in data collection andanalysis, although they may possess relevant information;Inadequate research: Little research has been carried out to improve the availability ofNWFP statistics;Incomplete data: Statistical data only cover a limited number of NWFP and aspects (e.g.on trade, self-consumption, exploitation). Especially information on the resource and onproducts used for subsistence purposes is lacking. Furthermore, existing information isoften based on case studies, which can not be extrapolated on the national level;Poor quality of data: Available information is often unclear, inconsistent and contradictory,e.g. regarding the state of the described product (raw material, processed, semi-processed, graded, etc.), production figures (different units used) and export values;Weak data storage/process facilities: Most of the statistical data on NWFP is not yetstored and analysed in specific electronic databases;Inadequate methodologies: Appropriate methodologies to collect and analyse viable keyinformation on NWFP are not existing.

Taking into consideration the limitations to the availability of statistical data on NWFP inAfrica, this first version of country profiles and (sub-) regional synthesis is considered as astarting point of a process during which additional information will be added to the internetversion. Thus, with time, more complete information on the socio-economic importance andthe ecological implications of NWFP in Africa will be made available.

11 Ministe' re de l'Agriculture, de l'Elevage et des Foréts, Ministère du Commerce, de l'Industrie et duTourisme, Ministère des Terres, de la Réinstallation et de la Protection de l'Environnement, Ministèrede l'Education, Université Nationale du Rwanda, L'Institut des Sciences Agronomiques du Rwanda,Institut de Recherche Scientifique et Technologique, Laboratoire Vétérinaire National de Rubilizi,Centre-Pharmacopée CURPHAMETRA, Office Rwandais du Tourisme et des Parcs Nationaux.

7

still have to be regarded as "tentative" and "preliminary", and only as a reflection of the "top of the iceberg" of the large and heterogeneous group of NWFP.

The following key problems related to the collection and analysis of statistical data on NWFP have been identified during the implementation of the programme:

II Insufficient collaboration and networking: Institutions involved in NWFP statistics collection and analysis do not collaborate sufficiently. Therefore, data remain fragmented and sometimes duplicated;

II Lack of lead institutions on NWFP statistics: In most countries, various institutions (e.g. 11 ministries and institutions in Rwanda 11) are involved in data collection and analysis. An official national focal point on NWFP statistics does not exist;

41 Weak capacities: Most institutions involved in data collection have limited human and financial resources available;

• Poor stakeholder involvement: Statistical data are mainly gathered by national organisations. The industry and local communities are not involved in data collection and analysis, although they may possess relevant information;

• Inadequate research: Little research has been carried out to improve the availability of NWFP statistics;

II Incomplete data: Statistical data only cover a limited number of NWFP and aspects (e.g. on trade, self-consumption, exploitation). Especially information on the resource and on products used for subsistence purposes is lacking. Furthermore, existing information is often based on case studies, which can not be extrapolated on the national level;

• Poor quality of data: Available information is often unclear, inconsistent and contradictory, e.g. regarding the state of the described product (raw material, processed, semiprocessed, graded, etc.), production figures (different units used) and export values;

• Weak data storage/process facilities: Most of the statistical data on NWFP is not yet stored and analysed in specific electronic databases;

• Inadequate methodologies: Appropriate methodologies to collect and analyse viable key information on NWFP are not existing.

Taking into consideration the limitations to the availability of statistical data on NWFP in Africa, this first version of country profiles and (sub-) regional synthesis is considered as a starting point of a process during which additional information will be added to the internet version. Thus, with time, more complete information on the socio-economic importance and the ecological implications of NWFP in Africa will be made available.

11 Ministere de l'Agriculture, de I'Elevage et des Forets, Ministere du Commerce, de I'Industrie et du Tourisme, Ministere des Terres, de la Reinstallation et de la Protection de l'Environnement, Ministere de I'Education, Universite Nationale du Rwanda, L'lnstitut des Sciences Agronomiques du Rwanda, Institut de Recherche Scientifique et Technologique, Laboratoire Veterinaire National de Rubilizi, Centre-Pharmacopee CURPHAMETRA, Office Rwandais du Tourisme et des Pares Nationaux.

7

1.2 Regional synthesisAccording to the available information12, the NWFP considered as most important on the sub-regional level are:

Medicinal plants (in all sub-regions);Edible plants (in Insular East Africa, Southern, Central and West Africa);Forage (in North, Southern and West Africa);Bushmeat (in Central and West Africa); andBee products (in East and Southern Africa).

NWFP of main importance for specific sub-regions are: cork and aromatic plants (NorthAfrica), exudates (East Africa), ornamental plants (Insular East Africa) and rattan (CentralAfrica).

Table 4. Main NWFP of Africa

To view their regional importance, NWFP have been ranked according to their national andsub-regional socio-economic relevance, as mentioned in the country profiles. Three levels ofimportance have been identified:

NWFP of high importance on the sub-regional level (see also table 4);NWFP of medium importance, which are of high importance in selected countries(e.g. Christmas trees in Mauritius, Insular East Africa), but which are of mediumimportance for the respective sub-region;NWFP of low importance, which are documented, but not considered importantproducts for the respective country.

Table 5 summarises the importance of NWFP for the different sub-regions, and ranks theNWFP according to their overall regional importance. It indicates that only medicinal andedible plants (many edible plants also have medicinal purposes) are of high and mediumimportance in all sub-regions. Fodder is mainly of high importance in the arid and semi-aridzones. Other important products for these zones are exudates (especially East Africa and thedry zones of West Africa) as well as cork and aromatic plants (North Africa).

The use of bushmeat (Central and West Africa), living animals (Insular East Africa), bambooand rattan (Central Africa) is more important in the humid and semi-humid zones with closedforest types and higher forest cover. Livestock production is of minor importance in CentralAfrica, thus fodder production is not considered important.

12 If not quoted otherwise, information presented in the regional (chapter 1.2) and sub-regional(chapter 1.3) synthesis is taken from country reports (see chapter 1) and country profiles (see chapter3).

8

African North East Africa Insular Southern Central Westsub-

regionsAfrica East Africa Africa Africa Africa

Main Cork Exudates Edible Edible Edible EdibleNWFP plants plants plants plants

Medicinal Medicinal Medicinal Medicinal Medicinal Medicinalplants plants plants plants plants plants

Aromatic Bee Ornamental Bee Bushmeat Bushmeatplants products plants productsForage Living

animalsForage Rattan Forage

1.2 Regional synthesis

According to the available information 12, the NWFP considered as most important on the subregional level are:

9 Medicinal plants (in all sub-regions); CD Edible plants (in Insular East Africa, Southern, Central and West Africa); • Forage (in North, Southern and West Africa); CD Bushmeat (in Central and West Africa); and • Bee products (in East and Southern Africa).

NWFP of main importance for specific sub-regions are: cork and aromatic plants (North Africa), exudates (East Africa), ornamental plants (Insular East Africa) and rattan (Central Africa).

Table 4 Main NWFP of Africa African North East Africa Insular Southern Central West

sub- Africa East Africa Africa Africa Africa regions

Main Cork Exudates Edible Edible Edible Edible NWFP plants plants plants plants

Medicinal Medicinal Medicinal Medicinal Medicinal Medicinal plants plants plants plants plants plants

Aromatic Bee Ornamental Bee Bushmeat Bushmeat plants products plants products Forage Living Forage Rattan Forage

animals

To view their regional importance, NWFP have been ranked according to their national and sub-regional socio-economic relevance, as mentioned in the country profiles. Three levels of importance have been identified:

• NWFP of high importance on the sub-regional level (see also table 4); • NWFP of medium importance, which are of high importance in selected countries

(e.g. Christmas trees in Mauritius, Insular East Africa), but which are of medium importance for the respective sub-region;

• NWFP of low importance, which are documented, but not considered important products for the respective country.

Table 5 summarises the importance of NWFP for the different sub-regions, and ranks the NWFP according to their overall regional importance. It indicates that only medicinal and edible plants (many edible plants also have medicinal purposes) are of high and medium importance in all sub-regions. Fodder is mainly of high importance in the arid and semi-arid zones. Other important products for these zones are exudates (especially East Africa and the dry zones of West Africa) as well as cork and aromatic plants (North Africa).

The use of bushmeat (Central and West Africa), living animals (Insular East Africa), bamboo and rattan (Central Africa) is more important in the humid and semi-humid zones with closed forest types and higher forest cover. Livestock production is of minor importance in Central Africa, thus fodder production is not considered important.

12 If not quoted otherwise, information presented in the regional (chapter 1.2) and sub-regional (chapter 1.3) synthesis is taken from country reports (see chapter 1) and country profiles (see chapter 3).

8

Table 5. The im ortance of NWFP in African sub-re ions

*** high importance (main NWFP on sub-regional level), ** mecrum importance (main national NWFP), * lowimportance (mentioned in country profi es); I Total: Addition of asterisk for evaluating the overall regionalimportance of NWFP; a Animals or animal products.

"Utensils, handicrafts and construction materials" have been identified as an importantcategory in every sub-region. However, the actual main products change according to therespective sub-region: cork is of major importance in North Africa, followed by Alfa grass andother fibres; bamboo is relevant for the East African Islands, Southern Africa and WestAfrica, whereas rattan is considered important in Central Africa (and to a limited extent inWest Africa). Products of similar importance on the regional level include wrapping leaves,thatch, other construction materials (e.g. palm leaves, bark), and handicrafts.

Table 5 also shows that vegetal NWFP are, in general, of higher importance in comparisonwith animal products. Bee products and bushmeat are the most important animal products,followed by living animals (of particular importance for Insular East Africa) and edible insects,mainly caterpillars and termites which are important products in Southern Africa.

NWFP are provided by wild and/or cultivated/domesticated species. However, most of theNWFP are derived from wild species. Cultivation and domestication is limited to species thatprovide high value products and for which cultivation is feasible and profitable.

9

NWFP NorthAfrica

EastAfrica

EastAfricanIslands

SouthernAfrica

CentralAfrica

WestAfrica

Total' Rank

Medicinalplants

*** *** *** *** *** *** i

18 1

Edible plants ** ** *** *** *** *** 16 2Fodder plants ** ** *** *** 14 3Honey,beeswax

*** ** *** ** ** 13 4

Bushmeata ** ** ** 13Utensils,handicrafts,constructionmaterials

***

(mainlycork)

** **

(mainlybamboo)

***

(mainlyrattan)

** 13

Exudates ** ** 9 7Livinganimalsa

- ** *** ** ** 9

Aromaticplants

** - 8 9

Dying &

Tanning

** - ** 7 10

Ornamentals - - ** 7

Edibleinsectsa

- - ** - 4 12

Trophyhuntinga

- - - 2 13

Christmastrees

** - - - 2

Hides, skinsa - - - 1 15Medicinesa - - - 1

Insecticides - - - - 1

Fungicides - - - - 1

Ornannentalsa - - - 1

T bl 5 Th . a e e Impo rt ance 0 f NWFP' Af' In ncan su b -regions NWFP North East East Southern Central West TotaP Rank

Africa Africa African Africa Africa Africa Islands

Medicinal *** *** *** *** *** *** 18 1 plants Edible plants ** ** *** *** *** *** 16 2 Fodder plants *** ** ** *** * *** 14 3 Honey, * *** ** *** ** ** 13 4 beeswax Bushmeata * ** ** ** *** *** 13 Utensils, *** ** ** * *** ** 13 handicrafts, (mainly (mainly (mainly

construction cork) bamboo) rattan)

materials Exudates ** *** * * ** 9 7 Living - ** *** - ** ** 9 animalsa

Aromatic *** * ** * * - 8 9 plants Dying & * ** - * * ** 7 10 Tanning Ornamentals - - *** * ** * 7 Edible - * - ** * - 4 12 insectsa

Trophy * - - - * - 2 13 huntinga Christmas - - ** - - - 2 trees Hides, skinsa - - - - - * 1 15 Medicinesa - - - * - - 1 Insecticides * - - - - - 1 FunQicides * - - - - - 1 Ornamentalsa - - - - * - 1 *** high Importance (main NWFP on sub-regional level), ** medium Importance (main national NWFP), * low importance (mentioned in country profiles); 1 Total: Addition of asterisk for evaluating the overall regional importance of NWFP; a Animals or animal products.

"Utensils, handicrafts and construction materials" have been identified as an important category in every sub-region. However, the actual main products change according to the respective sub-region: cork is of major importance in North Africa, followed by Alfa grass and other fibres; bamboo is relevant for the East African Islands, Southern Africa and West Africa, whereas rattan is considered important in Central Africa (and to a limited extent in West Africa). Products of similar importance on the regional level include wrapping leaves, thatch, other construction materials (e.g. palm leaves, bark), and handicrafts.

Table 5 also shows that vegetal NWFP are, in general, of higher importance in comparison with animal products. Bee products and bush meat are the most important animal products, followed by living animals (of particular importance for Insular East Africa) and edible insects, mainly caterpillars and termites which are important products in Southern Africa.

NWFP are provided by wild and/or cultivated/domesticated species. However, most of the NWFP are derived from wild species. Cultivation and domestication is limited to species that provide high value products and for which cultivation is feasible and profitable.

9

According to the production system, NWFP can be subdivided into four groups:NWFP only provided by wild species (e.g. mushrooms, fruits), which have not yetbeen cultivated;NWFP mainly provided by wild species such as Prunus africana and Gnetumbuchholzianum, which are currently brought into cultivation due to their growingeconomic importance and/or decreasing supply of wild products;NWFP, provided by both wild and cultivated species such as Acacia senegal (gumarabic) or Azadirachta indica (multi-purpose tree), which, lately, have started to becultivated extensively ;NWFP, provided by species such as Bixa orellana, Chrysantemum sp., Cinchona sp.,Cinnamomum aromaticum (cinnamon) or Syzygium aromaticum (clove), which havealready been incorporated into agricultural systems for long time. These examplesrepresent a wide range of species and products that can already be consideredagricultural crops rather than NWFP.

NWFP are collected in various habitats, ranging from closed forests to woodlands orshrublands, depending on the ecological conditions. Trees outside forests (trees on non-forested lands, agricultural fields or home-gardens) are important in every sub-region andprovide either wild or cultivated NWFP.

Inappropriate harvesting techniques and intensive exploitation can affect habitat and its plantor animal population. Fire, used for honey hunting, may result in bush fires causing severehabitat degradation (e.g. in East and Southern Africa). Debarking of species such as Prunusafricana can cause the death of the tree and contribute to endangering the entire population.Animals become unavailable due to the trade in living animals and bushmeat (e.g. in WestAfrica).

The availability of NWFP can also be affected by a variety of circumstances not directlylinked to the management of a particular product. Habitat degradation through logging orshifting cultivation, droughts, or other competitive uses like wood production do also reducethe availability of NWFP in all sub-regions.

NWFP are mainly used for subsistence. In particular, medicinal, edible and fodder plants areconsumed mostly by the rural population or traded locally (including barter trade). Nationaland international commercialisation is limited to selected species and products of highdemand. Important examples of traded NWFP are essential oils (e.g. rosemary, myrtle),medicinal plants (e.g. Prunus africana, Warburgia salutaris), bushmeat, honey or rattan.

Most of NWFP are still considered common goods. However, information from Central andWest Africa (e.g. Central African Republic, Burkina Faso, Nigeria) indicates a gradualreplacement of open-access to the resource with private property. Especially, rare andvaluable NWFP are increasingly being considered private property.

The total value of NWFP can not be calculated due to the lack of viable data. Productsregarded as very important on the sub-regional level are supposed to be the most valuable.

10

According to the production system, NWFP can be subdivided into four groups: • NWFP only provided by wild species (e.g. mushrooms, fruits), which have not yet

been cultivated; • NWFP mainly provided by wild species such as Prunus africana and Gnetum

buchholzianum, which are currently brought into cultivation due to their growing economic importance and/or decreasing supply of wild products;

• NWFP, provided by both wild and cultivated species such as Acacia senegal (gum arabic) or Azadirachta indica (multi-purpose tree), which, lately, have started to be cultivated extensively;

• NWFP, provided by species such as Bixa orellana, Chrysantemum sp., Cinchona sp., Cinnamomum aromaticum (cinnamon) or Syzygium aromaticum (clove), which have already been incorporated into agricultural systems for long time. These examples represent a wide range of species and products that can already be considered agricultural crops rather than NWFP.

NWFP are collected in various habitats, ranging from closed forests to woodlands or shrublands, depending on the ecological conditions. Trees outside forests (trees on nonforested lands, agricultural fields or home-gardens) are important in every sub-region and provide either wild or cultivated NWFP.

Inappropriate harvesting techniques and intensive exploitation can affect habitat and its plant or animal population. Fire, used for honey hunting, may result in bush fires causing severe habitat degradation (e.g. in East and Southern Africa). Debarking of species such as Prunus africana can cause the death of the tree and contribute to endangering the entire population. Animals become unavailable due to the trade in living animals and bushmeat (e.g. in West Africa).

The availability of NWFP can also be affected by a variety of circumstances not directly linked to the management of a particular product. Habitat degradation through logging or shifting cultivation, droughts, or other competitive uses like wood production do also reduce the availability of NWFP in all sub-regions.

NWFP are mainly used for subsistence. In particular, medicinal, edible and fodder plants are consumed mostly by the rural population or traded locally (including barter trade). National and international commercialisation is limited to selected species and products of high demand. Important examples of traded NWFP are essential oils (e.g. rosemary, myrtle), medicinal plants (e.g. Prunus africana, Warburgia salutaris), bushmeat, honey or rattan.

Most of NWFP are still considered common goods. However, information from Central and West Africa (e.g. Central African Republic, Burkina Faso, Nigeria) indicates a gradual replacement of open-access to the resource with private property. Especially, rare and valuable NWFP are increasingly being considered private property.

The total value of NWFP can not be calculated due to the lack of viable data. Products regarded as very important on the sub-regional level are supposed to be the most valuable.

10

Outlook of NWFP use in Africa

The importance of the main sub-regional or national products will hardly change in the nearfuture. Bushmeat will remain important in Central Africa, as cork and aromatic products inNorth Africa.

The use of traded NWFP obviously depends on national or international demand. Thedemand for cork, for instance, currently exceeds supply as the substitution of naturalproducts, such as cork stoppers, with artificial products is not foreseeable. On the otherhand, in the case of gum arabic the food industry has found substitutes after serious supplyproblems in the 1970s. However, even if the demand for gums has decreased considerablysince the late 1970s, these products are still of major importance for some, especially Eastand West African, countries.

Special cases are medicinal plants used by the pharmaceutical industry. The high demandfor specific species and their products (e.g. Prunus africana, Warburgia salutaris) leads tohigher prices (which do not automatically correspond to higher benefits for collectors) andover-exploitation of the resources. In order to become independent from the natural resource(and its irregularity in supply and chemical composition), there is a tendency to domesticatehighly-valuable medicinal plants and find synthetic substitutes with the same (or better)effects as the natural products.

Very limited information could be collected on the (potential) importance of fair-trade or greenmarkets. However, this type of market is supposed to be of growing importance, butadditional information needs to be gathered and analysed in this regard.

Products used for subsistence purposes are often substituted by non-forest or syntheticproducts, if alternatives become available. However, in rural areas alternatives are mostly notavailable or too expensive. For this reason medicinal plants, for example, will remain animportant African NWFP.

1

Outlook of NWFP use in Africa

The importance of the main sub-regional or national products will hardly change in the near future. Bushmeat will remain important in Central Africa, as cork and aromatic products in North Africa.

The use of traded NWFP obviously depends on national or international demand. The demand for cork, for instance, currently exceeds supply as the substitution of natural products, such as cork stoppers, with artificial products is not foreseeable. On the other hand, in the case of gum arabic the food industry has found substitutes after serious supply problems in the 1970s. However, even if the demand for gums has decreased considerably since the late 1970s, these products are still of major importance for some, especially East and West African, countries.

Special cases are medicinal plants used by the pharmaceutical industry. The high demand for specific species and their products (e.g. Prunus africana, Warburgia salutaris) leads to higher prices (which do not automatically correspond to higher benefits for collectors) and over-exploitation of the resources. In order to become independent from the natural resource (and its irregularity in supply and chemical composition), there is a tendency to domesticate highly-valuable medicinal plants and find synthetic substitutes with the same (or better) effects as the natural products.

Very limited information could be collected on the (potential) importance of fair-trade or green markets. However, this type of market is supposed to be of growing importance, but additional information needs to be gathered and analysed in this regard.

Products used for subsistence purposes are often substituted by non-forest or synthetic products, if alternatives become available. However, in rural areas alternatives are mostly not available or too expensive. For this reason medicinal plants, for example, will remain an important African NWFP.

11

1.3 Sub-regional synthesis

1.3.1 North AfricaThe North African sub-region includes six countries, namely Algeria, Egypt, Libya,Mauritania, Morocco and Tunisia.

These countries are members of the League of Arab States, and the Organization forAgricultural Development (AOAD), which aims at developing the agricultural sector of itsmember countries.

All North African countries, except Mauritania, are part of the Mediterranean eco-region.However, most parts of the sub-region are deserts or semi-deserts covered by droughtresistant shrublands (e.g. Acacia spp., Argania spinosa, palms, alpha grass). Forests mainlycover the northern mountainous parts of the region. The forest cover in North Africa rangesfrom nine percent in Morocco and less than one percent in Mauritania, Libya and Egypt. Mainforest species include Pinus spp., Ab/es spp., Juniperus spp, Quercus spp. and Populusspp.. Most of the lowland forests (e.g. Quercus suber) have already been cleared. Forestvegetation has been replaced with open woodlands (e.g. Pine or Thuya woodlands) ormaquis, an evergreen short tree, and shrub community.

Main NWFPOverall, the NWFP used in North Africa include edible plants (especially fruits, mushrooms,seeds like Pinus halepensis, P. pinea, and oils such as Argania spinosa), cork (Quercussuber), fibres (Stipa tenacissima), medicinal plants (e.g. the tooth brush tree Salvadorapersica), aromatic plants (e.g. Mentha virdis, Acacia famesiana, Eucalyptus spp.), fodder,colorants (e.g. Acacia seyal, Anogeissus leiocarpus), tannins (Acacia nilotica), resins (e.g.Commiphora africana) and gums (Acacia senegal). Animal products are bushmeat, trophyhunting, honey, insecticides and fungicides.

Table 6. Main NWFP in North Africa

The most important NWFP in the North African sub-region are cork, medicinal and aromaticplants and forage.

Cork is one of the main NWFP in Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia. Although 33 percent of worldcork forests are located in North Africa, this region only contributes nine percent to the worldcork production of 350 000 tons. In particular, Algeria has a low cork production (two percentof world production), if compared with its extensive resources of cork forests, making up for

12

Country Main NWFP Selected statistical data availableAlgeria Cork (Quercus suber) Annual production of 6 000 t exploited from

460 000 hectares of cork forestsEgypt Essential oils, medicinal

plants, honey, fruitsAnnual exportation of11 250 t of medicinalplants worth US$12.35 million in 1992-1995

Libya No information available No information availableMauritania Fruits, fodder, gums, medicinal

plantsNo information available

Morocco Cork, medicinal plants,aromatic plants

Exportation of 6 850 t of medicinal plantsworth US$12.85 million in 1992-95

Tunisia Fodder, aromatic plants, cork,alfa grass (Stipa tenacissima)

Annual production of 10 000 t of Pinushalepensis seeds

1.3 Sub .. regional synthesis

1.3.1 North Africa The North African sub-region includes six countries, namely Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco and Tunisia.

These countries are members of the League of Arab States, and the Organization for Agricultural Development (AOAD), which aims at developing the agricultural sector of its member countries.

All North African countries, except Mauritania, are part of the Mediterranean eco-region. However, most parts of the sub-region are deserts or semi-deserts covered by drought resistant shrublands (e.g. Acacia spp., Argania spinosa, palms, alpha grass). Forests mainly cover the northern mountainous parts of the region. The forest cover in North Africa ranges from nine percent in Morocco and less than one percent in Mauritania, Libya and Egypt. Main forest species include Pinus spp., Abies spp., Juniperus spp, Quercus spp. and Populus spp .. Most of the lowland forests (e.g. Quercus suber) have already been cleared. Forest vegetation has been replaced with open woodlands (e.g. Pine or Thuya woodlands) or maquis, an evergreen short tree, and shrub community.

Main NWFP

Overall, the NWFP used in North Africa include edible plants (especially fruits, mushrooms, seeds like Pinus halepensis, P. pinea, and oils such as Argania spinosa), cork (Quercus suber), fibres (Stipa tenacissima), medicinal plants (e.g. the tooth brush tree Salvadora persica) , aromatic plants (e.g. Mentha virdis, Acacia farnesiana, Eucalyptus spp.), fodder, colorants (e.g. Acacia seya/, Anogeissus leiocarpus), tannins (Acacia nilotica), resins (e.g. Commiphora africana) and gums (Acacia senegal). Animal products are bushmeat, trophy hunting, honey, insecticides and fungicides.

Table 6. Main NWFP in North Africa Country Main NWFP Selected statistical data available Algeria Cork (Quercus suber) Annual production of 6 000 t exploited from

460 000 hectares of cork forests Egypt Essential oils, medicinal Annual exportation of11 250 t of medicinal

plants, honey, fruits plants worth US$12.35 million in 1992-1995 Libya No information available No information available

Mauritania Fruits, fodder, gums, medicinal No information available plants

Morocco Cork, medicinal plants, Exportation of 6 850 t of medicinal plants aromatic plants worth US$12.85 million in 1992-95

Tunisia Fodder, aromatic plants, cork, Annual production of 10 000 t of Pinus alfa grass (Stipa tenacissima) halepensis seeds

The most important NWFP in the North African sub-region are cork, medicinal and aromatic plants and forage.

Cork is one of the main NWFP in Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia. Although 33 percent of world cork forests are located in North Africa, this region only contributes nine percent to the world cork production of 350 000 tons. In particular, Algeria has a low cork production (two percent of world production), if compared with its extensive resources of cork forests, making up for

12

major importer of cork products is the European Union with 56 percent of total production(WWF, undated)13.

Table 7. World cork productiony Distribution of cork forests

haCountr World production of cork

tons175 000 52110 000 32

6 000 215 000 420 000 6

9 000 35 000 1

340 000 100

Cork is mainly used industrially for the production of cork stoppers (some 25 billion stoppersare used per year), as construction material (insulation, floors), in the naval industry (lifebelts), in transport, the textile industry, the pharmaceutical and shoe industry (solemanufacturing) and as packing and linoleum (WWF, undated).

Other important NWFP of major socio-economic importance in North Africa are medicinaland aromatic plants such as Thymus spp., Laurus nobilis and Rosmarinus officinalis. Egyptand Morocco are among the top ten exporting countries world-wide (number 5 and 9respectively) and the most important African exporting countries of medicinal plant material.For these products, an intensification of the collection of medicinal and aromatic plants and are-evaluation and re-consideration of traditional knowledge in the application of these plantproducts have been observed (WWF, undated).

Finally, forage, mainly leaves derived from trees, shrubs and bushes are of high importancein North Africa. They play an essential role in animal based production systems (e.g. goats,sheep, dromedaries, and cattle), which contribute significantly to the local and nationaleconomy in the region.

Ecological aspectsMost of the NWFP are derived from forests, woodlands and shrublands. Most of the speciesexploited are grown in natural stands. The establishment of new Quercus suber (cork oak)plantations in user countries outside their natural distribution, such as North and SouthAmerica, Australia, and South Africa, has failed (Brendel, 2000)15.

Over-exploitation related to the use of medicinal and aromatic plants has been reported.Overgrazing contributes to the degradation of (semi-) arid areas through desertification anderosion.

Socio-economic aspectsIn North Africa, like in the entire Near East sub-region, NWFP provided by forests and treesare often more important than timber production. Sylvopastoralism for livestock production

13 WWF. undated. Forest Harvest: An overview of non-timber forest products in the Mediterraneanregion. by Y. Moussouris & P. Regato, WWF Mediterranean Programme. Rome. In: Internethttp://www.fao.org/docrep/x5593e/x5593e00.htm, viewed 14 May 2001.14 Natural Cork Quality Council. 2000. The Cork Industry. In: Internethttp://www.corkqc.com/index.htm", viewed 30/08/2000.15 Brendel, M. 2000. Muffiger Stopfen. In: Der Spiegel, 17/04/2000. Hamburg

13

PortugalSpain

AlgeriaMorocco

ItalyTunisiaFranceTotal

Source: Natural Cork Quality Council (2000) 142 200 000 100

725 000 33510 000 23460 000 21198 000 9225 000 1060 000 322 000 1

major importer of cork products is the European Union with 56 percent of total production (WWF, undated)13.

T bl 7 W Id k d f a e . or cor pro uc Ion Country Distribution of cork forests World production of cork

ha % tons % Portugal 725 000 33 175 000 52

Spain 510 000 23 110 000 32 Algeria 460000 21 6000 2

Morocco 198000 9 15000 4 Italy 225 000 10 20 000 6

Tunisia 60000 3 9000 3 France 22 000 1 5 000 1 Total 2200 000 100 340000 100

.14 Source. Natural Cork Quality Council (2000)

Cork is mainly used industrially for the production of cork stoppers (some 25 billion stoppers are used per year), as construction material (insulation, floors), in the naval industry (life belts), in transport, the textile industry, the pharmaceutical and shoe industry (sole manufacturing) and as packing and linoleum (WWF, undated).

Other important NWFP of major socio-economic importance in North Africa are medicinal and aromatic plants such as Thymus spp., Laurus nobilis and Rosmarinus officinalis. Egypt and Morocco are among the top ten exporting countries world-wide (number 5 and 9 respectively) and the most important African exporting countries of medicinal plant material. For these products, an intensification of the collection of medicinal and aromatic plants and a re-evaluation and re-consideration of traditional knowledge in the application of these plant products have been observed (WWF, undated).

Finally, forage, mainly leaves derived from trees, shrubs and bushes are of high importance in North Africa. They play an essential role in animal based production systems (e.g. goats, sheep, dromedaries, and cattle), which contribute significantly to the local and national economy in the region.

Ecological aspects

Most of the NWFP are derived from forests, woodlands and shrublands. Most of the species exploited are grown in natural stands. The establishment of new Quercus suber (cork oak) plantations in user countries outside their natural distribution, such as North and South America, Australia, and South Africa, has failed (Brendel, 2000)15.

Over-exploitation related to the use of medicinal and aromatic plants has been reported. Overgrazing contributes to the degradation of (semi-) arid areas through desertification and erosion.

Socio-economic aspects

In North Africa, like in the entire Near East sub-region, NWFP provided by forests and trees are often more important than timber production. Sylvopastoralism for livestock production

13 WWF. undated. Forest Harvest: An overview of non-timber forest products in the Mediterranean region. by Y. Moussouris & P. Regato, WWF Mediterranean Programme. Rome. In: Internet http://www.fao.orq/docrep/x5593e/x5593eOO.htm. viewed 14 May 2001. 14 Natural Cork Quality Council. 2000. The Cork Industry. In: Internet http://www.corkgc.com/index.htm ... viewed 30/08/2000. 15 Brendel, M. 2000. Muffiger Stopfen. In: Der Spiegel, 17/04/2000. Hamburg

13

(often based on nomadic systems) is the main land use system in many of these countries.Forest grazing and forest fodder, therefore, represent a major contribution to the livelihood ofthe local population and to the national economy. Collection, grading and processing ofaromatic and medicinal plants is often a major income generating activity. In Tunisia, forexample, essential oils are important commodities. In 1996, the export of Tunisian essentialoils such as rosemary, myrtle or lemon reached 230 tons worth US$3.2 million.

The management of the argan tree (Argania spinosa) for edible oil, fuelwood and fodderproduction supports the subsistence of 2 million rural people, mainly women, in Morocco whospent 20 000 000 working days/year only for the extraction of edible oils. In cork producingcountries, trade in cork products mainly for export is of economic importance. Currently,prices for cork products are rising, since world demand can not be satisfied by the producingcountries. Taking into consideration that the substitution of natural cork products such asstoppers with artificial products is unlikely, the market value of cork products is expected torise in the future.

WWF (undated) identified four main constraints, which hinder the sustainable use of NWFPin general, and that of medicinal and aromatic plants, in particular:

low prices paid to gatherers;insufficient legislation regarding plant harvesting and trade;lack of awareness, among end users, of the detrimental effects arising from thedemand; andreluctance among traders to provide information related to their practices.

However, the same study concludes that "there is a great economic incentive for countries inthe Mediterranean region to develop the NWFP production potential of their forests andgenerate positive socio-economic benefits for rural populations". Taking into account thecurrent production of NWFP in the Mediterranean region (the annual total production ofNWFP is estimated to exceed 12 million tons), WWF concludes that the production could betripled in the future.

1.3.2 East AfricaEast Africa includes the eight countries Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan,Tanzania and Uganda.

All these countries, except Tanzania, are members of the Intergovernmental Authority onDevelopment (IGAD), one of the main political and economic organizations at the Horn ofAfrica. IGAD has been established in 1996 as the successor to the IntergovernmentalAuthority on Drought and Development (IGADD), which was created in 1986 by the sixdrought stricken countries of Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan and Uganda. Thename of IGAD's predecessor already indicates the focus of the member states in combatingdroughts and food scarcity due to the climate situation of the region.

At the same time, these countries are part of the East Sahelian Zone. A large portion of thecountries is covered by arid and semi-arid lands with low precipitation and high evaporation.The mean national forest cover in the sub-region reaches 13 percent: Tanzania (37 percent)and Uganda (30 percent) are the countries with the highest forest cover; less than onepercent of forest cover is documented for Djibouti and Somalia. Typical open forests in theregion are open Acacia and Commiphora woodlands, dominated by Acacia spp. (e.g. A.nilotica, A. bussei) and Commiphora spp. respectively. In Tanzania, miombo woodlandscharacterised by Brachystegia spp., are an important forest type. In the drier parts of EastAfrica, bush- and shrubland are dominant. Lowland moist forests, which belong to theCentral African moist forests, can be found in Uganda and Kenya.

14

(often based on nomadic systems) is the main land use system in many of these countries. Forest grazing and forest fodder, therefore, represent a major contribution to the livelihood of the local population and to the national economy. Collection, grading and processing of aromatic and medicinal plants is often a major income generating activity. In Tunisia, for example, essential oils are important commodities. In 1996, the export of Tunisian essential oils such as rosemary, myrtle or lemon reached 230 tons worth US$3.2 million.

The management of the argan tree (Argania spinosa) for edible oil, fuelwood and fodder production supports the subsistence of 2 million rural people, mainly women, in Morocco who spent 20 000 000 working days/year only for the extraction of edible oils. In cork producing countries, trade in cork products mainly for export is of economic importance. Currently, prices for cork products are rising, since world demand can not be satisfied by the producing countries. Taking into consideration that the sUbstitution of natural cork products such as stoppers with artificial products is unlikely, the market value of cork products is expected to rise in the future.

WWF (undated) identified four main constraints, which hinder the sustainable use of NWFP in general, and that of medicinal and aromatic plants, in particular:

• low prices paid to gatherers; • insufficient legislation regarding plant harvesting and trade; • lack of awareness, among end users, of the detrimental effects arising from the

demand; and • reluctance among traders to provide information related to their practices.

However, the same study concludes that "there is a great economic incentive for countries in the Mediterranean region to develop the NWFP production potential of their forests and generate positive socio-economic benefits for rural populations". Taking into account the current production of NWFP in the Mediterranean region (the annual total production of NWFP is estimated to exceed 12 million tons), WWF concludes that the production could be tripled in the future.

1.3.2 East Africa East Africa includes the eight countries Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda.

All these countries, except Tanzania, are members of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD), one of the main political and economic organizations at the Horn of Africa. IGAD has been established in 1996 as the successor to the Intergovernmental Authority on Drought and Development (IGADD), which was created in 1986 by the six drought stricken countries of Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan and Uganda. The name of IGAD's predecessor already indicates the focus of the member states in combating droughts and food scarcity due to the climate situation of the region.

At the same time, these countries are part of the East Sahelian Zone. A large portion of the countries is covered by arid and semi-arid lands with low precipitation and high evaporation. The mean national forest cover in the sub-region reaches 13 percent: Tanzania (37 percent) and Uganda (30 percent) are the countries with the highest forest cover; less than one percent of forest cover is documented for Djibouti and Somalia. Typical open forests in the region are open Acacia and Commiphora woodlands, dominated by Acacia spp. (e.g. A. ni/otica, A. busse/) and Commiphora spp. respectively. In Tanzania, miombo woodlands characterised by Brachystegia spp., are an important forest type. In the drier parts of East Africa, bush- and shrubland are dominant. Lowland moist forests, which belong to the Central African moist forests, can be found in Uganda and Kenya.

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Other important forest types include the afromontane upland forests (e.g. Juniperus procera,Olea africana), coastal and riverine forests and mangroves.

Main NWFPIn East Africa, a multitude of NWFP is exploited for direct consumption and/orcommercialization. The country profiles document the utilization of gums and resins,construction material, bee products, medicinal plants, dying and tanning materials, fodderplants, bushmeat, edible plants, utensils, aromatic oils, living animals and insects. The mainNWFP for the respective countries can be found in Table 8.

Table 8. Main NWFP in East Africa

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Country Main NWFP Selected statistical data availableDjibouti Fodder plants No information availableEritrea Exudates (gum arabic from

Acacia senegal, olibanum fromBoswellia papyrifera), utensils(leaves from the doum palmHyphaene thebaica)

In 1997, Eritrea exported 49 t of gum arabic,543 t of olibanum and 2 064 t of doum palmleaves

Ethiopia Exudates (olibanum, gumarabic, myrrh fromCommiphora myrrha),medicinal plants, honey andbeeswax

Ethiopia is one of the world's largestproducers of olibanum with an annualproduction of 1 500 te Annual production of gum arabic reached350-400 t in 1988-94e In 1976-1983, annual honey productionranged from 19 400 to 21 000 t, representing24 percent of the total African honeyproduction

Kenya Fodder plants, medicinalplants, exudates (e.g.Boswellia spp,) and tannins(Acacia meamsii)

Annual production of tannins is estimated at9 700 t/year, with exports up to 7 800 t/year

Somalia Exudates (myrrh, opopanaxfrom Commiphora sp.,olibanum)

Annual production of myrrh is estimated atsome 4 000 t, worth US$16 million. Exportsof olibanum reached 200 t in 1987 (Boswelliacarterii) and 800 t in 1988 (Boswelliafrereana).

Sudan Exudates (gum arabic, gumkaraya from Sterculia sp.,olibanum), fodder, fruits,sheanut butter (Vitellariaparadoxa), medicines, dyes(henna from Lawsoniainermis), honey and beeswax,bushmeat

Sudan is the main producer of gum arabic(from Acacia senegal and A. seyal), widelyused in the food, pharmaceutical andtechnical industry. In the 1996/97 season, thetotal exports of gum arabic, mainly derivedfrom A. senegal, was 17 759 t.

Tanzania Fodder plants, medicinalplants, honey and beeswax,birds

Important exported medicinal plants includeCinchona sp. (exploitation of plantations ofthis exotic species yielded 756 t of bark in1991 worth US$258 000) and Prunusafricana (annual exploitation of 120 t worthbetween US$240 000 1 200 000).

Uganda Honey, bushmeat The only statistical data available indicatesthe exportation of 50 kg of sheanut butter(Vitellaria paradoxa) in 1996.

Other important forest types include the afromontane upland forests (e.g. Juniperus pro cera, Olea africana), coastal and riverine forests and mangroves.

Main NWFP In East Africa, a multitude of NWFP is exploited for direct consumption and/or commercialization. The country profiles document the utilization of gums and resins, construction material, bee products, medicinal plants, dying and tanning materials, fodder plants, bushmeat, edible plants, utensils, aromatic oils, living animals and insects. The main NWFP for the respective countries can be found in Table 8.

Table 8. Main NWFP in East Africa Country Main NWFP Selected statistical data available Djibouti Fodder plants No information available Eritrea Exudates (gum arabic from In 1997, Eritrea exported 49 t of gum arabic,

Acacia senegal, olibanum from 543 t of olibanum and 2 064 t of doum palm Boswellia papyrifera), utensils leaves (leaves from the doum palm Hyphaene thebaica)

Ethiopia Exudates (olibanum, gum It Ethiopia is one of the world's largest arabic, myrrh from producers of olibanum with an annual Commiphora myrrha) , production of 1 500 t medicinal plants, honey and It Annual production of gum arabic reached beeswax 350-400 t in 1988-94

It In 1976-1983, annual honey production ranged from 19 400 to 21 000 t, representing 24 percent of the total African honey production

Kenya Fodder plants, medicinal Annual production of tannins is estimated at plants, exudates (e.g. 9 700 t/year, with exports up to 7 800 t/year Boswellia spp,) and tannins (Acacia mearnsii)

Somalia Exudates (myrrh, opopanax Annual production of myrrh is estimated at from Commiphora sp., some 4 000 t, worth US$16 million. Exports olibanum) of olibanum reached 200 t in 1987 (Boswellia

carterii) and 800 t in 1988 (Boswellia frereana).

Sudan Exudates (gum arabic, gum Sudan is the main producer of gum arabic karaya from Sterculia sp., (from Acacia senegal and A. seya/) , widely olibanum), fodder, fruits, used in the food, pharmaceutical and sheanut butter (Vitellaria technical industry. In the 1996/97 season, the paradoxa), medicines, dyes total exports of gum arabic, mainly derived (henna from Lawsonia from A. senegal, was 17 759 t. inermis) , honey and beeswax, bush meat

Tanzania Fodder plants, medicinal Important exported medicinal plants include plants, honey and beeswax, Cinchona sp. (exploitation of plantations of birds this exotic species yielded 756 t of bark in

1991 worth US$258 000) and Prunus africana (annual exploitation of 120 t worth between US$240 000 - 1 200 000).

Uganda Honey, bushmeat The only statistical data available indicates the exportation of 50 kg of sheanut butter (Vitellaria paradoxa) in 1996.

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The sub-regional analysis of the available information shows that exudates (gum arabic,olibanum, myrrh, opopanax), medicinal plants and bee products are among the mostimportant NWFP in East Africa.

Gums and resins are mainly exploited in the "gum belt" in Sudan, Ethiopia and Eritrea. Themain product is gum arabic obtained from Acacia senegal and A. seyal, which is widely usedin the food industry. Sudan is the main producer of gum arabic in the world.

Olibanum (Boswellia papyrifera), myrrh (Commiphora myrrha) and opopanax (Commiphorasp.) are other important exudates. Olibanum and myrrh are used in an unprocessed form forfragrance and flavour purposes. Sudan and Ethiopia are the most important providers ofolibanum to the world market, while Somalia is the world biggest exporter of myrrh andopopanax resins.

Medicinal plants are also an important NWFP in East Africa and are both used for personaland commercial purposes. The utilization of medicinal plants is an important component ofthe national health care system. In Ethiopia, for example, more than 600 plant species areused directly as medicinal plants by traditional healers, as well as by the population. In total,more than 80 percent of Ethiopians and Tanzanians use medicinal plants and the samepercentage can be assumed for the other East African countries.

The most important medicinal plants used in the traditional medicine can be found on localand national markets. International trade in medicinal plants is limited to selected plantspecies required to produce medicines. Important East African medicinal plants, which aregathered from wild sources and commercialised on the world market, include Prunusafricana (Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda) and Warburgia salutaris (Uganda, Tanzania).

Bee products are of major importance in Ethiopia, Tanzania and Uganda. Ethiopia is one ofthe five biggest wax producing countries.

Ecological aspectsThe most important habitats for the exploitation of NWFP in East Africa are the woodlands.All species providing exudates, such as Acacia senegal, Boswellia sp. and Commiphora sp.,are derived from woodlands located in the arid and semi-arid lands. Closed forests are ingeneral limited to the western parts of East Africa and the highlands. Important NWFP of thelowland forests are bushmeat, bee products and medicinal plants. Warburgia salutaris isderived from the miombo woodlands and Prunus africana is obtained from the mountainforests.

Most of the NWFP are exploited from natural stands. Some species, such as Acacia senegal,are also produced in plantations. Prunus africana is principally derived from wild resources;however, efforts have been made recently to establish Prunus africana plantations and tointegrate the species into agroforestry systems. Intensive cultivation systems already existfor introduced species in Africa, such as Bixa ore/lana, Chrysantemum sp. and Cinchona sp.,that can also be considered as agricultural cash crops.

NWFP for which over-exploitation is documented include Prunus africana, Warburgiasalutaris, Acacia famesiana (Tanzania), Xylopia aethiopica (Tanzania) and Podocarpus sp.,the bark of which is mainly used for beehive construction. Bee hunting also contributes to thedegradation of forests and woodlands due to the utilization of fire, with its high risk of startingbushfires.

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The sub-regional analysis of the available information shows that exudates (gum arabic, olibanum, myrrh, opopanax), medicinal plants and bee products are among the most important NWFP in East Africa.

Gums and resins are mainly exploited in the "gum belt" in Sudan, Ethiopia and Eritrea. The main product is gum arabic obtained from Acacia senegal and A. seya/, which is widely used in the food industry. Sudan is the main producer of gum arabic in the world.

Olibanum (Boswellia papyrifera), myrrh (Commiphora myrrha) and opopanax (Commiphora sp.) are other important exudates. Olibanum and myrrh are used in an unprocessed form for fragrance and flavour purposes. Sudan and Ethiopia are the most important providers of olibanum to the world market, while Somalia is the world biggest exporter of myrrh and opopanax resins.

Medicinal plants are also an important NWFP in East Africa and are both used for personal and commercial purposes. The utilization of medicinal plants is an important component of the national health care system. In Ethiopia, for example, more than 600 plant species are used directly as medicinal plants by traditional healers, as well as by the population. In total, more than 80 percent of Ethiopians and Tanzanians use medicinal plants and the same percentage can be assumed for the other East African countries.

The most important medicinal plants used in the traditional medicine can be found on local and national markets. International trade in medicinal plants is limited to selected plant species required to produce medicines. Important East African medicinal plants, which are gathered from wild sources and commercialised on the world market, include Prunus africana (Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda) and Warburgia salutaris (Uganda, Tanzania).

Bee products are of major importance in Ethiopia, Tanzania and Uganda. Ethiopia is one of the five biggest wax producing countries.

Ecological aspects

The most important habitats for the exploitation of NWFP in East Africa are the woodlands. All species providing exudates, such as Acacia senegal, Boswellia sp. and Commiphora sp., are derived from woodlands located in the arid and semi-arid lands. Closed forests are in general limited to the western parts of East Africa and the highlands. Important NWFP of the lowland forests are bushmeat, bee products and medicinal plants. Warburgia salutaris is derived from the miombo woodlands and Prunus africana is obtained from the mountain forests.

Most of the NWFP are exploited from natural stands. Some species, such as Acacia senegal, are also produced in plantations. Prunus africana is principally derived from wild resources; however, efforts have been made recently to establish Prunus africana plantations and to integrate the species into agroforestry systems. Intensive cUltivation systems already exist for introduced species in Africa, such as Bixa orellana, Chrysantemum sp. and Cinchona sp., that can also be considered as agricultural cash crops.

NWFP for which over-exploitation is documented include Prunus africana, Warburgia salutaris, Acacia farnesiana (Tanzania), Xylopia aethiopica (Tanzania) and Podocarpus sp., the bark of which is mainly used for beehive construction. Bee hunting also contributes to the degradation of forests and woodlands due to the utilization of fire, with its high risk of starting bushfires.

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Socio-economic aspectsIn East Africa, rural communities depend on NWFP as sources of food, medicines andfodder. Wild fruits, for example, are valued as "buffer food" in periods of famine and foodshortage. Most of the honey produced does not enter the markets, but is used for localconsumption.

In general, however, most of the products are not only used for subsistence purposes, butalso sold in local, regional and national markets. Medicinal plants, for example, can be foundin most of the formal and informal markets in East Africa.

The international trade of East African NWFP is documented mainly for gums and resins,medicinal plants, bee products and tannins (extracted from the bark of wattle trees). Gumsand resins are especially important sources of income for most rural people in Sudan,Ethiopia, Eritrea and Somalia. In Somalia, exudates are the third source of revenue afterlivestock and bananas. In Ethiopia, the number of seasonal workers engaged in the tapping andgrading of olibanum is estimated to be between 20 000 and 30 000 per year. Similar figurescan be assumed for gum arabic in Sudan, where smallholder farmers owning "gum orchards"exploit the majority of gum.

Table 9. Production of exudates in East Africa

The total value of NWFP for the East African countries is not known. In Tanzania, the tradevalue of NWFP in 1988 was estimated to exceed slightly the value of wood products. Thesame might apply for other East African countries such as Somalia and Sudan.

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Product Country Year Quantity/ValueMyrrh Tanzania 1979 Exportation of 421 t in 1979

Olibanum Eritrea 1997 Exportation of 543 tEthiopia ? Annual production of 1 500 t

Tanzania 1987 Exportation of 200 t of Olibanum beyo(Boswellia carted)

Tanzania 1988 Exportation of 800 t of Olibanum maidi(Boswellia freeriana)

Sudan 1987 Production of 2 000 tGum arabic Eritrea 1997 Exportation of 49 t

Ethiopia 1988-94 Annual production of 250-300 t derivedfrom A. senegal and 50-100 t derivedfrom A. se ya!

Kenya 1988-94 Annual production of 200-500 tSudan 1994 o Production of 22 735 t of gum hashab

(Acacia senegal) and 11 049 t of gumtalha (A. seyal).o Exportation of 18 339 t of gumhashab and 4 396 t of gum talha

Tanzania 1994 Production of 1 000 t and exportation of500 t

Gum loban Sudan 1993/94 Production of 1 688 tRubber Tanzania 1990s (?) Exportation of 10 543 t worth

US$913820

Socio-economic aspects In East Africa, rural communities depend on NWFP as sources of food, medicines and fodder. Wild fruits, for example, are valued as "buffer food" in periods of famine and food shortage. Most of the honey produced does not enter the markets, but is used for local consumption.

In general, however, most of the products are not only used for subsistence purposes, but also sold in local, regional and national markets. Medicinal plants, for example, can be found in most of the formal and informal markets in East Africa.

The international trade of East African NWFP is documented mainly for gums and resins, medicinal plants, bee products and tannins (extracted from the bark of wattle trees). Gums and resins are especially important sources of income for most rural people in Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea and Somalia. In Somalia, exudates are the third source of revenue after livestock and bananas. In Ethiopia, the number of seasonal workers engaged in the tapping and grading of olibanum is estimated to be between 20 000 and 30 000 per year. Similar figures can be assumed for gum arabic in Sudan, where smallholder farmers owning "gum orchards" exploit the majority of gum.

Table 9. Production of exudates in East Africa Product Country Year Quantity/Value

MjllTh Tanzania 1979 Exportation of 421 t in 1979 Olibanum Eritrea 1997 Exportation of 543 t

Ethiopia ? Annual production of 1 500 t Tanzania 1987 Exportation of 200 t of Olibanum beyo

(Boswellia carten) Tanzania 1988 Exportation of 800 t of Olibanum maidi

(Boswellia freeriana) Sudan 1987 Production of 2 000 t

Gum arabic Eritrea 1997 Exportation of 49 t Ethiopia 1988-94 Annual production of 250-300 t derived

from A. senegal and 50-100 t derived from A. seyal

Kenya 1988-94 Annual production of 200-500 t Sudan 1994 CD Production of 22 735 t of gum hashab

(Acacia senegal) and 11 049 t of gum talha (A. seya/). CD Exportation of 18 339 t of gum hashab and 4 396 t of gum talha

Tanzania 1994 Production of 1 000 t and exportation of 500 t

Gum loban Sudan 1993/94 Production of 1 688 t Rubber Tanzania 1990s (?) Exportation of 10 543 t worth

US$913820

The total value of NWFP for the East African countries is not known. In Tanzania, the trade value of NWFP in 1988 was estimated to exceed slightly the value of wood products. The same might apply for other East African countries such as Somalia and Sudan.

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1.3.3 Insular East AfricaInsular East Africa covers the Indian Ocean islands Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius,Mayotte, Réunion and Seychelles.

Seychelles, Comoros and Mauritius are members of the Southern African DevelopmentCommunity (SADC). Mayotte is a territorial collectivity, and Réunion an OverseasDepartment of France. Madagascar, the biggest country in the sub-region and the world'sfourth island, is neither a member of SADEC nor of IGAD.

Most of the sub-regions' forests are upland forests since lowland forests have been cleared,mainly for agricultural purposes. On the small islands, national forest cover varies betweenfour percent (Comoros) and 28 percent (Mauritius). The isolation of the islands caused theevolution of unique vegetation formations such as Lodoicea maldivica (Coco-de-Mer palm inSeychelles) or Pandanus thickets in Réunion. In Madagascar, 23 percent of the surface iscovered with rainforests in the East Coast and dry forests in the south and western parts ofthe country. Madagascar is particularly well know for its high rate of endemic species.

Main NWFP

Information on the socio-economic importance of NWFP and the ecological impact of its usein this insular sub-region is scarce. No information is currently available on the use of NWFPin Réunion and Mayotte. On the contrary, good information on NWFP is available forMadagascar.

Taking into account the limited amount of information available, NWFP used in Insular EastAfrica include edible plants, ornamental plants, forage, aromatics, bamboo, Christmas trees,tools and construction material, living animals, bee products and bushmeat.

Table 10. Main NWFP in Insular East Africa

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Country Main NWFP Selected statistical data availableComoros Edible plants (e.g. fruits of

Cycas officinalis), ornamentalplants (e.g. orchids, ferntree), living animals, honey,forage

Exportation of 100 t of fibres derived from thecoconut palm in 1936

Madagascar Medicinal plants (e.g. Prunusafricana, Catharanthusroseus), ornamental plants(e.g. orchids), aromatics (e.g.Syzygium aromaticum), livinganimals (e.g. birds, reptiles)

o Exportation of 300 t of Prunus africana barkworth US$1.4 Mio in 1993o Annual exportation of 1 000 t ofCatharanthus roseus roots and aerial parts

Mauritius Edible plants (e.g. Coffeavaughanii), forage (e.g.Setaria sphacelata),Christmas trees, bamboo,medicinal plants, bushmeat,honey

No information available

Mayotte No information available No information availableRéunion No information available No information available

Seychelles Edible plants (e.g. Lodoiceamaldivica)


1.3.3 Insular East Africa Insular East Africa covers the Indian Ocean islands Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mayotte, Reunion and Seychelles.

Seychelles, Comoros and Mauritius are members of the Southern African Development Community (SADC). Mayotte is a territorial collectivity, and Reunion an Overseas Department of France. Madagascar, the biggest country in the sub-region and the world's fourth island, is neither a member of SADEC nor of IGAD.

Most of the sub-regions' forests are upland forests since lowland forests have been cleared, mainly for agricultural purposes. On the small islands, national forest cover varies between four percent (Comoros) and 28 percent (Mauritius). The isolation of the islands caused the evolution of unique vegetation formations such as Lodoicea maldivica (Coco-de-Mer palm in Seychelles) or Pandanus thickets in Reunion. In Madagascar, 23 percent of the surface is covered with rainforests in the East Coast and dry forests in the south and western parts of the country. Madagascar is particularly well know for its high rate of endemic species.

Main NWFP

Information on the socio-economic importance of NWFP and the ecological impact of its use in this insular sub-region is scarce. No information is currently available on the use of NWFP in Reunion and Mayotte. On the contrary, good information on NWFP is available for Madagascar.

Taking into account the limited amount of information available, NWFP used in Insular East Africa include edible plants, ornamental plants, forage, aromatics, bamboo, Christmas trees, tools and construction material, living animals, bee products and bushmeat.

Table 10. Main NWFP in Insular East Africa Country Main NWFP Selected statistical data available Comoros Edible plants (e.g. fruits of Exportation of 100 t of fibres derived from the

Gycas ofticinalis), ornamental coconut palm in 1936 plants (e.g. orchids, fern tree), living animals, honey, forage

Madagascar Medicinal plants (e.g. Prunus 411 Exportation of 300 t of Prunus africana bark africana, Gatharanthus worth US$1.4 Mio in 1993 rose us) , ornamental plants 411 Annual exportation of 1 000 t of (e.g. orchids), aromatics (e.g. Gatharanthus rose us roots and aerial parts Syzygium aromaticum), living animals (e.g. birds, reptiles)

Mauritius Edible plants (e.g. Goftea No information available vaughanii) , forage (e.g. Setaria sphacelata), Christmas trees, bamboo, medicinal plants, bushmeat, honey

Mayotte No information available No information available Reunion No information available No information available

Seychelles Edible plants (e.g. Lodoicea No information available maldivica)

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The most important NWFP of Insular East Africa are supposed to be edible, ornamental andmedicinal plants, as well as living animals. However, the utilization of NWFP varies throughthe islands of the sub-region.

As in other sub-regions, a wide range of edible plants providing food and income is used.Important species include the fruits of Cycas officinalis (Sagou, Comoros), Lodoiceamaldivica (Coco de mer, Seychelles) and Coffea vaughanii (Wild coffee). In addition, a widerange of spices such as cinnamon (Cinnamomum aromaticum) in the Seychelles, and vanilla(Vanilla planifolia) in Madagascar, Comoros and Réunion or the Malagasy clove (Syzygiumaromaticum) are produced in the sub-region. However, these products are considered asagricultural products rather than NWFP.

Important ornamental plants are Trochetia boutoniana in Mauritius and Cyathea sp. (ferntree), Ficus sp., various orchids and aquatic plants (e.g. Aponogeton sp.) in Madagascar.Figures for Madagascar estimate the value of 276 000 ornamental plants, exported annually,to be US$100 000. 40 percent of the export value of Malgasy ornamental plants is derivedfrom orchids.

Medicinal plants seem to be important NWFP in most of the countries. In Madagascar,exportation of medicinal plants is documented for Drosera madagascariensensis, Centellaasiatica, Catharanthus roseus, Eugenia sp. Haron gana madagascariensis, Hazunta sp.Medemia nobilis, Voacanga thouarsii, Satrana madinika, Moringa sp. and Prunus africana.

Living animals exploited in the sub-region and sold on the world market include butterflies,reptiles, birds, insects and primates. Especially lemurs (Lemuridae spp.), which are endemicto the sub-region (Comoros and Madagascar), are valuable products, although their trade isforbidden by annex one of the the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species(CITES).

Ecological aspectsMost of the edible plants and medicines used in the sub-region are wild species, which arecollected inside (e.g. orchids, Prunus africana) and outside the forest (e.g. various medicinalplants). Some wild growing medicinal plants are currently being incorporated in agriculturalsystems (e.g. Prunus africana in agroforestry systems). Most of the spices are alreadycultivated (in and outside the forest) and are therefore mainly considered as agriculturalproducts.

The risk of over-exploitation of NWFP is obvious for species listed on annex one and two ofCITES including Prunus africana (Madagascar), Cycas thouarsii, Cyathea kirki (Comoros)and various orchids. In particular, regarding orchids, it is not known to which extent thesespecies are wild growing forest species or cultivated ones. Animals protected by CITESinclude reptiles (e.g. Phesulma spp. and Camaeleo cephalolepsis in Comoros), birds, frogs(Mantella spp. in Madagascar) and all lemurs (Lemuridae spp.).

Socio-economic aspectsLittle quantitative information is available on the socio-economic importance of the NWFPmentioned above.

As shown in the case of Prunus africana in Madagascar or the exportation of sagou fromComoros to South Africa, collection of and trade in NWFP is an important income generatingactivity in some areas of the sub-region. However, the use of NWFP for subsistencepurposes is of higher significance for the sub-region, rather than the trade in selectedspecies/products.

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The most important NWFP of Insular East Africa are supposed to be edible, ornamental and medicinal plants, as well as living animals. However, the utilization of NWFP varies through the islands of the sub-region.

As in other sub-regions, a wide range of edible plants providing food and income is used. Important species include the fruits of Cycas officinalis (Sagou, Comoros), Lodoicea ma/divica (Coco de mer, Seychelles) and Coffea vaughanii (Wild coffee). In addition, a wide range of spices such as cinnamon (Cinnamomum aromaticum) in the Seychelles, and vanilla (Vanilla p/anifolia) in Madagascar, Comoros and Reunion or the Malagasy clove (Syzygium aromaticum) are produced in the sub-region. However, these products are considered as agricultural products rather than NWFP.

Important ornamental plants are Trochetia boutoniana in Mauritius and Cyathea sp. (fern tree), Ficus sp., various orchids and aquatic plants (e.g. Aponogeton sp.) in Madagascar. Figures for Madagascar estimate the value of 276 000 ornamental plants, exported annually, to be US$100 000. 40 percent of the export value of Malgasy ornamental plants is derived from orchids.

Medicinal plants seem to be important NWFP in most of the countries. In Madagascar, exportation of medicinal plants is documented for Drosera madagascariensensis, Centella asiatica, Catharanthus rose us, Eugenia sp. Harongana madagascariensis, Hazunta sp. Medemia nobilis, Voacanga thouarsii, Satrana madinika, Moringa sp. and Prunus africana.

Living animals exploited in the sub-region and sold on the world market include butterflies, reptiles, birds, insects and primates. Especially lemurs (Lemuridae spp.), which are endemic to the sub-region (Comoros and Madagascar), are valuable products, although their trade is forbidden by annex one of the the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES).

Ecological aspects

Most of the edible plants and medicines used in the sub-region are wild species, which are collected inside (e.g. orchids, Prunus africana) and outside the forest (e.g. various medicinal plants). Some wild growing medicinal plants are currently being incorporated in agricultural systems (e.g. Prunus africana in agroforestry systems). Most of the spices are already cultivated (in and outside the forest) and are therefore mainly considered as agricultural products.

The risk of over-exploitation of NWFP is obvious for species listed on annex one and two of CITES including Prunus africana (Madagascar), Cycas thouarsii, Cyathea kirki (Comoros) and various orchids. In particular, regarding orchids, it is not known to which extent these species are wild growing forest species or cultivated ones. Animals protected by CITES include reptiles (e.g. Phesu/ma spp. and Camae/eo cepha/o/epsis in Comoros), birds, frogs (Mantella spp. in Madagascar) and all lemurs (Lemuridae spp.).


Little quantitative information is available on the socio-economic importance of the NWFP mentioned above.

As shown in the case of Prunus africana in Madagascar or the exportation of sagou from Comoros to South Africa, collection of and trade in NWFP is an important income generating activity in some areas of the sub-region. However, the use of NWFP for sUbsistence purposes is of higher significance for the sub-region, rather than the trade in selected species/products.

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Export of NWFP is reported mainly for medicinal plants (see above), ornamentals, aromatics,edible plants (and spices) as well as for living animals.

Information on future trends in NWFP use for the sub-region is rare. In Comoros,commercialisation of butterflies and reptiles is an important and probably growing sector. InMadagascar, the value of exported medicinal plants remained stable over the last ten years(worth 57 percent of exported timber products) and is supposed to remain stable in future. Inparticular, the risk of resource depletion, due to over-exploitation, threatens to reduce theavailability, and thus trade, of wild harvested forest species such as Prunus africana. Thesame risk of reduced trade due to over-exploitation might exist for living animals.

1.3.4 Southern AfricaAngola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland,Zambia and Zimbabwe compose the southern sub-region of Africa, as it is defined in thisstudy.

All of these countries are members of SADC (Southern African Development Community),which, according to the SADC Treaty, aims at coordinating, harmonising and rationalisingpolicies and strategies for sustainable development in all areas of human behaviour. Forestryissues within SADC are dealt with by the SADC Forestry Sector Technical Coordination Unit(FSTCU).

The typical vegetation types in Southern Africa are woodlands. The main woodland type isthe Miombo woodland, characterised by species such as Brachystegia. sp., Julbemandia sp.and Pterocarpus sp.. Other important types of woodland are the Mopane woodlands,dominated by Colophospermum mopane, and the Munga woodlands, a Piliostigma-Acacia-Combretum association. Woodlands and other types of forests cover 20 percent of theregion, with highest forest cover in Zambia and Malawi (42 percent) and lowest forest coverin Lesotho (one percent) and Swaziland (eight percent). In the arid zones of Southern Africa,bush- and shrubland are dominating. Plantations mainly consist of Eucalyptus sp., Pinus sp.and Acacia meamsii.

Main NWFP

In Southern Africa, the utilization of food plants, fodder plants, bee products, medicinalplants, bushmeat, exudates, utensils and construction material, dying and tanning materials,insects, ornamentals, aromatics and animal-based medicines is documented. The mainNWFP for Southern African countries are listed in Table 11.

Table 11. Main NWFP in Southern Africa

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Country IVIain NWFP Selected statistical dataavailable

Angola Edible plants (fruits, leaves, tubers,roots, nuts), mushrooms, medicinalplants


Botswana Edible plants (tubers fromRaphionacme burkei and Coccinearehmannii), medicinal plants(Harpagophytum procumbens),bushmeat


Lesotho Bushmeat, insects, fodder, medicinalplants, edible plants (fruits)

Honey production of 448.4 kg in1997

Export of NWFP is reported mainly for medicinal plants (see above), ornamentals, aromatics, edible plants (and spices) as well as for living animals.

Information on future trends in NWFP use for the sub-region is rare. In Comoros, commercialisation of butterflies and reptiles is an important and probably growing sector. In Madagascar, the value of exported medicinal plants remained stable over the last ten years (worth 57 percent of exported timber products) and is supposed to remain stable in future. In particular, the risk of resource depletion, due to over-exploitation, threatens to reduce the availability, and thus trade, of wild harvested forest species such as Prunus africana. The same risk of reduced trade due to over-exploitation might exist for living animals.

1.3.4 Southern Africa Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia and Zimbabwe compose the southern sub-region of Africa, as it is defined in this study.

All of these countries are members of SADC (Southern African Development Community), which, according to the SADC Treaty, aims at coordinating, harmonising and rationalising policies and strategies for sustainable development in all areas of human behaviour. Forestry issues within SADC are dealt with by the SADC Forestry Sector Technical Coordination Unit (FSTCU).

The typical vegetation types in Southern Africa are woodlands. The main woodland type is the Miombo woodland, characterised by species such as Brachystegia. sp., Julbernandia sp. and Pterocarpus sp.. Other important types of woodland are the Mopane woodlands, dominated by Co/ophospermum mopane, and the Munga woodlands, a Piliostigma-AcaciaCombretum association. Woodlands and other types of forests cover 20 percent of the region, with highest forest cover in Zambia and Malawi (42 percent) and lowest forest cover in Lesotho (one percent) and Swaziland (eight percent). In the arid zones of Southern Africa, bush- and shrubland are dominating. Plantations mainly consist of Eucalyptus sp., Pinus sp. and Acacia mearnsii.

Main NWFP

In Southern Africa, the utilization of food plants, fodder plants, bee products, medicinal plants, bushmeat, exudates, utensils and construction material, dying and tanning materials, insects, ornamentals, aromatics and animal-based medicines is documented. The main NWFP for Southern African countries are listed in Table 11.

Table 11. Main NWFP in Southern Africa Country Main NWFP Selected statistical data

available Angola Edible plants (fruits, leaves, tubers, No information available

roots, nuts), mushrooms, medicinal plants

Botswana Edible plants (tubers from No information available Raphionacme burkei and Coccinea rehmannit), medicinal plants (Harpagophytum procumbens), bushmeat

Lesotho Bushmeat, insects, fodder, medicinal Honey production of 448.4 kg in plants, edible plants (fruits) 1997

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Most important NWFP specific to the sub-region are fodder, edible plants, medicinal plantsand bee products.

Fodder is one of the most important NWFP in the region. Its significance is emphasised inLesotho, Namibia, Swaziland, Zambia, Zimbabwe and South Africa. Important speciesproviding fodder include Adenium obesum (Swaziland), Colophospermum mopane,

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Malawi Honey, caterpillars, termites, bushmeat,mushrooms, edible plants (fruits ofUapaca kirkiana, Tamarindus indicaand Strychnos spinosa)

Annual honey production of 1 000 tand annual beeswax production of150 t

Mozambique Bushmeat, honey and beeswax,medicinal plants (Warburgia salutaris,Securidaca longepedunculata),mushrooms, edible plants (fruits ofStrychnos madagascariensis,S. spinosa, Sclerocarya birrea,Hyphaene coriacea)

Annual honey production of380 000 kg and annual beeswaxproduction of 68 000 kg

Namibia Fodder, medicinal plants(Harpagophytum procumbens,Harpagophytum zeyhen), edible plants(nuts, fruits of Sclerocatya birrea,subsp. caffra, Berchemia discolor,Diospyros mespiliformis, Hyphaenepetersiana), bushmeat, honey

0 Annual exportation of 600 000kgof Harpa gophytum spp. worthbetween US$1.5 2 million in1998e Annual economic value ofmedicinal plants is supposed to beUS$5.8 million

South Africa Medicinal plants (Glycyrhiza sp.,Origanum sp., Salvia sp., Euphorbiareinifera, Aloe ferox), ornamentals(Rumohra adiantiformis), fodder, edibleplants (fruits of Sclerocarya hirrea, nuts,beverages), bushmeat

e The annual trade of medicinalplants at the national level is worthUS$ 60 million0 Honey production reached3 200 t and honey exportation 30 t,worth US$96 000 in 1996. 4 t ofbeeswax, worth US$16 000 wereexported in 1996

Swaziland Fodder (Adenium obesum), medicinalplants (Warburgia salutaris), edibleplants (fruits of Sclerocarya birrea), beeforage (Bruchellia bubalani), insects,honey and beeswax


Zambia Honey, beeswax, mushrooms, bamboo(Oxytenanthera abyssinica),caterpillars, edible plants (roots ofRhynchosia spp., Satyria siva, fruits ofUapaca kirkiana, Parinari curatellifolia ,

Strychnos sp.), medicinal plants(Pterocarpus angolensis, Eulophiapetersii, Selaginella imbricans), fodder

Trade in medicinal plants is worthUS$4.4 million per year0 In 1992, 90 000 kg of honey wasproduced, worth US$171 850. In

the same year, beeswaxproduction reached 28 515 kg,worth US$74 140

Zimbabwe Bushmeat, insects, fodder, medicinalplants (Warburgia salutaris,Spirostachys africanus, Erythrophleumsuaveolens, Phyllanthus englen), fruits(Diospyros mespiliformis, Strychnoscocculoides, Azanza garckeana)

0 In 1988-94, 30 t of gum arabicwere produced per yeare Annual production of resinsreached 1 000 t

Malawi Honey, caterpillars, termites, bush meat, Annual honey production of 1 000 t mushrooms, edible plants (fruits of and annual beeswax production of Uapaca kirkiana, Tamarindus indica 150 t and Strychnos spinosa)

Mozambique Bushmeat, honey and beeswax, Annual honey production of medicinal plants (Warburgia salutaris, 380 000 kg and annual beeswax Securidaca longepedunculata), production of 68000 kg mushrooms, edible plants (fruits of Strychnos madagascariensis, S. spinosa, Sc/erocarya birrea, Hyphaene coriacea)

Namibia Fodder, medicinal plants • Annual exportation of 600 OOOkg (Harpagophytum procumbens, of Harpagophytum spp. worth Harpagophytum zeyheri), edible plants between US$1.5 - 2 million in (nuts, fruits of Sclerocarya birrea, 1998 subsp. caffra, Berchemia discolor, It Annual economic value of Diospyros mespiliformis, Hyphaene medicinal plants is supposed to be petersiana), bushmeat, honey US$5.8 million

South Africa Medicinal plants (Glycyrhiza sp., It The annual trade of medicinal Origanum sp., Salvia sp., Euphorbia plants at the national level is worth reinifera, Aloe ferox) , ornamentals US$ 60 million (Rumohra adiantiformis), fodder, edible EI Honey production reached plants (fruits of Sclerocarya birrea, nuts, 3 200 t and honey exportation 30 t, beverages), bushmeat worth US$96 000 in 1996. 4 t of

beeswax, worth US$16 000 were exported in 1996

Swaziland Fodder (Adenium obesum), medicinal No information available plants (Warburgia salutaris) , edible plants (fruits of Sclerocarya birrea), bee forage (Bruchellia buba/ant), insects, honey and beeswax

Zambia Honey, beeswax, mushrooms, bamboo It Trade in medicinal plants is worth (Oxytenanthera abyssinica) , US$4.4 million per year caterpillars, edible plants (roots of • In 1992, 90 000 kg of honey was Rhynchosia spp., Satyria siva, fruits of produced, worth US$171 850. In Uapaca kirkiana, Parinari curatellifolia, the same year, beeswax Strychnos sp.), medicinal plants production reached 28515 kg, (Pterocarpus angolensis, Eulophia worth US$74 140 petersii, Selaginella imbricans), fodder

Zimbabwe Bushmeat, insects, fodder, medicinal It In 1988-94, 30 t of gum arabic plants (Warburgia salutaris, were produced per year Spirostachys african us, Erythrophleum It Annual production of resins suaveolens, Phyllanthus engleri) , fruits reached 1 000 t (Diospyros mespiliformis, Strychnos cocculoides, Azanza garckeana)

Most important NWFP specific to the sub-region are fodder, edible plants, medicinal plants and bee products.

Fodder is one of the most important NWFP in the region. Its significance is emphasised in Lesotho, Namibia, Swaziland, Zambia, Zimbabwe and South Africa. Important species providing fodder include Adenium obesum (Swaziland), Colophospermum mopane,

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(Namibia) as well as Acacia tortilis, Afzelia quanzensis, and Bauhinia thonningii (all inZimbabwe).

Most important edible plants are fruits, roots, tubers and mushrooms.

In most Southern African countries, fruits contribute significantly to the diet of the people,providing vitamins and minerals. Only in Botswana fruits are not among the most importantNWFP. The variety of fruits is enormous; thus no species can be identified as the main onefor the entire sub-region.

In Angola, Botswana and Zambia, edible roots and tubers are important NWFP used as foodand drinks. In Zambia, due to food shortage in times of heavy rains or droughts, theimportance of roots has increased as they are important to food security. In the region, thespecies on which information exists are Raphionacme burkei (Botswana), Coccinearehmannii (Botswana), Rhynchosia spp., Satyria siva, Rhynchosia insignis, Colocasia edulisand Dolichos ellipticus (all in Zambia). In Mozambique, roots and tubers are consumed onlyoccasionally.

Mushrooms, which are found in the miombo ecosystem, are collected during the rainyseason. They are marketed both in Mozambique and Zambia, while in Namibia they arerelevant only for subsistence.

In Southern Africa there exists a variety of medicinal plants. The plants that can be referredto as traded key species are Warburgia salutaris (Mozambique, Swaziland, Zimbabwe, SouthAfrica), Harpagophytum procumbens (Botswana, Namibia) and Harpa gophytum zeyheri(Namibia). Apart from these, there is a wide range of medicinal plants that are specific to therespective countries.

Traditional bee keeping is a common practice in Southern Africa in general and inMozambique, Swaziland, Zambia and Malawi in particular. In these countries, honey andbeeswax production as a source of nectar entirely depends on natural forests. Major treespecies providing bee fodder include Brachystegia sp. (Zambia and Mozambique), as well asMarquesia macroura, M. acuminata, Syzygium sp. and Julbemardia sp. (Zambia).

Ecological aspectsWithin the sub-region, information related to habitat is not complete, though somespecifications are made concerning the importance of the miombo woodlands as a source ofindigenous fruits (Malawi) and natural forests for honey, beeswax and bamboo (Zambia,South Africa, Swaziland). In Swaziland, the four main species of socio-economic importance(Sclerocatya birrea sub-species caffra, Bequaertiodendron magalismontanum, Syzygiumcordatum and Ximenia caffra) are all derived from natural forests and trees outside forests.

Some medicinal plant species are threatened in several parts of Southern Africa (e.g.Mozambique, Zambia, Lesotho, Namibia and South Africa). Increasing demand, large-scaleutilization and unsustainable exploitation are the main causes of the over-exploitation ofmedicinal plants such as Harpagophytum procumbens (Botswana and Namibia),Siphonochilus aethiopicus, Warburgia salutaris, Ledobouria hypoxidoides, Mystacidiummiliaria, Ocotea bullata and Aloe ferox (South Africa). Another example is the excessiveremoval of roots and bark in Zambia. Animal based NWFP are also affected. In Lesotho andMalawi, over-hunting affects the supply of living animals and bushmeat.

Socio-economic aspectsSubsistence use of NWFP, particularly the contribution of food plants to household foodsecurity and the dependency of rural people on medicinal plants, has already been

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(Namibia) as well as Acacia toriilis, Afzelia quanzensis, and Bauhinia thonningii (all in Zimbabwe).

Most important edible plants are fruits, roots, tubers and mushrooms.

In most Southern African countries, fruits contribute significantly to the diet of the people, providing vitamins and minerals. Only in Botswana fruits are not among the most important NWFP. The variety of fruits is enormous; thus no species can be identified as the main one for the entire sub-region.

In Angola, Botswana and Zambia, edible roots and tubers are important NWFP used as food and drinks. In Zambia, due to food shortage in times of heavy rains or droughts, the importance of roots has increased as they are important to food security. In the region, the species on which information exists are Raphionacme burkei (Botswana), Coccinea rehmannii (Botswana), Rhynchosia spp., Satyria siva, Rhynchosia insignis, Colocasia edulis and Dolichos el/ipticus (all in Zambia). In Mozambique, roots and tubers are consumed only occasionally.

Mushrooms, which are found in the miombo ecosystem, are collected during the rainy season. They are marketed both in Mozambique and Zambia, while in Namibia they are relevant only for subsistence.

In Southern Africa there exists a variety of medicinal plants. The plants that can be referred to as traded key species are Warburgia salutaris (Mozambique, Swaziland, Zimbabwe, South Africa), Harpagophytum procumbens (Botswana, Namibia) and Harpagophytum zeyheri (Namibia). Apart from these, there is a wide range of medicinal plants that are specific to the respective countries.

Traditional bee keeping is a common practice in Southern Africa in general and in Mozambique, Swaziland, Zambia and Malawi in particular. In these countries, honey and beeswax production as a source of nectar entirely depends on natural forests. Major tree species providing bee fodder include Brachystegia sp. (Zambia and Mozambique), as well as Marquesia macroura, M. acuminata, Syzygium sp. and Julbernardia sp. (Zambia).

Ecological aspects Within the sub-region, information related to habitat is not complete, though some specifications are made concerning the importance of the miombo woodlands as a source of indigenous fruits (Malawi) and natural forests for honey, beeswax and bamboo (Zambia, South Africa, Swaziland). In Swaziland, the four main species of socio-economic importance (Sclerocarya birrea sub-species caffra, Bequaeriiodendron magalismontanum, Syzygium cordatum and Ximenia caffra) are all derived from natural forests and trees outside forests.

Some medicinal plant species are threatened in several parts of Southern Africa (e.g. Mozambique, Zambia, Lesotho, Namibia and South Africa). Increasing demand, large-scale utilization and unsustainable exploitation are the main causes of the over-exploitation of medicinal plants such as Harpagophytum procumbens (Botswana and Namibia), Siphonochilus aethiopicus, Warburgia salutaris, Ledobouria hypoxidoides, Mystacidium miliaria, Ocotea bullata and Aloe ferox (South Africa). Another example is the excessive removal of roots and bark in Zambia. Animal based NWFP are also affected. In Lesotho and Malawi, over-hunting affects the supply of living animals and bushmeat.

Socio-economic aspects Subsistence use of NWFP, particularly the contribution of food plants to household food security and the dependency of rural people on medicinal plants, has already been

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mentioned. However, NWFP play an equally important role by generating income andemployment; women are especially involved in the harvesting and marketing of theseproducts. The main NWFP traded are fruits (Zambia, Swaziland, and Mozambique),medicinal plants (Zambia, South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe and Malawi), mushrooms(Zambia, Malawi) and roots and tubers (Mozambique, Zambia). These products are sold bothin informal and formal markets.

Information on international trade is available mainly on medicinal plants. Trade principallytakes place between neighbouring countries; for example, South African exportation ofmedicinal plants, such as Synaptolepis kirkii, to Lesotho is documented. Other intra-regionaltrade exists; for example, from Swaziland to South Africa and Mozambique (e.g. Warburgiasalutaris), from Malawi to Zambia (Jateorhiza bukobensis), Zimbabwe, Mozambique andSouth Africa and from Mozambique to South Africa and Zimbabwe. The only documentedtrade outside the region is the South African export of medicinal plants (e.g. Panax ginseng,Glycyrhiza sp., Origanum sp., Salvia sp.) to Germany.

Bee products are also traded internationally by South Africa and Zambia, as is Marula oil(Sclerocarya sp.) in Namibia. In addition, there exists an informal trade in baskets fromNamibia to South Africa.

The economic value of NWFP at the sub-regional level is impossible to estimate as it ismostly in the informal sector. Nevertheless, some information is available on specificproducts and their economic contribution. For example, the annual value of NWFP inNamibia is estimated to be N$ 65.3 million (US$12 million).

1.3.5 Central AfricaThe Central African sub-region covers the nine countries of Burundi, Cameroon, the CentralAfrican Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, the Democratic Republic of Congo, theRepublic of Congo, Rwanda and the islands of Sao Tomé and Principe.

All of them are members of the Economic Community of Central African States (CEEAC,Communaute Economique des'Etats de l'Afrique Centrale), based in Gabon, which seeks topromote sub-regional economic cooperation and to establish a common Central Africanmarket.16

Most of the countries are part of the Congo Basin. The mean national forest cover in the sub-region reaches 50 percent: Gabon and Sao Tomé and Principe are countries with the highestforest cover (over 70 percent), whereas forests in Rwanda and Burundi only cover some tenpercent of the surface. The Central African forests mainly consist of different types of closedtropical broad-leaved rainforests such as lowland (moist) evergreen, lowland semi-deciduousand (sub-) montane forests. Important species include Etandrophragma cylindricum,Terminalia superba Sideroxylon adolfi-friederici and Aucoumea klaineana. The dryer parts ofthe sub-region are mainly covered with woodlands, such as the Miombo woodland(Brachystegia sp., Julbemardia sp., Isoberlinia sp.), Acacia woodland (e.g. Acacia siberiana)or the Elfin woodland in Gabon.

Other forest types include littoral and swamp forests as well as mangroves.

Main NWFPIn Central Africa, an enormous variety of NWFP is employed. Animal based products arebushmeat, living animals, trophies, bee products (honey and wax), caterpillars, ornamentalsand medicinals. Vegetal products used are edible plants (tubercules, legumes, leaves, bark,

16 The tenth member country of CEEAC, Chad, is included in the West African sub-region.

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mentioned. However, NWFP play an equally important role by generating income and employment; women are especially involved in the harvesting and marketing of these products. The main NWFP traded are fruits (Zambia, Swaziland, and Mozambique), medicinal plants (Zambia, South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe and Malawi), mushrooms (Zambia, Malawi) and roots and tubers (Mozambique, Zambia). These products are sold both in informal and formal markets.

Information on international trade is available mainly on medicinal plants. Trade principally takes place between neighbouring countries; for example, South African exportation of medicinal plants, such as Synapto/epis kirkii, to Lesotho is documented. Other intra-regional trade exists; for example, from Swaziland to South Africa and Mozambique (e.g. Warburgia salutaris) , from Malawi to Zambia (Jateorhiza bukobensis) , Zimbabwe, Mozambique and South Africa and from Mozambique to South Africa and Zimbabwe. The only documented trade outside the region is the South African export of medicinal plants (e.g. Panax ginseng, Glycyrhiza sp., Origanum sp., Salvia sp.) to Germany.

Bee products are also traded internationally by South Africa and Zambia, as is Marula oil (Sclerocarya sp.) in Namibia. In addition, there exists an informal trade in baskets from Namibia to South Africa.

The economic value of NWFP at the sub-regional level is impossible to estimate as it is mostly in the informal sector. Nevertheless, some information is available on specific products and their economic contribution. For example, the annual value of NWFP in Namibia is estimated to be N$ 65.3 million (US$12 million).

1.3.5 Central Africa The Central African sub-region covers the nine countries of Burundi, Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, the Democratic Republic of Congo, the Republic of Congo, Rwanda and the islands of Sao Tome and Principe.

All of them are members of the Economic Community of Central African States (CEEAC, Communaute Economique des'Etats de l'Afrique Centrale), based in Gabon, which seeks to promote sub-regional economic cooperation and to establish a common Central African market.16

Most of the countries are part of the Congo Basin. The mean national forest cover in the subregion reaches 50 percent: Gabon and Sao Tome and Principe are countries with the highest forest cover (over 70 percent), whereas forests in Rwanda and Burundi only cover some ten percent of the surface. The Central African forests mainly consist of different types of closed tropical broad-leaved rainforests such as lowland (moist) evergreen, lowland semi-deciduous and (sub-) montane forests. Important species include Etandrophragma cylindricum, Terminalia superb a Sideroxylon adolfi-friederici and Aucoumea klaineana. The dryer parts of the sub-region are mainly covered with woodlands, such as the Miombo woodland (Brachystegia sp., Julbernardia sp., Isoberlinia sp.), Acacia woodland (e.g. Acacia siberiana) or the Elfin woodland in Gabon.

Other forest types include littoral and swamp forests as well as mangroves.

Main NWFP In Central Africa, an enormous variety of NWFP is employed. Animal based products are bushmeat, living animals, trophies, bee products (honey and wax), caterpillars, ornamentals and medicinals. Vegetal products used are edible plants (tubercules, legumes, leaves, bark,

16 The tenth member country of CEEAC, Chad, is included in the West African sub-region.

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fruits, mushrooms, juice, seeds, oils), medicinal plants, forage, rattan, aromatics andcosmetics, colorants, tools (in particular wrapping leaves), construction materials and gums.

Table 12. Main NWFP in Central Africa

The most relevant NWFP in Central Africa are bushmeat, edible plants, medicinal plants, andrattan.

Bushmeat is an important source of protein for the population of the Central African sub-region. Though hunting is legally restricted in most of the countries, there still exists a highdemand for bushmeat in both rural and urban areas. Due to the growing urbanisation, tradein bushmeat is increasing as well. Main hunted species include antelopes (mainly duikers),gazelles, monkeys, wild boars, porcupines and crocodiles.

Edible plants are among the main NWFP for each country. They are an extremeheterogeneous group of products, considering the different parts used such as fruits, nuts,bark, leaves, seeds, roots and oils. A multitude of species is used for subsistence, whereasonly selected species of main importance are commercialised at the national andinternational level. Traded edible plants include the fruit of lrvingia gabonensis (Bush mango,mostly used for the extraction of edible oils), Dacryodes edulis (Safou), Cola acuminata(Kola, seeds), Cou/a edulis, Elaeis guineensis (Oil palm, edible oil), Piper guineesis, Xylopiaaethiopica, Aframomum spp. and Gambeya africana the leaves of Gnetum africanum and G.buchholzianum, the tubercoel of Dioscorea sp, the bark of Garcinia sp. and different speciesof mushrooms. Vitellaria paradoxa (Sheabutter) and Parkia biglobosa (Neré) are importantspecies providing edible fruits and oils in the semi-arid parts of the sub-region.

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Country Main NWFP Selected statistical data availableBurundi Bushmeat, living animals,

medicinal plantsExport of 13 780 examples of reptiles in

19920 Export of 1 000 kg of mushrooms(Cantharellus spp.) to Germany in 1995

Cameroon Edible plants (e.g. fruits, nuts,leaves), medicinal plants,rattan, bushmeat

e Annual export of 600 t of Gnetum spp.leaves (food) worth US$2.9 million

Annual exportation of 413 t of gum arabic(Acacia senegal) between 1988 and 1993

CentralAfrican

Republic

Bushmeat, edible plants,medicinal plants

Export of 273 kg of rattan in 1994, worthUS$1 800

EquatorialGuinea

Medicinal plants, edibleplants, rattan, bushmeat

Exportation of 200 t of Prunus africana barkin 1994

Gabon Edible plants, rattan,bushmeat


Republic ofCongo

Edible plants (fruits,mushrooms, legumes),medicinal plants, honey,bushmeat, Ornamental plantsand construction material


DemocraticRepublic of

Congo

Edible plants, bushmeat No information available

Rwanda Edible plants (fruits),medicinal plants, honey,living animals

Production of 23 000 t of honey in 1998

Sao Toméand Principe

Medicinal plants No information available

fruits, mushrooms, juice, seeds, oils), medicinal plants, forage, rattan, aromatics and cosmetics, colorants, tools (in particular wrapping leaves), construction materials and gums.

Table 12. Main NWFP in Central Africa Country Main NWFP Selected statistical data available Burundi Bushmeat, living animals, • Export of 13 780 examples of reptiles in

medicinal plants 1992 It Export of 1 000 kg of mushrooms (Cantharel/us spp.) to Germany in 1995

Cameroon Edible plants (e.g. fruits, nuts, • Annual export of 600 t of Gnetum spp. leaves), medicinal plants, leaves (food) worth US$2.9 million rattan, bushmeat • Annual exportation of 413 t of gum arabic

(Acacia senegal) between 1988 and 1993 Central Bushmeat, edible plants, Export of 273 kg of rattan in 1994, worth African medicinal plants US$1800

Republic Equatorial Medicinal plants, edible Exportation of 200 t of Prunus africana bark

Guinea plants, rattan, bush meat in 1994 Gabon Edible plants, rattan, No information available

bush meat Republic of Edible plants (fruits, No information available

Congo mushrooms, legumes), medicinal plants, honey, bush meat, Ornamental plants and construction material

Democratic Edible plants, bushmeat No information available Republic of

Congo Rwanda Edible plants (fruits), Production of 23 000 t of honey in 1998

medicinal plants, honey, living animals

Sao Tome Medicinal plants No information available and Principe

The most relevant NWFP in Central Africa are bush meat, edible plants, medicinal plants, and rattan.

Bushmeat is an important source of protein for the population of the Central African subregion. Though hunting is legally restricted in most of the countries, there still exists a high demand for bushmeat in both rural and urban areas. Due to the growing urbanisation, trade in bushmeat is increasing as well. Main hunted species include antelopes (mainly duikers), gazelles, monkeys, wild boars, porcupines and crocodiles.

Edible plants are among the main NWFP for each country. They are an extreme heterogeneous group of products, considering the different parts used such as fruits, nuts, bark, leaves, seeds, roots and oils. A multitude of species is used for subsistence, whereas only selected species of main importance are commercialised at the national and international level. Traded edible plants include the fruit of Irvingia gabonensis (Bush mango, mostly used for the extraction of edible oils), Oacryodes edulis (Safou), Cola acuminata (Kola, seeds), Goula edulis, Elaeis guineensis (Oil palm, edible oil), Piper guineesis, Xylopia aethiopica, Aframomum spp. and Gambeya africana the leaves of Gnetum africanum and G. buchholzianum, the tubercoel of Oioscorea sp, the bark of Garcinia sp. and different species of mushrooms. Vitel/aria paradoxa (Sheabutter) and Parkia biglobosa (Nere) are important species providing edible fruits and oils in the semi-arid parts of the sub-region.

24

Traditional medicine is an essential part of the health care system in Central Africa, wheresynthetic pharmaceutical medicines are not available to most of the population due to highprices and/or lack of supply. A wide range of species is used as medicinal plants: inCameroon for example, the use of more than 500 medicinal plants is documented. Thesemedicinal plants are used by the population and by specialists mostly traditional healers.Especially in countries or areas, where traditional knowledge is disappearing (e.g. EquatorialGuinea), medicinal plants are more often used by specialists. In some countries such asBurundi, traditional healers are formally organised and recognised by the government.Species exported to pharmaceutical companies, due to their chemical properties, are Prunusafricana (Guinea Equatorial, Cameroon), Pausinystalia johimbe, Voacanga africana,Strophantus gratus and Physostigma venenosum (all exported from Cameroon).

Rattan is a major NWFP of the sub-region and is mostly traded for the fabrication of furniture.The importance of rattan in Central Africa could be documented for Cameroon, Gabon,Equatorial Guinea and the Republic of Congo. Relevant commercialised species with thehighest economic value are Laccosperma secundiflorum and Eremospatha macrocarpa.

During the "International Expert Workshop on NWFP in Central Africa", held at The LimbeBotanic Garden in Cameroon, in May 1998, 13 key species of high socio-economic value,and for which demand exceeds supply, were identified by the participants (see table 13).Among these key species, priority for action should be given to Gnetum spp., Baillonellatoxisperma, Prunus africana, Pausinystalia johimbe and rattan.

25

Traditional medicine is an essential part of the health care system in Central Africa, where synthetic pharmaceutical medicines are not available to most of the population due to high prices and/or lack of supply. A wide range of species is used as medicinal plants: in Cameroon for example, the use of more than 500 medicinal plants is documented. These medicinal plants are used by the population and by specialists - mostly traditional healers. Especially in countries or areas, where traditional knowledge is disappearing (e.g. Equatorial Guinea), medicinal plants are more often used by specialists. In some countries such as Burundi, traditional healers are formally organised and recognised by the government. Species exported to pharmaceutical companies, due to their chemical properties, are Prunus africana (Guinea Equatorial, Cameroon), Pausinystalia johimbe, Voacanga africana, Strophantus gratus and Physostigma venenosum (all exported from Cameroon).

Rattan is a major NWFP of the sub-region and is mostly traded for the fabrication of furniture. The importance of rattan in Central Africa could be documented for Cameroon, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea and the Republic of Congo. Relevant commercialised species with the highest economic value are Laccosperma secundiflorum and Eremospatha macrocarpa.

During the "International Expert Workshop on NWFP in Central Africa", held at The Limbe Botanic Garden in Cameroon, in May 1998, 13 key species of high socio-economic value, and for which demand exceeds supply, were identified by the participants (see table 13). Among these key species, priority for action should be given to Gnetum spp., Baillonella toxisperma, Prunus africana, Pausinystalia johimbe and rattan.

25

Table 13. Key vegetal species providing NWFP in Central Africa17

17 Burundi, Rwanda and Sao Tome and Principe are not included.

26

Species Main use Part used Habitat In-situconservation

priority

Domesticationstatus

Domesticationpriority

Distribution Livelihoodvalue

Newmarket

potentialBaillonella toxisperma Medicine,

foodFruits Pr, PI *** W CMR, GAB,

EQG, PRC, ZAI

***

Gnetum africanum & G.buchholzianum

Food Leafs Pr, S, FI *** W, T, C *** CMR, CAF,PRO, ZAI, EQG,

GAB

*** ***

Rattan (Laccospermasecundiflorum & Eremospathamacro carpa)

Handicraft Stem Pr, S ** W *** CMR, CAF,PRC, ZAI, EQG,

GAB

*** ***

Cola acuminata &

C. nitidaFood Fruits,

seedsPI, Fa W, C CMR, GAB ***

lrvingia gabonensis & I.

womboluFood,

cosmeticsFruits,seeds

Pr, S, Fa W, T *** CMR, GAB,EQG, PRO, ZAI

*** ***

Dacryodes edulis Food Fruits Fa, S C CMR, GAB,EQG, PRC,

CAF, ZAI

***

Piper guineensis Food Seeds S W, C CMR, GAB,EQG, PRO, ZAI

*** ***

Garcinia lucida,G. mannii & G. kola

Medicine Bark S, Pr *** W, C *** CMR, GAB **

Marantaceae Wrappers Leafs S ** W CMR, GAB,EQG, PRO, ZAI

**

Ricinodendron heudelottii Food Fruits,seeds

S, Pr, Fa W, T CMR, GAB,PRO, ZAI, EQG

**

Prunus africana Medicine Bark Pr, F *** W, C *** EQG, ZAI, CMR **

Pausinystalia johimbe Medicine Bark Pr *** W, C *** CMR, GAB,EQG, PRO

Tabemanthe iboga Medicine Resins S ** W, C *** CMR, GAB,EQG, PRO, ZAI

Explications: Pr: Primary forest; S: Secondary forest; PI: Plantation; Fa: Farmland; FI: Fallow; W: Wild; C: Cultivated, T: Tolerated; ' high; **medium; * low CMR: Cameroon; CAF: Central African Republic; PRC: Republic of Congo; ZAI: Democratic Republic of Kongo; EQG: EquatorialGuinea; GAB: GabonSource: adapted from Wilkie, D. 1999. CARPE and NWFP. In: Sunderland, T.C.H.; Clark, L.E.; Vantomme, P. NWFP of Central Africa: Currentresearch issues and prospects for conservation and development. Rome

Table 13. K tal 'd' NWFP in Central Afl . 17 -,-- - - - - - - - - - - - - ---- - 1- - - - - - 1- - - - - -.-. - - - -- _." - - - -.

I Spedes I Ma;n use I Part used Hab;ta. In-situ Domes';ca';on Domestication o;str;bu';on Uvenhood New conservation status priority value market

priority potential Baillonella toxisperma Medicine, Fruits Pr, PI *** W CMR, GAB, ***

food EQG, PRC, ZAI Gnetum africanum & G. Food Leafs Pr, S, FI *** W, T, C *** CMR, CAF, *** *** buchholzianum PRC, ZAI, EQG,

GAB Rattan (Laccosperma Handicraft Stem Pr, S ** W *** CMR, CAF, *** *** secundiflorum & Eremospatha PRC, ZAI, EQG, macroca~~ GAB Cola acuminata & Food Fruits, PI, Fa * W, C * CMR, GAB *** C. nitida seeds

Irvingia gabonensis & I. Food, Fruits, Pr, S, Fa * W, T *** CMR, GAB, *** *** wombolu cosmetics seeds EQG, PRC, ZAI Dacryodes edulis Food Fruits Fa, S C * CMR, GAB, ***

EQG, PRC, CAF, ZAI

Piperguineensis Food Seeds S W, C CMR, GAB, *** *** EQG, PRC, ZAI

Garcinia lucida, Medicine Bark S, Pr *** W, C *** CMR, GAB ** G. mannii & G. kola Marantaceae Wrappers Leafs S ** W CMR, GAB, **

EQG, PRC, ZAI Ricinodendron heudelottii Food Fruits, S, Pr, Fa W, T CMR, GAB, **

seeds PRC, ZAI, EQG Prunus africana Medicine Bark Pr, F *** W, C *** EQG, ZAI, CMR * ** Pausinysta/iajohimbe Medicine Bark Pr *** W, C *** CMR, GAB, * *

EQG, PRC Tabemanthe iboga Medicine Resins S ** W, C *** CMR, GAB, *

EQG, PRC, ZAI

Explications: Pr: Primary forest; S: Secondary forest; PI: Plantation; Fa: Farmland; FI: Fallow; W: Wild; C: Cultivated, T: Tolerated; *** high; ** medium; * low CMR: Cameroon; CAF: Central African Republic; PRC: Republic of Congo; ZAI: Democratic Republic of Kongo; EQG: Equatorial Guinea; GAB: Gabon Source: adapted from Wilkie, D. 1999. CARPE and NWFP. In: Sunderland, T.C.H.; Clark, L.E.; Vantomme, P. NWFP of Central Africa: Current research issues and prospects for conservation and development. Rome

17 Burundi, Rwanda and Sao Tome and Principe are not included.

26

Ecological aspectsMost of Central African NWFP are derived from forests. However, non-forested areas suchas grasslands and agricultural fields are important sources of NWFP as well. In theDemocratic Republic of Congo, for instance, Cola acuminata is planted in cocoa plantations.In the case of medicinal plants, it is reported that, in Sao Tomé and Principe, only one third ofthe medicinal plants are derived from (mainly secondary) forests. On the contrary, in theRepublic of Congo, nearly 70 percent of medicinal plants are collected in forested areas.Clearings (for agriculture and timber extraction), fires, and political instability (i.e. socio-economic crisis in Burundi, Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo) are the maincauses for the degradation and destruction of forest lands, resulting in a reduced availabilityof NWFP.

Another threat to the supply of NWFP is the over-exploitation of selected (mainlycommercialised) species, brought about by inappropriate harvesting techniques or exceedingthe natural supply (see also table 13). In the sub-regional country profiles, over-exploitationhas been documented for Elaeis guineensis, Prunus africana, Gnetum africanum, bushmeatand rattan. In Burundi, some fruit trees are used as fuelwood, in Rwanda over-grazing leadsto the extinction of fodder plants.

Improved management of these species could be obtained through improved harvestingtechniques and/or domestication. Domestication initiatives were recommended for medicinalplants in Burundi. In the Central African Republic, caterpillars/butterflies and their host treesare cultivated, edible plants are introduced in agroforestry systems (e.g. Gnetumbuchholzianum under Canarium schweinfurthii) and Acacia senegal plantations areestablished. In Gabon, the domestication of Gnetum africanum was tried, but then failed.

Socio-economic aspectsIn Central Africa, NWFP are important for subsistence purposes. Moreover, they are anadditional source of income, supplementing agricultural activities. Locally, as in the case ofvillages close to the Korup National Park in Cameroon, the use of bushmeat by men andlrvingia gabonensis fruits by women, is also a main source of income.

Export of NWFP is reported for medicinal plants (see above), living animals, edible plants(e.g. mushrooms, Gentum africanum, Garcinia klaineana, Irvingia gabonensis, Dacryodesedulis, Piper guineensis, Rauwolfia vomitora), rattan, bee products, gums and ornamentalplants. Main export destinations are Europe, the United States and neighbouring countries.Some products are exported from Central Africa while actually extracted in another country(e.g. gum arabic collected in Sudan and exported from the Central African Republic).

Considerable import of NWFP is documented in Gabon (bark of Garcinia kola and G. lucida;seeds of lrvingia gabonensis) and Equatorial Guinea.

Most of the NWFP are collected in an open access regime. In the Central African Republic,access to exported products is restricted and it was noted that open access systems arebeing replaced by individual ownership when NWFP become rare.

The issue of adequate benefit-sharing has been raised in the case of Cameroon and theCentral African Republic. In Cameroon, the limited benefits local communities gain from theexploitation of Garcinia sp., in comparison with Nigerian communities, is mentioned. For theCentral African Republic, it is documented that the price paid by the final consumer is twiceas much (leaves of Raphia sp.) to 25 times (Eremospatha sp.) the price paid to thecollectors.

27

Ecological aspects

Most of Central African NWFP are derived from forests. However, non-forested areas such as grasslands and agricultural fields are important sources of NWFP as well. In the Democratic Republic of Congo, for instance, Cola acuminata is planted in cocoa plantations. In the case of medicinal plants, it is reported that, in Sao Tome and Principe, only one third of the medicinal plants are derived from (mainly secondary) forests. On the contrary, in the Republic of Congo, nearly 70 percent of medicinal plants are collected in forested areas. Clearings (for agriculture and timber extraction), fires, and political instability (i.e. socioeconomic crisis in Burundi, Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo) are the main causes for the degradation and destruction of forest lands, resulting in a reduced availability of NWFP.

Another threat to the supply of NWFP is the over-exploitation of selected (mainly commercialised) species, brought about by inappropriate harvesting techniques or exceeding the natural supply (see also table 13). In the sub-regional country profiles, over-exploitation has been documented for Elaeis guineensis, Prunus africana, Gnetum africanum, bushmeat and rattan. In Burundi, some fruit trees are used as fuelwood, in Rwanda over-grazing leads to the extinction of fodder plants.

Improved management of these species could be obtained through improved harvesting techniques and/or domestication. Domestication initiatives were recommended for medicinal plants in Burundi. In the Central African Republic, caterpillars/butterflies and their host trees are cultivated, edible plants are introduced in agroforestry systems (e.g. Gnetum buchholzianum under Canarium schweinfurthil) and Acacia senegal plantations are established. In Gabon, the domestication of Gnetum africanum was tried, but then failed.


In Central Africa, NWFP are important for subsistence purposes. Moreover, they are an additional source of income, supplementing agricultural activities. Locally, as in the case of villages close to the Korup National Park in Cameroon, the use of bushmeat by men and Irvingia gabonensis fruits by women, is also a main source of income.

Export of NWFP is reported for medicinal plants (see above), living animals, edible plants (e.g. mushrooms, Gentum africanum, Garcinia klaineana, Irvingia gabonensis, Oacryodes edulis, Piper guineensis, Rauwolfia vomitora) , rattan, bee products, gums and ornamental plants. Main export destinations are Europe, the United States and neighbouring countries. Some products are exported from Central Africa while actually extracted in another country (e.g. gum arabic collected in Sudan and exported from the Central African Republic).

Considerable import of NWFP is documented in Gabon (bark of Garcinia kola and G. lucida; seeds of Irvingia gabonensis) and Equatorial Guinea.

Most of the NWFP are collected in an open access regime. In the Central African Republic, access to exported products is restricted and it was noted that open access systems are being replaced by individual ownership when NWFP become rare.

The issue of adequate benefit-sharing has been raised in the case of Cameroon and the Central African Republic. In Cameroon, the limited benefits local communities gain from the exploitation of Garcinia sp., in comparison with Nigerian communities, is mentioned. For the Central African Republic, it is documented that the price paid by the final consumer is twice as much (leaves of Raphia sp.) to 25 times (Eremospatha sp.) the price paid to the collectors.

27

Information on future trends in the use of NWFP in the sub-region is scarce. In the Republicof Congo, it is assumed that:

the use of NWFP in general will be limited due to supply areas which are becomingmore and more remote and difficult to access;edible products and medicinal plants will remain important NWFP;selected commercialised NWFP will remain important (Gnetum spp., Landolphia spp.,Raphia oil, rattan). In particular, the rattan industry is considered to be a growingsector;construction materials will be replaced with synthetic products.

In Rwanda, constrained honey production is expected due to limited demand and low prices.

1.3.6 West AfricaWest Africa encompasses 16 countries Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, C6te d'Ivoire,Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, Niger, Senegal, SierraLeone, Togo and Chad.

All of them, except Chad, are members of the Economic Community of West African States(ECOWAS).18 The objectives of ECOWAS are i) to promote cooperation and integration,leading to the establishment of an economic union in West Africa in order to raise the livingstandards of its peoples; and ii) to maintain and enhance economic stability, foster relationsamong Member States and contribute to the progress and development of the AfricanContinent.

The Sahelian countries of Burkina Faso, Chad, Gambia Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Niger, Senegaland the island of Cape Verde are also members of the Permanent Interstate Committee forDrought Control in the Sahel (CILSS, Comité Permanent Inter - Etats de Lutte contre laSécheresse dans le Sahel). The mandate of CILSS is to carry out research on food securityand to combat the effects of drought and desertification for a new and balanced environmentin this region, which is suffering from recurrent droughts and progressive desertification.

The mean national forest cover in the sub-region reaches nearly 25 percent: Guinea-Bissauhas the highest forest cover with more than 82 percent, whereas in Niger forests cover onlytwo percent of the country. Typical of the drier Northern parts of the sub-region are openwoodlands. These woodlands can be classified (from the arid North to the humid South) infive different types: i) Sahelian savannah (Key species: Shrubs such as Acacia spp. andCombretum spp.); ii) Sahelian-Sudanian savannah (Acacia seyal, Faidherbia albida,lsoberlinia doka, Tamarindus indica); Hi) Sudanian savannah (Anogeissus leiocarpus,Sclerocarya birrea, Parkia biglobosa, Acacia spp. Butyrospermum paradoxum, Isoberliniaspp.); iv) Sudanian-Guinean savannah (Isoberlinia doka, Burkea africana); and v) the semi-deciduous Guinean savannah (Antiaris africana, Chlorophora excelsa, Isoberlinia doka).

Closed forests are mainly located in the Southern humid parts of the sub-region. Closedforests comprise evergreen forests (Uapaca spp., Diospyros spp., Eremospatha spp.,Lophira alta, Heriteria utilis) to semi-deciduous forests (Triplochiton scleroxylon, CeIlls spp.).Much of the closed forests have been cleared for agriculture and through logging.

Important non-zonal forest formations include mangroves (Rhizophora racemosa, Avicennaafricana) in Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau and Nigeria, gallery forests (lsoberlinia doka,Afzelia africana, Khaya senegalensis) and swamp forests (Uapaca spp., Mitra gyna

18 Chad is member of the Economic Community of Central African States (CEEAC).

28

Information on future trends in the use of NWFP in the sub-region is scarce. In the Republic of Congo, it is assumed that:

• the use of NWFP in general will be limited due to supply areas which are becoming more and more remote and difficult to access;

• edible products and medicinal plants will remain important NWFP; • selected commercialised NWFP will remain important (Gnetum spp., Landolphia spp.,

Raphia oil, rattan). In particular, the rattan industry is considered to be a growing sector;

• construction materials will be replaced with synthetic products.

In Rwanda, constrained honey production is expected due to limited demand and low prices.

1.3.6 West Africa

West Africa encompasses 16 countries Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Cote d'ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, Niger, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo and Chad.

All of them, except Chad, are members of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS).18 The objectives of ECOWAS are i) to promote cooperation and integration, leading to the establishment of an economic union in West Africa in order to raise the living standards of its peoples; and ii) to maintain and enhance economic stability, foster relations among Member States and contribute to the progress and development of the African Continent.

The Sahel ian countries of Burkina Faso, Chad, Gambia Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Niger, Senegal and the island of Cape Verde are also members of the Permanent Interstate Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel (CILSS, Comite Permanent Inter - Etats de Lutte contre la Secheresse dans Ie Sahel). The mandate of CILSS is to carry out research on food security and to combat the effects of drought and desertification for a new and balanced environment in this region, which is suffering from recurrent droughts and progressive desertification.

The mean national forest cover in the sub-region reaches nearly 25 percent: Guinea-Bissau has the highest forest cover with more than 82 percent, whereas in Niger forests cover only two percent of the country. Typical of the drier Northern parts of the sub-region are open woodlands. These woodlands can be classified (from the arid North to the humid South) in five different types: i) Sahel ian savannah (Key species: Shrubs such as Acacia spp. and Combretum spp.); ii) Sahelian-Sudanian savannah (Acacia seyal, Faidherbia alb ida, Isoberlinia doka, Tamarindus indica); iii) Sudanian savannah (Anogeissus leiocarpus, Sclerocarya birrea, Parkia biglobosa, Acacia spp. Butyrospermum paradoxum, Isoberlinia spp.); iv) Sudanian-Guinean savannah (Isoberlinia doka, Burkea africana); and v) the semideciduous Guinean savannah (Antiaris africana, Chlorophora excelsa, Isoberlinia doka).

Closed forests are mainly located in the Southern humid parts of the sub-region. Closed forests comprise evergreen forests (Uapaca spp., Diospyros spp., Eremospatha spp., Lophira alta, Heriteria utilis) to semi-deciduous forests (Triplochiton scleroxylon, Celtis spp.). Much of the closed forests have been cleared for agriculture and through logging.

Important non-zonal forest formations include mangroves (Rhizophora racemosa, Avicenna africana) in Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau and Nigeria, gallery forests (Isoberlinia doka, Afzelia africana, Khaya senegalensis) and swamp forests (Uapaca spp., Mitragyna ciliata).

18 Chad is member of the Economic Community of Central African States (CEEAC).

28

Main NWFPIn West Africa, people use edible plants, medicinal plants, resins, honey and beeswax,bushmeat, rattan, bamboo, ornamentals, forage, gums, tannins, colorants, living animals,insecticides, wrapping leaves, construction materials (e.g. thatch), hides and skin.

Table 14. Main NWFP in West Africa

29

Country Main NWFP Selected statistical data availableBenin Edible plants, medicinal

plants, honey, bushmeat,rattan


Burkina Faso Edible plants (Vitellariaparadoxa, Parkia biglobosa),bushmeat

Annual mean export of 14 200 t of Karitéworth US$2.4 million between 1984-90o National bushmeat trade is worthUS$880 000 2.4 million

Cape Verde No information available No information availableChad Gum, edible plants, forage Export of 5 800 t of gum arabic in 1996/97

C6te d'Ivoire Edible plants, constructionmaterial, rattan


Gambia Edible plants Production of 60 t of honey in 1998.Ghana Bushmeat, edible plants

(cola, sheabutter, oil palm),medicinal plants, rattan,construction material

o Export of 19 654 t of sheanuts (35% ofnational production) in 1996 worthUS$5 846 000

Export of living animals worth US$344 000in 1985

Guinea Edible plants, bushmeat,tools, construction material,medicinal plants

e Annual use of more than 100 millionchewing sticks of Lophira lancelolata;

Annual production of Cola nuts (Colanitidia) reaches 350 400 million, used forexportation (200 million) and consumption(150 200 million)

Guinea-Bissau

Edible plants, forage The export value of cashew nuts(Anacardium occidentale) corresponds to50% of exportations of the entire forestrysector in 1988

Liberia Edible plants, bushmeat Some 100 000 t of bushmeat are used forsubsistence purposes annually

Mali Edible plants, forage, gum,honey

Production of 293 t of gum arabic (Acaciasenegal) in 1989

Niger Forage, edible plants,medicinal plants, gums


Nigeria Edible plants, bushmeat o Annual production of 4 000 10 000 t ofgum arabic

Export of hides and skin worth US$4.4million in 1965

Annual national demand of bush mango(Irvingia gabonensis) of 78 800 t

Senegal Edible plants, forage, gum,living animals

Annual exportation of gum arabic variesbetween 500 and 800 tProduction of 1 423 t of gum mbep (Sterculiasetigera) in 1993

Sierra Leone No information available No information availableTogo Edible plants, forage,

medicinal plants, tanninsNo information available

I

Main NWFP In West Africa, people use edible plants, medicinal plants, resins, honey and beeswax, bushmeat, rattan, bamboo, ornamentals, forage, gums, tannins, colorants, living animals, insecticides, wrapping leaves, construction materials (e.g. thatch), hides and skin.

Table 14. Main NWFP in West Africa Country II Main NWFP I Selected statistical data available

Benin Edible plants, medicinal No information available plants, honey, bushmeat, rattan

Burkina Faso Edible plants (Vitel/aria • Annual mean export of 14 200 t of Karite paradoxa, Parkia biglobosa), worth US$2.4 million between 1984-90 bushmeat • National bushmeat trade is worth

US$880 000 - 2.4 million Cape Verde No information available No information available

Chad Gum, edible plants, forage Export of 5 800 t of gum arabic in 1996/97 Cote d'ivoire Edible plants, construction No information available

material, rattan Gambia Edible plants Production of 60 t of honey in 1998. Ghana Bushmeat, edible plants • Export of 19 654 t of sheanuts (35% of

(cola, shea butter, oil palm), national production) in 1996 worth medicinal plants, rattan, US$5 846 000 construction material • Export of living animals worth US$344 000

in 1985 Guinea Edible plants, bushmeat, • Annual use of more than 100 million

tools, construction material, chewing sticks of Lophira lancelolata; medicinal plants • Annual production of Cola nuts (Cola

nitidia) reaches 350 - 400 million, used for exportation (200 million) and consumption (150 - 200 million)

Guinea- Edible plants, forage The export value of cashew nuts Bissau (Anacardium occidentale) corresponds to

50% of exportations of the entire forestry sector in 1988

Liberia Edible plants, bushmeat Some 100 000 t of bush meat are used for subsistence purposes annually

Mali Edible plants, forage, gum, Production of 293 t of gum arabic (Acacia honey senegal) in 1989

Niger Forage, edible plants, No information available medicinal plants, gums

Nigeria Edible plants, bushmeat • Annual production of 4 000 - 10 000 t of gum arabic • Export of hides and skin worth US$4.4 million in 1965 • Annual national demand of bush mango (/rvingia gabonensis) of 78800 t

Senegal Edible plants, forage, gum, Annual exportation of gum arabic varies living animals between 500 and 800 t

Production of 1 423 t of gum mbep (Sterculia setigera) in 1993

Sierra Leone No information available No information available Togo Edible plants, forage, No information available

medicinal plants, tannins

29

I

The most important NWFP of West Africa are edible plants, bushmeat, medicinal plants andforage.

Edible plants are considered important NWFP in all West African countries. In Mali (south ofBamako), for example, it is documented that 54 percent of the NWFP used are edibleproducts.

Foodstuff is mainly provided by fruits, seeds, nuts and kernels. More seldom, leaves, rootsand tubers are collected. Edible plants are mainly used for subsistence providing animportant additional source of nutrition. However, products of major socio-economicrelevance are also found on local, national and international markets. In Nigeria, the price ofedible plants is comparable to that of cultivated products, which underlines the high demandand appreciation of these products.

Important edible plants are Vitellaria paradoxa, formerly Butyrospermum parkll, (sheabutter,karité), Parkia biglobosa (néré), and the oil palm Elaeis guineensis.

Sheabutter and néré are mainly found in the semi-arid parts of the sub-region. Vitellariaparadoxa is used for subsistence (sheabutter, soap, candles) and income (kernels,sheabutter). Nigeria is one of the major producers of sheabutter. In Chad, consumption ofedible oils derived from karité reaches 4-6 litres per year/person and contributesconsiderably to the population's provision of food. The fruits of Parkia biglobosa (néré) arealso used for subsistence and trade. The flesh of the fruit consists of 60 percent of sugar andforms the basis for the so-called "meat of the poor" (soumbala). Other important speciesproviding foodstuff in the dryer parts of the sub-region are Adansonia gigitata, Tamarindusindica, Bombax costatum, Borassus aethiopium, Balanites aegyptiaca (savonnier), Detariummicrocarpum, Ziziphus mauritania (jujube), Sclerocarya birrea, Diospiros mespilliformis(ebenier), Hyphaene thebaica, Faiderherbia albida, Detarium senegalensis and Bosciasenegalensis.

The oil palm Elaesis guineensis is most widely exploited in West Africa, especially in thesouthern humid parts of the sub-region (in particular Ghana and Nigeria). The fruits andkernels are used for the production of edible oils and palm wine. Probably ten percent of thetotal energy consumed in West Africa is derived from palm oil based products, which are alsoan important source of vitamin A; in Southeast Nigeria, for example, 90 percent of thepopulation regularly consumes palm oil. Other important edible plants from the humid partsof the sub-region are cola nuts (Co/a nitidia, C. acuminata) and bush mango (Intingiagabonensis). In Guinea, consumption of cola nuts reaches 150 - 200 million per year; thesame amount is exported from Guinea to Mali and Senegal. In Nigeria, the consumption ofbush mango reaches 3 - 14 kg/year/household while the total national demand is supposedto be 78 800t. Cola nuts are reported to be traded from the humid south to the arid north inNigeria.

Bushmeat is another important source of food in general (and of proteins in particular) for theWest African population, especially in the humid zones of the sub-region. Important edibleanimals are warthogs, bush pigs, antelopes (especially duikers), lizards, grass-cutters, rats,porcupines, monkeys, birds, porcupines, rats antelopes, bush-bucks and monkeys.

In the rural areas of Ghana, approximately 75 percent of the population consumes wildanimals on a regular basis. Comparable figures are available from Southern Nigeria, where80 percent of the population consumes bushmeat, providing 20 percent of the animal proteinrequirements. In Liberia, bushmeat contributes 60-90 percent to the provision of animalproteins. In Guinea, bushmeat consumption reaches 2 kg/person/year in urban and 4.4 kg inrural areas. In Burkina Faso, the population consumes 1 kg of bushmeat per year, national

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The most important NWFP of West Africa are edible plants, bushmeat, medicinal plants and forage ..

Edible plants are considered important NWFP in all West African countries. In Mali (south of Bamako), for example, it is documented that 54 percent of the NWFP used are edible products.

Foodstuff is mainly provided by fruits, seeds, nuts and kernels. More seldom, leaves, roots and tubers are collected. Edible plants are mainly used for subsistence providing an important additional source of nutrition. However, products of major socio-economic relevance are also found on local, national and international markets. In Nigeria, the price of edible plants is comparable to that of cultivated products, which underlines the high demand and appreciation of these products.

Important edible plants are Vitel/aria paradoxa, formerly Butyrospermum parkii, (sheabutter, karite), Parkia biglobosa (nere), and the oil palm Elaeis guineensis.

Sheabutter and nere are mainly found in the semi-arid parts of the sub-region. Vitel/aria paradoxa is used for subsistence (shea butter, soap, candles) and income (kernels, sheabutter). Nigeria is one of the major producers of sheabutter. In Chad, consumption of edible oils derived from karite reaches 4-6 litres per year/person and contributes considerably to the population's provision of food. The fruits of Parkia biglobosa (nere) are also used for subsistence and trade. The flesh of the fruit consists of 60 percent of sugar and forms the basis for the so-called "meat of the poor" (soumbala). Other important species providing foodstuff in the dryer parts of the sub-region are Adansonia gigitata, Tamarindus indica, Bombax costa tum, Borassus aethiopium, Balanites aegyptiaca (savonnier), Detarium microcarpum, Ziziphus mauritania Oujube), Sclerocarya birrea, Diospiros mespilliformis (ebenier), Hyphaene thebaica, Faiderherbia albida, Detarium senega/ensis and Boscia senega/ensis.

The oil palm Elaesis guineensis is most widely exploited in West Africa, especially in the southern humid parts of the sub-region (in particular Ghana and Nigeria). The fruits and kernels are used for the production of edible oils and palm wine. Probably ten percent of the total energy consumed in West Africa is derived from palm oil based products, which are also an important source of vitamin A; in Southeast Nigeria, for example, 90 percent of the population regularly consumes palm oil. Other important edible plants from the humid parts of the sub-region are cola nuts (Cola nitidia, C. acuminata) and bush mango (lrvingia gabonensis). In Guinea, consumption of cola nuts reaches 150 - 200 million per year; the same amount is exported from Guinea to Mali and Senegal. In Nigeria, the consumption of bush mango reaches 3 - 14 kg/year/household while the total national demand is supposed to be 78 800t. Cola nuts are reported to be traded from the humid south to the arid north in Nigeria.

Bushmeat is another important source of food in general (and of proteins in particular) for the West African population, especially in the humid zones of the sub-region. Important edible animals are warthogs, bush pigs, antelopes (especially duikers), lizards, grass-cutters, rats, porcupines, monkeys, birds, porcupines, rats antelopes, bush-bucks and monkeys.

In the rural areas of Ghana, approximately 75 percent of the population consumes wild animals on a regular basis. Comparable figures are available from Southern Nigeria, where 80 percent of the population consumes bush meat, providing 20 percent of the animal protein requirements. In Liberia, bushmeat contributes 60-90 percent to the provision of animal proteins. In Guinea, bush meat consumption reaches 2 kg/person/year in urban and 4.4 kg in rural areas. In Burkina Faso, the population consumes 1 kg of bushmeat per year, national

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trade is supposed to reach US$ 880 000 to 2.4 million. The high demand and appreciation ofbushmeat is highlighted by the fact that in Nigeria, for example, bushmeat is more expensivethan products derived from domesticated animals.

The traditional application of medicinal plants is of high socio-economic importance in mostWest African countries. In Burkina Faso, Niger, and Ghana, more than 80 percent of thepopulation uses medicinal plants. In Nigeria, over 90 percent of the rural and over 40 percentof the urban population depend on traditional medicine. Medicinal plants are used by thepopulation itself and by traditional healers. The importance of traditional medicine is alsohighlighted by the number of traditional healers as opposed to that of western-trainedmedical doctors: In Ghana (Kwahu District) and Nigeria (Benin City), the ratio of medicaldoctors to traditional healers is estimated to be 1:92 and 1:149, respectively. Traditionalhealers are already officially recognized in countries like Nigeria and Ghana, where 3 360healers are officially registered, and in Burkina Faso, where some 300 traditional healers,allegedly, work.

In the humid parts of West Africa, chewsticks derived from Garzinia afzelii and G. epundatain Ghana and Nigeria and Lophira lanceo/ata in Guinea (national consumption: 100 millionpieces/year) are relevant medicinal plants.

The use of fodder plants is of particular importance in the semi-arid and arid parts of the sub-region, where production of cattle, sheep, goats, donkeys, and camels is a major activity.Main fodder plants include Acacia spp., Prosopis juliflora, Khaya senegalensis, Faidherbiaalbida, Balanites aegyptiaca, Commiphora africana, Pterocarpus erinaceus and Afzelliasenegalensis.

Especially during the dry season, forage provides an important additional fodder supply.During this season, tree forage contributes to 25 percent of fodder supply for ruminants inNiger, in Nigerian savannah areas (which hosts more than 90 percent of Nigerian livestock),forage contributes to 10-15 percent to livestock food.

Ecological aspectsNWFP are derived from forested and non-forested areas. Many NWFP are in fact providedby wild species growing outside the forest. In Benin, most of the edible NWFP are collectedin agricultural fields and fallow rather than inside the forest. Bushmeat extraction in Nigeria ismore intense in savannahs than in forests, while bushmeat is hunted in rainforests ratherthan in deciduous forests.

Most of the species providing NWFP are wild. In Nigeria, most of the on-farm trees (some 60percent) are not planted, but wild and protected resources are left in the fields due to theirecological and economic value and functions. Others, such as the Moringa oleifera inGambia, are exotic and planted species. Plantations exist for important species such ascashew (Anacardium occidentale) in Senegal and A. nilotica, recently established in Ghanafor the production of tannins.

In many countries of the sub-region, the availability of NWFP is decreasing, mainly owing todroughts, population pressure and migration, the expansion of agricultural fields, fires andthe over-exploitation of natural resources.

Frequent droughts have reduced the distribution of Bombax costatum in Niger. Currently, inChad, frequent fires are causing for the degradation of Vitefiaria paradoxa, Parkia biglobosaand Balanites aegyptiaca stands, while in Gambia, bush fires are often caused by peoplecollecting honey.

Over-exploitation is reported for a wide range of products:

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trade is supposed to reach US$ 880 000 to 2.4 million. The high demand and appreciation of bush meat is highlighted by the fact that in Nigeria, for example, bushmeat is more expensive than products derived from domesticated animals.

The traditional application of medicinal plants is of high socio-economic importance in most West African countries. In Burkina Faso, Niger, and Ghana, more than 80 percent of the population uses medicinal plants. In Nigeria, over 90 percent of the rural and over 40 percent of the urban population depend on traditional medicine. Medicinal plants are used by the population itself and by traditional healers. The importance of traditional medicine is also highlighted by the number of traditional healers as opposed to that of western-trained medical doctors: In Ghana (Kwahu District) and Nigeria (Benin City), the ratio of medical doctors to traditional healers is estimated to be 1 :92 and 1 :149, respectively. Traditional healers are already officially recognized in countries like Nigeria and Ghana, where 3 360 healers are officially registered, and in Burkina Faso, where some 300 traditional healers, allegedly, work.

In the humid parts of West Africa, chewsticks derived from Garzinia afzelii and G. epundata in Ghana and Nigeria and Lophira lanceolata in Guinea (national consumption: 100 million pieces/year) are relevant medicinal plants.

The use of fodder plants is of particular importance in the semi-arid and arid parts of the subregion, where production of cattle, sheep, goats, donkeys, and camels is a major activity. Main fodder plants include Acacia spp., Prosopis juliffora, Khaya senegalensis, Faidherbia alb ida, Balanites aegyptiaca, Commiphora africana, Pterocarpus erinaceus and Afzellia senegalensis.

Especially during the dry season, forage provides an important additional fodder supply. During this season, tree forage contributes to 25 percent of fodder supply for ruminants in Niger, in Nigerian savannah areas (which hosts more than 90 percent of Nigerian livestock), forage contributes to 10-15 percent to livestock food.

Ecological aspects

NWFP are derived from forested and non-forested areas. Many NWFP are in fact provided by wild species growing outside the forest. In Benin, most of the edible NWFP are collected in agricultural fields and fallow rather than inside the forest. Bushmeat extraction in Nigeria is more intense in savannahs than in forests, while bushmeat is hunted in rainforests rather than in deciduous forests.

Most of the species providing NWFP are wild. In Nigeria, most of the on-farm trees (some 60 percent) are not planted, but wild and protected resources are left in the fields due to their ecological and economic value and functions. Others, such as the Moringa oleifera in Gambia, are exotic and planted species. Plantations exist for important species such as cashew (Anacardium occidentale) in Senegal and A. nilotica, recently established in Ghana for the production of tannins.

In many countries of the sub-region, the availability of NWFP is decreasing, mainly owing to droughts, population pressure and migration, the expansion of agricultural fields, fires and the over-exploitation of natural resources.

Frequent droughts have reduced the distribution of Bombax costa tum in Niger. Currently, in Chad, frequent fires are causing for the degradation of Vitel/aria paradoxa, Parkia biglobosa and Balanites aegyptiaca stands, while in Gambia, bush fires are often caused by people collecting honey.

Over-exploitation is reported for a wide range of products:

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Bushmeat is becoming increasingly scarce in countries like Ghana and Gambia. InLiberia, commercial hunting leads to extinction of many endemic species;The utilization of preferred fodder plants such as Afzelia africana, Khayasenegalensis and Danieffia oliveri currently exceeds sustainable supply in Nigeria;Sheabutter nuts are over-collected in Chad because of the high concurrence ofcollectors and traders;Tapping of gum arabic in Chad is carried out by using destructive harvestingtechniques.

Transport and storage creates severe problems for animal and perishable products. InSenegal, the transport of birds designated for export causes high mortality, and in Nigeria,over 25% of the volume of perishable products such as fruits, bushmeat, etc. are lost due topreservation and storage problems.

In the case of sheabutter production in Chad, three major constraints could be identified:irregular and insufficient supply;inappropriate conservation and harvesting techniques;inappropriate stock, transport, transformation.

Finally, supply of NWFP can be reduced by other uses of species providing NWFP. In somecountries, high demand for fuelwood affects the supply of NWFP. In Chad, wood Borassusaethiopium is used as construction material, and Khaya senegalensis wood for boatconstruction. In both cases, the use of wood negatively affects the provision of NWFP.

Socio-economic aspectsNWFP are used for subsistence and income generation. Particularly, in rural and remoteareas, the use of NWFP contributes considerably to the livelihood of the people. In Gambiafor example, the use of honey as a sweetener provides food and saves money, as it replacesexpensive products such as sugar..

The collection of NWFP for commercial purposes is mainly an off-seasonal activity thatgenerates additional income, especially during the "hunger period". In rural areas in Niger, forexample, when only few other options exist, NWFP provide 1/3 of the income from non-agricultural activities.

Important exported West African NWFP include sheabutter, gum arabic, cashew and colanuts, mushrooms, medicinal plants, living animals and bushmeat.

Some of these products are of major importance at the national level: in Guinea-Bissau, theexport value of cashew nuts corresponds to 50 percent of the entire forestry sector value. InSenegal, another country with a high potential for cashew production, some 30 percent oftaxes derived from the forestry sector originates from trade in NWFP such as exudates, nutsand edible oils.

Table 15. Production of cium arabic in West Africa

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Country I Year Quantity/ValueChad 1997/98 Exportation of 10 000 15 000 tMali 1989 Production of 293 t

Niger 1970s Annual exportation of 300 tSenegal 1990s Annual exportation of 500 800 tGhana 1988-94 Annual production of less than 10 tNigeria ?? Production of 4 000 10 000 t

• Bushmeat is becoming increasingly scarce in countries like Ghana and Gambia. In Liberia, commercial hunting leads to extinction of many endemic species;

• The utilization of preferred fodder plants such as Afzelia africana, Khaya senega/ensis and Daniellia oliveri currently exceeds sustainable supply in Nigeria;

• Shea butter nuts are over-collected in Chad because of the high concurrence of collectors and traders;

• Tapping of gum arabic in Chad is carried out by using destructive harvesting techniques.

Transport and storage creates severe problems for animal and perishable products. In Senegal, the transport of birds designated for export causes high mortality, and in Nigeria, over 25% of the volume of perishable products such as fruits, bushmeat, etc. are lost due to preservation and storage problems.

In the case of sheabutter production in Chad, three major constraints could be identified: • irregular and insufficient supply; • inappropriate conservation and harvesting techniques; • inappropriate stock, transport, transformation.

Finally, supply of NWFP can be reduced by other uses of species providing NWFP. In some countries, high demand for fuelwood affects the supply of NWFP. In Chad, wood Borassus aethiopium is used as construction material, and Khaya senega/ensis wood for boat construction. In both cases, the use of wood negatively affects the provision of NWFP.

Socio-economic aspects NWFP are used for subsistence and income generation. Particularly, in rural and remote areas, the use of NWFP contributes considerably to the livelihood of the people. In Gambia for example, the use of honey as a sweetener provides food and saves money, as it replaces expensive products such as sugar.

The collection of NWFP for commercial purposes is mainly an off-seasonal activity that generates additional income, especially during the "hunger period". In rural areas in Niger, for example, when only few other options exist, NWFP provide 1/3 of the income from nonagricultural activities.

Important exported West African NWFP include sheabutter, gum arabic, cashew and cola nuts, mushrooms, medicinal plants, living animals and bushmeat.

Some of these products are of major importance at the national level: in Guinea-Bissau, the export value of cashew nuts corresponds to 50 percent of the entire forestry sector value. In Senegal, another country with a high potential for cashew production, some 30 percent of taxes derived from the forestry sector originates from trade in NWFP such as exudates, nuts and edible oils.

T bl 15 Pdt" f a e ro uc Ion 0 gum ara b· . W tAf· IC In es rica Country Year Quantity/Value

Chad 1997/98 Exportation of 10 000 - 15 000 t Mali 1989 Production of 293 t

Niger 1970s Annual exportation of 300 t Senegal 1990s Annual exportation of SOD - 800 t Ghana 1988-94 Annual production of less than 10 t Nigeria ?? Production of 4 000 - 10 000 t

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The trend in gum arabic production and trade seems to vary. In Mali and Senegal, productionof gum arabic is declining, while production is increasing in Chad and Niger.

The importance of NWFP as a main source of income for women has been highlighted invarious cases such as:

trade in bushmeat in Ghana;collection and transformation of sheabutter in Burkina Faso;collection and trade in fruits in Burkina Faso;trade in food products (e.g. leaves, fruits, bulbs), dyes and medicinal plants inNigeria;processing of palm oil (Elaeis guineensis) in Southeast Nigeria.

Most NWFP are collected as common goods with free access and little restrictions. However,for selected (mostly valuable and rare) NWFP, there is a tendency to move from common toprivate property. In Burkina Faso, for example, wildlife is increasingly considered as privateproperty. In Nigeria, local user rights have been delivered to the local population.

Unclear or changing property rights might raise serious conflicts between stakeholders. InNigeria, conflicts are reported between hunting in game reserves, on the one hand, andagricultural production, on the other. In Chad, conflicts arose between farmers and nomadswith regards to the exploitation of gum arabic. Traditionally, gum tapping has been carriedout by pastoralists; however, in view of the increasing prices paid for gum, more and morefarmers are becoming interested in collecting it on their own territory. Therefore, newarrangements have to be negotiated between both groups to clarify the property rights overthis important resource.

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The trend in gum arabic production and trade seems to vary. In Mali and Senegal, production of gum arabic is declining, while production is increasing in Chad and Niger.

The importance of NWFP as a main source of income for women has been highlighted in various cases such as:

• trade in bushmeat in Ghana; • collection and transformation of sheabutter in Burkina Faso; • collection and trade in fruits in Burkina Faso; • trade in food products (e.g. leaves, fruits, bulbs), dyes and medicinal plants in

Nigeria; • processing of palm oil (Elaeis guineensis) in Southeast Nigeria.

Most NWFP are collected as common goods with free access and little restrictions. However, for selected (mostly valuable and rare) NWFP, there is a tendency to move from common to private property. In Burkina Faso, for example, wildlife is increasingly considered as private property. In Nigeria, local user rights have been delivered to the local population.

Unclear or changing property rights might raise serious conflicts between stakeholders. In Nigeria, conflicts are reported between hunting in game reserves, on the one hand, and agricultural production, on the other. In Chad, conflicts arose between farmers and nomads with regards to the exploitation of gum arabic. Traditionally, gum tapping has been carried out by pastoralists; however, in view of the increasing prices paid for gum, more and more farmers are becoming interested in collecting it on their own territory. Therefore, new arrangements have to be negotiated between both groups to clarify the property rights over this important resource.

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2. CON' EXTE ET PRINCIPAUX RÉSULTATS

2.1 Introduction

2.1.1 Limite de l'étudeDans la plupart des pays tropicaux, les produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL)i° jouent unrôle important dans la vie quotidienne et dans le bien-étre de la population locale. Les rurauxpauvres dépendent en particulier des PFNL comme source de nourriture, fourrages,remèdes, gommes, résines, matériaux de construction, etc. En plus de la consommationlocale, les PFNL sont également d'importantes marchandises commerciales qu'on peuttrouver sur le marché local, régional, national aussi bien qu'international. Les PFNLcommercialisés contribuent à remplir les besoins quotidiens et procurent emploi et revenus.Les PFNL commercialisés au plan international, comme la gomme arabique, les huilesaromatiques et les plantes médicinales peuvent se vendre très cher par rapport aux PFNLvendus sur le marché local et contribuent ainsi au développement économique des paysconcernés.

Toutefois, seules des données statistiques très limitées sont actuellement disponibles sur['exploitation, la gestion, la consommation et le commerce des PFNL. Contrairement au boiset aux produits agricoles, il n'existe aucun suivi et évaluation des ressources et de lacontribution socio-économique des PFNL au niveau national. Dans o L'Annuaire desProduits Forestiers » de la FAO, par exemple, les statistiques sur les PFNL comme le liège,tanin, bambou et diverses huiles ne sont disponibles que pour la période 1954 à 1971(Chandrasekheran, 1995)2°. C'est pourquoi, aujourd'hui l'information est limitée à la sélectionde PFNL d'importance nationale (par exemple, la gomme arabique au Soudan). Mais mérnepour ces PFNL majeurs, les données sont souvent incomplètes, non disponibles ou baséessur des études de cas qu'on ne peut extrapoler au niveau national.

La FAO aide les gouvernements et les institutions nationales à améliorer la disponibilité desdonnées qualitatives et quantitatives relatives aux PFNL. L'activité est menée dans le cadredu Programme de Partenariat CE-FAO o Collecte et analyse de données pourl'aménagement durable des forésts : joindre les efforts nationaux et internationaux » (ProjetGCP/INT/679/EC), un programme qui s'étend sur quatre ans, financé par la CE (DirectionDéveloppement général). Le but global de ce programme est de renforcer la capaciténationale à récueillir et compiler des informations actuelles fiables sur la foresterie etanalyser le secteur de la forbt21. En ce qui concerne les PFNL, les principaux résultatsattendus du Programme de Partenariat CE-FAO sont :

Des résumés par pays sur les données statistiques relatives aux PFNL sont élaboréspour chaque pays ;Des méthodologies appropriées pour la collecte et la validation des informations clésrelatives au PFNL sont élaborées et testées.

19 Les produits forestiers non ligneux sont des biens d'origine biologique autres que le bois, dérivésdes foréts, des autres terres boisées, et des arbres hors foréts.20 Chandrasekharan, C. 1995. Terminology, definition and classification of forest products other thanwood. In: Report of the International Expert Consultation on Non-Wood Forest Products. Yogyakarta,Indonesia 17-25 January 1995. (Terminologie, définition et classification des produits forestiers autreque le bois. Rapport de la Consultation internationale des Experts sur les Produits Forestiers NonIi9neux, Yogyakarta Indonésie) FAO NWFP Séries N° 3, pp. 345-380. Rome.2' Pour d'autres renseignements sur le Programme voirhttp://www.fao.orcilforestrv/FON/FONS/Outlook/French/AfricaF/acppro-f.stm sur l'Internet.

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2. CONTEXTE ET PRINCIPAUX RESULTATS

2.1 Introduction

2.1.1 limite de Petude Dans la plupart des pays tropicaux, les produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL) 19 jouent un role important dans la vie quotidienne et dans Ie bien-etre de la population locale. Les ruraux pauvres dependent en particulier des PFNL comme source de nourriture, fourrages, remedes, gommes, resines, materiaux de construction, etc. En plus de la consommation locale, les PFNL sont egalement d'importantes marchandises commerciales qu'on peut trouver sur Ie marche local, regional, national aussi bien qu'international. Les PFNL commercialises contribuent a remplir les besoins quotidiens et procurent emploi et revenus. Les PFNL commercialises au plan international, comme la gomme arabique, les huiles aromatiques et les plantes medicinales peuvent se vendre tres cher par rapport aux PFNL vendus sur Ie marche local et contribuent ainsi au developpement economique des pays concernes.

Toutefois, seules des donnees statistiques tres limitees sont actuellement disponibles sur I'exploitation, la gestion, la consommation et Ie commerce des PFNL. Contrairement au bois et aux produits agricoles, il n'existe aucun suivi et evaluation des ressources et de la contribution socio-economique des PFNL au niveau national. Dans «L'Annuaire des Produits Forestiers » de la FAO, par exemple, les statistiques sur les PFNL comme Ie liege, tanin, bambou et diverses huiles ne sont disponibles que pour la periode 1954 a 1971 (Chandrasekheran, 1995)20. C'est pourquoi, aujourd'hui I'information est limifge a la selection de PFNL d'importance nationale (par exemple, la gomme arabique au Soudan). Mais meme pour ces PFNL majeurs, les donnees sont souvent incompletes, non disponibles ou basees sur des etudes de cas qu'on ne peut extrapoler au niveau national.

La FAO aide les gouvernements et les institutions nationales a ameliorer la disponibilite des donnees qualitatives et quantitatives relatives aux PFNL. L'activite est menee dans Ie cadre du Programme de Partenariat CE-FAO « Collecte et analyse de donnees pour I'amenagement durable des forets : joindre les efforts nationaux et internationaux » (Projet GCP/INT/679/EC), un programme qui s'etend sur quatre ans, finance par la CE (Direction -Developpement general). Le but global de ce programme est de renforcer la capacite nationale a recueillir et compiler des informations actuelles fiables sur la foresterie et a analyser Ie secteur de la foret21

. En ce qui concerne les PFNL, les principaux resultats attendus du Programme de Partenariat CE-FAO sont : 1. Des resumes par pays sur les donnees statistiques relatives aux PFNL sont elabores

pour chaque pays; 2. Des methodologies appropriees pour la collecte et la validation des informations cles

relatives au PFNL sont elaborees et testees.

19 Les produits forestiers non ligneux sont des biens d'origine biologique autres que Ie bois, derives des forets, des autres terres boisees, et des arbres hors forets. 20 Chandrasekharan, C. 1995. Terminology, definition and classification of forest products other than wood. In: Report of the International Expert Consultation on Non-Wood Forest Products. Yogyakarta, Indonesia 17-25 January 1995. (Terminologie, definition et classification des produits forestiers autre que Ie bois. Rapport de la Consultation internationale des Experts sur les Produits Forestiers Non lipneux, Yogyakarta Indonesie) FAO NWFP Series N° 3, pp. 345-380. Rome. 2 Pour d'autres renseignements sur Ie Programme voir http://www.fao.org/forestrY/FON/FONS/OutlookiFrench/AfricaFlacppro-f.stm sur l'lnternet.

34

Ce rapport contient les résumés par pays compilés pour tous les pays et territoires africains(résultat 1). Ces résumés contiennent un texte standardisé qui fournit des donnéesqualitatives et quantitatives sur les PFNL et un tableau standardisé montrant lesinformations quantitatives. D'autre part, ce rapport comprend une analyse des donnéesrégionales et sous-régionales.

Afin d'améliorer la disponibilité des données statistiques nationales sur les PFNL (résultat 2),des études pilotes ont été menées dans divers pays (Ouganda, Suriname, Cameroun,Madagascar et Zimbabwe) faisant une analyse de l'état des lieux des statistiques PFNL par

l'évaluation de la couverture de PFNL à travers les statistiques nationales ;l'identification de toutes les institutions impliquées dans la collecte ; etl'élaboration et l'amélioration des méthodologies appropriées pour la collecte et la mise àjour des informations sur les PFNL ainsi que l'analyse du processus d'utilisation de cesproduits.

On développera et tentera à partir de ces informations une méthodologie améliorée decollecte et de validation des informations-clés concernant les PFNL. Cette méthodologiedevrait

fournir des estimations vraisemblables de la production, la consommation et ducommerce des PFNL ;être pertinentes et applicables aux autres pays de la région ;étre adaptables et réalisables dans le contexte africain, en tenant en compte lesressources humaines et financières limitées.

Finalement, les études pilotes donneront une description des étapes nécessaires pouraméliorer la disponibilité de données statistiques sur les PFNL et pour identifier la formationopportune et les besoins en renforcement de capacité. Les résultats concernant ledéveloppement des méthodologies seront présentés dans un document ultérieur.

2.1.2 MéthodologieDans le Programme de Partenariat CE-FAO, les informations disponibles sur les PFNL ontété révisées et compilées au niveau national, dans chaque pays, pour évaluer l'importancesocio-économique et l'impact écologique de leur utilisation. Le manque de donnéesexistantes et les contraintes relatives à la collecte de données ont été identifiés pour chaquepays afin d'élaborer des propositions pratiques pour le suivi amélioré des PFNL. Enparticulier, des études sur table ont été menées pour compiler une ébauche de "résumés parpays" sur les PFNL, comprenant des informations disponibles au siège de la FAO. Le formatstandard (voir. ci-dessous) pour la présentation des informations a été élaboré montrant lesconditions d'informations requises pour l'évaluation des PFNL.

Cinq ateliers sous-régionaux pour la validation de données se sont tenus entre octobre 1998et mars 2000

en Afrique de l'Est, Nakuru, Kenya, 12 16 octobre 1998;en Afrique Australe : Mutare, Zimbabwe, 30 novembre 4 décembre 1998;en Afrique Centrale : Larnbaréné, Gabon, 27 septembre 10 octobre 1999;en Afrique de l'Ouest : Yamoussoukrou, Vôte d'Ivoire, 13 1 décembre 1999, etaux Iles de l'Afrique de l'Est : Andasibe, Madagascar, 15 18 mars 2000.22

Les ébauches de résumés par pays ont été esquissées avec les représentants des paysdans le but de valider les informations disponibles et d'ajouter des données manquantes.

22 Les compte-rendus des ateliers sous-régionaux sur les statistiques forestières sont disponibles surl'internet (http://www.fao.org/forestry/FON/FONS/Outlook/French/AfricaF/ACP/acp-proEstm).

35

Ce rapport contient les resumes par pays compiles pour tous les pays et territoires africains (resultat 1). Ces resumes contiennent un texte standardise qui fournit des donnees qualitatives et quantitatives sur les PFNL et un tableau standardise montrant les informations quantitatives. D'autre part, ce rapport comprend une analyse des donnees regionales et sous-regionales.

Afin d'ameliorer la disponibilite des donnees statistiques nationales sur les PFNL (resultat 2), des etudes pilotes ont ete menees dans divers pays (Ouganda, Suriname, Cameroun, Madagascar et Zimbabwe) faisant une analyse de I'etat des lieux des statistiques PFNL par • I'evaluation de la couverture de PFNL a travers les statistiques nationales ; • I'identification de to utes les institutions impliquees dans la collecte ; et • I'elaboration et I'amelioration des methodologies appropriees pour la collecte et la mise a

jour des informations sur les PFNL ainsi que I'analyse du processus d'utilisation de ces produits.

On developpera et tentera a partir de ces informations une methodologie amelioree de collecte et de validation des informations-cles concernant les PFNL. Cette methodologie devrait • fournir des estimations vraisemblables de la production, la consommation et du

commerce des PFNL ; • etre pertinentes et applicables aux autres pays de la region; • etre adaptables et realisables dans Ie contexte africain, en tenant en compte les

ressources humaines et financieres limitees.

Finalement, les etudes pilotes donneront une description des eta pes necessaires pour ameliorer la disponibilite de donnees statistiques sur les PFNL et pour identifier la formation opportune et les besoins en renforcement de capacite. Les resultats concernant Ie developpement des methodologies seront presentes dans un document ulterieur.

2.1.2 Methodologie Dans Ie Programme de Partenariat CE-FAO, les informations disponibles sur les PFNL ont ete revisees et compilees au niveau national, dans chaque pays, pour evaluer I'importance socio-economique et I'impact ecologique de leur utilisation. Le manque de donnees existantes et les contraintes relatives a la collecte de donnees ont ete identifies pour chaque pays afin d'elaborer des propositions pratiques pour Ie suivi ameliore des PFNL. En particulier, des etudes sur table ont ete menees pour compiler une ebauche de "resumes par pays" sur les PFNL, comprenant des informations disponibles au siege de la FAO. Le format standard (voir' ci-dessous) pour la presentation des informations a ete elabore montrant les conditions d'informations requises pour I'evaluation des PFNL.

Cinq ateliers sous-regionaux pour la validation de donnees se sont tenus entre octobre 1998 et mars 2000 • en Afrique de l'Est, Nakuru, Kenya, 12 - 16 octobre 1998 ; • en Afrique Australe : Mutare, Zimbabwe, 30 novembre - 4 decembre 1998 ; • en Afrique Centrale: Lambarene, Gabon, 27 septembre - 10 octobre 1999 ; • en Afrique de l'Ouest : Yamoussoukrou, Vote d'ivoire, 13 - 1 decembre 1999, et • aux lies de l'Afrique de l'Est : Andasibe, Madagascar, 15 - 18 mars 2000.22

Les ebauches de resumes par pays ont eteesquissees avec les representants des pays dans Ie but de valider les informations disponibles et d'ajouter des donnees manquantes.

22 Les compte-rendus des ateliers sous-regionaux sur les statistiques forestieres sont disponibles sur I'internet (http://www.fao.org/forestry/FON/FONS/OutlookiFrench/AfricaF/ACP/acp-proF.stm).

35

Les profils concernant les pays d'Afrique du Nord seront validés dans le cadre de l'Étudeprospective du secteur forestier en Afrique (FOSA).

On a identifié les données manquantes au cours des ateliers et des études supplémentairesconcernant les données statistiques sur les PFNL ont été menées par des experts nationauxdepuis ces ateliers dans des pays sélectionnés (c'est-à-dire l'Angola, le Botswana, leBurundi, le Cameroun, la République centrafricaine, le Tchad, les Comores, l'Ethiopie, laGambie, la Guinée, le Lesotho, le Malawi, le Mozambique, la Namibie, le Niger, le Nigeria, leRwanda, le Swaziland et la Zambie). Ceci a abouti aux résumés par pays ainsi qu'auxsynthèses régionales et sous-régionales.

Tableau 16. Sous-ré ions africaines

Source Profils par pays de la FAO. Dans: Internethttp://www.fao.org/forestry/fo/country/nav worldisp?lang id=2&geo id=none, consulté en septembre 2000** Le Tchad est membre de la Communauté Economique des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale (CEEAC), et la Tanzanie est membrede la Communauté pour le Développement de l'Afrique Australe (SADEC). Les deux pays étaient dans les groupes sous-régionaux respectivement basés sur des facteurs écologiques

Les résumés par pays et les synthèses (sous-)régionales peuvent étre obtenus sur la paged'accueil du site de la FAO (http://vvww.fao.org/forestrvflo/country/nav africa.jsp?lanq id=2),où elles seront mises à jour lorsque des informations supplémentaires sont disponibles.

36

Sous-régionsafricaines

Afrique duNord

Afrique del'Est

lies del'Afrique de

l'Est

AfriqueAustrale

AfriqueCentrale

Afrique del'Ouest

Pays Algérie Djibouti Comores Angola Burundi BéninEgypte Erythrée Madagascar Botswana Cameroun Burkina FasoLibye Ethiopie Maurice Lesotho République

centrafricaineCap-Vert

Mauritanie Kenya Mayotte Malawi RépubliqueDémocratique

du Congo

Tchad**

Maroc Somali° Réunion Mozambique Guinéeéquatoriale

Côte d'Ivoire

Tunisie Soudan Seychelles Namibie Gabon GambieTanzanie** Afrique du Sud République du

CongoGhana

Ouganda Swaziland Rwanda GuinéeZamble Sao Tomé-et-

PrincipeGuinée-Bissau

Zimbabwe LiberiaMali

NigeriaNiger

SénégalSierra Leone

Togo

Principaleorganisationséconomique

sous-régionales

Organisationpour le

DéveloppementAgricole(AOAD)

AutoritéIntergouverne-mental sur le

Développement(IGAD)

Communaute)pour le

Développementde l'Afrique

Australe(SADC)

CommunautéÉconomiquedes États de

l'AfriqueCentrale(CEEAC)

CommunautéÉconomiquedes bats del'Afrique de

l'Ouest(CEDEAO)

Types de fortisdominantes *

Formationsarbustives


Forbts deshautes terres


Foré't densetropicale

Formationsarbustives,Forét dense

tropicaleMoyenne

nationale decouverture

forestière parsous-région

5% 15% 15% 20% 50% 25%

Les profils concernant les pays d'Afrique du Nord seront valides dans Ie cadre de l'Etude prospective du secteur forestier en Afrique (FOSA).

On a identifie les donnees manquantes au cours des ateliers et des etudes supplementaires concernant les donnees statistiques sur les PFNL ont ete menees par des experts nationaux depuis ces ateliers dans des pays selectionnes (c'est-a.-dire l'Angola, Ie Botswana, Ie Burundi, Ie Cameroun, la Republique centrafricaine, Ie Tchad, les Comores, l'Ethiopie, la Gambie, la Guinee, Ie Lesotho, Ie Malawi, Ie Mozambique, la Namibie, Ie Niger, Ie Nigeria, Ie Rwanda, Ie Swaziland et la Zambie). Ceci a abouti aux resumes par pays ainsi qu'aux syntheses regionales et sous-regionales.

T bl a eau 16 S f . ous-reglons a ncames Sous-regions Afrique du Afrique de lies de Afrique Afrique Afrique de

africaines Nord i'Est l'Afrlque de Austraie Centrale l'Ouest i'Est

Pays Algerie Djibouti Comores Angola Burundi Benin Egypte Erythree Madagascar Botswana Cameroun Burkina Faso Libye Ethiopie Maurice Lesotho Republique Cap-Vert

centrafricaine Mauritanie Kenya Mayotte Malawi Republique Tchad**

Democratique du Congo

Maroc Somalie Reunion Mozambique Guinee Cote d'ivoire equatoriale

Tunisie Soudan Seychelles Namibie Gabon Gambie Tanzanie** Afrique du Sud Republique du Ghana

Congo Ouganda Swaziland Rwanda Guinee

Zamble Sao Tome-et- Guinee-Bissau Principe

Zimbabwe Liberia Mali

Nigeria Niger

Senegal Sierra Leone

Togo

Prlnclpale Organisation Autorite Communaute Communaute Communaute organisations pour Ie Intergouverne- pour Ie Econpmique Econpmique economique Developpement mental sur Ie Developpement des Etats de des Etats de

sous-regionales Agricole Developpement de l'Afrique l'Afrique l'Afrique de (AOAD) (IGAD) Australe Centrale l'Ouest

(SADC) (CEEAC) (CEDEAO)

Types de forets Formations Formations Forets des Formations Foret dense Formations domlnantes • arbustives arbustives hautes terres arbustives tropicale arbustives,

Foret dense tropicale

Moyenne 5% 15% 15% 20% 50% 25% nationale de couverture

forestiere par sous-region

Source Proflls par pays de la FAO. Dans: Internet http://www.fao.org/forestry/fo/country/nav world.lsp?lang id-2&geo id-none, consulte en septembre 2000 ** Le Tchad est membre de la Communaute Economique des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale (CEEAC), et la Tanzanie est membre de la Communaute pour Ie Developpement de l'Afrique Australe (SADEC). Les deux pays etaient dans les groupes sousregionaux respectivement bases sur des facteurs ecologiques

Les reSUmeS par pays et les syntheses (sous-)regionales peuvent etre obtenus sur la page d'accueil du site de la FAO (http://www.fao.orq/forestrv/fo/country/nav africa.jsp?lang id=2), ou elles seront mises a. jour lorsque des informations supplementaires sont disponibles.

36

Tableau 17. Méthodolociie utilisée Princi ales activités et résultats

Genre d'informations collectées

Pour évaluer l'importance socio-économique et l'impact écologique de l'exploitation desPFNL, des informations-clés sur le produit, la ressource et la valeur économique ont étécollectées.

(a) Informations sur le produitUne classification standard des PFNL n'existe pas encore. Les PFNL peuvent élre classifiésdifféremment, e.g. selon l'usage final (médicaments, boissons, ustensiles, etc.) ou bien lesparties de la plante utilisées (racines, feuilles, écorces, etc.). Pour plus amples informations,voir Chandrasekehran (1995), Cook (1995)23, FAO (1992)24, et Shiva et al. (1996)25.Chandrasekehran (1995) a établi une classification des PFNL selon les principaux systèmesde classification internationale, comme Système harmonisé de désignation et de codificationdes marchandises (Système harmonisé ou SH), la Classification Type du CommerceInternational (CTCI) et la classification provisoire des principaux produits.

Pour simplifier la classification, les PFNL ont été répartis en catégories selon leur utilisation(voir tableau 18).

Le suivi des ressources et l'évaluation de la valeur économique de tous les PFNL dans unpays donné n'est ni faisable ni souhaitable. C'est pourquoi, seuls les PFNL d'intérét nationaldont le suivi et l'évaluation sont très utiles ont été identifiés. On devrait très bien identifier les

23 Cook, F.E.M. 1995. Economic botany data collection standard (Norme de collecte de donnéeséconomiques dans la botanique). Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. London24 FAO. 1992 NWFP databe. (Base de données PFNL). Par A. Singh. Working Paper (Document detravail). Rome.25 Shiva, M.P ; R.B Mathur. 1996. Standard NTFP classification and documentation manual (Normesde classification des PFNL et manuel de documentation). Centre of Minor Forest Products, DehraDun.

37

Activité Résultat1. Collecte de données nationales sur les PFNL

disponibles au siège de la FAOPremière rédaction desrésumés par pays sur lesPFNL

2. Validation des informations sur le pays par lesexperts nationaux dans les ateliers régionaux

Deuxième rédaction desrésumés par pays sur lesPFNL

3. Commission et réalisation des rapports parpays sur l'état des données statistiquesconcernant le PFNL disponibles dans les paysrespectifs

Rapports par pays pourles pays sélectionnés

Compilation de la version finale des résuméspar pays sur les PFNL, è partir des esquissesdes profils et des rapports par paysRédaction de la synthèse sous-régionale etrégionale

Version finale desrésumés par pays

Version finale dessynthèses (sous-)régionales

Publication des résumés par pays et dessynthèses(sous-) régionales

Tous les documents sontdisponibles sur la paged'accueil du site de la FAOainsi qu'en document detravail imprimé

T bl a eau 17 M'th d I tT' e o 0 og Ie u I Isee - P' . r ·t' t' It t nnclpa es ac IVI es e resu as Activite Resultat

1. Collecte de donnees nation ales sur les PFNL Premiere redaction des disponibles au siege de la FAO resumes par pays sur les

PFNL 2. Validation des informations sur Ie pays par les Deuxieme redaction des

experts nationaux dans les ateliers regionaux resumes par pays sur les PFNL

3. Commission et realisation des rapports par Rapports par pays pour pays sur I'etat des donnees statistiques les pays selectionnes concernant Ie PFNL disponibles dans les pays respectifs Compilation de la version finale des resumes Version finale des par pays sur les PFNL, a partir des esquisses resumes par pays des profils et des rapports par j)c!ys Redaction de la synthese sous-regionale et Version finale des regionale syntheses (sous-)

regionales Publication des resumes par pays et des T ous les documents sont syntheses disponibles sur la page (sous-) regionales d'accueil du site de la FAO

ainsi qu'en document de travail im~ime

Genre d'informations collectees

Pour evaluer I'importance socio-economique et I'impact ecologique de I'exploitation des PFNL, des informations-cles sur Ie produit, la ressource et la valeur economique ont ete collectees.

(a) Informations sur Ie produit Une classification standard des PFNL n'existe pas encore. Les PFNL peuvent etre classifies differemment, e.g. selon I'usage final (medicaments, boissons, ustensiles, etc.) ou bien les parties de la plante utilisees (racines, feuilles, ecorces, etc.). Pour plus am pies informations, voir Chandrasekehran (1995), Cook (1995f3, FAO (1992)24, et Shiva et al. (1996f5. Chandrasekehran (1995) a etabli une classification des PFNL selon les principaux systemes de classification internationale, comme Systeme harmonise de designation et de codification des marchandises (Systeme harmonise ou SH), la Classification Type du Commerce International (CTCI) et la classification provisoire des principaux produits.

Pour simplifier la classification, les PFNL ont ete repartis en categories selon leur utilisation (voir tableau 18).

Le suivi des ressources et I'evaluation de la valeur economique de tous les PFNL dans un pays donne n'est ni faisable ni souhaitable. C'est pourquoi, seuls les PFNL d'interet national dont Ie suivi et I'evaluation sont tres utiles ont ete identifies. On devrait tres bien identifier les

23 Cook, F.E.M. 1995. Economic botany data collection standard (Norme de collecte de donnees economiques dans la botanique). Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. London 24 FAO. 1992 NWFP databe. (Base de donnees PFNL). Par A. Singh. Working Paper (Document de travail). Rome. 25 Shiva, M.P ; RB Mathur. 1996. Standard NTFP classification and documentation manual (Normes de classification des PFNL et manuel de documentation). Centre of Minor Forest Products, Dehra Dun.

37

produits exportés et largement utilisés sur les marchés nationaux par opposition aux PFNLd'importance mineure ou d'importance limitée. La sélection des PFNL devrait initialementaider le pays b. concentrer ses efforts sur l'amélioration de la collecte de données sur lesPFNL majeurs. L'étape suivante serait alors d'inclure également d'autres PFNL.

(b) Informations sur les ressourcesL'évaluation et le suivi des ressources donnant des PFNL son importants pour l'estimationde leur valeur socio-economique et écologique sur le niveau national . La première étapedans ce processus est l'identification des espèces végétales et animales. Dans certains cas,cette identification est difficile parce que le même produit commercial peut "ètre extrait deplusieurs espèces et vice versa, plusieurs PFNL différents peuvent provenir d'une seuleespèce. La gomme arabique par exemple, est obtenue a partir de l'Acacia senegal, A.seyalou du . A. laea. D'autre part, l'arbre Nem Azadiracechita indica donne plusieurs produitscomme des feuilles comestibles, des graines, du fourrage, de l'écorce, et du combustible.

Un autre élément important utile è savoir est la question de savoir quelle partie de la plantecueille-t-on (e.g. les racines, l'écorce, les exsudats). En fait, la récolte des différentesimpacts de la plante a différents impacts sur la pérennité de l'espèce en question.

La connaissance de ['habitat (ou du système de production) et la source (système degestion) de l'espèce exploitée sont également des facteurs importants. La récolte des PFNLpourrait entrainer la dégradation de l'habitat si ['exploitation n'est pas faite d'une manièredurable (ex utilisation du feu pour la chasse à l'abeille). D'un autre côté la dégradation del'habitat (e.g. par la rotation de la culture) pourrait aussi avoir une influence néfaste sur ladisponibilité des PFNL (e.g. les feux de foitt réduisent les récoltes de miel).

Par ailleurs, les informations sur la question, si les espèces utilisées sont cultivées ourécoltées è partir d'une source sauvage sont également importantes. L'exploitation desespèces sauvages par opposition è des espèces cultivées (généralement intégrées dans unsystème de gestion fait par l'homme) a des implications directes sur les choix au niveau dela gestion et peut avoir des effets écologiques et socio-économiques qui vont très loin. Parexemple, une fois que les PFNL les plus chers étaient connus et commercialisés sur lemarché mondial, ils ont été transférés dans un système de culture intensive (voir Homa,1994), privant énormément l'habitant de la forêt des avantages socio-économiques quipourraient autrement élre générés. Dans certains cas, la classification d'urie espèce selonun habitat spécifique ou un système de gestion peut s'avérer difficile, puisqu'on peut trouveren mérne temps que plusieurs espèces peuvent se trouver dans plusieurs espèces degestion.

38

produits exportes et largement utilises sur les marches nationaux par opposition aux PFNL d'importance mineure ou d'importance limitee. La selection des PFNL devrait initialement aider Ie pays a concentrer ses efforts sur I'amelioration de la collecte de donnees sur les PFNL majeurs. L'etape suivante serait alors d'inclure egalement d'autres PFNL.

(b) Informations sur les ressources L'evaluation et Ie suivi des ressources donnant des PFNL son importants pour I'estimation de leur valeur socio-economique et ecologique sur Ie niveau national. La premiere etape dans ce processus est I'identification des especes vegetales et animales. Dans certains cas, cette identification est difficile parce que Ie meme produit commercial peut etre extra it de plusieurs especes et vice versa, plusieurs PFNL differents peuvent provenir d'une seule espece. La gomme arabique par exemple, est obtenue a partir de l'Acacia senegal, A.seyal ou du . A. laea. D'autre part, I'arbre Nem Azadiracechita indica donne plusieurs produits comme des feuilles comestibles, des graines, du fourrage, de I'ecorce, et du combustible.

Un autre element important utile a savoir est la question de savoir quelle partie de la plante cueille-t-on (e.g. les racines, I'ecorce, les exsudats). En fait, la recolte des differentes impacts de la plante a differents impacts sur la perennite de I'espece en question.

La connaissance de I'habitat (ou du systeme de production) et la source (systeme de gestion) de I'espece exploitee sont egalement des facteurs importants. La recolte des PFNL pourrait entraTner la degradation de I'habitat si I'exploitation n'est pas faite d'une maniere durable (ex utilisation du feu pour la chasse a I'abeille). D'un autre cote la degradation de I'habitat (e.g. par la rotation de la culture) pourrait aussi avoir une influence nefaste sur la disponibilite des PFNL (e.g. les feux de foret reduisent les recoltes de miel).

Par ailleurs, les informations sur la question, si les especes utilisees sont cultivees ou recoltees a partir d'une source sauvage sont egalement importantes. L'exploitation des especes sauvages par opposition a des especes cultivees (generalement integrees dans un systeme de gestion fait par I'homme) a des implications directes sur les choix au niveau de la gestion et peut avoir des effets ecologiques et socio-economiques qui vont tres loin. Par exemple, une fois que les PFNL les plus chers etaient connus et commercialises sur Ie marche mondial, ils ont ete transferes dans un systeme de culture intensive (voir Homa, 1994), privant enormement I'habitant de la foret des avantages socio-economiques qui pourraient autrement etre generes. Dans certains cas, la classification d'une espece selon un habitat specifique ou un systeme de gestion peut s'averer difficile, puisqu'on peut trouver en meme temps que plusieurs especes peuvent se trouver dans plusieurs especes de gestion.

38

Tableau 18. Principales caté ones de PFNL

39

Produits végétaux Animaux et produits animauxCategories Description Categories Description

Nourritures Nourriture végétale etboissons provenant defruits noix, graines,racines, champignons,etc.

Animaux vivants Principalement desvertébrés, tels quedes mammifères,oiseaux, reptileséleyés/achetéscomme animaux decompaqnie

Fourrages Aliment pour lesanimaux ou les abeillesprovenant de feuilles,fruit, etc.

Miel et cire Produits proyenantdes abeilles

Médecine Plantes médicinales(e.g.feuille, écorce, racine)utilisées dans lamédecine traditionnelleet/ou par descompagniespharmaceutiques

Viande de gibier Viande de vertébréssurtout desmammifères.

Parfums etproduitscosmétiques

Plantes aromatiquesfournissant de l'huileessentielle (volatile) etd'autres produits utilisésdans les cosmétiques

Autres produitsanimaux comestibles.

Surtout desinyertébréscomestibles tels queles insectes (e.g.chenilles) et autresproduits secondairesd'animaux (oeuf, nids)

Colorants ettannins

Matières végétales(surtout écorce etfeuille) donnant destannins et autres partiesde la plantes (surtout lesfeuilles et les fruits)utilisés commecolorants.

Cuirs et peaux Cuirs et peauxd'animaux utiliséspour divers usages

Ustensiles,produits artisanauxet matériaux deconstruction

Groupe hétérogène deproduits dont le chaume,le bambou, l'osier, lesfibres.

Médecine Des animaux entiersou parties d'animaltels que diversorganes utilisés pourusage médical

Plantesornementales

Des plantescomplètes(e.g.orchidées) et parties desplantes (e.g. pots defleurs fait en racine)utilisées enornementation

Colorants Animaux entiers ouparties d'animalutilisées, diversorganes utiliséescomme colorants.

Exsudats Produits sous formed'exsudats par lesplantes comme lagomme (hydrosoluble),les résines(hydro-insoluble) et le latex (juslaiteux ou clair).

Autre produit animalnon comestible.

E.g. les os utiliséscomme outils.

Autre E.g. les insecticides etles fongicides

T bl a eau 18 P' t' nnclpa es ca egones d PFNL e Produits vegetaux Animaux et produits animaux

Categories Description Cat~gories Description Nourritures Nourriture vegetale et Animaux vivants Principalement des

boissons provenant de vertebres, tels que fruits noix, graines, des mammiferes, racines, champignons, oiseaux, reptiles etc. eleves/achetes

comme animaux de compagnie

Fourrages Aliment pour les Miel et cire Produits provenant animaux ou les abeilles des abeilles provenant de feuilles, fruit, etc.

Medecine Plantes medicinales(e.g. Viande de gibier Viande de vertebres feuille, ecorce, racine) surtout des utilisees dans la mammiferes. medecine traditionnelle etlou par des compagnies pharmaceutiques

Parfums et Plantes aromatiques Autres produits Surtout des produits fournissant de I'huile animaux comestibles. invertebres cosmetiques essentielle (volatile) et comestibles tels que

d'autres produits utilises les insectes (e.g. dans les cosmetiques chenilles) et autres

produits secondaires d'animaux LCBuf, nids)

Colorants et Matieres vegetales Cuirs et peaux Cuirs et peaux tannins (surtout ecorce et d'animaux utilises

feuille) donnant des pour divers usages tannins et autres parties de la plantes (surtout les feuilles et les fruits) utilises comme colorants.

Ustensiles, Groupe h8terogene de Medecine Des animaux entiers produits artisanaux produits dont Ie chaume, ou parties d'animal et materiaux de Ie bambou, I'osier, les tels que divers construction fibres. organes utilises pour

usaQe medical Plantes Des plantes Colorants Animaux entiers ou ornementales completes(e.g. parties d'animal

orchidees) et parties des utilisees, divers plantes (e.g. pots de organes utilisees fleurs fait en racine) comme colorants. utilisees en ornementation

Exsudats Produits so us forme Autre produit animal E.g. les os utilises d'exsudats par les non comestible. comme outils. plantes comme la gomme (hydrosoluble), les resines(hydro-insoluble) et Ie latex Gus laiteux ou clair).

Autre E.g. les insecticides et les fongicides

39

(c) Informations socio-économiquesPour évaluer ['importance socio-économique des PFNL, les données quantitatives sur lesressources, la consommation et la commercialisation du produit sont requises. Les chiffresdevraient indiquer la quantité (tonnes, m3, etc.), l'état du produit (séché, classé, semi-traité,traité, etc.) et la valeur (dollar E.-U.) pendant une période donnée (année).

II est important de savoir si le produit est principalement utilisé pour la subsistance ou lecommerce. C'est pourquoi, on suggère de faire la distinction entre l'utilisation au niveaunational (y compris la subsistance et le commerce pour le marché local, régional et national)et le niveau international.

Outre ces informations quantifiables, les informations qualitatives sont importantes, du pointde vue du contexte culturel et socio-économique de l'utilisation des PFNL (par exemple,accès aux ressources, principales catégories sociales des cueilleurs, etc.).

2.1.3 Leçons tiréesDans le cadre du Programme de Partenariat CE-FAO, des efforts ont été faits, pour lapremière fois, de collecter et d'étudier des données qualitatives et quantitatives surl'importance socio-économique et l'impact écologique de l'utilisation des PFNL au niveau(sous-) régional et national. A cause de la rareté et de la non fiabilité des donnéesdisponibles, la plupart des données présentées doivent être encore considérées comme"provisoires" et "préliminaires" et seulement comme une réflexion de la "pointe de l'iceberg"dans le vaste groupe hétérogène de PFNL.

Les problèmes-clés suivants, relatifs à la collection et è l'analyse de données statistiques surles PFNL, ont été identifiés pendant la réalisation du programme :Collaboration et mise en réseau insuffisantes : II n'y a pas suffisamment de collaborationentre les institutions impliquées dans la collecte et l'analyse des statistiques. C'est pourquoiles données restent fragmentaires et quelquefois répétitivesManque d'institutions phares en statistique sur les PFNL : Dans la plupart des pays,différentes institutions (e.g. 11 ministères et institutions au Rwanda)26 sont concernées par lacollecte et l'analyse de données. Un centre officiel national des statistiques sur les PFNLn'existe pas ;Faibles capacités : Chez la plupart des institutions touchées par la collecte de données, lesressources humaines et financières disponibles sont limitéesFaible participation des acteurs concernés : Les données statistiques sont principalementrecueillies par des organismes nationaux. Le secteur industriel et les communautés localesne sont pas impliqués dans la collecte et l'analyse de données bien qu'ils possèdent desinformations pertinentesRecherches inadéquates : Peu de recherches ont été menées pour améliorer les statistiquesdisponibles sur les PFNL ;Données incomplètes : Les données statistiques ne couvrent qu'un certain nombre de PFNLet certains aspects seulement (par exemple le commerce, l'autoconsommation,l'exploitation). En particulier, les informations sur la ressource et les produits utilisés pour lasubsistance manquent. De plus, les informations qui exist:int sont basées sur des études decas qui ne peuvent élre extrapolées au niveau nationalMauvaise qualité des données : Souvent, les informations dont on dispose ne sont pasclaires, elles sont inconsistantes et contradictoires, par exemple en ce qui concerne l'état du

26 Ministère de l'Agriculture, de l'Elevage et des Foréls, Ministère du Commerce, de l'Industrie et duTourisme, Ministère des Terres, de la Réinstallation et de la Protection de l'Environnement, Ministèrede l'Education, Université Nationale de Rwanda, L'Institut des Sciences Agronomiques du Rwanda,Institut de Recherche Scientifique et Technologique, Laboratoire 12 Vétérinaire National du Rubizi,Centre Pharmacopée CURPHAMETRA, Office Rwandais du Tourisme et des Parcs Nationaux.

40

(c) Informations socio-economiques Pour evaluer I'importance socio-economique des PFNL, les donnees quantitatives sur les ressources, la consommation et la commercialisation du produit sont requises. Les chiffres devraient indiquer la quantite (tonnes, m3

, etc.), I'etat du produit (seche, classe, semi-traite, traite, etc.) et la valeur (dollar E.-U.) pendant une periode donnee (annee).

II est important de savoir si Ie produit est principalement utilise pour la subsistance ou Ie commerce. C'est pourquoi, on suggere de faire la distinction entre I'utilisation au niveau national (y compris la subsistance et Ie commerce pour Ie marche local, regional et national) et Ie niveau international.

Outre ces informations quantifiables, les informations qualitatives sont importantes, du point de vue du contexte culturel et socio-economique de I'utilisation des PFNL (par exemple, acces aux ressources, principales categories sociales des cueilleurs, etc.).

2.1.3 Le~ons tin~es Dans Ie cadre du Programme de Partenariat CE-FAO, des efforts ont ete faits, pour la premiere fois, de collecter et d'etudier des donnees qualitatives et quantitatives sur I'importance socio-economique et I'impact ecologique de I'utilisation des PFNL au niveau (sous-) regional et national. A cause de la rarete et de la non fiabilite des donnees disponibles, la plupart des donnees presentees doivent etre encore considerees comme "provisoires" et "preliminaires" et seulement comme une reflexion de la "pointe de I'iceberg" dans Ie vaste groupe heterogene de PFNL.

Les problemes-cles suivants, relatifs a la collection et a I'analyse de donnees statistiques sur les PFNL, ont ete identifies pendant la realisation du programme: Collaboration et mise en reseau insuffisantes,' II n'y a pas suffisamment de collaboration entre les institutions impliquees dans la collecte et I'analyse des statistiques. C'est pourquoi les donnees restent fragmentaires et quelquefois repetitives ; Manque d'institutions phares en statistique sur les PFNL,' Dans la plupart des pays, differentes institutions (e.g. 11 ministeres et institutions au Rwanda)26 sont concernees par la collecte et I'analyse de donnees. Un centre officiel national des statistiques sur les PFNL n'existe pas; Faibles capacites " Chez la plupart des institutions touchees par la collecte de donnees, les ressources humaines et financieres disponibles sont limitees ; Faible participation des acteurs con cernes " Les donnees statistiques sont principalement recueillies par des organismes nationaux. Le secteur industriel et les communautes locales ne sont pas impliques dans la collecte et I'analyse de donnees bien qu'ils possedent des informations pertinentes ; Recherches inadequates " Peu de recherches ont ete menees pour ameliorer les statistiques disponibles sur les PFNL ; Donnees in completes " Les donnees statistiques ne couvrent qu'un certain nombre de PFNL et certains aspects seulement (par exemple Ie commerce, I'autoconsommation, I'exploitation). En particulier, les informations sur la ressource et les produits utilises pour la subsistance manquent. De plus, les informations qui exist~nt sont basees sur des etudes de cas qui ne peuvent etre extrapolees au niveau national; Mauvaise qua/ite des donnees,' Souvent, les informations dont on dispose ne sont pas claires, elles sont inconsistantes et contradictoires, par exemple en ce qui concerne I'etat du

26 Ministere de l'Agriculture, de l'Elevage et des Forets, Ministere du Commerce, de l'lndustrie et du Tourisme, Ministere des Terres, de la Reinstallation et de la Protection de l'Environnement, Ministere de l'Education, Universite Nationale de Rwanda, L'lnstitut des Sciences Agronomiques du Rwanda, Institut de Recherche Scientifique et Technologique, Laboratoire 12 Veterinaire National du Rubizi, Centre Pharmacopee CURPHAMETRA, Office Rwandais du Tourisme et des Parcs Nationaux.

40

produit décrit (matières premières, traité, semi-traité, trié, etc.) des chiffres de production(différentes unités utilisées) et des valeurs à l'exportationMauvais dispositif de stockage/traitement des données. La plupart des données statistiquessur les PFNL ne sont pas encore stockées ni analysées dans des bases de donnéesélectroniques spécialiséesMéthodologie inadéquate. Les méthodologies appropriées pour collecter et analyser desihformations-clés viables sur les PFNL n'existent pas.

Etant donné les limitations de la disponibilité des données statistiques sur les PFNL enAfrique, cette première version des résumés par pays et des synthèses (sous-)régionalesest considérée comme le point de départ d'un processus, au cours duquel des informationssupplémentaires s'ajoutent à la version sur l'internet. Ainsi, avec le temps, on disposera desinformations plus complètes sur 'Importance socio-économique et les implicationsécologiques des PFNL en Afrique.

2.2 Synthèse régionale

D'après les informations disponibles27, les PFNL considérés comme très importants auniveau sous-régional, sont

les plantes médicinales (dans toutes les sous-régions) ;les plantes comestibles (dans les Iles de l'Afrique de l'Est, de l'Ouest, l'Afrique Australeet Centrale)les fourrages (en Afrique du Nord, Afrique Australe, et Afrique de l'Ouest) ;le gibier (en Afrique Centrale et de l'Ouest); etles produits apicoles (en Afrique de l'Est et en Afrique Australe).

Les PFNL de prime importance pour des sous-régions spécifiques sont : le liège et lesplantes aromatiques (Afrique du Nord), les exsudats (Afrique de l'Est) et les plantesornementales (Iles de l'Afrique de l'Est et Afrique Centrale).

Tableau 19. Les rrinciDaux PFNL d'Afri ue

Afin de voir leur importance régionale, les PFNL ont été classés selon leur pertinence socio-économique nationale et sous-régionale, comme mentionné dans les profils par pays. Troisniveaux d'importance ont été identifiés

PFNL de haute importance sur le plan sous-régional (voir aussi tableau 19) ;

27 Sii elles ne sont pas indiquées autrement, les informations présentées dans la synthèse régionale(chapitre 2.2.) et sous-régionale (chapitre 2.3), proviennent des rapports par pays (voir chapitre 1) etdes résumés par pays (voir chapitre 3).

41

Sous-régions

africaines

Afrique duNord

Afrique del'Est

Iles del'Afrique de

l'Est

AfriqueAustrale

AfriqueCentrale

Afrique del'Ouest

PrincipauxPFNL

Liége Exsudats Plantescomestibles

Plantescomestibles

Plantescomestibles

Plantescomestibles

Plantesmédicinales

Plantesmédicinales

Plantesmédicinales

Plantesmédicinales

Plantesmédicinales

Plantesmédicinales

Plantes aro-matiques

Produitsapicoles

Plantesornemen:

tales

Produitsapicoles

Gibier Gibier

Fourrage Animauxvivants

Fourrage Rotin Fourrage

produit decrit (matieres premieres, traite, semi-traite, trie, etc.) des chiffres de production (differentes unites utilisees) et des valeurs a I'exportation ; Mauvais dispositif de stockageltraitement des donnees. La plupart des donnees statistiques sur les PFNL ne sont pas encore stockees ni analysees dans des bases de donnees electroniques specialisees ; Method%gie inadequate. Les methodologies appropriees pour collecter et analyser des ihformations-cles viables sur les PFNL n'existent pas.

Etant donne les limitations de la disponibilite des donnees statistiques sur les PFNL en Afrique, cette premiere version des resumes par pays et des syntheses (sous-)regionales est consideree comme Ie point de depart d'un processus, au cours duquel des informations supplementaires s'ajoutent a la version sur I'internet. Ainsi, avec Ie temps, on disposera des informations plus completes sur I'importance socio-economique et les implications ecologiques des PFNL en Afrique.

2.2 Synthase regionale

O'apres les informations disponibles27, les PFNL consideres comme tres importants au

niveau sous-regional, sont • les plantes medicinales (dans toutes les sous-regions) ; • les plantes comestibles (dans les lies de l'Afrique de l'Est, de l'Ouest, l'Afrique Australe

et Centrale) ; • les fourrages (en Afrique du Nord, Afrique Australe, et Afrique de l'Ouest) ; • Ie gibier (en Afrique Centrale et de l'Ouest); et • les produits apicoles (en Afrique de l'Est et en Afrique Australe).

Les PFNL de prime importance pour des sous-regions specifiques sont : Ie liege et les plantes . aromatiques (Afrique du Nord), les exsudats (Afrique de l'Est) et les plantes ornementales (lies de l'Afrique de l'Est et Afrique Centrale).

T bl a eau 19 L es pnnclpaux PFNL d'Af· nque Sous- Afrique du Afrique de lies de Afrique Afrique Afrique de

regions Nord l'Est l'Afrique de Australe Centrale l'Ouest africaines l'Est Principaux Liege Exsudats Plantes Plantes Plantes Plantes

PFNL comestibles comestibles comestibles comestibles Plantes Plantes Plantes Plantes Plantes Plantes

medicinales medicinales medicinales medicinales medicinales medicinales Plantes aro- Produits Plantes Produits Gibier Gibier

matiques apicoles orne men- apicoles tales

Fourrage Animaux Fourrage Rotin Fourrage vivants

Afin de voir leur importance regionale, les PFNL ont ete classes selon leur pertinence socioeconomique nationale et sous-regionale, comme mentionne dans les profils par pays. Trois niveaux d'importance ont ete identifies: • PFNL de haute importance sur Ie plan sous-regional (voir aussi tableau 19) ;

27 Si elles ne sont pas indiquees autrement, les informations presentees dans la synthase regionale (chapitre 2.2.) et sous-regionale (chapitre 2.3), proviennent des rapports par pays (voir chapitre 1) et des resumes par pays (voir chapitre 3).

41

PFNL d'importance moyenne, qui sont d'une haute importance dans les payssélectionnés (par exemple les sapins à Maurice, les Iles de l'Afrique de l'Est), mais quisont d'une importance moyenne pour les sous-régions respectives ;PFNL de faible importance, qui sont documentés mais qu'on ne considère pas comme deproduits importants pour les pays respectifs.

Le tableau 5 résume l'importance des PFNL pour les différentes sous-régions, et classe lesPFNL selon leur importance régionale en général. II indique que seules les plantesmédicinales et comestibles (beaucoup de plantes comestibles ont aussi des propriétésmédicinales) sont d'une haute et moyenne importance dans toutes les sous-régions. Lefourrage est surtout d'une haute importance dans les zones arides et semi-arides. D'autresproduits importants pour ces zones sont les exsudats (surtout en Afrique de l'Est et dans les*ions sèches de l'Afrique de l'Ouest) ainsi que le liège et les plantes aromatiques (Afriquedu Nord).

L'utilisation du gibier (Afrique de l'Ouest et Afrique Centrale), des animaux vivants (Iles del'Afrique de l'Est), du bambou et du rotin (Afrique Centrale) est plus important dans les*ions humides et semi-humides avec les types de forèt fermée et une couverture forestièreplus haute. La production de l'élevage est d'une importance mineure en Afrique Centrale, laproduction fourragère n'est donc pas considérée comme importante.

Tableau 20. L'imrlortance des PFNL dans les sous-ré ions africaines

*** haute importance (principaux PFNL au niveau sous-régional ), ** moyenne importance (principaux PFNL nationaux), * fableimportance (mentionné dans les résumés par pays: 'Total: Addition d'astérisque pour l'évaluation de l'importance régionale**ale des PFNL ; a Animaux ou produits d'animaux.

Les o Ustensiles, artisanats et matériaux de construction » ont été identifiés commecatégorie importante dans chaque sous-région. Toutefois, les vrais produits principauxchangent selon la sous-région : le liège est d'une importance majeure en Afrique du Nord,

42

PFNL Afrique duNord

Afrique del'Est

Iles del'Afriquede l'Est

AfriqueAustrales

AfriqueCentrale

Afrique del'Ouest

Total' Ordre

Plantesmédicinales

*** *** *** 18 1

Plantescomestibles

** ** *** *** *** *** 16 2

Plantes ***

fourragéres

** ** *** *** 14 3

Miel, cired'abeille

**** ** *** ** ** 13 4

Gibiera ** ** ** *** *** 13Ustensiles,produits,matériaux deconstruction

***

(surtoutliège)

** **

(surtoutbambou)

***

(surtoutrotin)

** 13

Exsudats ** *** ** 9 7Animauxvivants°

- ** *** _ ** **

Plantes ***

aromatiques

** - 8 9

Teintures ettannages

** - ** 7 10

Ornements - ** 7

Insectescomestibles°

- - ** - 4 12

Trophée dechassea

- - - 2 13

Sapins - - ** - _ 2

Peau, cuirsa - - - - 1 15Médecinea - - - - - 1

Insecticides - - - - - 1

Fongicides - -Ornementa - - - - 1

• PFNL d'importance moyenne, qui sont d'une haute importance dans les pays selectionnes (par exemple les sapins a Maurice, les lies de l'Afrique de l'Est), mais qui sont d'une importance moyenne pour les sous-regions respectives ;

• PFNL de faible importance, qui sont documentes mais qu'on ne considere pas comme de produits importants pour les pays respectifs.

Le tableau 5 resume I'importance des PFNL pour les differentes sous-regions, et classe les PFNL selon leur importance regionale en general. II indique que seules les plantes medicinales et comestibles (beaucoup de plantes comestibles ont aussi des proprietes medicinales) sont d'une haute et moyenne importance dans toutes les sous-regions. Le fourrage est surtout d'une haute importance dans les zones arides et semi-arides. D'autres produits importants pour ces zones sont les exsudats (surtout en Afrique de l'Est et dans les regions seches de l'Afrique de l'Ouest) ainsi que Ie liege et les plantes aromatiques (Afrique du Nord).

L'utilisation du gibier (Afrique de l'Ouest et Afrique Centrale), des animaux vivants (lies de l'Afrique de l'Est), du bambou et du rotin (Afrique Centrale) est plus important dans les regions humides et semi-humides avec les types de foret fermee et une couverture forestiere plus haute. La production de I'elevage est d'une importance mineure en Afrique Centrale, la production fourragere n'est donc pas consideree comme importante.

T bl a eau 20 L" Impo rt ance d PFNL d es f' ans es sous-reglons a rlcalnes PFNL Afrique du Afrique de lies de Afrique Afrique Afrique de Total1 Ordre

Nord l'Est l'Afrique Australes Centrale l'Ouest de l'Est

Plantes ••• ... ••• •• * •• * *** 18 1 medicinales Plantes ** ** *** *** * •• * •• 16 2 comestibles Plantes ••• .. •• ••• • • •• 14 3 fourrageres Miel, cire · ••• .. ... .. .. 13 4 d'abeille Gibier" • .. .. •• ••• ••• 13 Ustensiles, *.* •• •• · n_ .. 13 produits, (surtout (surtout (surtout

materiaux de liege) bambou) rotin)

construction Exsudats .. *.* • • •• 9 7 Animaux - •• ••• - . . .. 9 vivants8

Plantes ••• • .. · · - 8 9 aromatiques Teintures et • .. - • • .. 7 10 tannaQes Ornements - - ••• • •• • 7 Insectes - • - .. • - 4 12 comestibles8

Trophge de · - - - • - 2 13 chasse8

Sapins - - •• - - - 2 Peau, cuirs8 - - - - - . 1 15 Medecine8 - - - • - - 1 Insecticides • - - - - - 1 Fongicides · - - - - - 1 Ornement8 - - - - • - 1 .. ••• haute Importance (pnnclpaux PFNL au nlveau sous-reglonal ), •• moyenne Importance (prmclpaux PFNL natlonaux), • falble importance (mentionne dans les resumes par pays: 1Total : Addition d'asterisque pour I'evaluation de I'importance regionale generale des PFNL ; 8 Animaux ou produits d'animaux.

Les «Ustensiles, artisanats et materiaux de construction» ont ete identifies comme categorie importante dans chaque sous-region. Toutefois, les vrais produits principaux changent selon la sous-region : Ie liege est d'une importance majeure en Afrique du Nord,

42

suivi par l'alfa et d'autres fibres ; le bambou est pertinent pour les Iles de l'Afrique de l'Est,l'Afrique Australe et l'Afrique Centrale tandis que le rotin est considéré comme important enAfrique Centrale (et dans une certaine mesure en Afrique de l'Ouest). Les produits d'uneimportance similaire au niveau régional comprennent les feuilles d'emballage, le chaume,d'autres matériaux de construction (par exemple feuilles de palmier, écorce) et les produitsartisanaux.

Le tableau 20 montre aussi que les PFNL d'origine végétale sont, en général, d'une plusgrande importance par rapport aux produits d'origine animale. Les produits apicoles et legibier sont les produits d'origine animale les plus importants, suivis par les animaux vivants(d'une importance particulière pour les Iles de l'Afrique de l'Est), et les insectes comestibles,notamment les chenilles et les termites en particulier qui sont de produits importantsd'Afrique Australe.

Les PFNL proviennent d'espèces sauvages et/ou cultivées, et domestiquées. Cependant laplupart des PFNL proviennent d'espèces sauvages. La culture et l'élevage se limitent auxespèces qui donnent des produits de grande valeur et pour lesquelles la culture/élevage estfaisable et rentable.

SeIon le système de production, les PFNL peuvent étre subdiviser en quatre groupes :Les PFNL uniquement fournis par des espèces sauvages (par exemple champignons,fruits) qui n'ont pas encore fait l'objet de cultureLes PFNL principalement fournis par des espèces sauvages comme les Prunus africanaet Gnetum buchholzianum, qu'on commence actuellement é les cultiver à cause de leurimportance économique croissante et/ou à cause de la diminution de la disponibilité despopulations naturellesLes PFNL fournis par des espèces sauvages ainsi que cultivées comme les Acacia

senegal (gomme arabique) ou Azadirachta indica (arbre é usage multiple) qui récemmentont commencé à faire l'objet d'une culture intensive ;les PFNL, fournis par des espèces comme le Bixa ore/lana, Chrysantemum sp.,Cinchona sp., Cinnamomum aromaticum ou Syzygium aromaticum (girofle), déjé intégrésdans les systèmes agricoles depuis longtemps. Ces exemples représentent une grandegamme d'espèces et de produits qu'on peut déjé considérer comme des récoltesagricoles plutòt que des PFNL.

Les PFNL sont collectés dans des habitats variés selon les conditions écologiques de la forbtfermée aux terres boisées ou aux formations arbustives. Les arbres en dehors de la forêt(les arbres sur des terres non-forestiers, des champs agricoles ou horticoles) sont importantsdans chaque sous-région et donnent des PFNL sauvages ou cultivés. Les techniques derécolte inappropriées et l'exploitation intensive peuvent affecter l'habitat et sa population deflore ou de faune. Le feu, utilisé pour récolter le miel, peut entraTner des feux de broussecausant une dégradation sévère de l'habitat (par exemple en Afrique de l'Est et en AfriqueAustrale). Enlever l'écorce des espèces comme le Prunus africana peut causer la mort del'arbre et contribuer à mettre toute la population en danger. Les animaux ne sont plusdisponibles à cause du commerce des animaux vivants et du gibier (e.g. en Afrique del'Ouest).

La disponibilité des PFNL peut aussi étre affectée par diverses circonstances qui ne sont pasdirectement liées é la gestion d'un produit en particulier. La dégradation de l'habitat parl'abattage des arbres ou la culture par rotation, les périodes de sécheresse ou autresutilisations concurrentes comme la production de bois réduisent également la disponibilitédes PFNL dans les sous-régions.

Les PFNL sont notamment utilisés pour la subsistance. En particulier, les plantesmédicinales, comestibles et fourragères sont surtout consommées par la population rurale

43

suivi par I'alfa et d'autres fibres ; Ie bambou est pertinent pour les lies de l'Afrique de l'Est, l'Afrique Australe et l'Afrique Centrale tandis que Ie rotin est considere comme important en Afrique Centrale (et dans une certaine mesure en Afrique de l'Ouest). Les produits d'une importance similaire au niveau regional comprennent les feuilles d'emballage, Ie chaume, d'autres materiaux de construction (par exemple feuilles de palmier, ecorce) et les produits artisanaux.

Le tableau 20 montre aussi que les PFNL d'origine vegetale s~nt, en general, d'une plus grande importance par rapport aux produits d'origine animale. Les produits apicoles et Ie gibier sont les produits d'origine animale les plus importants, suivis par les animaux vivants (d'une importance particuliere pour les lies de l'Afrique de l'Est), et les insectes comestibles, notamment les chenilles et les termites en particulier qui sont de produits importants d'Afrique Australe.

Les PFNL proviennent d'especes sauvages et/ou cultivees, et domestiquees. Cependant la plupart des PFNL proviennent d'especes sauvages. La culture et I'elevage se limitent aux especes qui donnent des produits de grande valeur et pour lesquelles la culture/elevage est faisable et rentable.

Selon Ie systeme de production, les PFNL peuvent etre subdiviser en quatre groupes : • Les PFNL uniquement fournis par des especes sauvages (par exemple champignons,

fruits) qui n'ont pas encore fait I'objet de culture; • Les PFNL principalement fournis par des especes sauvages comme les Prunus africana

et Gnetum buchholzianum, qu'on commence actuellement ales cultiver a cause de leur importance economique croissante et/ou a cause de la diminution de la disponibilite des populations naturelles ;

• Les PFNL fournis par des especes sauvages ainsi que cultivees comme les Acacia senegal (gomme arabique) ou Azadirachta indica (arbre a usage multiple) qui recemment ont commence a faire I'objet d'une culture intensive;

• les PFNL, fournis par des especes comme Ie Bixa orellana, Chrysantemum sp., Cinchona sp., Cinnamomum aromaticum ou Syzygium aromaticum (girofle), deja integres dans les systemes agricoles depuis longtemps. Ces exemples representent une grande gamme d'especes et de produits qu'on peut deja considerer comme des recoltes agricoles plutot que des PFNL.

Les PFNL sont collectes dans des habitats varies selon les conditions ecologiques de la foret fermee aux terres boisees ou aux formations arbustives. Les arbres en dehors de la foret (Ies arbres sur des terres non-forestiers, des champs agricoles ou horticoles) sont importants dans chaque sous-region et donnent des PFNL sauvages ou cultives. Les techniques de recolte inappropriees et I'exploitation intensive peuvent affecter I'habitat et sa population de flore ou de faune. Le feu, utilise pour recolter Ie miel, peut entrainer des feux de brousse causant une degradation severe de I'habitat (par exemple en Afrique de l'Est et en Afrique Australe). Enlever I'ecorce des especes com me Ie Prunus africana peut causer la mort de I'arbre et contribuer a mettre toute la population en danger. Les animaux ne sont plus disponibles a cause du commerce des animaux vivants et du gibier (e.g. en Afrique de l'Ouest).

La disponibilite des PFNL peut aussi etre affectee par diverses circonstances qui ne sont pas directement liees a la gestion d'un produit en particulier. La degradation de I'habitat par I'abattage des arb res ou la culture par rotation, les periodes de secheresse ou autres utilisations concurrentes comme la production de bois reduisent egalement la disponibilite des PFNL dans les sous-regions.

Les PFNL sont notamment utilises pour la subsistance. En particulier, les plantes medicinales, comestibles et fourrageres sont surtout consommees par la population rurale

43

ou commercialisées localement (y compris le commerce du troc). La commercialisationnationale et internationale se limite à des espèces sélectionnées ou à des produits trèsdemandés. D'importants exemples de PFNL commercialisés sont les huiles essentielles (parexemple romarins, myrte), les plantes médicinales (par exemple Prunus africana, Warburgiasalutaris), le gibier, le miel ou le rotin.

La plupart des PFNL sont encore considérés comme des biens communs. Cependant, desinformations provenant de l'Afrique Centrale et de l'Afrique de l'Ouest (par exempleRépublique centrafricaine, Burkina Faso, Nigeria) indiquent une substitution progressive dulibre accès à cette ressource par la propriété privée. Notamment, les PFNL rares et précieuxsont de plus en plus considérés comme des propriétés privées.

La valeur totale des PFNL ne peut pas étre calculée, vu ['absence de données fiables. Lesproduits considérés comme très importants au niveau sous-régional sont supposés être lesplus précieux.

Perspectives de l'utilisation des PFNL en Afrique

L'importance des principaux produits nationaux et sous-régionaux changera à peine dansl'avenir proche. Le gibier restera important en Afrique Centrale, comme le liège et lesproduits aromatiques en Afrique du Nord. L'utilisation des PFNL commercialisés dépend detoute évidence à la demande nationale et internationale. La demande en liège, par exemple,dépasse l'offre à l'heure actuelle, car la substitution des produits naturels, comme lesbouchons de liège, par des produits artificiels n'est pas prévisible. D'autre part, dans le casde la gomme arabique, l'industrie alimentaire a trouvé des remplacements après de sérieuxproblèmes d'offre dans les années 70. Cependant même si la demande en gomme aconsidérablement diminué depuis la fin des années 70, ces produits sont encore d'uneimportance majeure pour certains pays, en particulier pour les pays d'Afrique de l'Est et del'Ouest.

Les plantes médicinales utilisées par les industries pharmaceutiques sont des cas spéciaux.La forte demande pour des espèces spécifiques et leur produits (par exemple Prunusafricana, Warburgia salutaris) entraTne une hausse des prix (qui ne correspond pasautomatiquement à de plus gros bénéfices pour les collecteurs) et à la sur-exploitation desressources. Pour ne pas dépendre de la ressource naturelle (et de son irrégularité du pointde vue de l'offre et de la composition chimique), il y a une tendance à cultiver les plantesmédicinales de haute valeur et à trouver un remplacement de synthèse avec les mémes (oumeilleurs) effets que les produits naturels.

On a pu collecter des informations très limitées sur 'Importance (potentielle) des marchésverts. Cependant, ce genre de marché est censé être d'une importance croissante, maisfaut à cet égard rassembler et analyser des informations supplémentaires.

Les produits utilisés pour la subsistance sont remplacés par des produits non-forestiers ousynthétiques, si les alternatives deviennent disponibles. Toutefois, dans les zones rurales,les alternatives sont rarement disponibles ou coOteuses. Pour cette raison, les plantesmédicinales, par exemple, resteront un PFNL africain important.

2.3 Synthèse sous-régionale

2.3.1 Afrique du NordLa sous-région de l'Afrique du Nord comprend six pays, à savoir l'Algérie, l'Egypte, la Libye,la Mauritanie, le Maroc et la Tunisie.

44

ou commercialisees localement (y compris Ie commerce du troc). La commercialisation nationale et internationale se limite a des especes selectionnees ou a des produits tres demandes. D'importants exemples de PFNL commercialises sont les huiles essentielles (par exemple romarins, myrte), les plantes medicinales (par exemple Prunus africana, Warburgia salutaris) , Ie gibier, Ie miel ou Ie rotin.

La plupart des PFNL sont encore consideres comme des biens communs. Cependant, des informations provenant de l'Afrique Centrale et de l'Afrique de l'Ouest (par exemple Republique centrafricaine, Burkina Faso, Nigeria) indiquent une substitution progressive du libre acces a cette ressource par la propriete privee. Notamment, les PFNL rares et precieux sont de plus en plus consideres comme des proprietes privees.

La valeur totale des PFNL ne peut pas etre calculee, vu I'absence de donnees fiables. Les produits consideres comme tres importants au niveau sous-regional sont supposes etre les plus precieux.

Perspectives de I'utilisation des PFNL en Afrique

L'importance des principaux produits nationaux et sous-regionaux changera a peine dans I'avenir proche. Le gibier restera important en Afrique Centrale, comme Ie liege et les produits aromatiques en Afrique du Nord. L'utilisation des PFNL commercialises depend de toute evidence a la demande nationale et internationale. La demande en liege, par exemple, depasse I'offre a I'heure actuelle, car la substitution des produits naturels, comme les bouchons de liege, par des produits artificiels n'est pas previsible. D'autre part, dans Ie cas de la gomme arabique, I'industrie alimentaire a trouve des rem placements apres de serieux problemes d'offre dans les annees 70. Cependant meme si la demande en gomme a considerablement diminue depuis la fin des annees 70, ces produits sont encore d'une importance majeure pour certains pays, en particulier pour les pays d'Afrique de l'Est et de l'Ouest.

Les plantes medicinales utilisees par les industries pharmaceutiques sont des cas speciaux. La forte demande pour des especes specifiques et leur produits (par exemple Prunus africana, Warburgia salutaris) entraine une hausse des prix (qui ne correspond pas automatiquement a de plus gros benefices pour les collecteurs) et a la sur-exploitation des ressources. Pour ne pas dependre de la ressource naturelle (et de son irregularite du point de vue de I'offre et de la composition chimique), il y a une tendance a cultiver les plantes medicinales de haute valeur et a trouver un rem placement de synthese avec les memes (ou meilleurs) effets que les produits naturels.

On a pu collecter des informations tres limitees sur I'importance (potentielle) des marches verts. Cependant, ce genre de marche est cense etre d'une importance croissante, mais iI faut a cet egard rassembler et analyser des informations supplementaires.

Les produits utilises pour la subsistance sont remplaces par des produits non-forestiers ou synthetiques, si les alternatives deviennent disponibles. Toutefois, dans les zones rurales, les alternatives sont rarement disponibles ou coateuses. Pour cette raison, les plantes medicinales, par exemple, resteront un PFNL africain important.

2.3 Synthese sous-regionale

2.3.1 Afrique du Nord La sous-region de l'Afrique du Nord comprend six pays, a savoir l'Algerie, l'Egypte, la Libye, la Mauritanie, Ie Maroc et la Tunisie.

44

Le libge est l'un des principaux PFNL en Algérie, au Maroc et en Tunisie. Bien que 33 pourcent des foréts de libge dans le monde se trouvent en Afrique du Nord, cette régioncontribue seulement b neuf pour cent de la production de libge dans le monde (350 000tonnes). En particulier, l'Algérie a un faible production de libge (2 pour cent de la productionmondiale) par rapport à sa ressource extensive de foréts de libge, formant 21 pour cent dela forét de libge dans le monde (Conseil sur la Qualité du Libge NatureIle, 2000). L'UnionEuropéenne est un grand importateur de libge avec 56 pour cent de la production totale(WWF, sans date)28.

Tableau 22. Production mondiale de lib e

Source : Conseil sur la Qualité du Libge Nature! (2000)

Le libge est surtout utilisé dans l'industrie pour la production des bouchons de libge(quelques 25 milliards de bouchons sont utilisés annuellement), comme matériaux deconstruction (isolant, parquets), dans l'industrie navale (ceintures de sauvetage), dans letransport, l'industrie textile, l'industrie pharmaceutique, l'industrie des chaussures (fabricationde semelles), et comme emballage et linoléum (WWF, sans date).

Les autres PFNL importants d'une importance primordiale en Afrique du Nord sont lesplantes médicinales et aromatiques tels que Thymus spp. , Laurus nobilis, Romarinusofficinalis. L'Egypte et le Maroc sont parmi les dix exportateurs les plus grands du monde(numéro 5 et 9 respective) et les plus grands pays exportateurs en Afrique. Pour cesproduits, une intensification de la collecte des plantes médicinales et aromatiques et uneréévaluation et reconsidération de la connaissance de l'application de ces produits végétauxont été observées (WWF, sans date).

Enfin, le fourrage, notamment les feuilles provenant des arbres, arbustes et buissons, estd'une haute importance en Afrique du Nord. Ils jouent un rôle essentiel dans les systbmesde production animale (e.g. chbvres, moutons, dromadaires et bétail) qui contribuentconsidérablement à l'économie locale et nationale de la région.

Aspects écologiquesLa majorité des PFNL proviennent des forbts et des formations arbustives. La plupart desespbces exploitées poussent à l'état nature!. L'établissement de nouvelles plantations deQuercus suber (chéne libge) dans les pays utilisateurs à l'extérieur de leur distribution

28 w..vvt- sans date. Forest Harvest, An overview of non timber forest products in the Mediterraneanregion (Récolte forestière, Un aperçu des produits forestiers non ligneux dans la *ionméditéranéenne) par Y. Moussouris et P. Regato, Programme méditéranéen du WWF, Rome. Dans :Internet httb://www.fao.ord/docrep/x5593e/x5593e00.htm, vu le 8/5/200129 Conseil sur la qualité du Liege Nature!. 2000. The cork industry (L'industrie du Liège). DansInternet http://www.wkge.com/index.htm, du 30/08/2000

46

Pays Répartition des foréts de liège Production mondiale de liègeha % tonnes %

Portugal 725 000 33 175 000 52Espagne 510 000 23 110 000 32Algérie 460 000 21 6 000 2Maroc 196 000 9 15 000 4Italie 225 000 10 20 000 6

Tunisie 60 000 3 9 000 3

France 22 000 1 5 000 1

Total 2 200 000 100 340 000 100

Le liege est I'un des principaux PFNL en Algerie, au Maroc et en Tunisie. Bien que 33 pour cent des fon~ts de liege dans Ie monde se trouvent en Afrique du Nord, cette region contribue seulement a neuf pour cent de la production de liege dans Ie monde (350 000 tonnes). En particulier, l'Algerie a un faible production de liege (2 pour cent de la production mondiale) par rapport a sa ressource extensive de forets de liege, formant 21 pour cent de la foret de liege dans Ie monde (Conseil sur la Qualite du Liege Naturelle, 2000). L'Union Europeenne est un grand importateur de liege avec 56 pour cent de la production totale (WWF, sans date)28.

Tabl eau 22 P d r d' I d I" ro uc Ion mon la e e lege Pays Repartition des forets de liege Production mondiale de liege

ha % tonnes % Portugal 725000 33 175000 52 Espagne 510000 23 110000 32 Algerie 460000 21 6000 2 Maroc 196000 9 15000 4 Italie 225000 10 20000 6

Tunisie 60000 3 9000 3 France 22000 1 5000 1 Total 2200000 100 340000 100 . , " Source. Consell sur la Quallte du Liege Naturel (2000) ~8

Le liege est surtout utilise dans I'industrie pour la production des bouchons de liege (quelques 25 milliards de bouchons sont utilises annuellement), comme materiaux de construction (isolant, parquets), dans I'industrie navale (ceintures de sauvetage), dans Ie transport, I'industrie textile, I'industrie pharmaceutique, I'industrie des chaussures (fabrication de semelles), et comme emballage et linoleum (WWF, sans date).

Les autres PFNL importants d'une importance primordiale en Afrique du Nord sont les plantes medicinales et aromatiques tels que Thymus spp. , Laurus nobi/is, Romarinus officina/is. L'Egypte et Ie Maroc sont parmi les dix exportateurs les plus grands du monde (numero 5 et 9 respective) et les plus grands pays exportateurs en Afrique. Pour ces produits, une intensification de la collecte des plantes medicinales et aromatiques et une reevaluation et reconsideration de la connaissance de I'application de ces produits vegetaux ont ete observees (WWF, sans date).

Enfin, Ie fourrage, notamment les feuilles provenant des arbres, arbustes et buissons, est d'une haute importance en Afrique du Nord. lis jouent un role essentiel dans les systemes de production animale (e.g. chevres, moutons, dromadaires et betail) qui contribuent considerablement a I'economie locale et nation ale de la region.

Aspects ecologiques La majorite des PFNL proviennent des forets et des formations arbustives. La plupart des especes exploitees poussent a I'etat natural. L'etablissement de nouvelles plantations de Quercus suber (chene liege) dans les pays utilisateurs a I'exterieur de leur distribution

28 WWF, sans date. Forest Harvest, An overview of non timber forest products in the Mediterranean region (Recolte forestiere, Un aper9u des produits forestiers non ligneux dans la region mediteraneenne) par Y. Moussouris et P. Regato, Programme mediteraneen du WWF, Rome. Dans: Internet http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5593e/x5593eOO.htm.vule 8/512001 29 Conseil sur la qualite du Liege Nature!. 2000. The cork industry (L'industrie du Liege). Dans: Internet http://www.wkge.com/index.htm. du 30108/2000

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Aspects socio-économiquesEn Afrique du Nord, comme dans toute la sous-région du Moyen Orient, les PFNL provenantdes foréts et des arbres sont souvent plus importants que la production du bois. Lesylvopastoralisme pour la production de l'élevage (souvent basé sur des systèmes nomades)est le système foncier dans beaucoup de ces pays. Le pâturage forestier et le fourrageforestier, donc, représentent une contribution majeure à la vie de la population locale etl'économise nationale. La collecte, le classement et le traitement des plantes aromatiques etmédicinales sont souvent une activité génératrice de revenu. En Tunisie par exemple, leshuiles essentielles sont des denrées importantes. En 1996, l'exportation d'huiles essentiellestunisiennes comme le romarin, myrte ou citron a atteint 230 tonnes, soit $EU 3,2 millions.

La gestion d'Argania spinosa pour la production d'huile comestible, du bois de chauffe, defourrage contribue au Maroc à la subsistance de 2 millions de ruraux, notamment desfemmes qui passent 20 millions journées de travail/an hen que pour l'extraction d'huilescomestibles. Dans les pays producteurs de liège, le commerce de la production de liège, quiest principalement tourné vers l'exportation, est une économie importante. Actuellement, lesprix des produits en liège montent, puisque la demande mondiale ne peut étre satisfaite parles pays producteurs. Considérant que la substitution des produits en liège naturel commeles bouchons par des produits artificiels est peu probable, la valeur marchande des produitsen liège va seirement augmenter dans l'a avenir.

Le WWF (sans date) a identifié quatre principales contraintes qui freinent l'utilisation durabledes PFNL en général, et celle des plantes médicinales et aromatiques en particulier :

prix bas payés aux collecteurs ;législation insuffisante concernant la récole des plantes et la commercialisationmanque de compréhension de la part des utilisateurs finaux concernent les effets nocifsde la demande ; etréticence des négociants à fournir des informations concernant leurs activités.

Cependant, la mérne étude conclut qu' « il existe une grande motivation économique pourles pays de la région méditerranéenne pour développer le potentiel de leur production dePFNL et générer des avantages socio-économiques positifs pour la population rurale ». Entenant compte de la production actuelle de PFNL dans la région méditerranéenne, il estestimé que la production annuelle de PFNL dépasse 12 millions de tonnes, le WWF conclutque la production pourrait tripler dans l'avenir.

2.3.2 Afrique de l'EstL'Afrique de l'Est comprend huit pays : Djibouti, l'Erythrée, l'Ethiopie, le Kenya, la Somalie, leSoudan, la Tanzanie et l'Ouganda.

Tous ces pays, sauf la Tanzanie, sont membres de l'Autorité Intergouvernementale sur leDéveloppement (IGAD), l'une des principales organisations politique et économique dans laCorne de l'Afrique. L'IGAD a été établi en 1996, succédant à l'Autorité Intergouvernementalesur la Sécheresse et le Développement (IGADD), qui a été créée en 1986 par les dix paysfrappés par la sécheresse (Djibouti, Ethiopie, Kenya, Somalie, Soudan et Ouganda).L'appellation du prédécesseur de l'IGAD indique l'objectif principal des Etats membres dansla lutte contre la sécheresse et la disette dues à la situation climatique de la région.

En mérne temps, ces pays font partie de la Zone Est Sahélienne. Une large partie de cespays est couverte par des terres arides et semi-arides avec de faibles précipitations et uneforte évaporation. La couverture forestière nationale moyenne dans la sous-région atteint 13pour cent : la Tanzanie (37 pour cent) et l'Ouganda (30 pour cent) sont les pays avec unecouverture forestière la plus élevée ; moins de 1 pour cent de la couverture forestière estdocumenté pour le Djibouti et la Somalie. Les for-61s ouvertes typiques de la région sont des

47

Aspects socio-economiques En Afrique du Nord, comme dans toute la sous-region du Moyen Orient, les PFNL provenant des fOrt3ts et des arbres sont souvent plus importants que la production du bois. Le sylvopastoralisme pour la production de I'elevage (souvent base sur des systemes nomades) est Ie systeme foncier dans beaucoup de ces pays. Le paturage forestier at Ie fourrage forestier, donc, representent une contribution majeure a la vie de la population locale et a I'economise nationale. La collecte, Ie classement et Ie traitement des plantes aromatiques et medicinales sont souvent une activite generatrice de revenu. En Tunisie par exemple, les huiles essentielles sont des denrees importantes. En 1996, I'exportation d'huiles essentielles tunisiennes comme Ie romarin, myrte ou citron a atteint 230 tonnes, soit $EU 3,2 millions.

La gestion d'Argania spinosa pour la production d'huile comestible, du bois de chauffe, de fourrage contribue au Maroc a la subsistance de 2 millions de ruraux, notamment des femmes qui passent 20 millions journees de travail/an rien que pour I'extraction d'huiles comestibles. Dans les pays producteurs de liege, Ie commerce de la production de liege, qui est principalement tourne vers I'exportation, est une economie importante. Actuellement, les prix des produits en liege montent, puisque la demande mondiale ne peut etre satisfaite par les pays producteurs. Considerant que la substitution des produits en liege naturel comme les bouchons par des produits artificiels est peu probable, la valeur marchande des produits en liege va sQrement augmenter dans I'a avenir.

Le WWF (sans date) a identifie quatre principales contraintes qui freinent I'utilisation durable des PFNL en general, et celie des plantes medicinales et aromatiques en particulier : • prix bas payes aux collecteurs ; • legislation insuffisante concernant la recole des plantes et la commercialisation; It manque de comprehension de la part des utilisateurs finaux concernent les effets nocifs

de la demande ; et • reticence des negociants a fournir des informations concernant leurs activites.

Cependant, la meme etude conclut qu' « il existe une grande motivation economique pour les pays de la region mediterraneenne pour developper Ie potentiel de leur production de PFNL et generer des avantages socio-economiques positifs pour la population rurale ». En tenant compte de la production actuelle de PFNL dans la region mediterraneenne, il est estime que la production annuelle de PFNL depasse 12 millions de tonnes, Ie WWF conclut que la production pourrait tripler dans I'avenir.

2.3.2 Afrique de IIEst L'Afrique de l'Est comprend huit pays: Djibouti, l'Erythree, l'Ethiopie, Ie Kenya, la Somalie, Ie Soudan, la Tanzanie et l'Ouganda.

Tous ces pays, sauf la Tanzanie, sont membres de l'Autorite Intergouvernementale sur Ie Developpement (IGAD), I'une des principales organisations politique et economique dans la Corne de l'Afrique. L'IGAD a ete etabli en 1996, succedant a l'Autorite Intergouvernementale sur la Secheresse et Ie Developpement (IGADD), qui a ete creee en 1986 par les dix pays frappes par la secheresse (Djibouti, Ethiopie, Kenya, Somalie, Soudan et Ouganda). L'appellation du predecesseur de I'IGAD indique I'objectif principal des Etats membres dans la lutte contre la secheresse et la disette dues a la situation climatique de la region.

En meme temps, ces pays font partie de la Zone Est Sahelienne. Une large partie de ces pays est couverte par des terres arides et semi-arides avec de faibles precipitations et une forte evaporation. La couverture forestiere nationale moyenne dans la sous-region atteint 13 pour cent: la Tanzanie (37 pour cent) et l'Ouganda (30 pour cent) sont les pays avec une couverture forestiere la plus elevee ; moins de 1 pour cent de la couverture forestiere est documente pour Ie Djibouti et la Somalie. Les forets ouvertes typiques de la region sont des

47

terres boisées d'Acacia (e.g. A. nilotica, A. bussei) et de Commiphora. En Tanzanie, lesterres boisées de miombo, caractérisés par des Brachystegia spp., sont importantes. Dans lapartie sèche de l'Afrique de l'Est, les formations arbustives et les broussailles sontdominents. Les foréts humides des basses terres, qui appartiennent aux forêts de l'AfriqueCentrale, se trouvent à l'Ouganda et au Kenya. Les autres types importants de forètcomprennent les forèts afromontanes des hautes terres (e.g. Juniperus procera, Oleaafricana), les foréts côtières et fluviales, et les mangroves.

Principaux PFNLEn Afrique de l'Est, une multitude de PFNL est exploitée pour l'autoconsommation et/ou lacommercialisation. Les résumés par pays fournissent une documentation sur l'utilisation desgommes et résines, matériaux de construction, produits apicoles, plantes médicinales,produits de teinture et de tannage, plantes fourragères, gibier, plantes comestibles,ustensiles, huiles aromatiques, animaux vivants et insectes. Ces principaux PFNL dans lespays respectifs se trouvent dans le tableau 23.

Tableau 23. Princi aux PFNL en Afri ue de l'Est

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Pays Principaux PFNL Données statistiques disponibleschoisies

Djibouti Plantes fourragères Aucune information disponibleErythrée Exsudat (gomme arabique de

l'Acacia senagal, oliban duBoswellia papyrifera, ustensiles(feuilles de Hyphaene thebaica)

En 1997, l'Erythrée a exporté 49tonnes de gomme arabique, 543tonnes d'oliban et 2 064 tonnes defeuilles de palmier

Ethiopie Exudats (oliban, gomme arabique,myrrhe extrait du Commiphoramyrrha), plantes médicinales, mielet cire d'abeille

L'Ethiopie est un des plus grandsproducteurs d'oliban dans le mondeavec une production annuelle de1 500 tonnesLa production annuelle de gommearabique a atteint 350-400 tonnesen 1988-94En 1976-1983, la productionannuelle de miel fluctuait entre19 400 et 21 000 tonnes,représentant 24 pour cent de laproduction totale de miel en Afrique.

Kenya Plantes fourragères, plantesmédicinales, exsudat (ex Boswelliaspp. et tannins d'Acacia meamsii

La production annuelle de tanninsest estimée à 9 700 tonnes/an, avecune exportation atteignant 7 800tonnes/an

terres boisees d'Acacia (e.g. A. nilotica, A. busse/) et de Commiphora. En Tanzanie, les terres boisees de miombo, caracterises par des Brachystegia spp., sont importantes. Dans la partie seche de l'Afrique de l'Est, les formations arbustives et les broussailles sont dominents. Les foreHs humides des basses terres, qui appartiennent aux forets de l'Afrique Centrale, se trouvent a l'Ouganda et au Kenya. Les autres types importants de foret comprennent les forets afromontanes des hautes terres (e.g. Juniperus procera, Olea africana), les forets cotieres et fluviales, et les mangroves.

Principaux PFNL En Afrique de l'Est, une multitude de PFNL est exploitee pour I'autoconsommation et/ou la commercialisation. Les resumes par pays fournissent une documentation sur I'utilisation des gommes et resines, materiaux de construction, produits apicoles, plantes medicinales, produits de teinture et de tannage, plantes fourrageres, gibier, plantes comestibles, ustensiles, huiles aromatiques, animaux vivants et insectes. Ces principaux PFNL dans les pays respectifs se trouvent dans Ie tableau 23.

T bl a eau 23 P' . nnclpaux PFNL Af' en nque d I'E t e s Pays Principaux PFNL Donnees statistiques disponibles

choisies Djibouti Plantes fourrageres Aucune information disponible Erythree Exsudat (gomme arabique de En 1997, l'Erythree a exporte 49

I'Acacia senaga/, oliban du tonnes de gomme arabique, 543 Boswellia papyrifera, ustensiles tonnes d'oliban et 2 064 tonnes de

I (feuilles de Hyphaene thebaica) feuilles de palmier Ethiopie Exudats (oliban, gomme arabique, L'Ethiopie est un des plus grands

myrrhe extrait du Commiphora producteurs d'oliban dans Ie monde myrrha), plantes medicinales, miel avec une production annuelle de et cire d'abeille 1 500 tonnes

La production annuelle de gomme arabique a atteint 350-400 tonnes en 1988-94 En 1976-1983, la production annuelle de miel fluctuait entre 19 400 et 21 000 tonnes, representant 24 pour cent de la production totale de miel en Afrique.

Kenya Plantes fourrageres, plantes La production annuelle de tannins medicinales, exsudat (ex Boswellia est estimee a 9 700 tonnes/an, avec spp. et tannins d'Acacia mearnsii une exportation atteignant 7 800

tonnes/an

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L'analyse sous-régionale des informations disponibles montre que les exsudats (gommearabique, oliban, myrrhe, opopanax), les plantes médicinales et les produits apicoles sontparmi les PFNL les plus importants en Afrique de l'Est.

Les gommes et les résines sont principalement exploitées dans la "ceinture de la gomme" auSoudan, Ethiopie et Erythrée. Le principal produit est la gomme arabique obtenue à partird'Acacia senegal et d'A. seyal, largement utilisé dans l'industrie alimentaire. Le Soudan estle principal producteur de gomme arabique dans le monde.

L'oliban (Boswellia papyrifera), le myrrhe (Commiphora myrrha) et l'opopanax (Commiphorasp.) sont d'autres exsudats importants. L'oliban et la myrrhe sont utilisés sous forme non-traitée pour le parfum et la saveur. Le Soudan et l'Ethiopie sont les plus importantsfournisseurs d'oliban sur le marché mondial, tandis que le Soudan est le plus grandexportateur mondial de myrrhe et de résines d'opopanax.

Les plantes médicinales sont aussi un important PFNL en Afrique de l'Est. Elles sontutilisées A la fois à des fins personnelles et commerciales. L'utilisation des plantesmédicinales est une composante importante dans le système national des soins de santé.En Ethiopie, par exemple, plus de 600 espèces végétales sont directement utilisées commeplantes médicinales par les guérisseurs traditionnels, ainsi que par la population. Au total,plus de 80 pour cent des Ethiopiens et des Tanzaniens utilisent des plantes médicinales eton peut présumer le mérne pourcentage pour les autres pays de l'Afrique de l'Est.

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Somalie Exsudats (myrrhe, opopanax deCommiphora sp., oliban)

La production annuelle de myrrheest estimée à quelques 4 000tonnes, soit $EU 16 millions.L'exportation d'oliban a atteint 200tonnes en 1987 (Bosweffia carteri0et 800 tonnes et 1988 (Boswelliafrereana)

Soudan Exsudats (gomme arabique,gomme karanga du Sterculia,oliban), fourrages, fruits, beurre degalam (Vitellaria paradoxa),remèdes, ceintures (hienne duLawsonia inermis), miel et cired'abeille, gibier.

Le Soudan est le principalproducteur de gomme arabique(Acacia senegal et A. seyal), utilisénotamment dans l'industriealimentaire, pharmaceutique ettechnique. Au cours de la saison1996-1997, l'exportation totale degomme arabique principalementdérivée de A. senegal était 17 759tonnes

Tanzanie Plantes fourragères, plantesmédicinales, miel et cire d'abeille,oiseaux

Les plantes médicinales exportéescomprennent Cinchona sp.(l'exploitation des plantations de cesespèces exotiques a donné 756tonnes d'écorce en 1991 soit $EU258000) et Prunus africana(exploitation annuelle de 120tonnes, soit entre $EU 240 000 et 1200 000)

Ouganda Miel, gibier Les seules données statistiquesdisponibles indiquent l'exportationde 50 kg de beurre de galam(Vitelleria paradoxa) en 1996.

Soma lie Exsudats (myrrhe, opopanax de La production annuelle de myrrhe Commiphora sp., oliban) est estimee a quelques 4 000

tonnes, soit $EU 16 millions. L'exportation d'oliban a atteint 200 tonnes en 1987 (Boswellia carterii) et 800 tonnes et 1988 (Boswellia frereana)

Soudan Exsudats (gomme arabique, Le Soudan est Ie principal gomme karanga du Sterculia, producteur de gomme arabique oliban), fourrages, fruits, beurre de (Acacia senega! et A. seya!), utilise galam (Vitel/aria paradoxa), notamment dans I'industrie remedes, ceintures (hienne du alimentaire, pharmaceutique et Lawsonia inermis), miel et cire technique. Au cours de la saison d'abeille, gibier. 1996-1997, I'exportation totale de

gomme arabique principalement derivee de A. senega! etait 17 759 tonnes

Tanzanie Plantes fourrageres, plantes Les plantes medicinales exportees medicinales, miel et cire d'abeille, comprennent Cinchona sp. oiseaux (I'exploitation des plantations de ces

especes exotiques a donne 756 tonnes d'ecorce en 1991 so it $EU 258000) et Prunus africana (exploitation annuelle de 120 tonnes, soit entre $EU 240 000 et 1 200 000)

Ouganda Miel, gibier Les seules donnees statistiques disponibles indiquent I'exportation de 50 kg de beurre de galam (Vitel/eria paradoxa) en 1996.

L'analyse sous-regionale des informations disponibles montre que les exsudats (gomme arabique, oliban, myrrhe, opopanax), les plantes medicinales et les produits apicoles sont parmi les PFNL les plus importants en Afrique de l'Est.

Les gommes et les resines sont principalement exploitees dans la "ceinture de la gomme" au Soudan, Ethiopie et Erythree. Le principal produit est la gomme arabique obtenue a partir d'Acacia senega! et d'A. seya!, largement utilise dans I'industrie alimentaire. Le Soudan est Ie principal producteur de gomme arabique dans Ie monde.

L'oliban (Boswellia papyrifera), Ie myrrhe (Commiphora myrrha) et I'opopanax (Commiphora sp.) sont d'autres exsudats importants. L'oliban et la myrrhe sont utilises sous forme nontraitee pour Ie parfum et la saveur. Le Soudan et l'Ethiopie sont les plus importants fournisseurs d'oliban sur Ie marche mondial, tandis que Ie Soudan est Ie plus grand exportateur mondial de myrrhe et de resines d'opopanax.

Les plantes medicinales sont aussi un important PFNL en Afrique de l'Est. Elles sont utilisees a la fois a des fins personnelles et commerciales. L'utilisation des plantes medicinales est une composante importante dans Ie systeme national des soins de sante. En Ethiopie, par exemple, plus de 600 especes vegetales sont directement utilisees comme plantes medicinales par les guerisseurs traditionnels, ainsi que par la population. Au total, plus de 80 pour cent des Ethiopiens et des Tanzaniens utilisent des plantes medicinales et on peut presumer Ie meme pourcentage pour les autres pays de l'Afrique de l'Est.

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On peut trouver les plantes médicinales les plus employées dans la médecine traditionnellesur le marché local et national. Le commerce international de plantes médicinales est limitédes espèces végétales sélectionnées requises pour la production de médicaments.D'importantes plantes médicinales est-africaines obtenues à partir de sources sauvages etcommercialisées sur le marché mondial, comprennent le Prunus africana (Kenya, Tanzanie,Ouganda) et le Warburgia salutaris (Ouganda, Tanzanie).

Les produits apicoles ont une importance majeure en Ethiopie, Tanzanie et Ouganda.L'Ethiopie est l'un des cinq plus grands pays producteurs de cire.

Aspects écologiquesLes habitats les plus importants pour l'exploitation des PFNL en Afrique de l'Est sont lesterres boisées. Par exemple, toutes les espèces fournissant les exsudats, tel que le Acaciasenegal, Boswellia sp et Commiphora sp. proviennent des terres boisées, Warburgiasalutaris provient des terres boisées dites `miombo'. Les forèts fermées se limitent engénéral aux parties occidentales de l'Afrique de l'Est et des hautes terres. Les importantsPFNL des forêts des basses terres sont le gibier, les produits apicoles et les plantesmédicinales. Prunus africana est obtenu à partir des forêts des montagnes.

La plupart des PFNL sont exploités à l'état nature!. Quelques espèces, comme l'Acaciasenegal, sont aussi produites dans des plantations. Prunus africana est principalementextrait des ressources sauvages, cependant, on a récemment fait des efforts pour instaurerdes plantations de Prunus africana et pour intégrer les espèces dans les systèmes agro-forestiers. Les systèmes de culture intensive existent déjà pour les espèces introduites enAfrique, comme le Bixa orellana, Chrysantemum sp. et Cinchona sp., qui peuvent égalementêtre considérés comme des cultures de rente.

Les PFNL pour lesquels la sur-exploitation est documentée comprennent le Prunus africana,Warburgia salutaris, Acacia frinesiana (Tanzanie), Xylopia aethiopica (Tanzanie) etPodocarpus sp., dont l'écorce est principalement utilisée pour la construction de rayon demiel. La récolte de miel contribue aussi à la dégradation de la for& et des bois à cause del'utilisation du feu, avec de hauts risques de provoquer des feux de brousse.

Aspects socio-économiquesEn Afrique de l'Est, les communautés rurales dépendent des PFNL comme sourcesd'alimentation, de remède et de fourrage. Les fruits sauvages, par exemple, sont appréciésen tant que "aliment tampon" pendant les périodes de famine ou de disette. La majorité dumiel produit n'entre pas dans les marchés, mais il est utilisé pour la consommation locale. Engénéral, cependant, la plupart des produits ne sont pas uniquement utilisés comme produitsde subsistance mais également vendus sur le marché local, régional et national. On peuttrouver les plantes médicinales, par exemple, dans la plupart des marchés formels etinformels en Afrique de l'Est.

Le commerce international des PFNL est-africains est fourni notamment par les gommes etles résines, les plantes médicinales, les produits apicoles et les tannins (extraits de l'écorcede mimosa). Les gommes et les résines sont surtout d'importantes sources de revenu pourles ruraux au Soudan, Ethiopie, Erythrée et la Somalie. En Somalie, les exsudats constituentla troisième source de revenu après le bétail et les bananes. En Ethiopie, le nombre detravailleurs saisonniers engagés dans la collecte et le classement d'oliban est estimé entre20 000 et 30 000 par an. On présume des chiffres similaires pour la gomme arabique auSoudan, où les petits fermiers propriétaires de "champs de gomme" exploitent la majorité dela gomme.

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On peut trouver les plantes medicinales les plus employees dans la medecine traditionnelle sur Ie marche local et national. Le commerce international de plantes medicinales est limite a des especes vegetales selectionnees requises pour la production de medicaments. D'importantes plantes medicinales est-africaines obtenues a partir de sources sauvages et commercialisees sur Ie marche mondial, comprennent Ie Prunus africana (Kenya, Tanzanie, Ouganda) et Ie Warburgia salutaris (Ouganda, Tanzanie).

Les produits apicoles ont une importance majeure en Ethiopie, Tanzanie et Ouganda. L'Ethiopie est I'un des cinq plus grands pays producteurs de cire.

Aspects ecologiques Les habitats les plus importants pour I'exploitation des PFNL en Afrique de l'Est sont les terres boisees. Par exemple, to utes les especes fournissant les exsudats, tel que Ie Acacia senegal, Boswellia sp et Commiphora sp. proviennent des terres boisees, Warburgia salutaris provient des terres boisees dites 'miombo'. Les forets fermees se limitent en general aux parties occidentales de l'Afrique de l'Est et des hautes terres. Les importants PFNL des forets des basses terres sont Ie gibier, les produits apicoles et les plantes medicinales. Prunus africana est obtenu a partir des forets des montagnes.

La plupart des PFNL sont exploites a I'etat naturel. Quelques especes, comme l'Acacia senegal, sont aussi produites dans des plantations. Prunus africana est principalement extrait des ressources sauvages, cependant, on a recemment fait des efforts pour instaurer des plantations de Prunus africana et pour integrer les especes dans les systemes agroforestiers. Les systemes de culture intensive existent deja pour les especes introduites en Afrique, comme Ie Bixa orellana, Chrysantemum sp. et Cinchona sp., qui peuvent egalement etre consideres comme des cultures de rente.

Les PFNL pour lesquels la sur-exploitation est documentee comprennent Ie Prunus africana, Warburgia salutaris, Acacia frinesiana (Tanzanie), Xylopia aethiopica (Tanzanie) et Podocarpus sp., dont I'ecorce est principalement utilisee pour la construction de rayon de miel. La recolte de miel contribue aussi a la degradation de la foret et des bois a cause de I'utilisation du feu, avec de hauts risques de provoquer des feux de brousse.

Aspects socio-economiques En Afrique de l'Est, les communautes rurales dependent des PFNL comme sources d'alimentation, de remede et de fourrage. Les fruits sauvages, par exemple, sont apprecies en tant que "aliment tampon" pendant les periodes de famine ou de disette. La majorite du miel produit n'entre pas dans les marches, mais il est utilise pour la consommation locale. En general, cependant, la plupart des produits ne sont pas uniquement utilises comme produits de subsistance mais egalement vendus sur Ie marche local, regional et national. On peut trouver les plantes medicinales, par exemple, dans la plupart des marches formels et informels en Afrique de l'Est.

Le commerce international des PFNL est-africains est fourni notamment par les gommes et les resines, les plantes medicinales, les produits apicoles et les tannins (extraits de I'ecorce de mimosa). Les gommes et les resines sont surtout d'importantes sources de revenu pour les ruraux au Soudan, Ethiopie, Erythree et la Somalie. En Somal ie, les exsudats constituent la troisieme source de revenu apres Ie betail et les bananes. En Ethiopie, Ie nombre de travailleurs saisonniers engages dans la collecte et Ie classement d'oliban est estime entre 20 000 et 30 000 par an. On presume des chiffres similaires pour la gomme arabique au Soudan, ou les petits fermiers proprietaires de "champs de gomme" exploitent la majorite de la gomme.

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Tableau 24. Production des exsudats en Afri ue de l'Est

La valeur totale des PFNL dans les pays est-africains n'est pas connue. On estime qu'en1988 la valeur commerciale des PFNL en Tanzanie dépasse légèrement la valeur desproduits ligneux. La mème chose est valable pour les autres pays est-africains tels que laSomalie et le Soudan.

2.3.3 Les Iles de l'Afrique de l'EstLes Iles de l'Afrique de l'Est couvrent les Iles de l'Océan lndien : les Comores, Madagascar,

Maurice, Mayotte, La Réunion et les Seychelles.

Les Seychelles, les Comores et Maurice sont membres de la SADC. Mayotte est unecollectivité territoriale, et La Réunion est un Département Fran9ais d'Outremer : Madagascar,le plus grand pays dans la sous-région et la quatrième ?le dans le monde, n'est membre ni dela SADC ni de l'IGAD.

La plupart des for-61s dans les sous-régions sont des forêts des hautes terres depuis que lesfortts de basses terres ont été défrichées, surtout pour la culture dans les petites Iles ; lacouverture forestière nationale varie entre 4 pour cent aux Comores et 28 pour cent dans rileMaurice. L'isolement des Iles causées a provoqué l'évolution de formation d'une végétationunique comme le Lodoicea maldivica (Palmier Coco de Mer aux Seychelles) ou les buissonsde la Réunion Pandanus. A Madagascar, 23 pour cent de la superficie sont couverts deforêts pluviales sur la Côte Est et de forèts sèches dans la partie sud et ouest du pays.Madagascar est particulièrement réputé pour son taux élevé d'espèces endémiques.

Principaux PFNLLes informations sur l'importance socio-économique des PFNL et de l'impact écologique deleur utilisation dans cette sous-région des Iles sont rares. Aucune information n'est

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Produit Pays Année QuantitéNaleurMyrrhe Tanzanie 1979 Exportation de 421 tonnes en 1979Oliban Erythrée 1997 Exportation de 543 tonnes

Ethiopie ? Production annuelle de 1 500 tonnesTanzanie 1987 Exportation de 200 tonnes d'Oliban beyo

(Bosweffia carter')Tanzanie 1988 Exportation de 800 tonnes d'Oliban maidi

(Boswellia freeriana)Soudan 1987 Production de 2 000 tonnes

Gommearabique

Erythrée 1997 Exportation de 49 tonnes

Ethiopie 1988-94 Production annuelle de 250-300 tonnesdérivé de A. senegal and 50-100 tonnesdérivés de A. seyal

Kenya 1988-94 Production annuelle de 200-500 tonnesSoudan 1994 Production de 22 735 tonnes de gomme

hashab (Acacia senegal) et 11 049 tonnesde gomme talha (A. seyai).

Exportation de 18 339 tonnes de gommehashab et 4 396 tonnes de gomme talha

Tanzanie 1994 Production de 1 000 tonnes et exportationde 500 tonnes

Gomme Loban Soudan 1993/94 Production de 1 688 tonnesCaoutchouc Tanzanie années1990 (?) Exportation de 10 543 tonnes soit

$EU913820

T bl 24 P d r d d t Af' d I'E t a eau :: uClon es exsu a s en nque e s Produit Pays Annee QuantiteNaleur Myrrhe Tanzanie 1979 Exportation de 421 tonnes en 1979 Oliban Erythree 1997 Exportation de 543 tonnes

Ethiopie ? Production annuelle de 1 500 tonnes Tanzanie 1987 Exportation de 200 tonnes d'Oliban beyo

(Boswellia carlen) Tanzanie 1988 Exportation de 800 tonnes d'Oliban maidi

(Boswellia freeriana) Soudan 1987 Production de 2 000 tonnes

Gomme Erythree 1997 Exportation de 49 tonnes arabique

Ethiopie 1988-94 Production annuelle de 250-300 tonnes derive de A. senegal and 50-100 tonnes derives de A. seyal

Kenya 1988-94 Production annuelle de 200-500 tonnes Soudan 1994 • Production de 22 735 tonnes de gomme

hashab (Acacia senegal) et 11 049 tonnes de gomme talha (A. seyal) . • Exportation de 18 339 tonnes de gomme hashab et 4 396 tonnes de gomme talha

Tanzanie 1994 Production de 1 000 tonnes et exportation de 500 tonnes

Gomme Loban Soudan 1993/94 Production de 1 688 tonnes Caoutchouc Tanzanie annees 1990 (?) Exportation de 10 543 tonnes soit

$EU913820

La valeur totale des PFNL dans les pays est-africa ins n'est pas connue. On estime qu'en 1988 la valeur commerciale des PFNL en Tanzanie depasse legerement la valeur des produits ligneux. La meme chose est valable pour les autres pays est-africains tels que la Somalie et Ie Soudan.

2.3.3 Les lies de l'Afrique de l'Est Les lies de l'Afrique de l'Est couvrent les lies de l'Ocean Indien : les Comores, Madagascar, 1''Ile Maurice, Mayotte, La Reunion et les Seychelles.

Les Seychelles, les Comores et 1''Ile Maurice sont membres de la SADC. Mayotte est une collectivite territoriale, et La Reunion est un Departement Frangais d'Outremer : Madagascar, Ie plus grand pays dans la sous-region et la quatrieme ile dans Ie m~nde, n'est membre ni de la SADC ni de I'IGAD.

La plupart des forets dans les sous-regions sont des forets des hautes terres depuis que les forets de basses terres ont ete d9frichees, surtout pour la culture dans les petites 'lIes ; la couverture forestiere nationale varie entre 4 pour cent aux Comores et 28 pour cent dans 1''Ile Maurice. L'isolement des 'lIes causees a provoque I'evolution de formation d'une vegetation unique comme Ie Lodoicea maldivica (Palmier Coco de Mer aux Seychelles) ou les buissons de la Reunion Pandanus. A Madagascar, 23 pour cent de la superficie sont couverts de fOrE3tS pluviales sur la Cote Est et de forets seches dans la partie sud et ouest du pays. Madagascar est particulierement repute pour son taux eleve d'especes endemiques.

Principaux PFNL Les informations sur I'importance socio-economique des PFNL et de I'impact ecologique de leur utilisation dans cette sous-region des 'lIes sont rares. Aucune information n'est

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actuellement disponible sur l'utilisation des PFNL à La Réunion et au Mayotte. Par contre, ondispose de bonnes informations sur les PFNL à Madagascar.

A considérer la quantité limitée d'information disponible, les PFNL utilisés dans les Iles del'Afrique de l'Est comprennent les plantes comestibles, les plantes ornementales, le fourrage,les plantes aromatiques, les bambous, les sapins, les outils et matériaux de construction, lesanimaux vivants, les produits apicoles et le gibier.

Tableau 25. Princi aux PFNL dans les Iles de 'Africiue de l'Est

Les PFNL les plus importants dans les Iles de l'Afrique de l'Est sont probablement lesplantes comestibles, les plantes ornementales, les plantes médicinales et les animauxvivants. Toutefois l'utilisation des PFNL varie selon les Iles de la sous-région.

Comme dans d'autres sous-régions, une grande variété de plantes comestibles fournissantde la nourriture et des revenus. Les espèces importantes comprennent les fruits de Cycasofficinalis (Sagou, Comores), Lodoicea maldivica (Coco de mer, Seychelles) et Coffeavaughanii (café sauvage). De plus, une grande variété d'épices comme la cannelle(Cinnamomum aromatum) aux Seychelles, et la vanille planifolia à Madagascar,Comores et La Réunion, le girofle malgache (Syzygium aromaticum) sont produites dans lasous-région. Toutefois on considère la plupart de ces produits comme des produits agricolesplutôt que des PFNL.

Les plantes ornementales importantes sont Trachetia goutoniana à Maurice et le Cyantheasp. (fougère arborescente), Ficus sp., différentes orchidées et plantes aquatiques(Aponogeton sp.) à Madagascar. A Madagascar, la valeur des 276 000 plantesornementales exportées chaque année s'élève à SEU100 000, dont 40 pour cent de la valeurd'exportation des plantes ornementales proviennent des orchidées. Les plantes médicinalessemblent 6tre des PFNL importants dans la plupart de ces pays. A Madagascar, l'exportationde plantes médicinales provient de Drosera madagascariensis, Centella asiatica,Catharanthus rosea, Eugenia sp., Haron gana madagascariensis, Hazunta sp., Medemianobilis, Vocanga thouarsii, Satrana madinika, Moringa sp. et Prunus africana.

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Pays Principaux PFNL Donne's statistiques sélectionnéesdisponibles

Comores Plantes comestibles (e.g. fruitsde Cycas officinalis), plantesornementales (e.g. orchidées,fougère arborescente), animauxvivants, miel, fourrage

Exportation de 100 tonnes de fibres dérivées dupalmier en 1936

Madagascar Plantes médicinales(e.g. Prunusafricana, Catharanthus roseus),plantes ornementales (e.g.orchidées), plantes aromatiques(e.g. Syzygium aromaticum),animaux vivants (e.g. oiseaux,reptiles)

e Exportation de 300 tonnes d'écorce de Prunusafricana soit $EU1.4 Million en 1993e Exportation annuelle de 1 000 tonnes de racineet de parties aériennes de Catharanthus roseus

Maurice Plantes comestibles ( Coffeevaughanii), fourrage (e.g.Sotana sphacelata), sapins,bambou, plantes médicinales,gibier, miel

Aucune information disponible

Mayotte Aucune information disponible Aucune information disponibleLa Réunion Aucune information disponible Aucune information disponibleSeychelles Plantes comestibles (e.g.

Lodoicea maldivica)Aucune information disponibleI

actuellement disponible sur I'utilisation des PFNL a La Reunion et au Mayotte. Par contre, on dispose de bonnes informations sur les PFNL a Madagascar.

A considerer la quantite limitee d'information disponible, les PFNL utilises dans les lies de l'Afrique de l'Est comprennent les plantes comestibles, les plantes ornementales, Ie fourrage, les plantes aromatiques, les bambous, les sapins, les outils et materiaux de construction, les animaux vivants, les produits apicoles et Ie gibier.

T bl a eau 25 P' nnclpaux PFNL d ans es II d l'At· es e nque d I'E e st Pays Principaux PFNL Donnes statistiques selectionnees

disponibles Comores Plantes comestibles (e.g. fruits Exportation de 100 tonnes de fibres derivees du

de Cycas ofticinalis) , plantes palmier en 1936 ornementales (e.g. orchidees, fougere arborescente), animaux vivants, miel, fourrage

Madagascar Plantes medicinales(e.g. Prunus • Exportation de 300 tonnes d'ecorce de Prunus africana, Gatharanthus roseus), africana so it $EU1.4 Million en 1993 plantes ornementales (e.g. • Exportation annuelle de 1 000 tonnes de racine orchidees), plantes aromatiques et de parties aeriennes de Catharanthus roseus (e.g. Syzygium aromaticum), animaux vivants (e.g. oiseaux, reptiles)

Maurice Plantes comestibles ( Goftea Aucune information disponible vaughanil), fourrage (e.g. Setaria sphace/ata), sapins, bambou, plantes medicinales, gibier, miel

Mayotte Aucune information disponible Aucune information disponible La Reunion Aucune information disponible Aucune information disponible Seychelles Plantes comestibles (e.g. Aucune information disponible

Lodoicea ma/divica)

Les PFNL les plus importants dans les lies de l'Afrique de l'Est sont probablement les plantes comestibles, les plantes ornementales, les plantes medicinales et les animaux vivants. Toutefois I'utilisation des PFNL varie selon les lies de la sous-region.

Comme dans d'autres sous-regions, une grande variete de plantes comestibles fournissant de la nourriture et des revenus. Les especes importantes comprennent les fruits de Gycas ofticinalis (Sagou, Comores), Lodoicea maldivica (Coco de mer, Seychelles) et Goftea vaughanii (cafe sauvage). De plus, une grande variete d'epices comme la cannelle (Ginnamomum aromatum) aux Seychelles, et la vanille Vanilla planifolia a Madagascar, Comores et La Reunion, Ie girofle malgache (Syzygium aromaticum) sont produites dans la sous-region. Toutefois on considere la plupart de ces produits comme des produits agricoles plutot que des PFNL.

Les plantes ornementales importantes sont Trachetia goutoniana a Maurice et Ie Gyanthea sp. (fougere arborescente), Ficus sp., differentes orchidees et plantes aquatiques (Aponogeton sp.) a Madagascar. A Madagascar, la valeur des 276 000 plantes ornementales exportees chaque annee s'eleve a $EU100 000, dont 40 pour cent de la valeur d'exportation des plantes ornementales proviennent des orchidees. Les plantes medicinales semblent etre des PFNL importants dans la plupart de ces pays. A Madagascar, I'exportation de plantes medicinales provient de Drosera madagascariensis, Gentella asiatica, Gatharanthus rose a, Eugenia sp., Harongana madagascariensis, Hazunta sp., Medemia nobilis, Vocanga thouarsii, Satrana madinika, Moringa sp. et Prunus africana.

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Les animaux vivants exploités dans la sous-région et vendus sur le marché mondialcomprennent les papillons, reptiles, oiseaux, insectes et primates. Les lémuriens enparticulier Lemuridae spp., qui sont endémiques à la sous-région (Comores et Madagascar),sont des produits de valeur, bien que leur commerce soit interdit par l'Annexe I de laConvention sur le Commerce International des Espèces menacées d'extinction (CITES).

Aspects écologiquesLa majorité des plantes comestibles et des remèdes utilisés dans la sous-région sont desespèces sauvages cueillies dans les forks (e.g. orchidées, Prunus africana) ou hors de lafork (e.g. différentes plantes médicinales). Certaines plantes médicinales qui poussentl'état sauvage sont actuellement intégrées dans les systèmes agricoles (ex Prunus africanadans les systèmes agroforestiers). La plupart des épices sont déjà cultivées (dans la fork ethors de la fork) et sont alors surtout considérées comme des produits agricoles.

Le risque de surexploitation des PFNL est évident pour les espèces dans la liste de l'annexeI et II de la CITES dont le Prunus africana (Madagascar), Gycas thouarsii, Cyathea kirkii(Comores) et différentes orchidées. En ce qui concerne les orchidées en particulier, on nesait pas dans quelle mesure ces espèces sont des espèces forestières sauvages ou si cesont des espèces cultivées. Les animaux protégés par la CITES comprennent les reptiles(e.g. Phesulma spp. et Camaleo cephalolepsis aux Comores), les oiseaux, les grenouilles(Mantella spp. à Madagascar) et tous les lémuriens (Lemuiridae spp).

Aspects socio-économiquesPeu d'informations quantitatives sont disponibles sur 'Importance socio-économique desPFNL mentionnés plus haut.

Comme le montre le cas de Prunus africana à Madagascar ou bien l'exploitation du sagoudes Comores vers l'Afrique de Sud, la cueillette ou le commerce de PFNL est une activitégénératrice de revenu importante dans certaines zones de la sous-région. Cependant,l'utilisation des PFNL pour la subsistance est d'une signification plus grande pour la sous-région par rapport au commerce des produits/espèces sélectionnés.

On signale surtout l'exportation des PFNL pour les plantes médicinales (voir plus haut), lesplantes ornementales, les plantes aromatiques, les plantes comestibles (et épices) aussibien que les animaux vivants.

Les informations sur les futures tendances de l'utilisation des PFNL dans la sous-région sontrares. Aux Comores, la commercialisation des papillons et des reptiles est un importantsecteur et probablement un secteur porteur. A Madagascar, la valeur des plantesmédicinales exportées reste stable depuis ces dix dernières années (correspondant à 50pour cent des produits en bois exportés) et elle est censée rester stable dans l'avenir. Enparticulier, le risque d'épuisement de la ressource à cause de la surexploitation menace deréduire la disponibilité, et donc le commerce d'espèces forestières sauvages collectéescomme le Prunus africana. Le méme risque de réduction du commerce due à lasurexploitation existe pour les animaux vivants.

2.3.4 Afrique AustraleL'Angola, le Botswana, le Lesotho, le Malawi, le Mozambique, la Namibie, l'Afrique du Sud,le Swaziland, la Zambie et le Zimbabwe composent la sous-région australe de l'Afrique, telqu'il est défini dans cette étude.

Tous ces pays sont membres de la SADC (Communauté pour le Développement de l'AfriqueAustrale) qui, selon le Traité de la SADC, vise à coordonner, harmoniser et rationaliser lespolitiques et stratégies pour le développement durable dans tous les domaines du

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Les animaux vivants exploites dans la sous-reglon et vendus sur Ie marche mondial comprennent les papillons, reptiles, oiseaux, insectes et primates. Les lemuriens en particulier Lemuridae spp., qui sont endemiques a la sous-region (Comores et Madagascar), sont des produits de valeur, bien que leur commerce so it interdit par l'Annexe I de la Convention sur Ie Commerce International des Especes menacees d'extinction (CITES).

Aspects ecologiques La majorite des plantes comestibles et des remedes utilises dans la sous-region sont des especes sauvages cueillies dans les forets (e.g. orchidees, Prunus africana) ou hors de la foret (e.g. differentes plantes medicinales). Certaines plantes medicinales qui poussent a I'etat sauvage sont actuellement integrees dans les systemes agricoles (ex Prunus africana dans les systemes agroforestiers). La plupart des epices sont deja cultivees (dans la foret et hors de la foret) et sont alors surtout considerees comme des produits agricoles.

Le risque de surexploitation des PFNL est evident pour les especes dans la liste de I'annexe I et II de la CITES dont Ie Prunus africana (Madagascar), Gycas thouarsii, Cyathea kirkii (Comores) et differentes orchidees. En ce qui concerne les orchidees en particulier, on ne sait pas dans quelle mesure ces especes sont des especes forestieres sauvages ou si ce sont des especes cultivees. Les animaux proteges par la CITES comprennent les reptiles (e.g. Phesulma spp. et Camaleo cepha/o/epsis aux Comores), les oiseaux, les grenouilles (Mantella spp. a Madagascar) et tous les lemuriens (Lemuiridae spp).

Aspects socio-economiques Peu d'informations quantitatives sont disponibles sur I'importance socio-economique des PFNL mentionnes plus haut.

Comme Ie montre Ie cas de Prunus africana a Madagascar ou bien I'exploitation du sagou des Comores vers l'Afrique de Sud, la cueillette ou Ie commerce de PFNL est une activite generatrice de revenu importante dans certaines zones de la sous-region. Cependant, I'utilisation des PFNL pour la subsistance est d'une signification plus grande pour la sousregion par rapport au commerce des produits/especes selectionnes.

On signale surtout I'exportation des PFNL pour les plantes medicinales (voir plus haut), les plantes ornementales, les plantes aromatiques, les plantes comestibles (et epices) aussi bien que les animaux vivants.

Les informations sur les futures tendances de I'utilisation des PFNL dans la sous-region sont rares. Aux Comores, la commercialisation des papillons et des reptiles est un important secteur et probablement un secteur porteur. A Madagascar, la valeur des plantes medicinales exportees reste stable depuis ces dix dernieres annees (correspondant a 50 pour cent des produits en bois exportes) et elle est censee rester stable dans I'avenir. En particulier, Ie risque d'epuisement de la ressource a cause de la surexploitation menace de reduire la disponibilite, et donc Ie commerce d'especes forestieres sauvages collectees comme Ie Prunus africana. Le meme risque de reduction du commerce due a la surexploitation existe pour les animaux vivants.

2.3.4 Afrique Australe L'Angola, Ie Botswana, Ie Lesotho, Ie Malawi, Ie Mozambique, la Namibie, l'Afrique du Sud, Ie Swaziland, la Zambie et Ie Zimbabwe composent la sous-region australe de l'Afrique, tel qu'iI est defini dans cette etude.

Tous ces pays sont membres de la SADC (Communaute pour Ie Developpement de l'Afrique Australe) qui, selon Ie Traite de la SADC, vise a coordonner, harmoniser et rationaliser les politiques et strategies pour Ie developpement durable dans tous les domaines du

53

comportement de l'être humain. Les questions forestières au sein de la SADC sont traitéespar l'Unité de Coordination Technique Forestière de la SADC (FSTCU).

Les types de végétation caractéristique de l'Afrique Australe sont les terres boisées. Leprincipal type de terres boisées est le `Miombo', caractérisé par des espèces commeBrachystegia sp., Julbemandia sp., et Pterocarpus sp.. Les autres types de terres boiséesimportantes sont le `Mopane', dominés par les Colophospermum mopane, et le terresboisées de 'Munga', une association de Piliostigma-Acacia-Combretum. Les terres boiséeset les autres types de foréts couvrent 20 pour cent de la région, avec la plus importantecouverture forestière nationale en Zambie et au Malawi (42 pour cent) et la moins importanteau Lesotho (1 pour cent) et au Swaziland (8 pour cent). Dans les zones arides de l'AfriqueAustrale, les formations arbustives et les broussailles dominent. Les plantations forestièrescomprennent notamment de Eucalyptus sp., Pinus sp., et Acacia meamsii.

Principaux PFNLEn Afrique Australe, l'utilisation de plantes coomestibles, des plantes fourragères, desproduits apicoles, des plantes médicinales, du gibier, des exsudats, des matériaux deconstruction, de teinture et de tannage, des insectes, des plantes ornementales, des plantesaromatiques et des remèdes à base animale est documentée. Les principaux PFNL despays de l'Afrique Australe se trouvent dans la liste du Tableau 26.

Tableau 26. Princi aux PFNL en Afri ue Australe

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Angola Plantes comestibles (fruits, feuilles,tubercules, racines, noix), champignons,plantes médicinales


Botswana Plantes comestibles (tubercules deRaphionacme burkei et Coccinearehmannii), plantes médicinales(Harpagophytum procumbens), gibier


Lesotho Gibier, insectes, fourrage, plantesmédicinales, plantes comestibles (fruits)

Production de 448.4 kg de miel en1997

Malawi Miel, chenilles, termites, gibier,champignons plantes comestibles (fruits deUapaca kirkiana, Tamarindus indica et deStrychnos spinosa)

Production annuelle de 1 000 tonnesde miel'et 150 tonnes de productionde cire d'abeille

Mozambique Gibier, miel et cire d'abeille, plantesmédicinales (e.g. Warburgia salutaris,Securidaca longepedunculata), plantescomestibles (fruits de Strychnosmadagascariensis, S. spinosa, Sclerocaryabirrea, Hyphaene coriacea), champignons

Production annuelle de 380 000 kg demiel et 68 000 kg production annuellede cire d'abeille

Namibie Fourrage, plantes médicinales(Harpagophytum procumbens, H. zeyheri),plantes comestibles (noix, fruits deSclerocarya birrea, subsp. caffra,Berchemia discolor, Diospyrosmespiliformis, Hyphaene petersiana),gibier, miel

e Exportation annuelle de 600 000 kgde Harpagophytum spp. avec unevaleur entre $EU1.5 et 2 millions en1998o La valeur économique annuelle desplantes médicinales est estimée A$EU5.8 millions

comportement de I'stre humain. Les questions forestieres au sein de la SADC sont traitees par l'Unite de Coordination Technique Forestiere de la SADC (FSTCU).

Les types de vegetation caracteristique de l'Afrique Australe sont les terres boisees. Le principal type de terres boisees est Ie 'Miombo', caracterise par des especes comme Brachystegia sp., Julbernandia sp., et Pterocarpus sp .. Les autres types de terres boisees importantes sont Ie 'Mopane', domines par les Colophospermum mopane, et Ie terres boisees de 'Munga', une association de Piliostigma-Acacia-Combretum. Les terres boisees et les autres types de forsts couvrent 20 pour cent de la region, avec la plus importante couverture forestiere nationale en Zambie et au Malawi (42 pour cent) et la moins importante au Lesotho (1 pour cent) et au Swaziland (8 pour cent). Dans les zones arides de l'Afrique Australe, les formations arbustives et les broussailles dominent. Les plantations forestieres comprennent notamment de Eucalyptus sp., Pinus sp., et Acacia mearnsii.

Principaux PFNL En Afrique Australe, I'utilisation de plantes coomestibles, des plantes fourrageres, des produits apicoles, des plantes medicinales, du gibier, des exsudats, des materiaux de construction, de teinture et de tannage, des insectes, des plantes ornementales, des plantes aromatiques et des remedes a base animale est documentee. Les principaux PFNL des pays de l'Afrique Australe se trouvent dans la liste du Tableau 26.

T bl a eau 26 P' . rlnclpaux PFNL Af' en rique A t I us ra e

-J Principaux PFNL Donnees statistiques selectionnees disponibles

Angola Plantes comestibles (fruits, feuilles, Aucune information disponible tubercules, raeines, noix), champignons, plantes medieinales

Botswana Plantes comestibles (tubercules de Aucune information disponible Raphionacme burkei et Coccinea rehmannil) , plantes medieinales (Harpagophytum procumbens), gibier

Lesotho Gibier, insectes, fourrage, plantes Production de 448.4 kg de miel en medicinales, plantes comestibles (fruits) 1997

Malawi Miel, chenilles, termites, gibier, Production annuelle de 1 000 tonnes champignons plantes comestibles (fruits de de miel' et 150 tonnes de production Uapaca kirkiana, Tamarindus indica et de de cire d'abeille Strychnos spinosa)

Mozambique Gibier, miel et eire d'abeille, plantes Production annuelle de 380 000 kg de medicinales (e.g. Warburgia salutaris, miel et 68 000 kg production annuelle Securidaca longepedunculata), plantes de eire d'abeille comestibles (fruits de Strychnos madagascariensis, S. spinosa, Sclerocarya birrea, Hyphaene coriacea), champignons

Namibie Fourrage, plantes medicinales It Exportation annuelle de 600 000 kg (Harpagophytum procumbens, H. zeyheri), de Harpagophytum spp. avec une plantes comestibles (noix, fruits de valeur entre $EU 1.5 et 2 millions en Sclerocarya birrea, subsp. caffra, 1998 Berchemia discolor, Diospyros It La valeur economique annuelle des mespiliformis, Hyphaene petersiana), plantes medieinales est estimee a gibier, miel $EU5.8 millions

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Les plus importants PFNL spécifiques à la sous-région sont les plantes fourragères, lesplantes comestibles, les plantes médicinales et les produits apicoles.

Le fourrage est l'un des PFNL les plus importants dans la région. Son importance estaccentuée au Lesotho, au Namibie, au Swaziland, en Zambie, au Zimbabwe et en Afrique duSud. D'importantes espèces qui fournissent du fourrage comprennent l'Adeniuim obesum(Swaziland), Colophospermum mopane (Namibie) aussi bien que l'Acacia tortilis, Azeliaquanzensis, et le Bauhinia thonningii (tous au Zimbabwe).

Les plantes comestibles les plus importantes sont les fruits, les racines, les tubercules et leschampignons.

Dans la plupart des pays d'Afrique Australe, les fruits contribuent d'une manière significativeau régime alimentaire de la population, fournissant des vitamines et des minéraux. C'est auBotswana seulement que les fruits ne sont pas parmi les plus importants PFNL. On trouveune très grande variété de fruits ; ainsi, aucune espèce ne peut étre identifiée comme laprincipale dans la toute la sous-région.

En Angola, Botswana et Zambie, les racines comestibles et les tubercules sont d'importantsPFNL utilisés comme nourriture ou boissons. En Zambie, à cause de la !Anude alimentaireen période de fortes pluies ou de sécheresse, l'importance des racines a augmenté car cesont d'importantes denrées pour la sécurité alimentaire. Dans la *ion, les espèces surlesquelles existent des informations sont Raphionacme burbei (Botswana), Coccinearehmannii (Botswana), Rhynchosia spp., Satyria siva, Rhynchosia insignis, Colocasia eduliset Dolichos effipticus (tous en Zambie). Au Mozambique, les racines et les tubercules ne sontconsommées que rarement.

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Afrique duSud

Plantes médicinales (Glycyrhiza sp.,Origanum sp., Salvia sp., Euphorbiareinifera, Aloe ferox), plantes ornementales(Rumohra adiantiformis), fourrage, plantescomestibles (fruits de Sclerocatya birrea,noix boissons), gibier

o Le commerce annuel de plantesmédicinales au niveau nationaléquivaut 6 $EU60 millions

La production de miel a atteint3 200 tonnes et l'exportation de miel30 tonnes, soit $EU96 000 en 1996.4 tonnes de cire soit $EU16 000 ontété exporté en 1996

Swaziland Fourrage (Adenium obesum), plantesmédicinales (Warburgia salutaris), plantescomestibles (fruits de Sclerocatya birrea),insectes, miel et cire d'abeille


Zambie Miel, cire d'abeille, champignons, bambou(Oxytenanthera abyssinica), chenilles,plantes comestibles (racines deRhynchosia spp., Satyria siva, fruits deUapaca kirkiana, Parinari curateffifolia ,Strychnos sp.), plantes médicinales(Pterocarpus angolensis, Eulophia petersii,Selaginella imbricans), fourrage

Le commerce de plantesmédicinales vaut $EU4.4 millions parane On a produit en 1992, 90 000 kg demiel, soit $EU171 850. La mèmeannée, la production de cire d'abeille aatteint 28 515 kg, soit $EU74 140

Zimbabwe Gibier, insectes, fourrage, plantes,médicinales (Warburgia salutaris,Spirostachys africanus, Erythrophleumsuaveolens, Phyllanthus engleri), fruits(Diospyros mespiliformis, Strychnoscocculoides, Azanza garckeana)

En 1988-94, on a produit 30 tonnesde gomme arabique par ano La production annuelle de résines aatteint 1 000 tonnes

Afrique du Plantes medieinales (Glycyrhiza sp., • Le commerce annuel de plantes Sud Origanum sp., Salvia sp., Euphorbia medieinales au niveau national

reinifera, Aloe ferox), plantes ornementales equivaut a $EU60 millions (Rumohra adiantiformis), fourrage, plantes • La production de miel a atteint comestibles (fruits de Sclerocarya birrea, 3 200 tonnes et I'exportation de miel noix boissons), gibier 30 tonnes, soit $EU96 000 en 1996.

4 tonnes de eire soit $EU16 000 ont ete exporte en 1996

Swaziland Fourrage (Adenium obesum), plantes Aucune information disponible medicinales (Warburgia salutaris) , plantes comestibles (fruits de Sclerocarya birrea), insectes, miel et cire d'abeille

Zambie Miel, cire d'abeille, champignons, bambou .. Le commerce de plantes (Oxytenanthera abyssinica), chenilles, medicinales vaut $EU4.4 millions par plantes comestibles (raeines de an Rhynchosia spp., Satyria siva, fruits de • On a produit en 1992, 90 000 kg de Uapaca kirkiana, Parinari curatellifolia , miel, so it $EU 171 850. La meme Strychnos sp.), plantes medieinales annee, la production de cire d'abeille a (Pterocarpus angolensis, Eulophia petersii, atteint 28 515 kg, soit $EU74 140 Selaginella imbricans), fourrage

Zimbabwe Gibier, insectes, fourrage, plantes , • En 1988-94, on a produit 30 tonnes medicinales (Warburgia salutaris, de gomme arabique par an Spirostachys african us, Erythrophleum 1/1 La production annuelle de resines a suaveolens, Phyllanthus engleri), fruits atteint 1 000 tonnes (Oiospyros mespiliformis, Strychnos cocculoides, Azanza garckeana)

Les plus importants PFNL specifiques a la sous-region sont les plantes fourrageres, les plantes comestibles, les plantes medicinales et les produits apicoles.

Le fourrage est I'un des PFNL les plus importants dans la region. Son importance est accentuee au Lesotho, au Namibie, au Swaziland, en Zambie, au Zimbabwe et en Afrique du Sud. D'importantes especes qui fournissent du fourrage comprennent l'Adeniuim obesum (Swaziland), Colophospermum mopane (Namibie) aussi bien que l'Acacia toriilis, Azelia quanzensis, et Ie Bauhinia thonningii (to us au Zimbabwe).

Les plantes comestibles les plus importantes sont les fruits, les racines, les tubercules et les cham pig nons.

Dans la plupart des pays d'Afrique Australe, les fruits contribuent d'une maniere significative au regime alimentaire de la population, fournissant des vitamines et des mineraux. C'est au Botswana seulement que les fruits ne sont pas parmi les plus importants PFNL. On trouve une tres grande variete de fruits ; ainsi, aucune espece ne peut etre identifiee comme la principale dans la toute la sous-region.

En Angola, Botswana et Zambie, les racines comestibles et les tubercules sont d'importants PFNL utilises comme nourriture ou boissons. En Zambie, a cause de la penurie alimentaire en periode de fortes pluies ou de secheresse, I'importance des racines a aug mente car ce sont d'importantes denrees pour la securite alimentaire. Dans la region, les especes sur lesquelles existent des informations sont Raphionacme burbei (Botswana), Coccinea rehmannii (Botswana), Rhynchosia spp., Satyria siva, Rhynchosia insignis, Colocasia edulis et Dolichos el/ipticus (tous en Zambie). Au Mozambique, les racines et les tubercules ne sont consommees que rarement.

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Les champignons, qu'on trouve dans l'écosystème 'Miombo', sont ramassés pendant lasaison des pluies. Ils sont vendus au marché en Mozambique et en Zambie tandis qu'enNamibie ils sont destinés à la production de subsistance.

En Afrique Australe il existe une variété de plantes médicinales. Les plantes qu'on peutqualifier d'espèces-clés commercialisées sont les Warburgia salutaris (Mozambique,Swaziland, Zimbabwe, Afrique du Sud), Harpagophytum procumbens (Botswana, Namibie)et Harpagophytum zeyheri (Namibie). A part ces plantes, il y a une grande variété de plantesmédicinales qui sont spécifiques à ces pays respectifs.

L'apiculture traditionnelle est une pratique courante en Afrique Australe en général et enMozambique, au Swaziland, en Zambie et au Malawi en particulier. Dans ces pays, laproduction de miel et de cire d'abeille comme source de nectar dépend entièrement desforèts primaires. Les principaux espèces d'arbre qui fournissent la nourriture aux abeillessont Brachystegia sp. (Zambie et Mozambique), ainsi que le Marquesia macroura, M.acuminata, Syzygium sp. et Julbemadia sp. (Zambie).

Aspects écologiquesDans la sous-région, les informations relatives à l'habitat ne sont pas complétées bien qu'il yait des spécifications faites sur l'importance des terres boisées de `Miombo' comme sourcede fruits indigènes (Malawi) et les for-61s primaires pour le miel, la cire d'abeille, et le bambou(Zambie, Afrique du Sud, Swaziland). Au Swaziland, les quatre espèces principales d'uneimportance socio-économique (Sclerocarya birrea sous-espèce Coffra Bequaertiodendrommagalismontanum, Syzygium cordatum et Ximenia caffra) proviennent tous des forétsprimaires et d'arbres hors des forèts.

Certaines espèces des plantes médicinales sont menacées dans plusieurs parties del'Afrique Australe (e.g. Mozambique, Zambie, Lesotho, Namibie et Afrique du Sud). Lademande croissante, l'utilisation à grande échelle et l'exploitation non-durable sont lesprincipales raisons de la surexploitation des plantes médicinales comme Harpa gophytumprocumbens (Botswana et Namibie), le Syphonochilus aethiopicus, Warburgia salutaris,Ledobouria hypoxidoides, Mystacidium miliaria, Ocotea bu//ata et Aloe ferox (Afrique duSud). Un autre exemple est le fait d'enlever abusivement les racines et l'écorce en Zambie.Les PFNL à base animale sont aussi affectés. Au Lesotho et au Malawi, la chasse excessiveaffecte les réserves d'animaux vivants et le gibier.

Aspects socio-économiquesL'utilisation des PFNL pour la subsistance, en particulier la contribution des plantes pour lanourriture à la sécurité alimentaire du ménage et la dépendance de la population rurale auxplantes médicinales, a été déjà mentionnée. Cependant les PFNL jouent un rôle égalementimportant en générant des ressources et de l'emploi. Les femmes sont particulièrementimpliquées dans les collectes et la vente de ces produits. Les principaux PFNLcommercialisés sont les fruits (Zambie, Swaziland et Mozambique), les plantes médicinales(Zambie, Afrique du Sud, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Malawi), les champignons (Zambie,Malawi) et les racines et tubercules (Mozambique, Zambie). Ces produits sont vendus sur lemarché formel et informel.

On dispose des informations concernant le commerce international surtout sur les plantesmédicinales. Le commerce se passe principalement entre pays voisins ; par exemplel'exportation est documentée sud africaine de plantes médicinales, tel que Synaptolepiskirkii, au Lesotho. D'autres commerces internationaux existent ; par exemple, du Swazilanden Afrique du Sud et Mozambique (e.g. Warburgia salutaris), du Malawi en Zambie(Jatorhizia bukobensis), Zimbabwe, Mozambique et Afrique du Sud, et la Mozambique enAfrique du Sud et Zimbabwe. Le seul commerce signalé en dehors de la région est

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Les champignons, qu'on trouve dans I'ecosysteme 'Miombo', sont ram asses pendant la saison des pluies. lis sont vendus au marche en Mozambique et en Zambie tandis qu'en Namibie ils sont destines a la production de subsistance.

En Afrique Australe il existe une variete de plantes medicinales. Les plantes qu'on peut qualifier d'especes-cles commercialisees sont les Warburgia salutaris (Mozambique, Swaziland, Zimbabwe, Afrique du Sud), Harpagophytum proeumbens (Botswana, Namibie) et Harpagophytum zeyheri (Namibie). A part ces plantes, iI y a une grande variete de plantes medicinales qui sont specifiques a ces pays respectifs.

L'apiculture traditionnelle est une pratique courante en Afrique Australe en general et en Mozambique, au Swaziland, en Zambie et au Malawi en particulier. Dans ces pays, la production de miel et de cire d'abeille comme source de nectar depend entierement des forets primaires. Les principaux especes d'arbre qui fournissent la nourriture aux abeilles sont Braehystegia sp. (Zambie et Mozambique), ainsi que Ie Marquesia maeroura, M. aeuminata, Syzygium sp. et Julbernadia sp. (Zambie).

Aspects ecologiques Dans la sous-region, les informations relatives a I'habitat ne sont pas completees bien qu'il y ait des specifications faites sur I'importance des terres boisees de 'Miombo' comme source de fruits indigenes (Malawi) et les forets primaires pour Ie miel, la cire d'abeille, et Ie bambou (Zambie, Afrique du Sud, Swaziland). Au Swaziland, les quatre especes principales d'une importance socio-economique (Seleroearya birrea sous-espece Coffra" Bequaertiodendrom magalismontanum, Syzygium eordatum et Ximenia eaffra) proviennent tous des forets primaires et d'arbres hors des forets.

Certaines especes des plantes medicinales sont menacees dans plusieurs parties de l'Afrique Australe (e.g. Mozambique, Zambie, Lesotho, Namibie et Afrique du Sud). La demande croissante, I'utilisation a grande echelle et I'exploitation non-durable sont les principales raisons de la surexploitation des plantes medicinales comme Harpagophytum proeumbens (Botswana et Namibie), Ie Syphonoehilus aethiopieus, Warburgia salutaris, Ledobouria hypoxidoides, Mystaeidium miliaria, Oeotea bu/lata et Aloe ferox (Afrique du Sud). Un autre exemple est Ie fait d'enlever abusivement les racines et I'ecorce en Zambie. Les PFNL a base animale sont aussi affectes. Au Lesotho et au Malawi, la chasse excessive affecte les reserves d'animaux vivants et Ie gibier.

Aspects socio-economiques L'utilisation des PFNL pour la subsistance, en particulier la contribution des plantes pour la nourriture a la securite alimentaire du menage et la dependance de la population rurale aux plantes medicinales, a ete deja mentionnee. Cependant les PFNL jouent un role egalement important en generant des ressources et de I'emploi. Les femmes sont particulierement impliquees dans les collectes et la vente de ces produits. Les principaux PFNL commercialises sont les fruits (Zambie, Swaziland et Mozambique), les plantes medicinales (Zambie, Afrique du Sud, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Malawi), les champignons (Zambie, Malawi) et les racines et tubercules (Mozambique, Zambie). Ces produits sont vendus sur Ie marche formel et informal.

On dispose des informations concernant Ie commerce international surtout sur les plantes medicinales. Le commerce se passe principalement entre pays voisins ; par exemple I'exportation est documentee sud africaine de plantes medicinales, tel que Synaptolepis kirkii, au Lesotho. D'autres commerces internationaux existent; par exemple, du Swaziland en Afrique du Sud et Mozambique (e.g. Warburgia salutaris) , du Malawi en Zambie (Jatorhizia bukobensis) , Zimbabwe, Mozambique et Afrique du Sud, et la Mozambique en Afrique du Sud et Zimbabwe. Le seul commerce signale en dehors de la region est

56

l'exportation sud africaine de plantes médicinales (e.g. Panax ginseng, Glycyrhiza sp.,Origanum sp., Salvia sp.) en Allemagne.

Les produits apicoles sont aussi commercialisés au niveau international par l'Afrique du Sudet la Zambie, comme les huiles de Manula (Sclérocarya sp.) en Namibie. De plus, il existe unmarché informel de paniers entre la Namibie et l'Afrique du Sud.

II est impossible d'évaluer la valeur économique des PFNL au niveau sous-régional car ils setrouvent surtout dans le secteur informel. Toutefois quelques informations sur des produitsspécifiques et leur contribution économique sont disponibles. Par exemple la valeur annuelledes PFNL en Namibie est estimée à N$65,3 millions ($EU 12 millions).

2.3.5 Afrique CentraleLa sous-région Afrique Centrale couvre neuf pays: Burundi, Cameroun, RépubliqueCentrafricaine, Guinée équatoriale, Gabon, République Démocratique du Congo, Républiquedu Congo, Rwanda et les Iles de Sao Tomé et Principe.

Tous sont membres de la Communauté Economique des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale(CEEAC), dont le siège est au Gabon qui visent la promotion de la coopération sous-régionalet l'établissement d'un marché commun centrafricain.31

La plupart de ces pays font partie du bassin du Congo. La couverture forestière nationalemoyenne de la sous-région atteint 50 pour cent : le Gabon et la Sao Tomé et Principe sontles pays avec la plus haute couverture forestière (70 pour cent), alors que les foréts auRwanda et au Burundi ne couvrent que quelques 10 pour cent de la superficie. Les forétscentrafricaines consistent principalement de différents types de foréts primaires tropicalesd'arbres à larges feuilles tel que les foréts à feuilles persistantes des basses terres(humides), les foréts semi-caduques des basses terres et les forèts (sub)-montagneuses.Les espèces importantes comprennent Etandrophragma cylindricum, Terminala superba,Sideroxylon adolphi-friederici et Aucoumea klaineana. Les régions sèches de la sous-régionsont principalement couvertes par les terres boisées du (Miombo' (Brachystegia sp.,Julihemandia sp., Isoberlinia sp), de l'Acacia (e.g. Acacia siberiana) ou d'Elfe au Gabon.

Les autres types de foréts sont constitués de for-61s littorales et marécageuses ainsi que demangroves.

Principaux PFNLEn Afrique Centrale, on utilise une très grande variété de PFNL. Les produits à based'animaux sont le gibier, les animaux vivants, les trophées, les produits apicoles (miel etcire), les chenilles, ornements et remèdes. Les produits végétaux utilisés sont les plantescomestibles (tubercules légumineuses, feuilles, écorces, fruits, champignons, jus, graines,huiles), plantes médicinales, fourrages, rotins, plantes aromates et cosmétiques, colorants,outils, matériaux de constructions et les gommes.

31 Le 10ème pays du CEEAC, le Tchad, est inclus dans la sous-région ouest-africaine.

57

I'exportation sud africaine de plantes medicinales (e.g. Panax ginseng, Glycyrhiza sp., Origanum sp., Salvia sp.) en Allemagne.

Les produits apicoles sont aussi commercialises au niveau international par l'Afrique du Sud et la Zambie, comme les huiles de Manula (Sclerocarya sp.) en Namibie. De plus, il existe un marche informel de paniers entre la Namibie et l'Afrique du SUd.

II est impossible d'evaluer la valeur economique des PFNL au niveau sous-regional car ils se trouvent surtout dans Ie secteur informal. Toutefois quelques informations sur des produits specifiques et leur contribution economique sont disponibles. Par exemple la valeur annuelle des PFNL en Namibie est estimee a N$65,3 millions ($EU 12 millions).

2.3.5 Afrique Centrale La sous-region Afrique Centrale couvre neuf pays: Burundi, Cameroun, Republique Centrafricaine, Guinee equatoriale, Gabon, Republique Democratique du Congo, Republique du Congo, Rwanda et les Ties de Sao Tome et Principe.

Tous sont membres de la Communaute Economique des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale (CEEAC), dont Ie siege est au Gabon qui visent la promotion de la cooperation sous-regional et I'etablissement d'un marche commun centrafricain. 31

La plupart de ces pays font partie du bassin du Congo. La couverture forestiere nationale moyenne de la sous-region atteint 50 pour cent: Ie Gabon et la Sao Tome et Principe sont les pays avec la plus haute couverture forestiere (70 pour cent), alors que les forets au Rwanda et au Burundi ne couvrent que quelques 10 pour cent de la superficie. Les forets centrafricaines consistent principalement de differents types de forets primaires tropicales d'arbres a larges feuilles tel que les forets a feuilles persistantes des basses terres (humides), les forets semi-caduques des basses terres et les forets (sub)-montagneuses. Les especes importantes comprennent Etandrophragma cylindricum, Terminala superba, Sideroxylon adolphi-friederici et Aucoumea klaineana. Les regions seches de la sous-region sont principalement couvertes par les terres boisees du 'Miombo' (Brachystegia sp., JUlihernandia sp., Isoberlinia spy, de l'Acacia (e.g. Acacia siberiana) ou d'Elfe au Gabon.

Les autres types de forets sont constitues de forets littorales et marecageuses ainsi que de mangroves.

Principaux PFNL En Afrique Centrale, on utilise une tres grande variete de PFNL. Les produits a base d'animaux sont Ie gibier, les animaux vivants, les trophees, les produits apicoles (miel et eire), les chenilles, ornements et remedes. Les produits vegetaux utilises sont les plantes comestibles (tubercules legumineuses, feuilles, ecorces, fruits, cham pig nons, jus, graines, huiles), plantes medicinales, fourrages, rotins, plantes aromates et cosmetiques, colorants, outils, materiaux de constructions et les gommes.

31 Le 10ame pays du CEEAC, Ie Tchad, est inclus dans la sous-region ouest-africaine.

57

Tableau 27. Princi aux PFNL en Africiue Centrale

Les PFNL les plus intéressants en Afrique Centrale sont le gibier, les plantes comestibles,les plantes médicinales, et les rotins.

Le gibier est une source importance de protéines pour la population de la sous-régionCentrafricaine. Bien que la chasse soit légalement limitée dans la plupart de ces pays, ilexiste toujours une forte demande en gibier dans les zones rurale et urbaine. DO Al'urbanisation croissante, le commerce de gibier augmente également. Les principalesespèces qui font l'objet de chasse comprennent les antilopes (surtout les duikers), lesgazelles, les singes, les sangliers, les porcs, les épices et les crocodiles.

Les plantes comestibles faisant partie des principaux PFNL dans chaque pays. C'est ungroupe de produits extrèmement hétérogènes si l'on considère les différentes partiesutilisées : fruit, noix, écorce, feuille, graine, racine et huile. Une multitude d'espèces estutilisée pour la subsistance ; seules les espèces sélectionnées d'importance primordiale sontcommercialisées au niveau national et international. Les plantes comestiblescommercialisées comprennent

les fruits de lrvingia gabonensis, (Mangue, surtout utilisés par l'extraction d'huiles detable), Dacrydes edulis (Safou), Cola acuminata (graines, Kola), Voula edulis, Elaxisguineensis (huile de palme, huile de table), Piper guineensis, Xylopia aethiopica,Afranonum spp. et Gambeya africana.; Vitellaria paradoxa (Karité) et Parkia higlobosa(Neré) sont d'importantes espèces qui donnent des fruits comestibles et de l'huile dansles zones semi-arides de la sous-régionles feuilles de Guetum africanum et G. brichholzianum ;la tubercule de Dioscorea sp ;

58


Burundi Gibier, animaux vivants, plantesmédicinales

Exportation de 13 780 spécimens de reptiles en1992e Exportation de 1 000 kg de champignonsCantharellus spp.) vers l'Allemagne en 1995

Canneroun Plantes comestibles (e.g. fruits,noix, feuilles), plantesmédicinales, rotin, gibier

Exportation annuelle de 600 tonnes de feuillesde Gnetum spp. (aliments) soit $EU2.9 millions

Exportation annuelle de 413 t de gommearabique (Acacia senegal) entre 1988 et 1993

RépubliqueCentrafricaine

Gibier, plantes comestibles,plantes médicinales

Exportation de 273 kg d'osier en 1994, soit$EU1 800

Guinéeéquatoriale

Plantes médicinales, plantescomestibles, rotin, gibier

Exportation de 200 tonnes d'écorce de Prunusafricana en 1994

Gabon Plantes comestibles, osier,gibier


République duCongo

Plantes comestibles (fruits,champignons, légumes), plantesmédicinales, miel ,gibier, plantesornementales et matériaux deconstruction


RépubliqueDémocratique

du Congo

Plantes comestibles, gibier Aucune information disponible

Rwanda Plantes comestibles (fruits),plantes médicinales, miel,animaux vivants

Production de 23 000 tonnes de miel en 1998

Sao Tomé etPrincipe

Plantes médicinales Aucune information disponible

T bl a eau 27. P' . nnclpaux PFNL Af' en nque c entra e

Pays Principaux PFNL Donnees statistiques selectionnees disponibles

Burundi Gibier, animaux vivants, plantes • Exportation de 13 780 specimens de reptiles en medicinales 1992

• Exportation de 1 000 kg de champignons Cantharellus spp.) vers l'Aliemagne en 1995

Cameroun Plantes comestibles (e.g. fruits, • Exportation annuelle de 600 tonnes de feuilles noix, feuilles), plantes de Gnetum spp. (aliments) so it $EU2.9 millions medicinales, rotin, gibier • Exportation annuelle de 413 t de gomme

arabique (Acacia senegal) entre 1988 et 1993 Republique Gibier, plantes comestibles, Exportation de 273 kg d'osier en 1994, soit

Centrafricaine plantes medicinales $EU1800 Guinee Plantes medicinales, plantes Exportation de 200 tonnes d'ecorce de Prunus

equatoriale comestibles, rotin, gibier africana en 1994 Gabon Plantes comestibles, osier, Aucune information disponible

Qibier Republique du Plantes comestibles (fruits, Aucune information disponible

Congo champignons, legumes), plantes medicinales, miel ,gibier, plantes ornementales et materiaux de construction

Republique Plantes comestibles, gibier Aucune information disponible Democratique

du Congo Rwanda Plantes comestibles (fruits), Production de 23 000 tonnes de miel en 1998

plantes medicinales, miel, animaux vivants

Sao Tome et Plantes medicinales Aucune information disponible Principe

Les PFNL les plus interessants en Afrique Centrale sont Ie gibier, les plantes comestibles, les plantes medicinales, et les rotins.

Le gibier est une source importance de proteines pour la population de la sous-reglon Centrafricaine. Bien que la chasse so it legalement limitee dans la plupart de ces pays, il existe toujours une forte demande en gibier dans les zones rurale et urbaine. DO a I'urbanisation croissante, Ie commerce de gibier aug mente egalement. Les principales especes qui font I'objet de chasse comprennent les antilopes (surtout les duikers), les gazelles, les singes, les sangliers, les porcs, les epices et les crocodiles.

Les plantes comestibles faisant partie des principaux PFNL dans chaque pays. C'est un groupe de produits extremement heterogenes si I'on considere les differentes parties utilisees : fruit, noix, ecorce, feuille, graine, racine et huile. Une multitude d'especes est utilisee pour la subsistance ; seules les especes selectionnees d'importance primordiale sont commercialisees au niveau national et international. Les plantes comestibles commercialisees comprennent lID les fruits de Irvingia gabonensis, (Mangue, surtout utilises par I'extraction d'huiles de

table), Oacrydes edulis (Safou), Cola acuminata (graines, Kola), Voula edulis, Elaxis guineensis (huile de pal me, huile de table), Piper guineensis, Xylopia aethiopica, Afranonum spp. et Gambeya africana.; Vitel/aria paradoxa (Karite) et Parkia higlobosa (Nere) sont d'importantes especes qui donnent des fruits comestibles et de I'huile dans les zones semi-arides de la sous-region

It les feuilles de Guetum africanum et G. brichholzianum ; III la tubercule de Oioscorea sp ;

58

l'écorce de Garcinia sp. ; etdiverses espèces de champignons.

La médecine traditionnelle est une partie essentielle du système de soins de santé enAfrique Centrale, où les médicaments pharmaceutiques synthétiques ne sont pas 6 la portéede la majorité de la population à cause des prix onéreux et/ou le manqued'approvisionnement. Une large gamme d'espèces est utilisée comme plantes médicinalesau Cameroun par exemple on dispose de document rapportant l'utilisation de plus de 500plantes médicinales. Ces plantes médicinales sont utilisées par la population et par desspécialistes notamment des guérisseurs traditionnels. Surtout dans les pays ou les zonesoù la connaissance traditionnelle est en voie de disparare (e.g. Guinée équatoriale), lesplantes médicinales sont plus souvent utilisées par des spécialistes. Dans certains payscomme le Burundi, les guérisseurs traditionnels sont groupés dans des organisationsformelles et sont reconnus par le gouvernement. Les espèces exportées aux descompagnies pharmaceutiques A cause de leurs propriétés chimiques, sont Prunus africana(Guinée équatoriale, Cameroun), Pausinystalia johimbe, Voacanga africana, Stophantusgratus et Physostigma venenosum (tous exportés du Cameroun).

Le rotin est un PFNL majeur dans la sous-région, surtout au Cameroun, Gabon, Guinéeéquatoriale et en République du Congo. II est notamment commercialisé pour la fabricationde meuble. Les espèces pertinentes commercialisées, avec la plus haute valeuréconomique, et pour lesquelles la demande dépasse l'offre, sont Laccospermesecondiflorrum et Eremospatha macrocarpa .

Lors de «L'Atelier International des Experts sur les PFNL en Afrique Centrale » qui s'est tenuau jardin botanique Limbe au Cameroun en mai 1998, 13 espèces-clés de haute valeuréconomique ont été intensifiés par les participants (voir tableau 28). Parmi ces espèces-clés,l'action prioritaire a été donnée au Gnetum spp., Baillonella toxisperma, Prunus africana,Pausinystalia johimbe et aux rotin.

59

It I'ecorce de Garcinia sp. ; et It diverses especes de champignons.

La medecine traditionnelle est une partie essentielle du systeme de soins de sante en Afrique Centrale, ou les medicaments pharmaceutiques synthetiques ne sont pas a la portee de la majorite de la population a cause des prix onereux etlou Ie manque d'approvisionnement. Une large gam me d'especes est utilisee comme plantes medicinales : au Cameroun par exemple on dispose de document rapportant I'utilisation de plus de 500 plantes medicinales. Ces plantes medicinales sont utilisees par la population et par des specialistes - notamment des guerisseurs traditionnels. Surtout dans les pays ou les zones ou la connaissance traditionnelle est en voie de disparaltre (e.g. Guinee equatoriale), les plantes medicinales sont plus souvent utilisees par des specialistes. Dans certains pays comme Ie Burundi, les guerisseurs tradition nels sont groupes dans des organisations formelles et sont reconnus par Ie gouvernement. Les especes exportees aux des compagnies pharmaceutiques a cause de leurs proprietes chimiques, sont Prunus africana (Guinee equatoriale, Cameroun), Pausinystalia johimbe, Voacanga africana, Stophantus gratus et Physostigma venenosum (tous exportes du Cameroun).

Le rotin est un PFNL majeur dans la sous-region, surtout au Cameroun, Gabon, Guinee equatoriale et en Republique du Congo. II est notamment commercialise pour la fabrication de meuble. Les especes pertinentes commercialisees, avec la plus haute valeur economique, et pour lesquelles la demande depasse I'offre, sont Laccosperme secondiflorrum et Eremospatha macrocarpa .

Lors de «L'Atelier International des Experts sur les PFNL en Afrique Centrale» qui s'est tenu au jardin botanique Limbe au Cameroun en mai 1998, 13 especes-cles de haute valeur economique ont ete intensifies par les participants (voir tableau 28). Parmi ces especes-cles, I'action prioritaire a ete don nee au Gnetum spp., Baillonella toxisperma, Prunus africana, Pausinystalia johimbe et aux rotin.

59

Tableau 28. Espèces vé étales clés fournissant des PFNL en Afri ue Centrale32

Explications: Pr: for-61 primaire Se: forét secondaire PI plantation; Fe: ferme; Ja: jachère; S: sauvage; C: cultivé, T: to éré; *** élevé ; moyen ;* faible CMR:Cameroun; CAF: République Centrafricaine; PRC: République du Congo; ZAI: République Démocratique du Congo; EQG: Guinée équatoriale; GAB: Gabon

Source: adapté de Wilkie, D. 1999. CARPE et PFNL. In: Sunderland, T.C.H.; Clark, L.E.; Vantomme, P NWFP in Central Africa: Current research issues andprospects for conservation and development. Rome (PFNL en Afrique Centrale: Recherches actuelles et perspectives pour la conservation et ledéveloppment)

32 Burundi, Rwanda et Sao Tomé et Principé ne sont pas inclus dans le tableau.

60

Espèces Principaleutilisation

Partie de laplanteutilisée

Habitat Priorité dupoint de due dela conservation

in situ

Etat dedomestication

Priorité du pointde vue de la

domestication derespèce

Distribution Valeur desub-

sistance

Potentielcommer-

cial

Baillonella toxisperma Médecine,nourriture

Fruits Pr, PI *** S CMR, GAB, EQG,PRC, ZAI

1 ...

Gnetum africanum & G.buchholzianum

Nourriture Feuilles Pr, Se, Ja *** S, T, C *** CMR, CAF, PRC,ZAI, EQG, GAB

**le ***

Osier (Laccosperma secundiflorum& Eremospatha macrocarpa)

Artisanat Tige Pr, Se ** S *** CMR, CAF, PRC,ZAI, EQG, GAB

*** ***

Cola acuminata &

C. nitidaNourriture Fruits,

grainesPI, Fe S, C CMR, GAB ***

lrvingia gabonensis & I. wombolu Nourriture,cosmétiques

Fruits,graines

Pr, Se, Fe S, T *** CMR, GAB, EQG,PRC, ZAI

*** ***

Deco/odes edulis Nourriture Fruits Fa, Se C CMR, GAB, EQG,PRC, CAF, ZAI

***

Piper guineensis Nourriture Graines Se S, C CMR, GAB, EQG,PRC, ZAI

***

Garcinia lucida,G. mannii & G. kola

Médecine Ecorce Se, Pr *** S, C *** CMR, GAB **

Marantaceae Emballage Feuilles Se S CMR, GAB, EQG,PRC, ZAI

Ricinodendron heudelottii Nourriture Fruits,graines

Se, Pr, Fe S, T CMR, GAB, PRC,ZAI, EQG

**

Prunus africana Médecine Ecorce Pr, F *** S, C *** EQG, ZAI, CMR **

Pausinystalia johimbe Médecine Ecorce Pr *** S, C *** CMR, GAB, EQG,PRC

Tabemanthe iboga Médecine Résines Se S, C *** CMR, GAB, EQG,PRC, ZAI

Tabl 28. E , 'tal les f, t des PFNL - ~

Afl' C rique ____ 1_ 32

Especes Principale Partie de la Habitat Priorite du Etat de Priorite du point Distribution Valeur de Potentiel utilisation plante point de due de domestication de vue de la sub- commer-

utili see la conservation domestication de sistance cial in situ I'espece

Baillonella toxisperma Medecine, Fruits Pr, PI *** S CMR, GAB, EQG, *** nourriture PRC, ZAI

Gnetum africanum & G. Nourriture Feuilles Pr, Se, Ja *** S,T,C *** CMR, CAF, PRC, *** *** buchholzianum ZAI, EQG, GAB Osier (Laccosperma secundiflorum Artisanat Tige Pr, Se ** S *** CMR, CAF, PRC, *** *** & Eremospatha macrocarpa) ZAI, EQG, GAB Cola acuminata & Nourriture Fruits, PI, Fe * S,C * CMR, GAB *** C. nitida graines

Irvingia gabonensis & I. wombolu Nourriture, Fruits, Pr, Se, Fe * S, T *** CMR, GAB, EQG, *** *** cosmetiques graines PRC, ZAI

Oacryodes edulis Nourriture Fruits Fa,Se C * CMR, GAB, EQG, *** PRC, CAF, ZAI

Piper guineensis Nourriture Graines Se S,C CMR, GAB, EQG, *** *** PRC,ZAI

Garcinia lucida, Medecine Ecorce Se, Pr *** S,C *** CMR, GAB ** G. mannii & G. kola Marantaceae Emballage Feuilles Se ** S CMR, GAB, EQG, **

PRC,ZAI Ricinodendron heudelottii Nourriture Fruits, Se, Pr, Fe S,T CMR, GAB, PRC, **

graines ZAI, EQG Prunus africana Medecine Ecorce Pr, F *** S,C *** EQG, ZAI, CMR * ** Pausinystalia johimbe Medecine Ecorce Pr *** S,C *** CMR, GAB, EQG, * *

PRC Tabernanthe iboga Medecine Resines Se ** S,C *** CMR, GAB, EQG, *

PRC,ZAI

Explications: Pr: foret primaire Se: foret secondaire PI: plantation; Fe: ferme; Ja: jachere; S: sauvage; C: cultive, T: tolere; *** eleve ; ** moyen ;* faible CMR: Cameroun; CAF: Republique Centrafricaine; PRC: Republique du Congo; ZAI: Republique Democratique du Congo; EQG: Guinee equatoriale; GAB: Gabon

Source: adapte de Wilkie, D. 1999. CARPE et PFNL. In: Sunderland, T.C.H.; Clark, L.E.; Vantomme, P NWFP in Central Africa: Current research issues and prospects for conservation and development. Rome (PFNL en Afrique Centrale: Recherches actuelles et perspectives pour la conservation et Ie developpment)

32 Burundi, Rwanda et Sao Tome et Principe ne sont pas inclus dans Ie tableau.

60

j

I

Aspects écologiquesLa plupart des PFNL centrafricains proviennent de la foret. Cependant, les zones non-forestières comme les prairies et les champs agricoles sont également d'importantes sourcesde PFNL. Par contre, en Republique Démocratique du Congo, par exemple, Cola acuminataest cultive dans les plantations de cacao. Pour le cas des plantes médicinales, on signalequ'e Sao Tome et Principe, seul le tiers des plantes médicinales provient de la forét (surtoutsecondaire). Par contre, en Republique du Congo, presque 70 pour cent des plantesmédicinales sont recueillies dans les zones forestières. Le défrichage (en vue de la cultureou de l'obtention de bois de construction), les feux et l'instabilité politique (c'est-e-dire lescrises socio-économiques au Burundi, Rwanda et Republique Democratique du Congo) sontles principales causes de la degradation et de la destruction des forets, réduisant ladisponibilité des PFNL.

Une autre menace concernant la disponibilité des PFNL est la surexploitation des espèces(surtout commercialisées) due aux techniques de récolte inappropriées ou aux quantitésrécoltées qui dépassent la disponibilité naturelle (voir aussi tableau 13). Dans les résuméspar pays sous-régionaux, on a des documents rapportant la surexploitation des Elaeisguineensis, Prunus africana, Gnetum africanum, du gibier et du rotin. Au Burundi certainsarbres fruitiers sont utilises comme bois de chauffe, au Rwanda le surpeturagel'extinction des plantes fourragères.

On pourrait améliorer la gestion de ces espèces par des techniques de récolte amélioréeset/ou la domestication. Des initiatives de domestication ont été recommandées au Burundipour les plantes médicinales. En Republique Centrafricaine, on fait de l'élevage de chenilleset de papillons et on cultive leurs arbres-hôtes ; les plantes comestibles ont été introduitesdans les systèmes agro-forestiers (e.g. Gnetum Buchholzianum sous le Canariumschweinfurthi) et des plantations d'Acacia senegal ont été établies. Au Gabon, on fait desessais de domestication de Gnetum africanum, mais cela n'a pas réussi

Aspects socio-économiquesEn Afrique Centrele, les PFNL sont importants pour la subsistance. De plus, ce sont dessources de revenu supplémentaire, complétant les activités agricoles. Localement, commec'est le cas des villages près du Parc National de Korup au Cameroun, la viande de gibierpar les hommes et les fruits de lrvingia gabonsensis par les femmes, sont également unesource de revenu importante.

On signale l'exportation de PFNL pour les plantes médicinales (voir plus haut), animauxvivants, plantes comestibles (e.g. champignons, Gentum africanum, Garcinia klaineana,Irvingia gabonensis, Dacryodes edulis, Piper guineensis, Rauwoffia vomitora), rotin, produitsapicoles, gommes et plantes ornementales. Les principales destinations de l'exportation sontl'Europe, les Etats-Unis et les pays voisins. Certains produits sont exportés de l'AfriqueCentrele alors qu'en fait ils sont extraits dans un autre pays (e.g. la gomme arabiquecollectée au Soudan et exportée à partir de la Republique Centrafricaine).

L'importation considerable de PFNL est documentée au Gabon (écorce de Garcinia kola etG. lucida, graines de Irvingia gabonensis) et en Guinée equatoriale.

La plupart des PFNL sont collectés sous le regime d'accès libre. En RepubliqueCentrafricaine, recces aux produits exportés est limité et on a note que les systèmes d'accèsouverts sont en train d'etre remplacés par la propriété individuelle lorsque les PFNL seraréfient.

La question de partage adequate des profits a été soulevée pour le cas du Cameroun et dela Republique Centrafricaine. Au Cameroun, on mentionne les profits limités que lescommunautes locales tirent de l'exploitation de Garcinia sp. par rapport aux communautés

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Aspects ecologiques La plupart des PFNL centrafricains proviennent de la foret. Cependant, les zones nonforestieres comme les prairies et les champs agricoles sont egalement d'importantes sources de PFNL. Par contre, en Republique Democratique du Congo, par exemple, Cola acuminata est cultive dans les plantations de cacao. Pour Ie cas des plantes medicinales, on signale qu'a Sao Tome et Principe, seul Ie tiers des plantes medicinales provient de la foret (surtout secondaire). Par contre, en Republique du Congo, presque 70 pour cent des plantes medicinales sont recueillies dans les zones forestieres. Le defrichage (en vue de la culture ou de I'obtention de bois de construction), les feux et I'instabilite politique (c'est-a-dire les crises socio-economiques au Burundi, Rwanda et Republique Democratique du Congo) sont les principales causes de la degradation et de la destruction des forets, reduisant la disponibilite des PFNL.

Une autre menace concernant la disponibilite des PFNL est la surexploitation des especes (surtout commercialisees) due aux techniques de recolte inappropriees ou aux quantites recoltees qui depassent la disponibilite naturelle (voir aussi tableau 13). Dans les resumes par pays sous-regionaux, on a des documents rapportant la surexploitation des Elaeis guineensis, Prunus africana, Gnetum africanum, du gibier et du rotin. Au Burundi certains arbres fruitiers sont utilises comme bois de chauffe, au Rwanda Ie surpaturage entraine I'extinction des plantes fourrageres.

On pourrait ameliorer la gestion de ces especes par des techniques de recolte ameliorees etlou la domestication. Des initiatives de domestication ont ete recommandees au Burundi pour les plantes medicinales. En Republique Centrafricaine, on fait de I'elevage de chenilles et de papillons et on cultive leurs arbres-hotes ; les plantes comestibles ont ete introduites dans les systemes agro-forestiers (e.g. Gnetum Buchholzianum sous Ie Canarium schweinfurthi) et des plantations d'Acacia senegal ont ete etablies. Au Gabon, on fait des essais de domestication de Gnetum africanum, mais cela n'a pas reussi

Aspects socio-economiques En Afrique Centrale, les PFNL sont importants pour la subsistance. De plus, ce sont des sources de revenu supplementaire, completant les activites agricoles. Localement, comme c'est Ie cas des villages pres du Parc National de Korup au Cameroun, la viande de gibier par les hommes et les fruits de Irvingia gabonsensis par les femmes, sont egalement une source de revenu importante.

On signale I'exportation de PFNL pour les plantes medicinales (voir plus haut), animaux vivants, plantes comestibles (e.g. cham pig nons, Gentum africanum, Garcinia klaineana, Irvingia gabonensis, Oacryodes edulis, Piper guineensis, Rauwolfia vomitora) , rotin, produits apicoles, gommes et plantes ornementales. Les principales destinations de I'exportation sont l'Europe, les Etats-Unis et les pays voisins. Certains produits sont exportes de l'Afrique Centrale alors qu'en fait ils sont extraits dans un autre pays (e.g. la gomme arabique collectee au Soudan et exportee a partir de la Republique Centrafricaine).

L'importation considerable de PFNL est documentee au Gabon (ecorce de Garcinia kola et G. lucida, graines de Irvingia gabonensis) et en Guinee equatoriale.

La plupart des PFNL sont collectes sous Ie regime d'acces libre. En Republique Centrafricaine, I'acces aux produits exportes est limite et on a note que les systemes d'acces ouverts sont en train d'etre rem places par la propriete individuelle lorsque les PFNL se rarefient.

La question de partage adequate des profits a ete soulevee pour Ie cas du Cameroun et de la Republique Centrafricaine. Au Cameroun, on mentionne les profits limites que les communautes locales tirent de I'exploitation de Garcinia sp. par rapport aux communautes

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nigérianes. Pour la République Centrafricaine, on a des documents rapportant que le prixpayé par le consommateur final (feuilles de Raphia sp). équivaut 5 deux jusqu'à 25 fois(Eremospatha sp.) le prix payé aux collecteurs.

Les informations sur les futures tendances dans l'utilisation des PFNL dans la sous-régionsont rares. En République du Congo, on pense que

l'utilisation des PFNL en général sera limitée à cause de la disponibilité des ressourcesqui sont de plus en plus éloignées et difficiles d'accès ;les produits consommables et les plantes médicinales resteront des PFNL importants;les PFNL importants comme Gnetum sp., Landolphia spp., huile de Raphia et les rotinsresteront importants. Notamment l'industrie du rotin est considéré comme un secteurporteur;les matériaux de construction seront remplacés par des produits synthétiques.

Au Rwanda, on prévoit que la production du miel subisse des contraintes 5 cause de lademande limitée et des prix tits bas.

2.3.6 Afrique de l'OuestL'Afrique de l'Ouest inclut 16 pays : Bénin, Burkina Faso, Cap-Vert, Côte d'Ivoire, Gambie,Ghana, Guinée, Guinée Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, Niger, Sénégal, Sierra Leone, Togo etTchad.

Tous, sauf le Tchad, sont membres de la Communauté Economique des États de l'Afriquede l'Ouest18 (CEDEAO). L'objectif de la CEDEAO est de (i) promouvoir la coopération etl'intégration, aboutissant à l'établissement d'une union économique en Afrique de l'Ouest afind'élever le niveau de vie de ses peuples; et (ii) de maintenir et renforcer la stabilitééconomique, entretenir des relations entre les Etats Membres et contribuer au progrès et audéveloppement du continent Africain.

Les pays du Sahel, Burkina Faso, Tchad, Gambie, Guinée Bissau, Mali, Nigeria, Sénégal etrile de Cap-Vert sont aussi membres du Comité Permanent Inter-états de Lutte contre laSécheresse dans le Sahel (CILSS). Le CILSS fait des recherches sur la sécurité alimentaireet lutte contre les effets de la sécheresse et la désertification pour un environnementnouveau et équilibré dans cette région, victime de sécheresse répétée et de désertificationprogressive.

La couverture forestière nationale moyenne dans la sous-région atteint presque 25 pourcent. La Guinée Bissau a la couverture forestière la plus élevée avec plus de 82 pour cent,tandis que les foréts nigériennes couvrent seulement 2 pour cent du pays. Les terres boiséesouvertes sont typiques des zones sèches au Nord et peuvent étre classifiées (du nord arideau sud humide) en cinq types différents (i) la savane sahélienne (Espèces-clés : buissonscomme les Acacia spp. et Combretum spp.); (ii) la savane sahélo-soudanaise (Acacia seyal,Faidherbia alhida, Isoberlinia doka, Tamarindus indica); (iii) la savane soudanaise(Anogeisus leiocarpus, Sclerocarya birrea, Parkia higlobosa, Acacia spp. Vitellaria paradoxa,Isoberlinia spp.); (iv) la savane soudano-guinéenne (lsoberlinia doka, Burkea africana) ; et(v) la savane semi-caduque guinéenne (Antiaris africana, Chlorophora excelsa, lsoberlinadoka).

Les foréts fermées sont surtout localisées dans les zones humides au sud de la sous-région.Les forêts fermées contiennent des forèts 5 feuilles toujours vertes (Uapaca spp., Diospyrosspp., Eremospatha spp., Lophira alta, Heriteria utilis) et des foréts semi-caduques.

18 Le Tchad est membre de la Communauté Economique des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale (CEEAC).

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nigerianes. Pour la Republique Centrafricaine, on a des documents rapportant que Ie prix paye par Ie consommateur final (feuilles de Raphia spy. equivaut a deux jusqu'a 25 fois (Eremospatha sp.) Ie prix paye aux collecteurs.

Les informations sur les futures tendances dans I'utilisation des PFNL dans la sous-region sont rares. En Republique du Congo, on pense que: • I'utilisation des PFNL en general sera limitee a cause de la disponibilite des ressources

qui sont de plus en plus eloignees et difficiles d'acces ; • les produits consommables et les plantes medicinales resteront des PFNL importants; • les PFNL importants comme Gnetum sp., Lando/phia spp., huile de Raphia et les rotins

resteront importants. Notamment I'industrie du rotin est considere comme un secteur porteur;

• les materiaux de construction seront remplaces par des produits synthetiques.

Au Rwanda, on prevo it que la production du miel subisse des contraintes a cause de la demande limitee et des prix tres bas.

2.3.6 Afrique de l'Ouest L'Afrique de l'Ouest inclut 16 pays: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cap-Vert, Cote d'ivoire, Gambie, Ghana, Guinee, Guinee Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, Niger, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo et Tchad.

Tous, sauf Ie Tchad, sont membres de la Communaute Economique des Etats de l'Afrique de l'Ouest18 (CEDEAO). L'objectif de la CEDEAO est de (i) promouvoir la cooperation et I'integration, aboutissant a I'etablissement d'une union economique en Afrique de l'Ouest afin d'elever Ie niveau de vie de ses peuples; et (ii) de maintenir et renforcer la stabilite economique, entretenir des relations entre les Etats Membres et contribuer au progres et au developpement du continent Africain.

Les pays du Sahel, Burkina Faso, Tchad, Gambie, Guinee Bissau, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal et l'Ile de Cap-Vert sont aussi membres du Comite Permanent Inter-etats de Lutte contre la Secheresse dans Ie Sahel (CILSS). Le CILSS fait des recherches sur la securite alimentaire et lutte contre les effets de la secheresse et la desertification pour un environnement nouveau et equilibre dans cette region, victime de secheresse repetee et de desertification progressive.

La couverture forestiere nationale moyenne dans la sous-region atteint presque 25 pour cent. La Guinee Bissau a la couverture forestiere la plus elevee avec plus de 82 pour cent, tandis que les forets nigeriennes couvrent seulement 2 pour cent du pays. Les terres boisees ouvertes sont typiques des zones seches au Nord et peuvent etre classifiees (du nord aride au sud hum ide ) en cinq types differents : (i) la savane sahelienne (Especes-cles : buissons comme les Acacia spp. et Combretum spp.); (ii) la savane sahelo-soudanaise (Acacia seya/, Faidherbia a/hida, /soberlinia doka, Tamarindus indica); (iii) la savane soudanaise (Anogeisus /eiocarpus, Sc/erocarya birrea, Parkia hig/obosa, Acacia spp. Vitel/aria paradoxa, /soberlinia spp.); (iv) la savane soudano··guineenne (Isoberlinia doka, Burkea africana) ; et (v) la savane semi-caduque guineenne (Antiaris africana, Ch/orophora exce/sa, /soberlina doka).

Les forets fermees sont surtout localisees dans les zones hum ides au sud de la sous-region. Les forets fermees contiennent des forets a feuilles toujours vertes (Uapaca spp., Diospyros spp., Eremospatha spp., Lophira alta, Heriteria utilis) et des forets semi-caduques.

18 Le Tchad est membre de la Communaute Economique des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale (CEEAC).

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(Triplochiton scleroxylon, Celtis spp.). Beaucoup de ces foréts ont été défrichées à des finsagricoles et par l'abattage.

D'importantes formations forestières non-zonales sont les mangroves (Rhizophoraracemosa, Avicenna africana ) au Sénégal, Gambie, Guinée Bissau et Nigeria, les forètsgaleries (Isoberlinia do/ca, Afzelia africana, Khaya senegalensis) et les forêts marécageuses(Uapaca spp., Mitra gyna culata).

Principaux PFNLEn Afrique de l'Ouest, on utilise des plantes comestibles, plantes médicinales, résines, mielet cire d'abeille, gibier, rotin, bambou, plantes ornementales, fourrage, gommes, tannins,colorants, animaux vivants, insecticides, feuilles d'emballage, matériaux de construction (e.g.chaume), peau et cuir.

Tableau 29. Princi aux PFNL en Afrique de l'Ouest

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Bénin Plantes comestibles, plantesmédicinales, miel, gibier, rotin


Burkina Faso Plantes comestibles(Vitellaria paradoxa, Parkiabiglobosa), gibier

Exportation annuelle de 4 200 tonnes deKarité soit $EU2.4 millions entre 1984-90°Le commerce national de gibier vaut$EU880 000 2.4 millions

Cap-Vert Aucune informationdisponible


Tchad Gomme, plantes comestibles,fourrage

Exportation de 5 800 tonnes de gommearabique en 1996/97

Côte d'Ivoire Plantes comestibles, matérielde construction, rotin


Gambie Plantes comestibles Production de 60 tonnes de miel en 1998.Ghana Gibier, plantes comestibles

(cola, beurre de Karité, huilede palme), plantesmédicinales, rotin, matérielde construction

e Exportation de 19 654 t de beurre de Karité(35% of national production) in 1996 soit$EU5 846 000e Exportation d'animaux vivants d'une valeurde $EU344 000 en 1985

Guinée Plantes comestibles, gibier,outils, matériel deconstruction, plantesmédicinales

Plantes comestibles, fourrage

e Usage annuel de plus de 100 millionsbalons masticatoires de Lophira lancelolata;

La production annuelle de noix de Cola(Cola nitidia) atteint 350 400 millions, pourl'exportation (200 millions) et laconsommation (150 200 millions)La valeur des noix de cajou exportées(Anacardium occidentale) correspond a 50pour cent de l'exportation de tout le secteurde la foresterie en 1988

Guinée-Bissau

Liberia Plantes comestibles, gibier Quelques 100 000 tonnes de gibier sontdestinées A la subsistance chaque année

(Triplochiton scleroxylon, Celtis spp.). Beaucoup de ces forets ont ete d8frichees a des fins agricoles et par I'abattage.

D'importantes formations forestieres non-zonales sont les mangroves (Rhizophora racemosa, Avicenna africana ) au Senegal, Gambie, Guinee Bissau et Nigeria, les forets galeries (Isoberlinia doka, Afzelia africana, Khaya senegalensis) et les forets marecageuses (Uapaca spp., Mitragyna ciliata).

Principaux PFNL En Afrique de l'Ouest, on utilise des plantes comestibles, plantes medicinales, resines, miel et eire d'abeille, gibier, rotin, bambou, plantes ornementales, fourrage, gommes, tannins, colorants, animaux vivants, insecticides, feuilles d'emballage, materiaux de construction (e.g. chaume), peau et cuir.

T bl a eau 29 P' . nnclpaux PFNL Af' en nque d 1'0 t e ues Pays Principaux PFNL Donnees statistiques selectionnees

disponibles Benin Plantes comestibles, plantes Aucune information disponible

medicinales, miel, gibier, rotin Burkina Faso Plantes comestibles e Exportation annuelle de 4 200 tonnes de

(Vitellaria paradoxa, Parkia Karite soit $EU2.4 millions entre 1984-90 biglobosa) , gibier eLe commerce national de gibier vaut

$EU880 000 - 2.4 millions Cap-Vert Aucune information Aucune information disponible

disponible Tchad Gomme, plantes comestibles, Exportation de 5 800 tonnes de gomme

fourrage arabique en 1996/97 Cote d'ivoire Plantes comestibles, materiel Aucune information disponible

de construction, rotin Gambie Plantes comestibles Production de 60 tonnes de miel en 1998. Ghana Gibier, plantes comestibles e Exportation de 19 654 t de beurre de Karite

(cola, beurre de Karite, huile (35% of national production) in 1996 so it de palme), plantes $EU5 846 000 medieinales, rotin, materiel e Exportation d'animaux vivants d'une valeur de construction de $EU344 000 en 1985

Guinee Plantes comestibles, gibier, • Usage annuel de plus de 100 millions outils, materiel de batons masticatoires de Lophira lance/o/ata; construction, plantes e La production annuelle de noix de Cola medieinales (Cola nitidia) atteint 350 - 400 millions, pour

I'exportation (200 millions) et la consommation (150 - 200 millions)

Guinee- Plantes comestibles, fourrage La valeur des noix de cajou exportees Bissau (Anacardium occidentale) correspond a 50

pour cent de I'exportation de tout Ie secteur de la foresterie en 1988

Liberia Plantes comestibles, gibier Quelques 100 000 tonnes de gibier sont destinees a la subsistance chaque an nee

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II

Les PFNL les plus importants en Afrique de l'Ouest sont les plantes comestibles, le gibier,les plantes médicinales et les fourrages.

Les plantes comestibles sont considérées comme des PFNL importants dans tous les paysde l'Afrique de l'Ouest. Au Malí (au sud de Bamako), par exemple, des documents rapportentque 54 pour cent des PFNL utilisés sont des produits comestibles.

La nourriture est principalement fournie par les fruits, les graines, les noix et les amandes.Les feuilles, racines et tubercules sont plus rarement collectées. Les plantes comestiblessont surtout utilisées pour la subsistance apportant une source alimentaire supplémentaireimportante. Mais les produits d'importance socio-économique majeure se trouvent égalementsur les marchés locaux, nationaux et internationaux. Au Nigeria, le prix des produitscomestibles se compare à ceux des produits cultivés et souligne la forte demande et le faitque ces produits soient appréciés.

Les plantes comestibles importants sont le beurre de Karité (Vitellaria paradoxa, autre foisButyrospermum parkii), Néré (Parkia biglobosa) et l'huile de palme Elaeis guineensis.

Vitellaria paradoxa et Parkia biglobosa se trouvent principalement dans les zones semi-arides de la sous-région. Vitellaria paradoxa est utilisé pour la subsistance (beurre de Karité,savon, bougie) et les revenus (amandes, beurre de Karité). Le Nigeria est l'un desproducteurs principaux de beurre de Karité. Au Tchad, la consommation d'huiles de Karitéatteint 4 - 6 litres par personne/an et contribue considérablement à l'apport en nourriture dela population. Les fruits de Parka higlobosa (Néré) sont aussi utilisés pour la subsistance etle commerce. La chair des fruits contient 60 pour cent de sucre et forme la base du soi-disant "viande du pauvre" (Soumbala). Les autres espèces qui servent de nourriture dans leszones sèches de la sous-région sont les Adamsonia microcarpum, Ziziphus mauritania(Jujube), Sclerocarya hirrea, Diospiros mespilliformis (Ébenier), Hyphaene thebaica,Faiderherbia alhida, Detarium senegalensis et Boscia senegalensis.

L'huile de palme Elaesis guineensis est très largement exploitée en Afrique de l'Ouest,surtout dans les parties humides au Sud de la sous-région (en particulier au Ghana et auNigeria). Les fruits et les annandes sont utilisés pour la production d'huile comestible et du vin

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Mali Plantes comestibles,fourrage, gomme, miel

Production de 293 tonnes de gommearabique (Acacia senegal) en 1989

Niger Forage, plantes comestibles,plantes médicinales, gommes


Nigeria Plantes comestibles, gibier

Plantes comestibles,fourrage, gomme, animauxvivants

o Production annuelle de 4 00010 000 tonnes de gomme arabiqueo Exportation de peau et de cuir d'une valeurde $EU4.4 millions en 1965o Demande nationale annuelle de manguesde brousse (lrvingia gabonensis) de 78 800 tL'exportation annuelle de gomme arabiquevarie entre 500 et 800 tonnesProduction de 1 423 tonnes de gomme mbep(Sterculia setigera) en 1993

Sénégal

Sierra Leone Aucune informationdisponible


Togo Plantes comestibles,fourrage, plantesmédicinales, tannins


Mali Plantes comestibles, Production de 293 tonnes de gomme fourrage, g~mme, miel arabique (Acacia senegal) en 1989

Niger Forage, plantes comestibles, Aucune information disponible plantes medicinales, gommes

Nigeria Plantes comestibles, gibier II Production annuelle de 4 000 -10 000 tonnes de gomme arabique " Exportation de peau et de cuir d'une valeur de $EU4.4 millions en 1965 II Demande nationale annuelle de mangues de brousse (/rvingia gabonensis) de 78 800 t

Senegal Plantes comestibles, L'exportation annuelle de gomme arabique fourrage, gomme, animaux varie entre 500 et 800 tonnes vivants Production de 1 423 tonnes de gomme mbep

(Sterculia setigera) en 1993 Sierra Leone Aucune information Aucune information disponible

disponible Togo Plantes comestibles, Aucune information disponible

fourrage, plantes medicinales, tannins

Les PFNL les plus importants en Afrique de l'Ouest sont les plantes comestibles, Ie gibier, les plantes medicinales et les fourrages.

Les plantes comestibles sont considerees comme des PFNL importants dans tous les pays de l'Afrique de l'Ouest. Au Mali (au sud de Bamako), par exemple, des documents rapportent que 54 pour cent des PFNL utilises sont des produits comestibles.

La nourriture est principalement fournie par les fruits, les graines, les noix et les amandes. Les feuilles, racines et tubercules sont plus rarement collectees. Les plantes comestibles sont surtout utilisees pour la subsistance apportant une source alimentaire supplementaire importante. Mais les produits d'importance socio-economique majeure se trouvent egalement sur les marches locaux, nationaux et internationaux. Au Nigeria, Ie prix des produits comestibles se compare a ceux des produits cultives et souligne la forte demande et Ie fait que ces produits soient apprecies.

Les plantes comestibles importants sont Ie beurre de Karite (Vitel/aria paradoxa, autre fois Butyrospermum parkii), Nere (Parkia biglobosa) et I'huile de palme Elaeis guineensis.

Vitel/aria paradoxa et Parkia biglobosa se trouvent principalement dans les zones semiarides de la sous-region. Vitel/aria paradoxa est utilise pour la sUbsistance (beurre de Karite, savon, bougie) et les revenus (amandes, beurre de Karite). Le Nigeria est I'un des producteurs principaux de beurre de Karite. Au Tchad, la consommation d'huiles de Karite atteint 4 - 6 litres par personne/an et contribue considerablement a I'apport en nourriture de la population. Les fruits de Parka higlobosa (Nere) sont aussi utilises pour la subsistance et Ie commerce. La chair des fruits contient 60 pour cent de sucre et forme la base du so idisant "viande du pauvre" (Soumbala). Les autres especes qui servent de nourriture dans les zones seches de la sous-region sont les Adamsonia microcarpum, Ziziphus mauritania (Jujube), Sclerocarya hirrea, Diospiros mespilliformis (Ebenier), Hyphaene thebaica, Faiderherbia alhida, Detarium senegalensis et Boscia senegalensis.

L'huile de palme Elaesis guineensis est tres largement exploitee en Afrique de l'Ouest, surtout dans les parties humides au Sud de la sous-region (en particulier au Ghana et au Nigeria). Les fruits et les amandes sont utilises pour la production d'huile comestible et du vin

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de palme. Probablement 10 pour cent de l'énergie totale consommée en Afrique de l'Ouestproviennent de produits à base d'huile de palme qui est également une source importante devitamine A. Au Nigeria du Sud-Est par exemple, 90 pour cent de la population consomme del'huile de palme régulièrement. Les autres plantes comestibles importantes dans les partieshumides de la sous-région sont les noix de Cola (Co/a nitidia, C. acuminata) et les manguesde brousse (lrvingia gabonensis). En Guinée, la consommation de noix de Cola atteint 150 -200 millions tonnes par an ; la méme quantité est exportée de la Guinée au Mali et Sénégal.Au Nigeria, la consommation de mangues des bois atteint 3-14kg/an/ménage alors que lademande nationale totale est estimée à 78 800 tonnes. On signale que les noix de Cola sontcommercialisées à partir du sud humide du Nigeria au nord aride.

Le gibier est une autre importante source de nourriture en général et de protéines enparticulier pour la population de l'Afrique de l'ouest, surtout dans les zones humides de lasous-région. Les animaux qu'on consomme sont les hérissons, cochons sauvages, antilopes(duikers surtout), lézards, rats, porcs-épics, singes, oiseaux, antílopes rats, bush-bucks etsinges.

Dans les zones rurales au Ghana, près 75 pour cent de la population consommentrégulièrement de la viande d'animaux sauvages. On dispose des chiffres comparables ausud du Nigeria, où 80 pour cent de la population consomment du gibier, apportant 20 pourcent des protéines animales requises. Au Liberia, le gibier contribue à 60 - 90 pour cent del'apport de protéines animales. En Guinée, la consommation de gibier atteint 2kg/personne/an dans les zones urbaines et 4,4 kg dans les milieux ruraux. Au Burkina Faso,la population consomme 1 kg de gibier par an, on pense que le commerce national atteint$EU880 000 à 2,4 millions. La forte demande et l'appréciation de gibier est mise en évidencepar le fait qu'au Nigeria, par exemple, le gibier coOte plus cher que les produits dérivésd'animaux domestiques.

L'utilisation traditionnelle des plantes médicinales est d'une grande importance socio-économique dans la majorité des pays de l'Afrique de l'Ouest. Au Burkina Faso, Niger et auGhana, plus de 80 pour cent de la population utilisent des plantes médicinales. Au Nigeria,plus de 90 pour cent de la population rurale et plus de 40 pour cent de la population enmilieu urbain dépend de la médecine traditionnelle. Les plantes médicinales sont utiliséespar la population elle-méme et par les guérisseurs traditionnels. L'importance de la médecinetraditionnelle est mise en évidence par le nombre de guérisseurs traditionnels comparé aunombre de médecins formés à l'occidentale. Au Ghana (District du Kwahu) et au Nigeria(Benin City), la proportion de docteurs en par rapport au médecine-guérisseurs traditionnelsest estimée à 1 sur 92 et 1 sur 149 respectivement.

Les guérisseurs traditionnels sont déjà officiellement reconnus dans les pays comme leNigeria et le Ghana, où 3 360 guérisseurs sont officiellement enregistrés. Au Burkina Faso,quelques 300 guérisseurs traditionnels sont censés travailler.

Dans les zones humides de l'Afrique de l'Ouest, les bàtons masticatoires de Garzinia afzeliiet G. epinudata au Ghana et au Nigeria et Laphira lanceo/ata en Guinée (consommationnationale : 100 millions/an) sont des plantes médicinales importantes.

L'utilisation de plantes fourragères est d'une importance particulière dans les zones semi-arides et arides de la sous-région où l'élevage de bétail, moutons, chèvres, Arles etchameaux est une activité majeure. Les principales plantes fourragères comprennent lesAcacia spp., Prosopis juliflora, Khaya senegalensis, Faidherbia albida, Balanites aegyptiaca,Commiphora africana, Pterocarpus erinaceus et Afzellia senegalensis.

Surtout pendant la saison sèche, le fourrage fournit une importante provisionsupplémentaire. Pendant cette saison, le fourrage provenant des arbres contribue à 25 pour

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de pal me. Probablement 10 pour cent de I'{mergie totale consommee en Afrique de l'Ouest proviennent de produits a base d'huile de palme qui est egalement une source importante de vitamine A. Au Nigeria du Sud-Est par exemple, 90 pour cent de la population consomme de I'huile de palme regulierement. Les autres plantes comestibles importantes dans les parties humides de la sous-region sont les noix de Cola (Cola nitidia, C. acuminata) et les mangues de brousse (I/Vingia gabonensis). En Guinee, la consommation de noix de Cola atteint 150 -200 millions tonnes par an ; la meme quantite est exportee de la Guinee au Mali et Senegal. Au Nigeria, la consommation de mangues des bois atteint 3-14kg/an/menage alors que la demande nationale totale est estimee a 78 800 tonnes. On signale que les noix de Cola sont commercialisees a partir du sud humide du Nigeria au nord aride.

Le gibier est une autre importante source de nourriture en general et de proteines en particulier pour la population de l'Afrique de I'ouest, surtout dans les zones humides de la sous-region. Les animaux qu'on consomme sont les herissons, cochons sauvages, anti lopes (duikers surtout), lezards, rats, porcs-epics, singes, oiseaux, antilopes rats, bush-bucks et singes.

Dans les zones rurales au Ghana, pres 75 pour cent de la population consomment regulierement de la viande d'animaux sauvages. On dispose des chiffres comparables au sud du Nigeria, ou 80 pour cent de la population consomment du gibier, apportant 20 pour cent des proteines animales requises. Au Liberia, Ie gibier contribue a 60 - 90 pour cent de I'apport de proteines animales. En Guinee, la consommation de gibier atteint 2 kg/personne/an dans les zones urbaines et 4,4 kg dans les milieux ruraux. Au Burkina Faso, la population consomme 1 kg de gibier par an, on pense que Ie commerce national atteint $EU880 000 a 2,4 millions. La forte demande et I'appreciation de gibier est mise en evidence par Ie fait qu'au Nigeria, par exemple, Ie gibier coOte plus cher que les produits derives d'animaux domestiques.

L'utilisation traditionnelle des plantes medicinales est d'une grande importance socioeconomique dans la majorite des pays de l'Afrique de l'Ouest. Au Burkina Faso, Niger et au Ghana, plus de 80 pour cent de la population utilisent des plantes medicinales. Au Nigeria, plus de 90 pour cent de la population rurale et plus de 40 pour cent de la population en milieu urbain depend de la medecine traditionnelle. Les plantes medicinales sont utilisees par la population elle-meme et par les guerisseurs traditionnels. L'importance de la medecine traditionnelle est mise en evidence par Ie nombre de guerisseurs tradition nels compare au nombre de medecins formes a I'occidentale. Au Ghana (District du Kwahu) et au Nigeria (Benin City), la proportion de docteurs en par rapport au medecine-guerisseurs tradition nels est estimee a 1 sur 92 et 1 sur 149 respectivement.

Les guerisseurs traditionnels sont deja officiellement reconnus dans les pays comme Ie Nigeria et Ie Ghana, ou 3 360 guerisseurs sont officiellement enregistres. Au Burkina Faso, quelques 300 guerisseurs tradition nels sont censes travailler.

Dans les zones humides de l'Afrique de l'Ouest, les batons masticatoires de Garzinia afzelii et G. epinudata au Ghana et au Nigeria et Laphira lanceolata en Guinee (consommation nationale: 100 millions/an) sont des plantes medicinales importantes.

L'utilisation de plantes fourrageres est d'une importance particuliere dans les zones semiarides et arides de la sous-region ou I'elevage de betail, moutons, chevres, anes et chameaux est une activite majeure. Les principales plantes fourrageres comprennent les Acacia spp., Prosopis julif/ora, Khaya senegalensis, Faidherbia albida, Balanites aegyptiaca, Commiphora africana, Pterocarpus erinaceus et Afzellia senegalensis.

Surtout pendant la saison seche, Ie fourrage fournit une importante provIsion supplementaire. Pendant cette saison, Ie fourrage provenant des arb res contribue a 25 pour

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cent à la provision de nourriture pour ruminants au Niger dans les régions de la savanenigérienne et nigériane (qui abritent plus de 90 pour cent du bétail nigérien), le fourragecontribue à 10 - 15 pour cent de l'alimentation du bétail.

Aspects écologiquesLes PFNL proviennent des zones forestières ou non forestières. Beaucoup de PFNL sont enfait fournis par des espèces sauvages qui poussent hors de la forbt. Au Bénin, la plupart desPFNL comestibles sont collectés dans les champs cultivées ou en jachère plutôt que dansles foréts. L'extraction de viande de gibier au Nigeria est plus intense dans les savanes quedans les for-61s, alors que le gibier est chassé dans les foréts humides plutôt que les forétsdécidues.

La majorité des espèces qui fournissent les PFNL sont des espèces sauvages. Au Nigeria, laplupart des arbres dans les fermes (quelques 60 pour cent) n'ont pas été plantés, mais ilssont sauvages et les ressources protégées restent dans les champs à cause de leur valeuret de leurs fonctions écologiques et économiques. D'autres, tel que Moringa olcifera enGamble, sont des espèces exotiques cultivées. II existe des plantations pour les espècesimportantes comme l'anacardier (Anacardium occidentale) au Sénégal et A. nilotica,récemment cultivé au Ghana pour la production de tannin.

Dans beaucoup de pays de la sous-région, la disponibilité des PFNL est en train depéricliter, à cause de la sécheresse, de la pression démographique et de la migration, del'expansion des champs cultivés, des feux et de la surexploitation des ressources naturelles.

Des périodes de sécheresse répétées ont réduit la distribution de Bombax constatum auNiger. Actuellement au Tchad, la fréquence des feux a provoqué la dégradation des Vitellariaparadoxaa et Balanites aegyptiana. En Gambie, les feux de brousse sont souvent provoquéspar des gens qui récoltent le miel.

On signale une surexploitation pour une large variété de produits :le gibier devient de plus en plus rare dans des pays comme le Ghana et le Gambie. AuLiberia, la chasse commerciale entratne ['extinction de nombreuses espèces endémiques ;l'utilisation de plantes fourragères préférées comme l'Afzelia africana, Khya senegalensis etle Daniellia oliveri actuellement excède les réserves durables au Nigeria;le noix de beurre de Karité au Tchad à cause de la forte concurrence entre les collecteurs etcommerçants ;La collecte de la gomme arabique au Tchad est effectuée avec des techniques de collectedestructives.

Le transport et le stockage créent des sérieux problèmes pour les produits animaux etpérissables. Au Sénégal, le transport des oiseaux pour l'exploitation cause une hautemortalité, et au Nigeria, plus de 25 pour cent du volume des produits périssables tels que lesfruits, le gibier, etc... sont perdus à cause des problèmes de conservation et de stockage.

Dans le cas de la production de beurre de Karité au Tchad, on peut identifier trois contraintesmajeures :l'approvisionnement irrégulier et insuffisant ;les techniques de conservation et de collecte inadéquates;le stockage, le transport et la transformation inappropriés.

Finalement, la disponibilité des PFNL peut étre réduite par d'autres utilisations des espècesfournissant les PFNL. Dans certain pays, la forte demande en bois de chauffe affectel'approvisionnement en PFNL. Au Tchad, le bois de Borasus aethiopiument est utilisécomme matériaux de construction, et le bois de Khaya senegalensis pour la construction

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cent a la provision de nourriture pour ruminants au Niger dans les regions de la savane nigerienne et nigeriane (qui abritent plus de 90 pour cent du betail nigerien), Ie fourrage contribue a 10 - 15 pour cent de I'alimentation du betail.

Aspects ecologiques Les PFNL proviennent des zones forestieres ou non forestieres. Beaucoup de PFNL sont en fait fournis par des especes sauvages qui poussent hors de la foret. Au Benin, la plupart des PFNL comestibles sont coliectes dans les champs cultivees ou en jachere plutot que dans les forets. L'extraction de viande de gibier au Nigeria est plus intense dans les savanes que dans les forets, alors que Ie gibier est chasse dans les forets humides plutot que les forets decidues.

La majorite des especes qui fournissent les PFNL sont des especes sauvages. Au Nigeria, la plupart des arbres dans les fermes (quelques 60 pour cent) n'ont pas ete plantes, mais ils sont sauvages et les ressources protegees restent dans les champs a cause de leur valeur et de leurs fonctions ecologiques et economiques. D'autres, tel que Moringa olcifera en Gambie, sont des especes exotiques cultivees. II existe des plantations pour les especes importantes comme I'anacardier (Anacardium occidentale) au Senegal et A. nilotica, recemment cultive au Ghana pour la production de tannin.

Dans beaucoup de pays de la sous-region, la disponibilite des PFNL est en train de periciiter, a cause de la secheresse, de la pression demographique et de la migration, de I'expansion des champs cultives, des feux et de la surexploitation des ressources naturelies.

Des periodes de secheresse repetees ont reduit la distribution de Bombax constatum au Niger. Actueliement au Tchad, la frequence des feux a provoque la degradation des Vitel/aria paradoxaa et Balanites aegyptiana. En Gambie, les feux de brousse sont souvent provoques par des gens qui recoltent Ie miel.

On signale une surexploitation pour une large variete de produits : Ie gibier devient de plus en plus rare dans des pays comme Ie Ghana et Ie Gambie. Au Liberia, la chasse commerciale entralne I'extinction de nombreuses especes endemiques ; I'utilisation de plantes fourrageres preterees comme l'Afzelia africana, Khya senega/ensis et Ie Daniellia oliveri actueliement excede les reserves durables au Nigeria; Ie noix de beurre de Karite au Tchad a cause de la forte concurrence entre les collecteurs et commergants ; La collecte de la gomme arabique au Tchad est effectuee avec des techniques de collecte destructives.

Le transport et Ie stockage creent des seneux problemes pour les produits animaux et perissables. Au Senegal, Ie transport des oiseaux pour I'exploitation cause une haute mortalite, et au Nigeria, plus de 25 pour cent du volume des produits perissables tels que les fruits, Ie gibier, etc ... sont perdus a cause des problemes de conservation et de stockage.

Dans Ie cas de la production de beurre de Karite au Tchad, on peut identifier trois contraintes majeures: I'approvisionnement irregulier et insuffisant ; les techniques de conservation et de collecte inadequates; Ie stockage, Ie transport et la transformation inappropries.

Finalement, la disponibilite des PFNL peut etre reduite par d'autres utilisations des especes fournissant les PFNL. Dans certain pays, la forte demande en bois de chauffe affecte I'approvisionnement en PFNL. Au Tchad, Ie bois de Borasus aethiopiument est utilise comme materiaux de construction, et Ie bois de Khaya senega/ensis pour la construction

66

navale. Dans les deux cas, l'utilisation du bois a des effets négatifs sur l'approvisionnementen PFNL.

Aspects socio-économiquesLes PFNL sont utilisés pour la subsistance et pour générer des revenus. Surtout dans leszones rurales enclavées, l'utilisation des PFNL contribue considérablement à la vie desgens. En Cambie, par exemple, l'utilisation du miel comme édulcorant fournit de la nourritureet épargne de l'argent, car il remplace des denrées tel que le sucre.

La collecte de PFNL à des fins commerciales est principalement une activité hors-saison carelle est génératrice de revenus supplémentaires, surtout durant la "période de famine". Dansles zones rurales au Nigeria, par exemple, lorsqu'il n'existe que quelques alternatives, lesPFNL fournissent 1/3 du revenu provenant des activités non-agricoles.

Les PFNL importants exportés incluent le beurre de Karité, la gomme arabique, les noix decajou et de cola, les champignons, les plantes médicinales, les animaux vivants et le gibier.

Certains de ces produits sont d'une importance majeure au niveau national : en GuinéeBissau la valeur de la noix de cajou correspond à 50 pour cent de la valeur du secteurforestier tout entier. Au Sénégal, un autre pays qui a un remarquable potentiel pour lapotentialité de production d'anacarde, quelques 30 pour cent de taxes perçues dans lesecteur forestier en proviennent du commerce de PFNL (exsudats, les noix et les noixcomestibles).

Tableau 30. Production de gomme arabique en Afrique de l'Ouest

La tendance dans la production et le commerce de gomme arabique semble varier : au Maliet au Sénégal, la production de gomme arabique est en train de péricliter tandis qu'aucontraire, la production est en train d'augmenter au Tchad et au Niger.

L'importance des PFNL en tant que source de revenu pour les femmes a été mise enévidence dans divers cas :

le commerce de gibier au Ghana ;la collecte et la transformation de beurre de Karité au Burkina Faso ;la collecte et le commerce des fruits au Burkina Faso ;le commerce de denrées alimentaires (e.g. feuilles, fruits, bulbes), teinture et plantesmédicinales au Nigeria ;le traitement d'huile de palme (Elaeis guineensis) au Nigeria du Sud-est.

La majorité des PFNL sont collectés sans restriction en tant que produits communs. Maispour des PFNL sélectionnés, (surtout précieux et rares), il y a la tendance à passer de lapropriété commune à la propriété privée. Au Burkina Faso, par exemple, la faune et la floresauvages sont de plus en plus considérées comme propriétés privées. Au Nigeria des droitsd'usage local ont été délivrés à la population locale.

Les droits de propriétés changeants et flous pourraient provoquer de sérieux conflits entreles parties prenantes. Au Nigeria, on a signalé des conflits entre la chasse de gibier, d'une

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Pays Année QuantitéNaleurTchad 1997/98 Exportation de 10 000 15 000 tMali 1989 Production de 293 tNiger Années 70 Exportation annuelle de 300 tSénégal Années 90 Exportation annuelle de 500 800 tGhana 1988-94 Production annuelle de moins de 10 tNigeria ?? Production de 4 000 10 000 t

navale. Dans les deux cas, I'utilisation du bois a des effets negatifs sur I'approvisionnement en PFNL.

Aspects socio-economiques Les PFNL sont utilises pour la subsistance et pour generer des revenus. Surtout dans les zones rurales enclavees, I'utilisation des PFNL contribue considerablement a la vie des gens. En Gambie, par exemple, I'utilisation du miel comme edulcorant fournit de la nourriture et epargne de I'argent, car iI rem place des denrees tel que Ie sucre.

La collecte de PFNL a des fins commerciales est principalement une activite hors-saison car elle est generatrice de revenus supplementaires, surtout durant la "periode de famine". Dans les zones rurales au Nigeria, par exemple, lorsqu'il n'existe que quelques alternatives, les PFNL fournissent 1/3 du revenu provenant des activites non-agricoles.

Les PFNL importants exportes incluent Ie beurre de Karite, la gomme arabique, les noix de cajou et de cola, les champignons, les plantes medicinales, les animaux vivants et Ie gibier.

Certains de ces produits sont d'une importance majeure au niveau national : en Guinee Bissau la valeur de la noix de cajou correspond a 50 pour cent de la valeur du secteur forestier tout entier. Au Senegal, un autre pays qui a un remarquable potentiel pour la potentialite de production d'anacarde, quelques 30 pour cent de taxes perc;:ues dans Ie secteur forestier en proviennent du commerce de PFNL (exsudats, les noix et les noix comestibles ).

T bl a eau 30 P d r d ro uClon b· e gomme ara Ique en Af· rique d 1'0 e ues Pays Annee QuantiteNaleur

Tchad 1997/98 Exportation de 10 000 - 15 000 t Mali 1989 Production de 293 t Niger Annees 70 Exportation annuelle de 300 t Senegal Annees 90 . Exportation annuelle de 500 - 800 t

I Ghana 1988-94 Production annuelle de moins de 10 t I Nigeria ?? Production de 4 000 - 10 000 t

La tendance dans la production et Ie commerce de gomme arabique semble varier: au Mali et au Senegal, la production de gomme arabique est en train de pericliter tandis qu'au contraire, la production est en train d'augmenter au Tchad et au Niger.

L'importance des PFNL en tant que source de revenu pour les femmes a ete mise en evidence dans divers cas: • Ie commerce de gibier au Ghana; • la collecte et la transformation de beurre de Karite au Burkina Faso ; • la collecte et Ie commerce des fruits au Burkina Faso ; • Ie commerce de denrees alimentaires (e.g. feuilles, fruits, bulbes), teinture et plantes

medicinales au Nigeria; • Ie traitement d'huile de palme (Elaeis guineensis ) au Nigeria du Sud-est.

La majorite des PFNL sont collectes sans restriction en tant que produits communs. Mais pour des PFNL selectionnes, (surtout precieux et rares), il y a la tendance a passer de la propriete commune a la propriete privee. Au Burkina Faso, par exemple, la faune et la flore sauvages sont de plus en plus considerees comme proprietes privees. Au Nigeria des droits d'usage local ont ete delivres a la population locale.

Les droits de proprietes changeants et flous pourraient provoquer de serieux conflits entre les parties prenantes. Au Nigeria, on a signale des conflits entre la chasse de gibier, d'une

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part , et la production agricole, de l'autre. Au Tchad des conflits ont eu lieu entre des fermierset des nomades 6 propos de l'exploitation de la gomme arabique. Traditionnellement,['exploitation de la gomme a été effectuée par les pastoraux ; cependant, étant donné les prixde plus en plus élevés de la gomme, de plus en plus de fermiers s'intéressent 6 sa collectedans leur territoire. C'est pourquoi de nouveaux arrangements devraient étre négociés entreles deux groupes afin de clarifier les droits de propriété concernant cette ressourceimportante.

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part, et la production agricole, de I'autre. Au Tchad des conflits ont eu lieu entre des fermiers et des nomades a propos de I'exploitation de la gomme arabique. Traditionnellement, I'exploitation de la gomme a ete effectuee par les pastoraux ; cependant, etant donne les prix de plus en plus eleves de la gomme, de plus en plus de fermiers s'interessent a sa collecte dans leur territoire. C'est pourquoi de nouveaux arrangements devraient etre negocies entre les deux groupes afin de clarifier les droits de propriete concernant cette ressource importante.

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3. COLM RY REPORTS33 / RESUME PAR PAYS34

33 The country reports are either compiled in English (E) or French (F).34 Les résumés par pays sont rédigés soit en anglais (E) soit en français (F).

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3. COUNTRY REPORTS33 I RESUMES PAR PAYS34

33 The country reports are either compiled in English (E) or French (F). 34 Les resumes par pays sont rediges so it en anglais (E) so it en frangais (F).

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3.1 North Africa / Afrique du Nord

3.1.1 Algérie (F)

INTRODUCTION

Principaux Produits Forestiers Non LigneuxUn des produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL) les plus importants en Algérie est le liege deQuercus suber.

Autres PFNL de moindre importance au niveau socio-économique sont les herbes d'alfa(Stipa tenacissima), les plantes médicinales (e.g. Aloes), les plantes aromatiques (e.g.Mentha virdis), le gibier et les trophées (Outarde houbara).

PLANTES ET PRODUITS VEGETAUXUstensiles, artisanat et matériaux de constructionLe liege de Quercus suber constitue, après le bois, la deuxième ressource des forétsalgériennes. L'Algerie produit environ 6 000 tonnes de liege (2 pour cent de la productionmondiale) dans 460 000 ha de fat-61s de of-lei-le-liege (21 pour cent des forets mondiales dechene-liège) (Natural Cork Quality Council, 2000). Le liege est entièrement transforme(bouchonnage) au niveau des unites industrielles installées dont la capacité globale depasselargement les niveaux de récolte (FAO, 1992).

ANIMAUX ET PRODUITS ANIMAUX

Animaux vivantsLa commercialisation et le trafic de certaines espèces d'oiseaux semblent augmenter enAlgérie. Par consequent, la capture de certains passereaux comme oiseaux de compagnieou oiseaux chanteurs (e.g. chardonnerets, serins, bergeronnettes) pourrait devenir unproblème pour ces espèces si cette tendance n'est pas contrôlée. Une legislation appropriéedevrait etre mise en place (Greth, 1993).

GibierLa chasse est totalement interdite en Algérie depuis 1991 pour des raisons de securité. Enconsequence, le gibier commun (perdrix, lièvre, sanglier) a augmente partout. Cela a aussiprobablement diminué la pression du braconnage sur l'outarde. De plus, les populationslocales aiment moins chasser les outardes que les gazelles qui, elles, subissent encore unepression de braconnage importante dans les zones peu surveillées (Greth, 1993)

Une espèce fortement chassée en Algérie était l'outarde houbara, autrefois largementrépandue dans toute la zone semi-aride, au sud de la chaine montagneuse de l'Atlas Tellien,ainsi que dans le sud jusqu'à GhardaTa, El-Goléa et Nin-Salah. L'outarde houbara était citée6 la fin du dix-neuvième et au début du vingtième siècle comme une espèce abondante enAlgérie. Depuis, l'espèce a connu une regression très importante dans certaines regions. Lesdeux causes majeures du déclin de l'outarde houbara en Algérie sont le prélèvementexcessif d'oiseaux lors de braconnage, et la degradation de ses habitats a cause d'unesurexploitation par l'homme. Des expeditions de chasseurs du Moyen-Orient ont aussicontribué très significativement é la diminution des effectifs en Algérie. Ces parties dechasse, durant parfois plus d'un mois et rassemblant des dizaines de véhicules, affichaientdes tableaux de chasse parfois très importants, de l'ordre de plusieurs centaines d'outardes,et meme parfois de quelques milliers (Greth, 1993).

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3.1 North Africa I Afrique du Nord

3.1.1 Algerie (F)

INTRODUCTION Principaux Produits Forestiers Non Ligneux Un des produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL) les plus importants en Algerie est Ie liege de Quercus suber.

Autres PFNL de moindre importance au niveau socio-economique sont les herbes d'alfa (Stipa tenacissima) , les plantes medicinales (e.g. Aloes), les plantes aromatiques (e.g. Mentha virdis) , Ie gibier et les trophees (Outarde houbara).

PLANTES ET PRODUITS VEGETAUX Ustensiles, artisan at et materiaux de construction Le liege de Quercus suber constitue, apres Ie bois, la deuxieme ressource des forets algeriennes. L'Algerie produit environ 6 000 tonnes de liege (2 pour cent de la production mondiale) dans 460000 ha de forets de chene-liege (21 pour cent des forets mondiales de chene-liege) (Natural Cork Quality Council, 2000). Le liege est entierement transforme (bouchonnage) au niveau des unites industrielles installees d~nt la capacite globale depasse largement les niveaux de recolte (FAO, 1992).


Animaux vivants La commercialisation et Ie trafic de certaines especes d'oiseaux semblent augmenter en Algerie. Par consequent, la capture de certains passereaux comme oiseaux de compagnie ou oiseaux chanteurs (e.g. chardonnerets, serins, bergeronnettes) pourrait devenir un probleme pour ces especes si cette tendance n'est pas controlee. Une legislation appropriee devrait etre mise en place (Greth, 1993).

Gibier La chasse est totalement interdite en Algerie depuis 1991 pour des raisons de securite. En consequence, Ie gibier commun (perdrix, lievre, sanglier) a aug mente partout. Cela a aussi probablement diminue la pression du braconnage sur I'outarde. De plus, les populations locales aiment moins chasser les outardes que les gazelles qui, elles, subissent encore une pression de braconnage importante dans les zones peu surveillees (Greth, 1993)

Une espece fortement chassee en Algerie etait I'outarde houbara, autrefois largement repandue dans toute la zone semi-aride, au sud de la chaine montagneuse de l'Atlas Tellien, ainsi que dans Ie sud jusqu'a Gharda'fa, EI-Golea et Ain-Salah. L'outarde houbara eta it citee a la fin du dix-neuvieme et au debut du vingtieme siecle comme une espece abondante en Algerie. Depuis, I'espece a connu une regression tres importante dans certaines regions. Les deux causes majeures du declin de I'outarde houbara en Algerie sont Ie prelevement excess if d'oiseaux lors de braconnage, et la degradation de ses habitats a cause d'une surexploitation par I'homme. Des expeditions de chasseurs du Moyen-Orient ont aussi contribue tres significativement a la diminution des effectifs en Algerie. Ces parties de chasse, durant parfois plus d'un mois et rassemblant des dizaines de vehicules, affichaient des tableaux de chasse parfois tres importants, de I'ordre de plusieurs centaines d'outardes, et meme parfois de quelques milliers (Greth, 1993).

70

REFERENCES

Natural Cork Quality Council. 2000. The Cork Industry. In: Internethttp://www.corkqc.com/index.htm, vu le 30/08/2000.

FAO. 1992. Rapport National: Algérie. Projet GCP/REM/052/JPNGreth, A. 1993. Rapport du Consultant en Aménagement de la Faune. Projet FAO

UTF/ALG/004/ALG.WWF. non daté. Forest Harves: An overview of non timber forest products in the

Mediterranian region. by Y. Moussouris & P. Regato, WWF MediterraneanProgramme. Rome

REMERCIEMENTS

Ce rapport a été réalisé grace au financement du Programme de Partenariat CE-FAOCollecte et analyse des données pour un aménagement durable de la Forét dans les paysA.C.P.». Le contenu est basé sur l'information accessible au siège central de la FAORome.

Des informations supplémentaires sur les PFNL en Algérie seraient bienvenues etreconnues en bonne et due forme.

71

REFERENCES

Natural Cork Quality Council. 2000. The Cork Industry. In: Internet http://www.corkgc.com/index.htm.vule 30108/2000.

FAO. 1992. Rapport National: Algerie. Projet GCP/REM/052/JPN Greth, A. 1993. Rapport du Consultant en Amenagement de la Faune. Projet FAO

UTFI ALG/0041 ALG. WWF. non date. Forest Harves: An overview of non timber forest products in the

Mediterranian region. by Y. Moussouris & P. Regato, WWF Mediterranean Programme. Rome

REMERCIEMENTS

Ce rapport a ete realise grace au financement du Programme de Partenariat CE-FAO «Collecte et analyse des donnees pour un amenagement durable de la Foret dans les pays A.C.P.». Le contenu est base sur I'information accessible au siege central de la FAO a Rome.

Des informations supplementaires sur les PFNL en Algerie seraient bienvenues et reconnues en bonne et due forme.

71

DONNEES QUANTITATIVES SUR LES PFNL DE L'ALGERIE

Importance: 1- grande importance au niveau national; 2 grande importance au niveau local/régional; 3 importance limitéePartie utilisée: an animal enter; ec écorce; ci cire; fe feuilles; no noix; fi fibres; fi fleurs; fr fruits; go gommes; mi miel;

se sève; la latex; hu huile; pl plante entière; re résines; ra racine; gr graines; ti tige; ta tannins;Habitat: F forét naturelle et autres terres boisées; P - plantation; A Autres: Arbres hors de la forét (p.e. agroforesterie, jardins privés)Source: S - sauvage, C - cultivéDestination: N - national; I international

72

Produit Ressource Valeur économiqueCatégorie Impor-

tanceNom

commercialNom

vernaculaire

Espèces Partieutilisée

Habitat Source Desti-nation

Quantité, valeur Remarques References

1, 2, 3 F, P, H S, C N, I

Plantes et produits végétauxUstensiles,artisanat etmatériaux deconstruction

1 Liege Quercus suber ec F I Production annelle de6 000 t dans 460 000 ha deforêts de chéne-liège

Natural CorkQuality Council,2000

DONNEES QUANTITATIVES SUR lES PFNl DE l'AlGERIE ~- ~- - - ~- -- --

I Produit II Ressource II Valeur economique II I Categorie Impor- Nom EspeJCes Partie Habitat Source Desti- Quantite, valeur Remarques References

tance commercial utilisee nation Nom

vernaculaire 1,2,3 F,P,H S,C N, I

I Plantes et produits vegetaux I Ustensiles, 1 Liege Quercus suber ec F I Production annelle de Natural Cork artisanat et 6 000 t dans 460 000 ha de Quality Council, materiaux de forets de chene-liege 2000 ~~truction

--- --- -- -- --~ -- --~ ~ --~ -- -~ -~ -

Importance: 1- grande importance au niveau national; 2 - grande importance au niveau local/regional; 3 - importance limitee Partie utilisee: an - animal entier; ec - ecorce; ci - cire; fe - feuilles; no - noix; fi - fibres; fl - fleurs·; fr - fruits; go - gommes; mi - miel;

se - seve; la - latex; hu - huile; pi - plante entiere; re - resines; ra - racine; gr - graines; ti - tige; ta - tannins; Habitat: F - foret naturelle et autres terres boisees; P - plantation; A - Autres: Arbres hors de la foret (p.e. agroforesterie, jardins prives) Source: S - sauvage, C - cultive Destination: N - national; I - international

72

3.1.2 Egypt (E)

INTRODUCTION

Main Non-Wood Forest ProductsMain non-wood forest products (NWFP) of Egypt are fruits (e.g. Ceratonia siliquia, Morusspp., Ficus sycamorus, Eujenia, Jam bolana, Tamarindus indica), essential oils (e.g. Acaciafamesina, Eucalyptus spp.), medicinal plants, honey and plant extracts for insecticides andfungicides.

PLANTS AND PLANT PRODUCTS

Medicines

Egypt is the fifth biggest exporter of medicinal plants world-wide and the most importantAfrican exporting country. In 1992-95, Egypt exported 11 250 tons of medicinal plants peryear worth US$12,35 million (Lange & Mladenova 1997).

REFERENCES

Abd Eldayem, A.M. 1997. Egypt Country Report of the Seventeenth Session of SilvaMediterranea, Antalya, Turkey, 10-13 October, 1997.

FAO/RAPA. 1997. Proceedings of the International Expert Meeting of Medicinal, Culinaryand Aromatic Plants in the Near East. Cairo, Egypt, 19-21 May 1997.

Lange, D. & Mladenova, M. 1997. Bulgarian model for regulating the trsde in plant materialfor medicinal and other puroposes. In: FAO. Medicinal plants for forest conservationand health care. Non-Wood Forest Products Series No. 11. Rome.

Omran, A. T. 1992. Development of Forest Resources for Environmental Protection andFood Security in Arid and Semi-Arid Areas in the Near East and North Africa.National Report for Egypt. FAO project (CP/REM/052/JPN).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This report has been realized thanks to the funding of the ECFAO Partnership Programme"Data Collection and Analysis for Sustainable Forest Management in ACP Countries". Thecontent is based on available information at FAO Headquarters in Rome.

Additional information on NWFP in Egypt would be appreciated and duly acknowledged.

73

3.1.2 Egypt (E)

INTRODUCTION

Main Non-Wood Forest Products

Main non-wood forest products (NWFP) of Egypt are fruits (e.g. Ceratonia siliquia, Morus spp., Ficus sycamorus, Eujenia, Jam bolana, Tamarindus indica), essential oils (e.g. Acacia farnesina, Eucalyptus spp.), medicinal plants, honey and plant extracts for insecticides and fungicides.


Medicines

Egypt is the fifth biggest exporter of medicinal plants world-wide and the most important African exporting country. In 1992-95, Egypt exported 11 250 tons of medicinal plants per year worth US$12,35 million (Lange & Mladenova 1997).

REFERENCES

Abd Eldayem, A.M. 1997. Egypt Country Report of the Seventeenth Session of Silva Mediterranea, Antalya, Turkey, 10-13 October, 1997.

FAO/RAPA. 1997. Proceedings of the International Expert Meeting of Medicinal, Culinary and Aromatic Plants in the Near East. Cairo, Egypt, 19-21 May 1997.

Lange, D. & Mladenova, M. 1997. Bulgarian model for regulating the trsde in plant material for medicinal and other puroposes. In: FAO. Medicinal plants for forest conservation and health care. Non-Wood Forest Products Series No. 11. Rome.

Omran, A. T. 1992. Development of Forest Resources for Environmental Protection and Food Security in Arid and Semi-Arid Areas in the Near East and North Africa. National Report for Egypt. FAO project (CP/REMI052/JPN).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This report has been realized thanks to the funding of the EC-FAO Partnership Programme "Data Collection and Analysis for Sustainable Forest Management in ACP Countries". The content is based on available information at FAO Headquarters in Rome.

Additional information on NWFP in Egypt would be appreciated and duly acknowledged.

73

3.1.3 Libya (E)

INTRODUCTION

Main Non-Wood Forest ProductsNo information is available on the utilization of non-wood forest products in Libya.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTAdditional information on NWFP in Libya would be appreciated and duly acknowledged.

74

3.1.3 Libya (E)

INTRODUCTION


No information is available on the utilization of non-wood forest products in Libya.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Additional information on NWFP in Libya would be appreciated and duly acknowledged.

74

3.t4 Maroc (F)

INTRODUCTION

Principaux Produits Forestiers Non LigneuxLe plus important produit forestier non ligneux (PFNL) au Maroc est le liège (Quercus suber).

Autres PFNL de moindre importance au niveau socio-économique sont les champignonscomestibles (e.g. Trichloma caligatun, Boletus edulis), les huiles comestibles (Arganiaspinosa), les plantes médicinales, les plantes fourragères, les plantes aromatiques (e.g. leromarin) et le miel.

PLANTES ET PRODUITS VEGETAUX

NourritureDe 2 000 espèces de champignons sauvages connues, seulement une minorité a étéanalysée pour sa potentialité commerciale. Les espèces de champignons sauvages les plusimportantes au Maroc sont Tricholoma caligatum, Boletus edulis, Cantharellus cibarius,Terfezia leonis, Psalliota bispora, Morchella spp. et Pleurotus ostreatus. Actuellement,seulement quatre A cinq espèces sont cultivées 6 grande échelle (Abourough, 1993).

Environ deux millions de personnes de la population rurale au Maroc sont impliquées dansl'aménagement d'Argania spinosa. Cet arbre est apprécié pour sa production d'une huilecomestible, qui a une grande valeur nutritionnelle (ainsi que pour la production de plantesfourragères et du bois de chauffe). Le WWF (non daté) estime que les femmes marocainesconsacrent 20 millions de journées de travail par an pour l'extraction de l'huile (en moyenne1 jour et demi pour la production d'un litre de l'huile).

En 1994, 8 678 tonnes d'épices ont été exportées pour une valeur de 6 973 421 DirhamMarocains (DH)35 (Hmamouchi, 1997). De plus, 900 tonnes de graines de caroube(Ceratonia siliqua) ont été produites en 1992 (CDSR, 1998).

FourrageLes fruits et les feuilles d'Argania spinosa sont importants pour l'alimentation du bétail(WWF, non daté).

MédecineEntre 1992 et 1995, le Maroc a exporté 6 850 tonnes de plantes médicinales pour une valeurde 12.85 millions dollars E.-U.. Le Maroc est le deuxième pays exportateur des plantesmédicinales en Afrique et le neuvième pays au niveau international selon les quantitésexportées (Lange & Mladenova 1997).

Parfums et cosmétiquesDes études du marché national des plantes aromatiques montrent l'importance économiquede ce secteur. En 1994, les exportations ont été de l'ordre de plus de 1,7 milliard DH(508 200 tonnes) pour les plantes aromatiques et huiles essentielles (Hmamouchi, 1997). En1992, 7 tonnes de romarin ont été produites (CDSR, 1998).

L'huile d'Argania spinosa est utilisée pour la production du savon (WWF, non daté).

359 669 Dirham Marocains (DH) = 1 dollar E.-U. (taux de change en Janvier 1994)

75

3.1.4 Maroc (F)

INTRODUCTION

Principaux Produits Forestiers Non Ligneux

Le plus important produit forestier non ligneux (PFNL) au Maroc est Ie liege (Quercus suber).

Autres PFNL de moindre importance au niveau socio-economique sont les champignons comestibles (e.g. Trichloma caligatun, Boletus edulis) , les huiles comestibles (Argania spinosa), les plantes medicinales, les plantes fourrageres, les plantes aromatiques (e.g. Ie romarin) et Ie miel.


Nourriture De 2 000 especes de champignons sauvages connues, seulement une minorite a ete analysee pour sa potentialite commerciale. Les especes de cham pig nons sauvages les plus importantes au Maroc sont Tricholoma caligatum, Boletus edulis, Cantharellus cibarius, Terfezia leonis, Psalliota bispora, Morchella spp. et Pleurotus ostreatus. Actuellement, seulement quatre a cinq especes sont cultivees a grande echelle (Abourough, 1993).

Environ deux millions de personnes de la population rurale au Maroc sont impliquees dans I'amenagement d'Argania spinosa. Cet arbre est apprecie pour sa production d'une huile comestible, qui a une grande valeur nutritionnelle (ainsi que pour la production de plantes fourrageres et du bois de chauffe). Le WWF (non date) estime que les femmes marocaines consacrent 20 millions de journees de travail par an pour I'extraction de I'huile (en moyenne 1 jour et demi pour la production d'un litre de I'huile).

En 1994, 8 678 tonnes d'epices ont ete exportees pour une valeur de 6 973 421 Dirham Marocains (DH)35 (Hmamouchi, 1997). De plus, 900 tonnes de graines de caroube (Ceratonia si/iqua) ont ete produites en 1992 (CDSR, 1998).

Fourrage Les fruits et les feuilles d'Argania spinosa sont importants pour I'alimentation du betail (WWF, non date).

Medecine Entre 1992 et 1995, Ie Maroc a exporte 6 850 tonnes de plantes medicinales pour une valeur de 12.85 millions dollars E.-U .. Le Maroc est Ie deuxieme pays exportateur des plantes medicinales en Afrique et Ie neuvieme pays au niveau international selon les quantites exportees (Lange & Mladenova 1997).

Parfums et cosmetiques

Des etudes du marche national des plantes aromatiques montrent I'importance economique de ce secteur. En 1994, les exportations ont ete de I'ordre de plus de 1,7 milliard DH (508200 tonnes) pour les plantes aromatiques et huiles essentielles (Hmamouchi, 1997). En 1992,7 tonnes de romarin ont ete produites (CDSR, 1998).

L'huile d'Argania spinosa est utilisee pour la production du savon (WWF, non date).

35 9669 Dirham Marocains (DH) = 1 dollar E.-U. (taux de change en Janvier 1994)

75

Ustensiles, artisanat et matériaux de constructionLe chAne-liège (Quercus suber) est un des PFNL les plus importants du Maroc. Le Marocproduit 15 000 tonnes de liège par an, ce qui correspond à 4 pour cent de la productionmondiale (Natural Cork Quality Council, 2000). La production de liège est à 90 percentdestinée à l'exportation. Seulement 10% sont consomméssur le marché national oùd'énormes possibilités restent à exploiter,notamment en ce qui concerne les lièges utiliséspour l'isolation et la décoration. Le gros des exportations (82%) est constitué par lesbouchons en liège, les rondelles et les panneaux en liège aggloméré. Les principaux clientsdu Maroc dans ce domaine sont l'ex U.R.S.S., la France, l'Allemagne et le Royaume-Uni(Bendahman, 1990).

Les forAts de chène-liège du Maroc occupent entre 198 000 ha (Natural Cork QualityCouncil, 2000) et 424 000 ha (Bendahman, 1990). Selon Bendahman (1990), la majeurepartie des plantations de chAne-liège (environ les deux tiers) se trouve dans la régionatlantique: 227 700 ha dans les provinces du centre (Kénitra, Khémisset, Benslimane),74 000ha dans celles du Nord (Chefchaouen et Tétouan) et 122 300ha répartis sur dixautres provinces.

La mise en valeur des arbres, c'est-à-dire le démasclage qui consiste à enlever le liège mAle,se fait à un Age variant entre 25 et 45 ans, selon les conditions de végétation, de climat et desol. La fréquence des récoltes est de 9 à 10 ans pour les foréts de plaines, et de 10 à 12 anspour les forAts de montagne. Au cours de cette période, le liège de reproduction atteintrépaisseur marchande souhaitée qui est de 27 mm. Le nombre de récoltes effectuées durantla vie d'un arbre est de l'ordre de 4 à 5. ll est admis que la production de liège décline à partirde la cinquième récolte.

La récolte est une opération délicate qui nécessite, outre une main-d'ceuvre qualifiée, unecélérité dans rexécution puisque le déliègeage doit impérativement Atre fait de mai à finjuillet, période de levée du liège. La récolte se fait directement par l'administration par voiede régie et de plus en plus à l'entreprise.

En 1990, on a compté une vingtaine d'entreprises qui se sont spécialisées dans la récolte deliège.

Les plantations de chène-liège marocaines appartiennent en totalité à rétat, et sont géréespar l'administration des Eaux et Foréts et de la Conservation des Sols qui est une Directionau sein du Ministère de l'Agriculture. L'administration procède à la vente des lièges surdépôts et à runité de produit dans des adjudications publiques qu'elle organise annuellementà la fin de l'automne ou au début de l'hiver. Pour ce qui est de révolution des recettesprovenant des ventes, on peut dire qu'elles ont doublé de 1980 à 1988 où elles ont atteintplus de 25 millions de dirhams. Elles sont dans leur quasi-totalité versées aux communesrurales concernées.

Au Maroc, l'industrie de transformation du liège a vu le jour dans les années 30. A répoque,il y avait une fabrique de bouchons tandis que les autres unités avaient pour activitéessentielle la préparation des lièges en vue de leur exportation à rétat brut. En 1988,l'industrie du liège a compté une dizaine d'unités dont les productions correspondent à troistypes essentiels d'activités: la préparation du liège de reproduction, le bouchonnage, et lafabrication du liège aggloméré (Bendahman, 1990).

76

Ustensiles, artisanat et materiaux de construction Le chene-liege (Quercus suber) est un des PFNL les plus importants du Maroc. Le Maroc produit 15 000 tonnes de liege par an, ce qui correspond a 4 pour cent de la production mondiale (Natural Cork Quality Council, 2000). La production de liege est a 90 percent destinee a I'exportation. Seulement 10% sont consommessur Ie marche national ou d'enormes possibilites restent a exploiter,notamment en ce qui concerne les lieges utilises pour I'isolation et la decoration. Le gros des exportations (82%) est constitue par les bouchons en liege, les rondelles et les panneaux en liege agglomere. Les principaux clients du Maroc dans ce domaine sont I'ex U.R.S.S., la France, I'Aliemagne et Ie Royaume-Uni (Bendahman, 1990).

Les forets de chene-liege du Maroc occupent entre 198 000 ha (Natural Cork Quality Council, 2000) et 424000 ha (Bendahman, 1990). Selon Bendahman (1990), la majeure partie des plantations de chene-liege (environ les deux tiers) se trouve dans la region atlantique: 227700 ha dans les provinces du centre (Kenitra, Khemisset, Benslimane), 74000ha dans celles du Nord (Chefchaouen et Tetouan) et 122300ha repartis sur dix autres provinces.

La mise en valeur des arbres, c'est-a-dire Ie demasclage qui consiste a enlever Ie liege male, se fait a un age variant entre 25 et 45 ans, selon les conditions de vegetation, de climat et de sol. La frequence des recoltes est de 9 a 10 ans pour les forets de plaines, et de 10 a 12 ans pour les forets de montagne. Au cours de cette periode, Ie liege de reproduction atteint I'epaisseur marchande souhaitee qui est de 27 mm. Le nombre de recoltes effectuees durant la vie d'un arbre est de I'ordre de 4 a 5. " est admis que la production de liege decline a partir de la cinquieme recolte.

La recolte est une operation delicate qui necessite, outre une main-d'reuvre qualifiee, une celerite dans I'execution puisque Ie deliegeage do it imperativement etre fait de mai a fin juillet, periode de levee du liege. La recolte se fait directement par I'administration par voie de regie et de plus en plus a I'entreprise.

En 1990, on a compte une vingtaine d'entreprises qui se sont specialisees dans la recolte de liege.

Les plantations de chene-liege marocaines appartiennent en totalite a I'etat, et sont gerees par I'administration des Eaux et Forets et de la Conservation des Sols qui est une Direction au sein du Ministere de l'Agriculture. L'administration procede a la vente des lieges sur depots et a I'unite de produit dans des adjudications publiques qu'elle organise annuellement a la fin de I'automne ou au debut de I'hiver. Pour ce qui est de I'evolution des recettes provenant des ventes, on peut dire qu'elles ont double de 1980 a 1988 ou elles ont atteint plus de 25 millions de dirhams. Elles sont dans leur quasi-totalite versees aux communes rurales concernees.

Au Maroc, I'industrie de transformation du liege a vu Ie jour dans les annees 30. A I'epoque, il y avait une fabrique de bouchons tandis que les autres unites avaient pour activite essentielle la preparation des lieges en vue de leur exportation a I'etat brut. En 1988, I'industrie du liege a compte une dizaine d'unites dont les productions correspondent a trois types essentiels d'activites: la preparation du liege de reproduction, Ie bouchonnage, et la fabrication du liege agglomere (Bendahman, 1990).

76

REFERENCES

Abourough, M. 1993. Pleurotus Ostreatus, A Promising Edible Mushroom in Morocco.Mushroom Production and Research. European Ad Hoc Research Group onMushrooms. Meeting, Rome, 17-18 December, 1991.

Bendahman, M. 1993. Note Succincte sur L'Economie du Liège au Maroc. Séminaire surles Produits de la Forét Méditerranéenne. Florence, 20-24 Septembre, 1990.

CDSR. 1998. Importance Socio-Economique et Impact sur l'Environnement de la Végétationen Afrique du Nord: Politiques en Vue de Promouvoir sa Conservation. QuatorzièmeRéunion du Comité Intergouvememental d'Experts du CDSR. Tanger, Maroc (26-30Juin, 1998).

Hmamouchi, M. 1997. Proposition de Projet de Recherche pour le Développement RuralIntegré, Université Mohammed V-Souissi, Rabat.

Natural Cork Quality Council. 2000. The Cork Industry. In: Internethtto://vvww.corkqc.com/index.htm, vu le 30/08/2000.

WWF. undated. Forest Harves: An overview of non-timber forest products in theMediterranean region. by Y. Moussouris & P. Regato, WWF MediterraneanProgramme. Rome

REMERCIEMENTSCe rapport a été réalisé grace au financement du Programme de Partenariat CE-FAO«Collecte et analyse des données pour un aménagement durable de la Forat dans les paysA.C.P.». Le contenu est basé sur l'information accessible au siège central de la FAORome.

Des informations supplémentaires sur les PFNL au Maroc seraient bienvenues et reconnuesen bonne et due forme.

77

REFERENCES

Abourough, M. 1993. Pleurotus Ostreatus, A Promising Edible Mushroom in Morocco. Mushroom Production and Research. European Ad Hoc Research Group on Mushrooms. Meeting, Rome, 17-18 December, 1991.

Bendahman, M. 1993. Note Succincte sur L'Economie du Liege au Maroc. Semina ire sur les Produits de la Foret Mediterraneenne. Florence, 20-24 Septembre, 1990.

CDSR. 1998. Importance Socio-Economique et Impact sur l'Environnement de la Vegetation en Afrique du Nord: Politiques en Vue de Promouvoir sa Conservation. Quatorzieme Reunion du Comite Intergouvernemental d'Experts du CDSR. Tanger, Maroc (26-30 Juin, 1998).

Hmamouchi, M. 1997. Proposition de Projet de Recherche pour Ie Developpement Rural Integre, Universite Mohammed V-Souissi, Rabat.


WWF. undated. Forest Harves: An overview of non-timber forest products in the Mediterranean region. by Y. Moussouris & P. Regato, WWF Mediterranean Programme. Rome

REMERCIEMENTS


Des informations supplementaires sur les PFNL au Maroc seraient bienvenues et reconnues en bonne et due forme.

77

DONNEES QUANTITATIVES SUR LES PFNL DU MAROC

78

Produit Ressource Valeur économiqueCatégorie lmpor-

tanceNom

commercialNom

vernaculaire

Espèces Pateutilisée



1, 2, 3 F, P, H S, C N, I

I Plantes et produits végétauxNourriture 2 Caroube Ceratonia siliqua gr Production de 900 t en

1992.CDSR, 1998.

Condiments Exportation de 8 678 td'épices aromatiques en1994 pour une valeur deDH6 977 421

Hmamouchi,1997.

Médecine 2 Exportation de 512 000tonnes de plantesmédicinales en 1994 pourune valeur de DH1.9milliard

Hmamouchi(1997)

Ustensiles,artisanat etmatériaux deconstruction

i Liege Quercus suber ec F I Production annuelle de15 000 t dans 198 000 hade forets de chene-liege

Natural CorkQuality Council,2000

Parfums,cosmétiques

2 Exportation de 508 200 td'huiles essentielles etplantes aromatiques en1994 pour une valeur eDH1.7 milliard

Hmamouchi(1997)

Romarin Rosmarinusofficinalis

Production de 7 t en 1992 CDSR, 1998

Autres Lichen Production de 245 t en1992

CDSR, 1998

Tricholomes1992Production de 770 t en CDSR, 1998

DONNEES QUANTITATIVES SUR LES PFNL DU MAROC

I Produit II Ressource II Valeur economique II I Categorie Impor- Nom Especes Partie Habitat Source Desti- Quantite, valeur Remarques References

tance commercial utili see nation Nom


I Plantes et eroduits vegetaux I Nourriture 2 Caroube Ceratonia siliqua gr Production de 900 t en CDSR,1998.

1992. Condiments Exportation de 8 678 t Hmamouchi,

d'epices aromatiques en 1997. 1994 pour une valeur de DH6 977421

Medecine 2 Exportation de 512 000 Hmamouchi tonnes de plantes (1997) medicinales en 1994 pour une valeur de DH 1.9 milliard

Ustensiles, 1 Liege Quercus suber ec F I Production annuelie de Natural Cork artisanat et 15 000 t dans 198 000 ha Quality Council, materiaux de de forets de chene-liege 2000 construction Parfums, 2 Exportation de 508 200 t Hmamouchi cosmetiques d'huiles essentielies et (1997)

plantes aromatiques en 1994 pour une valeur e DH1.7 milliard

Romarin Rosmarinus Production de 7 t en 1992 CDSR,1998 officinalis

Autres Lichen Production de 245 t en CDSR,1998 1992

I I I Tricholomes

II I I I II I Production de 770 t en

1992 II I CDSR, 1998 I

78

79

Importance: 1- grande importance au niveau national; 2 grande importance au niveau local/régional; 3 importance limitéePartie utilisée: an animal entier; ec écorce; ci cire; fe feuilles; no noix; fi fibres; fi fleurs; fr fruits; go gommes; mi miel;

se sève; la latex; hu huile; pl plante entière; re résines; ra racine; gr graines; ti tige; ta tannins;Habitat: F forét naturelle et autres terres boisées; P - plantation; A Autres: Arbres hors de la forêt (p.e. agroforesterie, jardins privés)Source: S - sauvage, C - cultivéDestination: N - national; I international

Anirpaux et produits animauxMiel, cire mi N,! Production de 4 000 t en CDSR, 1998

1992

Anil'J1aux et produits animaux Miel, eire

II I mi

I I N I Production de 4 000 t en

, 1992 Jl J CDSR, 1998

Importance: 1- grande importance au niveau national; 2 - grande importance au niveau local/regional; 3 - importance limitee Partie utilisee: an - animal entier; ec - ecorce; ci - cire; fe - feuilles; no - noix; fi - fibres; fl - fleurs; fr - fruits; go - gommes; mi - miel;


79

3.1.5 Mauritanie (F)

INTRODUCTION

Principaux Produits Forestiers Non LigneuxLes principaux produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL) de la Mauritanie sont les plantesalimentaires (e.g. Adansonia digitata, Ziziphus mauritiana), les plantes fourragères (e.g.Acacia spp.), les gommes (Acacia senegal) et les plantes médicinales (e.g. Acacia albida,Balanites aegyptiaca, Salvadora persica).

Les PFNL de moindre importance au niveau socio-économique sont les colorants (e.g.Acacia seyal, Ano geissus leiocarpus), les tannins (Acacia nilotica), les produits cosmétiques,les outils et les résines.

Informations généralesII y a tits peu d'informations sur les PFNL en Mauritanie. Toute 'Information ci-dessous a ététirée d'un rapport de la FAO (1998).


NourritureDes arbres produisant des fruits comestibles incluent Boscia senegalensis, Balanitesaegyptiaca, Adansonia digitata et Sclerocatya birrea. Les fruits de Sclerocarya birrea fontl'objet d'un commerce local. La pulpe des fruits, riche en alcool, est fermentée et transforméeen bière. Du fruit on peut faire des jus et des confitures.

L'amande du noyau de Sclerocarya birrea contient des matières grasses et beaucoup devitamine C. Elle donne aussi une huile comestible.

Les graines de Boscia senegalensis donnent une excellente farine pour la fabrication desrepas. En plus, on consomme l'albumen des graines et les feuilles d'Adansonia digitata.

FourrageLes plantes fourragères importantes de la Mauritanie sont Acacia albida, Acacia raddiana,Acacia nilotica, Acacia senegal, Acacia seyal, Boscia senegalensis, Balanites aegyptiaca etProsopis juliflora.

Ces plantes fournissent des feuilles, de jeunes rameaux, des gousses et l'écorce quiconstituent des fourrages pour les moutons, les chèvres, les dromadaires, le bétail et leschameaux.

MédecineLes écorces, les graines, les feuilles, les racines, les fruits et les branches d'Adansoniadigitata, Acacia albida, Acacia nilotica, Boscia senegalensis, Balanites aegyptiaca,Ano geissus leiocarpus, Salvadora persica, Commiphora africana, Prosopis juliflora et deSclerocatya birrea sont utilisés pour le traitement des maladies variées telles que le rhume,la grippe, les maux de dents, les hémorrokles, les douleurs rhumatismales, l'impuissancesexuelle, le diabète, l'asthme et autres complications respiratoires, la fièvre, la diarrhée, lafatigue générale, etc..

80

3.1.5 Mauritanie (F)

INTRODUCTION


Les principaux produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL) de la Mauritanie sont les plantes alimentaires (e.g. Adansonia digitata, Ziziphus mauritiana), les plantes fourrageres (e.g. Acacia spp.), les gommes (Acacia senegal) et les plantes medicinales (e.g. Acacia albida, Balanites aegyptiaca, Salvadora persica).

Les PFNL de moindre importance au niveau soclo-economique sont les colorants (e.g. Acacia seya/, Anogeissus leiocarpus), les tannins (Acacia nilotica), les produits cosmetiques, les outils et les resines.

Informations generales

II ya tres peu d'informations sur les PFNL en Mauritanie. Toute I'information ci-dessous a ete tiree d'un rapport de la FAO (1998).


Nourriture

Des arbres produisant des fruits comestibles incluent Boscia senegalensis, Balanites aegyptiaca, Adansonia digitata et Sclerocarya birrea. Les fruits de Sclerocarya birrea font I'objet d'un commerce local. La pulpe des fruits, riche en alcool, est fermentee et transformee en biere. Du fruit on peut faire des jus et des confitures.

L'amande du noyau de Sc/erocarya birrea contient des matieres grasses et beaucoup de vitamine C. Elle donne aussi une huile comestible.

Les graines de Boscia senegalensis donnent une excellente farine pour la fabrication des repas. En plus, on consomme I'albumen des graines et les feuilles d'Adansonia digitata.

Fourrage

Les plantes fourrageres importantes de la Mauritanie sont Acacia albida, Acacia raddiana, Acacia nilotica, Acacia senegal, Acacia seya/, Boscia senegalensis, Balanites aegyptiaca et Prosopis juliflora.

Ces plantes fournissent des feuilles, de jeunes rameaux, des gousses et I'ecorce qui constituent des fourrages pour les moutons, les chevres, les dromadaires, Ie betail et les chameaux.

Medecine Les ecorces, les graines, les feuilles, les racines, les fruits et les branches d'Adansonia digitata, Acacia albida, Acacia nilotica, Boscia senegalensis, Balanites aegyptiaca, Anogeissus leiocarpus, Salvadora persica, Commiphora africana, Prosopis juliflora et de Sc/erocarya birrea sont utilises pour Ie traitement des maladies variees telles que Ie rhume, la grippe, les maux de dents, les hemorro'ides, les douleurs rhumatismales, I'impuissance sexuelle, Ie diabete, I'asthme et autres complications respiratoires, la fievre, la diarrhee, la fatigue generale, etc ..

80

Parfums et cosmétiguesLes racines de Balanites aegyptiaca rentrent dans la fabrication du savon.

Colorants et tanninsLes fruits d'Acacia nilotica constituent le principal produit de tannage chez les cordonniers.L'écorce d'Acacia seyal fournit une teinture rouge qui sert à teindre les vétements. Lesfeuilles et l'écorce d'Anogeissus leiocarpus fournissent une teinture jaune pour les peaux etles tissus.

Ustensiles, artisanat et matériaux de constructionL'écorce du tronc d'Adansonia digitata fournit également des fibres utilisées pour tisser lesnattes et confectionner les cordes. Le tégument d'Acacia senegal est utilisé pour lafabrication des cordes.

Le macéré du fruit de Balanites aegyptiaca est ichtyotoxique (poison à poisson).

ExsudatsLa gomme exsudant du tronc d'Acacia nilotica sert à fabriquer une boisson rafraTchissante.

La gomme arabique est fournie par l'Acacia senegal. L'exsudation est causée par des fentesdues .6 la sécheresse et des blessures. Quatre-vingt-dix pour cent de la production de lagomme arabique est commercialisée. Une qualité inférieure de la gomme arabique estproduite par Acacia seyal.

La résine de Commiphora africana est utilisée comme encens, parfum et insecticide.

REFERENCES

FAO. 1998. Rapport National sur la Conservation et l'Utilisation des Ressources GénétiquesForestières en Mauritanie, par C. M'Bare. Rome.

FAO. (undated): Role of Acacia Species in the Rural Economy of Dry Africa and the NearEast. FAO Conservation Guide, 27.

REMERCIEMENTSCe rapport a été réalisé grAce au financement du Programme de Partenariat CE-FAO«Collecte et analyse des données pour un aménagement durable de la Forbt dans les paysA.C.P.». Le contenu est basé sur l'information accessible au siège central de la FAORome.

Des informations supplémentaires sur les PFNL en Mauritanie seraient bienvenues etreconnues en bonne et due forme.

81

Parfums et cosmetiques Les racines de Balanites aegyptiaca rentrent dans la fabrication du savon.

Colorants et tannins

Les fruits d'Acacia nilotica constituent Ie principal produit de tannage chez les cordonniers. L'ecorce d'Acacia seyal fournit une teinture rouge qui sert a teindre les vetements. Les feuilles et I'ecorce d'Anogeissus leiocarpus fournissent une teinture jaune pour les peaux et les tissus.

Ustensiles, artisanat et materiaux de construction L'ecorce du tronc d'Adansonia digitata fournit egalement des fibres utilisees pour tisser les nattes et confectionner les cordes. Le tegument d'Acacia senegal est utilise pour la fabrication des cordes.

Le macere du fruit de Balanites aegyptiaca est ichtyotoxique (poison a poisson).

Exsudats La gomme exsudant du tronc d'Acacia nilotica sert a fabriquer une boisson rafraichissante.

La gomme arabique est fournie par l'Acacia senegal. L'exsudation est causee par des fentes dues a la secheresse et des blessures. Quatre-vingt-dix pour cent de la production de la gomme arabique est commercialisee. Une qualite inferieure de la gomme arabique est produite par Acacia seya/.

La resine de Commiphora africana est utilisee comme encens, parfum et insecticide.

REFERENCES FAO. 1998. Rapport National sur la Conservation et l'Utilisation des Ressources Genetiques

ForestiBres en Mauritanie, par C. M'8are. Rome. FAO. (undated): Role of Acacia Species in the Rural Economy of Dry Africa and the Near

East. FAO Conservation Guide, 27.

REMERCIEMENTS


Des informations supplementaires sur les PFNL en Mauritanie seraient bienvenues et reconnues en bonne et due forme.

81

3.1.6 Tunisie (F)

INTRODUCTION

Principaux Produits Forestiers Non LigneuxLes produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL) principaux de la Tunisie sont les plantesfourragères, les plantes aromatiques (e.g. Rosmarinus officinalis et Myrtus communis), leliège (Quercus suber) et l'alfa (Stipa tenacissima).

Autres PFNL de moindre imporiance au niveau socio-économique sont les plantesmédicinales, les plantes comestibles (e.g. graines du Pin d'Alep, champignons sauvages), lemiel et la cire, les teintures naturelles, les plantes fourragères et le gibier.


NourritureLes graines comestibles du Pin d'Alep (Pinus halepensis) et de Pin pignon (Pinus pinea)sont récoltées dans les foréts tunisiennes. Surtout les graines du Pin d'Alep sontcommercialisées en grandes quantités (10 000 tonnes par an), tandis que seules de petitesquantités de pin pignon sont commercialisées à cause de leur disponibilité limitée. Laproduction des graines du pin pignon s'accroitra dans les années à venir à cause de l'entréeen production des peuplements créés artificiellement au lendemain de l'indépendance (ElAdab, 1993).

Environ 13 500 ha des nappes naturelles du caprier Capparis spinosa sont exploitées pour lacueillette des câpres. Une partie des cApres est exportée par les industriels en conservealimentaire (El Adab, 1993).

Les champignons sauvages comestibles sont cueillis dans les fortts humides du Nord-Ouest. Dans une bonne année, jusqu'à 20 tonnes peuvent étre collectées (El Adab, 1993).

FourrageL'ensemble des productions fourragères des terrains soumis au régime forestier représenteune charge correspondant à 44 percent du cheptel ovin national. El Adab (1993) estime uneproduction de 651 millions unités fourragères (UF) qui se répartissent comme suit :

Domaine forestier de l'état et nappes alfatières: 375 millions UF;Parcours domaniaux et collectifs: 150 millions UF;Parcours améliorés: 126 millions UF.

Les gousses de caroube (Ceratonia siliqua), consommées par les animaux ainsi que parl'homme, sont récoltées aux mois d'août et septembre. La récolte est de 20 à 30 tonnes paran.

Parfums et cosmétiquesLe romarin (Rosmarinus officinalis) et le myrte (Myrtus communis) couvrent des superficiesimportantes en Tunisie (romarin: 340 000 ha, myrte: 80 000 ha). La distillation de leurssommités florales permet d'obtenir des huiles très recherchées par l'industrie mondiale desparfums. La vente d'essences de romarin et de myrte procure en Tunisie une rentrée dedevises équivalente à presque 600 000 Dinar Tunisien (DT)36 par an (El Adab, 1993).

36 DT10 = US$8.43 en 1999 (taux de change moyen de 1999)

82

3.1.6 Tunisie (F)

INTRODUCTION


Les produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL) principaux de la Tunisie sont les plantes fourrageres, les plantes aromatiques (e.g. Rosmarinus officina/is et Myrtus communis), Ie liege (Quercus suber) et I'alfa (Stipa tenacissima).

Autres PFNL de moindre importance au niveau soclo-economique sont les plantes medicinales, les plantes comestibles (e.g. graines du Pin d'Alep, champignons sauvages), Ie miel et la cire, les teintures naturelles, les plantes fourrageres et Ie gibier.

PlANTES ET PRODUITS VEGETAUX

Nourriture

Les graines comestibles du Pin d'Alep (Pinus ha/epensis) et de Pin pignon (Pinus pinea) sont recoltees dans les forets tunisiennes. Surtout les graines du Pin d'Alep sont commercialisees en grandes quantites (10 000 tonnes par an), tandis que seules de petites quantites de pin pignon sont commercialisees a cause de leur disponibilite limitee. La production des graines du pin pignon s'accroHra dans les annees a venir a cause de I'entree en production des peuplements crees artificiellement au lendemain de I'independance (EI Adab, 1993).

Environ 13 500 ha des nappes naturelles du caprier Capparis spinosa sont exploitees pour la cueillette des capres. Une partie des capres est exportee par les industriels en conserve alimentaire (EI Adab, 1993).

Les cham pig nons sauvages comestibles sont cueillis dans les forets humides du NordOuest. Dans une bonne annee, jusqu'a 20 tonnes peuvent etre collectees (EI Adab, 1993).

Fourrage

L'ensemble des productions fourrageres des terrains soumis au regime forestier represente une charge correspondant a 44 percent du cheptel ovin national. EI Adab (1993) estime une production de 651 millions unites fourrageres (UF) qui se repartissent comme suit: III Domaine forestier de I'etat et nappes alfatieres: 375 millions UF; III Parcours domaniaux et collectifs: 150 millions UF; CD Parcours ameliores: 126 millions UFo

Les gousses de caroube (Ceratonia siliqua} , consommees par les animaux ainsi que par I'homme, sont recoltees aux mois d'aoOt et septembre. La recolte est de 20 a 30 tonnes par an.


Le romarin (Rosmarinus officinalis) et Ie myrte (Myrtus communis) couvrent des superficies importantes en Tunisie (romarin: 340 000 ha, myrte: 80 000 ha). La distillation de leurs sommites florales permet d'obtenir des huiles tres recherchees par I'industrie mondiale des parfums. La vente d'essences de romarin et de myrte procure en Tunisie une rentree de devises equivalente a presque 600 000 Dinar Tunisien (DT)36 par an (EI Adab, 1993).

36 OT10 = US$8.43 en 1999 (taux de change moyen de 1999)

82

De plus, on collecte les feuilles d'Eucalyptus ( e.g. E.cinerea, E. citriodora) pour la distillation(El Adab, 1993).

Tableau No. 1. Quantités exportées de la Tunisie et valeurs de quelques huiles essentielles

Ustensiles, artisanat et matériaux de constructionLa production annuelle de liège (Quercus suber) est estimée de 8 000 tonnes (El Adab,1993) à 9 000 tonnes (Natural Cork Quality Council, 2000) en moyenne, ce qui correspond à3 percent de la production mondiale. Les principales suberaies, au total 60 000 ha, soit 3percent des suberaies mondiales, se trouvent dans les Gouvernorats de Jendouba (90%),Béjà (5%) et Bizerte (5%) au Nord du pays (El Adab, 1993, Natural Cork Quality Council,2000).

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Prodult Valeur (1000 1993 1994 1995 1996DI) et

quantité(tonnes)

Huile Valeur 1108.9 1027.0 1708.8 1029.3Quantité 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.6

Huile Valeur 225.7 382.3 773.7 239.9d'orange Quantité 0.5 0.2 0.4 0.5Autres huiles Valeur 14.0 18.6 7.4 58.4de citrus Quantité 0.2 0.2 0.1 1.0Huile de Valeur 1016.1 1209.1 596.0 1026.2romarin Quantité 71.6 83.2 26.5 55.4Huile de Valeur 103.2 73.3 141.2 135.0menthe Quantité 2.3 1.5 2.8 5.5Huile Valeur 2.8 0 0 0d'artemesia Quantitéblanche

0.1 0 0 0

Autres huiles Valeur 705.9 434.7 451.2 478.0essentielles Quantité 3.0 81.6 1.9 26.2Huiles Valeur 0 0 0 0.1essentielles Quantitéde citron

0.1

Huile de Valeur 0 0 0 11.2lavande Quantité 2.1Huile Valeur 0 0 0 11.4menthol Quantité 0.2

Solutions Valeur 0 0 0 8.6concentrées Quantité 0

Total Valeurproduits Quantité

1.8 0 0 0

TerpenoidEau de fleurs Valeur 87.9 104.8 157.2 166.7

d'orange Quantité 67.3 81.3 128.1 127.4Autres Valeur 2.3 8.0 21.2 24.8

solutions en Quantitéeau d'huilesessentielles

0 0 0 1.4

Autres huiles Valeur 52.6 35.1 184.0 63.3aromatiques Quantité 22.5 8.3 42.6 6.8

Total 3321.1 3291.9 4058.7 3253.1(1000 DI)

Total(tonnes)

168.2 256.9 203.3 227.1

Source: Chemli, 1997

De plus, on collecte les feuilles d'Eucalyptus ( e.g. E.cinerea, E. citriodora) pour la distillation (EI Adab, 1993).

Tableau No.1. Quantitas ex~ortaes de la Tunisie et valeurs de guelgues huiles essentielles Produit Valeur (1000 1993 1994 1995 1996

DT) et quantite {tonnes)

Huile Valeur 1108.9 1027.0 1708.8 1029.3 Quantite 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.6

Huile Valeur 225.7 382.3 773.7 239.9 d'orange Quantite 0.5 0.2 0.4 0.5 Autres huiles Valeur 14.0 18.6 7.4 58.4 de citrus Quantite 0.2 0.2 0.1 1.0 Huile de Valeur 1016.1 1209.1 596.0 1026.2 romarin Quantite 71.6 83.2 26.5 55.4 Huile de Valeur 103.2 73.3 141.2 135.0 menthe Quantite 2.3 1.5 2.8 5.5 Huile Valeur 2.8 0 0 0 d'artemesia Quantite 0.1 0 0 0 blanche Autres huiles Valeur 705.9 434.7 451.2 478.0 essentielles Quantite 3.0 81.6 1.9 26.2 Huiles Valeur 0 0 0 0.1 essentielles Quantite 0.1 de citron Huile de Valeur 0 0 0 11.2 lavande Quantite 2.1 Huile Valeur 0 0 0 11.4 menthol Quantite 0.2

Solutions Valeur 0 0 0 8.6 concentrees Quantite 0

Total Valeur 1.8 0 0 0 produits Quantite

Terpenoid Eau de fleurs Valeur 87.9 104.8 157.2 166.7

d'orange Quantite 67.3 81.3 128.1 127.4 Autres Valeur 2.3 8.0 21.2 24.8

solutions en Quantite 0 0 0 1.4 eau d'huiles essentielles

Autres huiles Valeur 52.6 35.1 184.0 63.3 aromatigues Quantite 22.5 8.3 42.6 6.8

Total 3321.1 3291.9 4058.7 3253.1 (1000 DT)

Total 168.2 256.9 203.3 227.1 {tonnes}

Source: Chemli, 1997

Ustensiles, artisanat et materiaux de construction La production annuelle de liege (Quercus suber) est estimae de 8 000 tonnes (EI Adab, 1993) a 9 000 tonnes (Natural Cork Quality Council, 2000) en moyenne, ce qui correspond a 3 percent de la production mondiale. Les principales suberaies, au total 60 000 ha, so it 3 percent des suberaies mondiales, se trouvent dans les Gouvernorats de Jendouba (90%), Baja (5%) et Bizerte (5%) au Nord du pays (EI Adab, 1993, Natural Cork Quality Council, 2000).

83

Le liège est récolté exclusivement par la régie d'Exploitation Forestière et vendu en totalitéla Société Nationale du Liège qui détient le monopole des achats. Du point de vue qualité, laproduction de liège se répartit comme suit:

liège de reproduction en planches 60 %;liège mâle en planches 15 %;liège en morceaux 15 °A (El Adab, 1993).

Tableau No. 2. Evolution de la production de liège en Tunisie entre 1970 et 1987Année Quantité (tonnes)1970 8 9111971 7 4241972 11 5651973 7 6901974 13 1771975 10 2331976 7 3731977 7 7611978 7 9701979 6 5341980 11 3851981 9 6811982 8 0411983 7 1931984 8 1821985 8 0931986 8 4961987 9 520

Source: modifié selon El Adab (1993)

La production annuelle des fibres végétales d'alfa (Stipa tenacissima) est passée de120 000 tonnes au début de la décennie à environ 60 000 tonnes en 1993. Cette régressionde la production résulte essentiellement de la désaffection des arracheurs à la cueillette del'alfa. La récolte de l'alfa est assurée par la population locale, qui la considère comme uneopération pénible et peu rémunératrice. L'alfa collecté est acheminé vers les centres decollecte relevant de la Société Nationale Tunisienne de Cellulose et du Papier qui détient lemonopole de l'achat et de la transformation de l'alfa. La récolte de l'alfa est réalisée chaqueannée conformément à un plan d'aménagement établi pour l'ensemble des nappes alfatièreset en application d'un arrélé pris par le Ministre de l'Agriculture fixant les périodes d'ouvertureet de fermeture de la Campagne d'arrachage de l'alfa (El Adab, 1993).

Les nappes du palmier nain (Chamaerops humilis) localisées dans le Nord de la Tunisie etau Cap Bon, produisent 350 tonnes de fibres, utilisées pour la fabrication des crins végétauxet de balais (El Adab, 1993).

ANIMAUX ET PRODUITS ANIMAUXLa valeur des produits animaux comme la faune sauvage exportée (537 982,423 DT) et legibier (voir ci-dessous) constituent un apport appréciable à l'économie du pays sous formede viande consommée par la population ou exportée à l'étranger (El Adab, 1993).

Miel et cireLa forét tunisienne constitue une zone d'apiculture traditionnelle très ancienne où l'on produitle miel de thym et de romarin très réputés depuis l'antiquité. En 1993, quelques 3 500apiculteurs élèvent pits de 35 000 colonies d'abeilles en ruches traditionnelles et modernes.Leur production est d'environ 200 tonnes de miel et 50 tonnes de cire par an (El Adab,1993).

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Le liege est recolte exclusivement par la regie d'Exploitation Forestiere et vendu en totalite a la Societe Nationale du Liege qui detient Ie monopole des achats. Ou point de vue qualite, la production de liege se repartit comme suit: .. liege de reproduction en planches 60 %; .. liege male en planches 15 %; .. liege en morceaux 15 % (EI Adab, 1993).

Tableau No.2. Evolution de la production de liege en Tunisie entre 1970 et 1987 Annee Quantite (tonnes) 1970 8911 1971 7424 1972 11 565 1973 7690 1974 13177 1975 10233 1976 7373 1977 7761 1978 7970 1979 6534 1980 11 385 1981 9681 1982 8041 1983 7193 1984 8182 1985 8093 1986 8496 1987 9520

Source: modifie selon EI Adab (1993)

La production annuelle des fibres vegetales d'alfa (Stipa tenacissima) est passee de 120 000 tonnes au debut de la decennie a environ 60 000 tonnes en 1993. Cette regression de la production resulte essentiellement de la desaffection des arracheurs a la cueillette de I'alfa. La recolte de I'alfa est assuree par la population locale, qui la considere comme une operation penible et peu remuneratrice. L'alfa collecte est achemine vers les centres de collecte relevant de la Societe Nationale Tunisienne de Cellulose et du Papier qui detient Ie monopole de I'achat et de la transformation de I'alfa. La recolte de I'alfa est realisee chaque annee conformement a un plan d'amenagement etabli pour I'ensemble des nappes alfatieres et en application d'un arrete pris par Ie Ministre de l'Agriculture fixant les periodes d'ouverture et de fermeture de la Campagne d'arrachage de I'alfa (EI Adab, 1993).

Les nappes du palmier nain (Chamaerops humilis) localisees dans Ie Nord de la Tunisie et au Cap 'Bon, produisent 350 tonnes de fibres, utilisees pour la fabrication des crins vegetaux et de balais (EI Adab, 1993).


La valeur des produits animaux comme la faune sauvage exportee (537 982,423 OT) et Ie gibier (voir ci-dessous) constituent un apport appreciable a I'economie du pays sous forme de viande consommee par la population ou exportee a I'etranger (EI Adab, 1993 ).

Miel et eire

La foret tunisienne constitue une zone d'apiculture traditionnelle tres ancienne ou I'on produit Ie miel de thym et de romarin tres reputes depuis I'antiquite. En 1993, quelques 3 500 apiculteurs elevent pres de 35 000 colonies d'abeilles en ruches traditionnelles et modernes. Leur production est d'environ 200 tonnes de miel et 50 tonnes de cire par an (EI Adab, 1993).

84

GibierDurant la saison de chasse 1987-88, 14 848 chasseurs se sont inscrits aux AssociationsRégionales des chasseurs. Le nombre des licences de chasse touristique s'est élevé3 013 licences dont 1 442 licences de chasse au sanglier et 1 511 licences de chasse à lagrive et aux étourneaux.

Les revenus directs de la chasse au profit du Trésor Tunisien se sont élevésDT599 484,300. II convient d'ajouter a ce montant les frais de séjour et d'organisation dechasse (estimés à DT2 085) pour les 3 013 touristes chasseurs.

En outre, la valeur du gibier abattu est d'environ DT598 385,000 (El Adab, 1993).

REFERENCES

Chemli, R. 1997. Medicinal, Aromatic and Culinary Plants of Tunisian Flora. In: Proceedingsof the International Expert Meeting on Medicinal, Culinary and Aromatic Plants in theNear East. FAO Regional Office for the Near East (RNE) and FAO Forest ProductsDivision (FOPW). Cairo, Egypt 19-21 May 1997.

El Adab, A. 1993. Les Produits Forestiers et leur Importance dans l'Economie Tunisienne.Séminaire sur les Produits de la Forat Méditerranéenne. Florence, 20-24 Septembre,1990.

Natural Cork Quality Council. 2000. The Cork Industry. In: Internethttp://www.corkqc.com/index.htm, vu le 30/08/2000.

REMERCIEIVIENTS

Ce rapport a été réalisé grace au financement du Programme de Partenariat CE-FAO«Collecte et analyse des données pour un aménagement durable de la Forat dans les paysA.C.P.». Le contenu est basé sur l'information accessible au siège central de la FAORome.

Des informations supplémentaires sur les PFNL en Tunisie seraient bienvenues etreconnues en bonne et due forme.

85

Gibier Durant la saison de chasse 1987-88, 14848 chasseurs se sont inscrits aux Associations Regionales des chasseurs. Le nombre des licences de chasse touristique s'est eleve a 3013 licences dont 1 442 licences de chasse au sanglier et 1 511 licences de chasse a la grive et aux etourneaux.

Les revenus directs de la chasse au profit du Tresor Tunisien se sont eleves a DT599 484,300. II convient d'ajouter a ce montant les frais de sejour et d'organisation de chasse (estimes a DT2 085) pour les 3 013 touristes chasseurs.

En outre, la valeur du gibier abattu est d'environ DT598 385,000 (EI Adab, 1993).

REFERENCES

Chemli, R. 1997. Medicinal, Aromatic and Culinary Plants of Tunisian Flora. In: Proceedings of the International Expert Meeting on Medicinal, Culinary and Aromatic Plants in the Near East. FAO Regional Office for the Near East (RNE) and FAO Forest Products Division (FOPW). Cairo, Egypt 19-21 May 1997.

EI Adab, A. 1993. Les Produits Forestiers et leur Importance dans I'Economie Tunisienne. Seminaire sur les Produits de la Foret Mediterraneenne. Florence, 20-24 Septembre, 1990.


REMERCIEMENTS


Des informations supplementaires sur les PFNL en Tunisie seraient bienvenues et reconnues en bonne et due forme.

85

DONNEES QUANTITATIVES SUR LES PFNL DE LA TUNISIE

Importance:Partie utilisée

Habitat:

Source:Destination:

1- grande importance au niveau national; 2 grande importance au niveau local/régional; 3 importance limitée: an animal entier; ec écorce; ci cire; fe feuilles; no noix; fi fibres; fl fleurs; fr fruits; go gomnnes; mi miel;se sève; la latex; hu huile; pl plante entière; re résines; ra racine; gr graines; ti tige; ta tannins;F forêt naturelle et autres terres boisées; P - plantation; A Autres: Arbres hors de la forét (p.e. agroforesterie, jardins ducase)S - sauvage, C - cultivéN - national; I international

86

Produit Ressource Valeur économiqueCatégorie Innpor-

tanceNom

commercialNom

vernaculaire



Quantité, valeur Remarques Références

1, 2, 3 F, P, H S, C N, I

Plantes et produits végétauxNourriture Caroube Ceratonia siliqua fr Production de 20-30 t par

anEl Adab, 1993

Pin d'Alep Pinus halepensis gr N Production annuelle de10 000 t

El Adab, 1993

Parfums,cosmétiques

Rosmarinusofficinalis, Myrtuscommunis

fe I Exportation annuelle pourune valeur de presqueDT600 000

El Abdad, 1993

Huilesessentielles

différentes espèces Exportation de 271 tonnespour une valeur deDT3 253 000 en 1996

Chemli, 1997


1 Liège Quercus suber ec Production annelle de9 000 t dans 60 000 ha desforêts de chéne-liège

El Adab, 1993

Alfa Stipa tenacissima fe Production de 60 000 t en1993

El Adab, 1993

Palmier nain Chamaeropshumilis

Production annuelle de 350tonnes

El Adab, 1993

Animaux et produits anirnauxMiel, cire Production annuelle de 200

tonnes de miel et 50 t decire

El Adab, 1993

Gibier Valeur annuelle du gibierabattu de DT598 385

El Adab, 1993

DONNEES QUANTITATIVES SUR LES PFNL DE LA TUNISIE

I Produit II Ressol.lrce II Valeur economique II Categorie Impor- Nom Especes Partie Habitat Source Oesti- Quantite, valeur Remarques


vernaculaire 1,2,3 F, P,H S,C N, I

I Plantes et E!roduits ve!i!etaux NOl.lrriture Caroube Ceratonia siliqua fr Production de 20-30 t par

an Pin d'Alep Pinus halepensis gr N Production annuelle de

10000 t Parfums, Rosmarinus fe I Exportation annuelle pour cosmetiques officinalis, Myrtus une valeur de presque

communis DT600000

Huiles differentes especes Exportation de 271 tonnes essentielles pour une valeur de

DT3 253 000 en 1996 Ustensiles, 1 Liege Quercus suber ec Production annelle de artisanat et 9 000 t dans 60 000 ha des

materiaux de forets de chene-liege

construction Alfa Stipa tenacissima fe Production de 60 000 t en

1993 Palmier nain Chamaerops Production annuelle de 350

humilis tonnes

I Animaux et produits animal.lx Miel, cire

I I I I I

Production annuelle de 200 tonnes de miel et 50 t de eire

Gibier Valeur annuelle du gibier abattu de DT598 385


se - seve; la - latex; hu - huile; pi - plante entiere; re - resines; ra - racine; gr - graines; ti - tige; ta - tannins;

References

EIAdab,1993

EIAdab,1993

EIAbdad,1993

Chemli, 1997

EIAdab,1993

EIAdab,1993

EIAdab,1993

EIAdab,1993

EIAdab,1993

Habitat: F - foret natureile et autres terres boisees; P - plantation; A - Autres: Arbres hors de la foret (p.e. agroforesterie, jardins du case)

Source: S - sauvage, C - cultive Destination: N - national; I - international

86

I

I

I

3.2 East Africa / Afrique de l'Est

3.2.1 Djibouti (F)

INTRODUCTION

Principaux Produits Forestiers Non LigneuxLes plantes fourragères (Acacia spp.) sont le produit forestier non ligneux principal deDjibouti.

Les autres produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL) utilises a Djibouti sont les tanins, lesmatériaux de construction (branches et feuilles du palmier Doum Hyphaene thebaica), lesplantes médicinales, les plantes comestibles (e.g. feuilles de Cissus sp.) et le miel.

Informations généralesLa FAO (1987) décrit l'utilisation des plantes fourragères, médicinales et comestibles, dumiel, du gibier et des matériaux de construction dans la forêt du Day par la population locale:

Cette forèt est fortement utilisée pour l'alimentation du cheptel.Les principales plantes médicinales fréquemment utilisées sont entre autres Aloetrichosantha, Terminalia sp., Ziziphus sp., Dodonaea viscosa et Solanum incanum. Cesplantes ne sont pas commercialisées, mais les tradipraticiens demandent unerecompense pour leur application.Pour améliorer la qualité des regimes monotones, les pasteurs ramassent régulièrementdes fruits et des feuilles. Surtout la collecte des graines sauvages est particulièrementdéveloppée chez les éleveurs de la zone forestière.La collecte du miel est faite occasionnellement, tandis que des activités apicoles ont étébeaucoup plus importantes dans le passé.Malgré la richesse de la forêt du Day en gibier, la chasse n'a pas une place importantedans la vie de la population.


Fourrage"Le principal usage de la vegetation forestière reste avant tout le pacage. Les zonesméridionales de transhumance constituent des parcours collectifs ouverts à tous, alors queles parcours forestiers du Nord sont eriges en propriétés tribales dont une partie est mise endefense et n'est ouverte qu'en périodes de disette. Durant ces périodes, l'émondage desarbres, parfois severe, est fréquemment effectué afin de sauver les troupeaux menaces parla famine. Ces parcours qui jouissent d'un statut foncier et social adéquat sont affectés auxtroupeaux selon leur nature. Les bovins, race afar à lyre haute et à petite bosse, pesantentre 200 et 250 kg, pâturent exclusivement en forél (monts Goda et Mabala). Les petitsruminants de format réduit (2/3 caprins, 1/3 ovins) se voient relégués dans les formationscouvertes d'Acacia et les zones tits dégradées. Les dromadaires n'ont pas de parcoursdéfinis et endommagent lourdement les parcours forestiers" (FAO, 1984:4).

REFERENCESFAO. 1984. Rapport au gouvemement de la République de Djibouti sur le développement

forestier et la lutte contre la désertification, par El Hamrouni. Projet TCP/DJI/4401.Rome

FAO. 1987. Etude socio-économique dans le cadre de l'aménagement intégré de la for& duDay, par Guedda Mohamed Ahmed, M. Projet TCP/DJI/86/4507. Rome

87

3.2 East Africa I Afrique de l'Est

3.2.1 Djibouti (F)

INTRODUCTION


Les plantes fourrageres (Acacia spp.) sont Ie produit forestier non ligneux principal de Djibouti.

Les autres produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL) utilises a Djibouti sont les tanins, les materiaux de construction (branches et feuilles du palmier Doum Hyphaene thebaica) , les plantes medicinales, les plantes comestibles (e.g. feuilles de Cissus sp.) et Ie miel.

Informations generales La FAO (1987) decrit I'utilisation des plantes fourrageres, medicinales et comestibles, du miel, du gibier et des materiaux de construction dans la foret du Day par la population locale: • Cette foret est fortement utilisee pour I'alimentation du cheptel. • Les principales plantes medicinales frequemment utilisees sont entre autres Aloe

trichosantha, Terminalia sp., Ziziphus sp., Dodonaea viscosa et Solanum incanum. Ces plantes ne sont pas commercialisees, mais les tradipraticiens demandent une recompense pour leur application.

II Pour ameliorer la qualite des regimes monotones, les pasteurs ramassent regulierement des fruits et des feuilles. Surtout la collecte des graines sauvages est particulierement developpee chez les eleveurs de la zone forestiere.

II La collecte du miel est faite occasionnellement, tandis que des activites apicoles ont ete beaucoup plus importantes dans Ie passe.

" Malgre la richesse de la foret du Day en gibier, la chasse n'a pas une place importante dans la vie de la population.


Fourrage "Le principal usage de la vegetation forestiere reste avant tout Ie pacage. Les zones meridionales de transhumance constituent des parcours collectifs ouverts a tous, alors que les parcours forestiers du Nord sont eriges en proprietes tribales dont une partie est mise en defense et n'est ouverte qu'en periodes de disette. Durant ces periodes, I'emondage des arbres, parfois severe, est frequemment effectue afin de sauver les troupeaux menaces par la famine. Ces parcours qui jouissent d'un statut foncier et social adequat sont affectes aux troupeaux selon leur nature. Les bovins, race afar a lyre haute et a petite bosse, pesant entre 200 et 250 kg, paturent exclusivement en foret (monts Goda et Mabala). Les petits ruminants de format reduit (2/3 caprins, 1/3 ovins) se voient relegues dans les formations couvertes d'Acacia et les zones tres degradees. Les dromadaires n'ont pas de parcours definis et endommagent lourdement les parcours forestiers" (FAO, 1984:4).

REFERENCES FAO. 1984. Rapport au gouvernement de la Republique de Djibouti sur Ie developpement

forestier et la lutte contre la desertification, par EI Hamrouni. Projet TCPIDJII4401. Rome

FAO. 1987. Etude socio-economique dans Ie cadre de I'amenagement integre de la foret du Day, par Guedda Mohamed Ahmed, M. Projet TCPIDJII86/4507. Rome

87

REMERCIEMENTSCe rapport a été réalisé grAce au financement du Programme de Partenariat UE-FAO«Collecte et analyse des données pour un aménagement durable de la Forèt dans les paysA.C.P.». Le contenu est basé sur l'information accessible au siège central de la FAO ARome.

Des informations supplémentaires sur les PFNL de Djibouti seraient bienvenues etreconnues en bonne et due forme.

88

REMERCIEMENTS Ce rapport a ete realise grace au financement du Programme de Partenariat UE-FAO «Collecte et analyse des donnees pour un amenagement durable de la Foret dans les pays A.C.P.». Le contenu est base sur I'information accessible au siege central de la FAO a Rome.

Des informations supplementaires sur les PFNL de Djibouti seraient bienvenues et reconnues en bonne et due forme.

88

3.2.2 Eritrea (E)

INTRODUCTION

Main Non-Wood Forest ProductsThe most important non-wood forest products (NWFP) of Eritrea are exudates (gum arabic,olibanum) and dried leaves of doum palm (Hyphaene thebaica).

Other NWFP include edible and medicinal plants, fibres, tannins and oils.

General InformationBein et al. (1996) identified 195 tree and shrub species that can be used as food andmedicine (142 species), fodder (138 species), as well as for various other purposes (e.g.fibres, resins, tannins, oils 127 species). In 1995, 22 commonly used species for non-woodpurposes, were reported as being endangered (Government of Eritrea,1995).

The cactus plant (Opuntia spp.) grows profusely in Eritrea, and has adapted perfectly to thesemi-arid zones of the country characterized by drought conditions. It covers about 10 000ha and thus contributes to counter drought hardships as it serves as a life-saving crop toboth humans and animals (Ministry of Agriculture,1998).


ExudatesGum arabic (Acacia senegal) and olibanum resins, mainly derived from Boswelliapapyrifera, are traditional NWFP of Eritrea. Statistical information on these exudates islimited to quantities that are exported since they are subject to taxation. In 1997, 543 t ofolibanum and 49 t of gum arabic were exported.

Table 1. Exports of gum arabic and olibanum from Eritrea (in tons)

Year Gum arabic Olibanum1992 152 -

1993 1671994 521995 152 -

1996 117 4631997 49 543

Source: Ministry of Agriculture (1998)

Since 1992, about 800 000 seedlings of Acacia senegal and 500 000 seedlings of Boswelliaolibanum have been planted at the national level (Ministry of Agriculture, 1998).

Utensils, handicrafts and construction materialsDried leaves from the doum palm Hyphaene thebaica are considered as one of the mostimportant Eritrean NWFP. In 1997, 2 064 t of dried leaves were exported to Ethiopia (Ministryof Agriculture, 1998).

89

3.2.2 Eritrea (E)

INTRODUCTION

Main Non-Wood Forest Products The most important non-wood forest products (NWFP) of Eritrea are exudates (gum arabic, olibanum) and dried leaves of doum palm (Hyphaene thebaica).

Other NWFP include edible and medicinal plants, fibres, tannins and oils.

General Information Bein et al. (1996) identified 195 tree and shrub species that can be used as food and medicine (142 species), fodder (138 species), as well as for various other purposes (e.g. fibres, resins, tannins, oils - 127 species). In 1995, 22 commonly used species for non-wood purposes, were reported as being endangered (Government of Eritrea, 1995).

The cactus plant (Opuntia spp.) grows profusely in Eritrea, and has adapted perfectly to the semi-arid zones of the country characterized by drought conditions. It covers about 10 000 ha and thus contributes to counter drought hardships as it serves as a life-saving crop to both humans and animals (Ministry of Agriculture, 1998).


Exudates

Gum arabic (Acacia senegan and olibanum resins, mainly derived from Boswellia papyrifera, are traditional NWFP of Eritrea. Statistical information on these exudates is limited to quantities that are exported since they are subject to taxation. In 1997, 543 t of olibanum and 49 t of gum arabic were exported.

Table 1. Exports of gum arabic and olibanum from Eritrea (in tons)

Year 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

Gum arabic 152 167 52 152 117 49


Olibanum

463 543

Since 1992, about 800 000 seedlings of Acacia senegal and 500 000 seedlings of Boswellia olibanum have been planted at the national level (Ministry of Agriculture, 1998).

Utensils, handicrafts and construction materials

Dried leaves from the doum palm Hyphaene thebaica are considered as one of the most important Eritrean NWFP. In 1997,2 064 t of dried leaves were exported to Ethiopia (Ministry of Agriculture, 1998).

89

Table 2. Exports of doum palm leaves (in tons)Year Doum palm leaves1992 301993 141994 3741995 5261996 7091997 2 064


REFERENCESBein, E., Habte, B., Jaber, A., Birnie, A. & Tengnas, B. 1996. Useful trees and shrubs in

Eritrea. Technical Handbook No 12. Nairobi Regional Soil Conservation Unit.Government of Eritrea. 1995. National Environmental Plan for Eritrea.Ministry of Agriculture. 1998. Forestry data report on Eritrea. In EC/FAO/UNEP.

Proceedings of sub-regional workshop on forestry statistics IGAD region. Rome.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTThis report has been realized thanks to the funding of the ECFAO Partnership Programme"Data Collection and Analysis for Sustainable Forest Management" in ACP Countries. Thecontent is based on available information at FAO Headquarters in Rome, as well as oninformation provided by Mr Elias Araya from the Department of Land Resources and CropProduction, Ministry of Agriculture of Eritrea.

Additional information on NWFP in Eritrea would be appreciated and duly acknowledged.

90

Table 2. Exports of doum palm leaves (in tons) Year Doum palm leaves 1992 30 1993 14 1994 374 1995 526 1996 709 1997 2064


REFERENCES Bein, E., Habte, B., Jaber, A., Birnie, A. & Tengnas, B. 1996. Useful trees and shrubs in

Eritrea. Technical Handbook No 12. Nairobi Regional Soil Conservation Unit. Government of Eritrea. 1995. National Environmental Plan for Eritrea. Ministry of Agriculture. 1998. Forestry data report on Eritrea. In EC/FAO/UNEP.

Proceedings of sub-regional workshop on forestry statistics - IGAD region. Rome.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This report has been realized thanks to the funding of the EC-FAO Partnership Programme "Data Collection and Analysis for Sustainable Forest Management" in ACP Countries. The content is based on available information at FAO Headquarters in Rome, as well as on information provided by Mr Elias Araya from the Department of Land Resources and Crop Production, Ministry of Agriculture of Eritrea.

Additional information on NWFP in Eritrea would be appreciated and duly acknowledged.

90

QUA7ITITATIVE DATA ON NWFP OF ERITREA

91

Product Resource Econornic valueCategory Importance Trade name

Generic termSpecies Part

usedHabitat Source Destination Quantity, value Remarks References

1, 2, 3 F, P, 0 W, C N, I

Plants and plant productsUtensils,handicrafts,constructionmaterials

2 Doum palm Hyphaene thebaica le F W I Exports of 2064 t toEthiopia in 1997 (Ministryof Agriculture,1998)

Ministry ofAgriculture, 1998

Exudates 1 Gum arabic Acacia senegal gu F, P W, C I Exports of 49 t in 1997(Ministry of Agriculture,1998)


Olibanum Boswellia papyrifera re F, P W, C I Exports of 543 t in 1997(Ministry of Agriculture,1998)


Importance: 1- high importance on the national level; 2 high importance at the local/regional level; 3 low importancePart used: an entire animal; ba bark; bw beeswax; le leaves; nu nuts; fi fibres; fi flowers; fr fruits; gu gums; ho honey;

la latex; oi oil; pl entire plant; re resins; ro roots; sa sap; se seeds; st stem; ta tanninsHabitat: F - natural forest or other wooded lands; P - plantation; 0 others: trees outside forests (e.g. agroforestry, honnegardens)Source: W - wild, C - cultivatedDestination: N - national; I international

QUANTITATIVE DATA ON NWFP OF ERITREA

I Product II Resource II Economic value II Category Importance Trade name Species Part Habitat Source Destination Quantity, value

I Generic term used

1,2,3 F,P,O w,e N, I

I Plants and plant products

Utensils, handicrafts, construction materials Exudates

Importance: Part used:

Habitat: Source: Destination:

2 Doum palm Hyphaene thebaica Ie F W I Exports of 2064 t to Ethiopia in 1997 (Ministry of Agriculture, 1998)

1 Gum arabic Acacia senegal gu F, P w,e I Exports of 49 t in 1997 (Ministry of Agriculture, 1998)

Olibanum Boswellia papyrifera re F,P w,e I Exports of 543 t in 1997 (Ministry of Agriculture, 1998)

1- high importance on the national level; 2 - high importance at the local/regional level; 3 -low importance an - entire animal; ba - bark; bw - beeswax; Ie -leaves; nu - nuts; fi - fibres; fI - flowers; fr - fruits; gu - gums; ho - honey; la -latex; oi - oil; pi - entire plant; re - resins; ro - roots; sa - sap; se - seeds; st - stem; ta - tannins F - natural forest or other wooded lands; P - plantation; 0 - others: trees outside forests (e.g. agroforestry, homegardens) W - wild, C - cultivated N - national; I - international

91

Remarks

I References

Ministry of Agriculture, 1998



3.2.3 Ethiopia (E)

INTRODUCTION

Main Non-Wood Forest ProductsThe most important non-wood forest products (NWFP) of Ethiopia are exudates, medicinalplants, honey and beeswax.

Other NWFP include edible leaves, fodder, latex, tannins, incenses, spices, dyestuffs andropes.

General InformationIn Ethiopia, a variety of NWFP are used. FAO (1990) describes the exploitation of fodder,latex (from Landolphia sp.), tannins, medicinal plants, incenses and spices, dyestuffs, gums,ropes as well as honey and beeswax. Bekele-Tesemma et al. (1993) identified 199 tree andshrub species that were used for food and medicines (123 species), fodder (108 species), aswell as for various other purposes (e.g. fibres, resins, tannins, oils 117 species). Importantedible NWFP are Pterocarpus sp. and Myrianthus sp. They are highly valued in the dryseason, when the leaves of few other vegetables are available (Falconer, 1990).


MedicinesTraditional medicine is used by a large segment of the population in Ethiopia. It is one of themost important ways of making a livelihood for those who have no other means of income and itis also the most important way of getting relief from various diseases. Over 85 percent of therural population, plus an increasing number of the poor in urban centres, utilize many of theavailable plants, as well as products from wild animals and minerals as their primary sourceof health care.

The use of traditional medicine is increasing compared to the past because modern medicinehas become very expensive and beyond the reach of most inhabitants. The value and role oftraditional health care systems will not diminish in the future because they are both culturallyviable and expected to remain affordable.

Ethiopia has a long history of traditional health care based largely on rich thoughunstandardized pharmacopoeia, used both by the local population (especially women) andtraditional health practitioners (THPs). The efficacy of a few of these plants (Hagenia abyssinicaand Glinus lotoides for the treatment of tapeworm, and Phytolacca dodecandra as amolluscicide in the control of schistosomiasis), has been scientifically determined but the safetyand efficacy of many others in the treatment of various diseases remains underdeveloped.

On record there are 600 species of medicinal plants constituting a little over ten percent ofEthiopia's vascular flora. They are distributed all over the country, with greater concentration inthe south and south-western part of the country. The woodlands of Ethiopia are the source ofmost of the medicinal plants followed by the montane grassland/dry montane forest complex ofthe plateau. Other important vegetation types for medicinal plants are the evergreen bushlandand rocky areas. The uncontrolled use of plants, particularly their roots and the whole plant, caneasily lead to their destruction. Some of them may already be endangered.

92

3.2.3 Ethiopia (E)

INTRODUCTION


The most important non-wood forest products (NWFP) of Ethiopia are exudates, medicinal plants, honey and beeswax.

Other NWFP include edible leaves, fodder, latex, tannins, incenses, spices, dyestuffs and ropes.

General Information

In Ethiopia, a variety of NWFP are used. FAO (1990) describes the exploitation of fodder, latex (from Landolphia sp.), tannins, medicinal plants, incenses and spices, dyestuffs, gums, ropes as well as honey and beeswax. Bekele-Tesemma et al. (1993) identified 199 tree and shrub species that were used for food and medicines (123 species), fodder (108 species), as well as for various other purposes (e.g. fibres, resins, tannins, oils - 117 species). Important edible NWFP are Pterocarpus sp. and Myrianthus sp. They are highly valued in the dry season, when the leaves of few other vegetables are available (Falconer, 1990).


Medicines

Traditional medicine is used by a large segment of the population in Ethiopia. It is one of the most important ways of making a livelihood for those who have no other means of income and it is also the most important way of getting relief from various diseases. Over 85 percent of the rural population, plus an increasing number of the poor in urban centres, utilize many of the available plants, as well as products from wild animals and minerals as their primary source of health care.

The use of traditional medicine is increasing compared to the past because modern medicine has become very expensive and beyond the reach of most inhabitants. The value and role of traditional health care systems will not diminish in the future because they are both culturally viable and expected to remain affordable.

Ethiopia has a long history of traditional health care based largely on rich though unstandardized pharmacopoeia, used both by the local population (especially women) and traditional health practitioners (THPs). The efficacy of a few of these plants (Hagenia abyssinica and Glinus lotoides for the treatment of tapeworm, and Phytolacca dodecandra as a molluscicide in the control of schistosomiasis), has been scientifically determined but the safety and efficacy of many others in the treatment of various diseases remains underdeveloped.

On record there are 600 species of medicinal plants constituting a little over ten percent of Ethiopia's vascular flora. They are distributed all over the country, with greater concentration in the south and south-western part of the country. The woodlands of Ethiopia are the source of most of the medicinal plants followed by the montane grassland/dry montane forest complex of the plateau. Other important vegetation types for medicinal plants are the evergreen bushland and rocky areas. The uncontrolled use of plants, particularly their roots and the whole plant, can easily lead to their destruction. Some of them may already be endangered.

92

Table 1. Most common medicinal plants sold by vendors on Ethiopian marketsScientific name Unit of measure Price (Br)37

Hagenia abyssinica kg 30Embolia schimperi cupful 5

Ximenia americana cupful 10Croton macrostachys soup spoon 15Euphorbia ampliphylla tablet 50Tamarindus indica kg 30Corindrium sativum kg 10Lupinus albus soup spoon 15Ricinus communis, kg 15Rumex abyssinicus soup spoon 5Rumex nervosus soup spoon 30Adathoda schimperiana soup spoon 50Asparagus africana tea spoon 25Bersama abyssinica soup spoon 50Kalenchoe petitiana soup spoon 100/ea africana soup spoon 80Doviyalis abssinica soup spoon 5

Source: Dessisa (1997)

ExudatesReliable data on the production and utilization of exudates in Ethiopia is not available. While thenational average annual output of exudates during the period 1978-1991 exceeds 1 500 t, muchhigher figures are registered for the seasons 1983/84 and 1984/85, i.e. 3 500 t and 4 200 trespectively. Since 1992 production has levelled to over 2 000 t/a.

Exudates are obtained from a considerable number of Ethiopian shrubs and trees, partly byactive tapping and partly by simple collection of gum that occasionally "oozes" from some treespecies without any need for human interference. The following products and species appear toplay a significant role: olibanum (80% of total output of resins of this type), gum arabic (14%)and myrrh (6%).

Olibanum resins (also called olibanum Tigray type or frankincense) are mainly obtained fromBosweffia papyrifera. This plant is found in large amounts in the Tigray, Gondar, Wollega andGojjam provinces and sparsely spread in Wello and Shewa. Other species yielding similarresins are Boswellia ogadensis, (Hararghe, Bale, Sidamo, Gamu Gofa) and Bosweffia rivae(Sidamo, Gamo Gofa), Bosweffia sacra and Boswellia freeriana.

Olibanum is used as fragrance as well as for flavouring purposes. Ethiopia is (together withSudan) the world's largest producer of olibanum. According to a 1981 estimate, the potentialproduction in Ethiopia is believed to reach 23 000 t (FAO, 1995b). About 1 500 t/a of olibanumare sold through the official trading channels with nearly 50 percent of the production absorbedby export markets.

Exploitation of olibanum is one of the top employment generating activities in the remotest partsof Ethiopia. At the national level, the number of seasonal workers engaged in tapping andgrading is estimated to range between 20 000 and 30 000 per year. In addition, it is a veryimportant source of income for most rural people.

Gum arabic is obtained from natural stands and plantations of Acacia senegal, which occur insignificant amounts in the provinces of Gojjam and Gondar along the Sudan border. A gum of alower quality, also sold under the name of gum arabic, is obtained from natural stands ofAcacia seyal, a species widely found in the Rift valley depression, especially on sites subject to

93

37 Br10 = US$1.2 (rate of exchange on 18/11/1999).

Table 1. Most common medicinal plants sold by vendors on Ethiopian markets Scientific name

Hagenia abyssinica Embelia schimperi Ximenia americana Croton macrostachys Euphorbia ampliphylla Tamarindus indica Corindrium sativum Lupinus albus Ricinus communis, Rumex abyssinicus Rumex nervosus Adathoda schimperiana Asparagus africana Bersama abyssinica Kalenchoe petitiana Olea africana Doviyalis abssinica

Source: Dessisa (1997)

Exudates

Unit of measure

kg cupful cupful

soup spoon tablet

kg kg

soup spoon kg

soup spoon soup spoon soup spoon tea spoon

soup spoon soup spoon soup spoon soup spoon

Price (Br)37

30 5

10 15 50 30 10 15 15 5

30 50 25 50 10 80 5

Reliable data on the production and utilization of exudates in Ethiopia is not available. While the national average annual output of exudates during the period 1978-1991 exceeds 1 500 t, much higher figures are registered for the seasons 1983/84 and 1984/85, i.e. 3 500 t and 4 200 t respectively. Since 1992 production has levelled to over 2 000 tla.

Exudates are obtained from a considerable number of Ethiopian shrubs and trees, partly by active tapping and partly by simple collection of gum that occasionally "oozes" from some tree species without any need for human interference. The following products and species appear to playa significant role: olibanum (80% of total output of resins of this type), gum arabic (14%) and myrrh (6%).

Olibanum resins (also called olibanum Tigray type or frankincense) are mainly obtained from Boswellia papyrifera. This plant is found in large amounts in the Tigray, Gondar, Wollega and Gojjam provinces and sparsely spread in Wello and Shewa. Other species yielding similar resins are Boswellia ogadensis, (Hararghe, Bale, Sidamo, Gamu Gofa) and Boswellia rivae (Sidamo, Gamo Gofa), Boswellia sacra and Boswellia freeriana.

Olibanum is used as fragrance as well as for flavouring purposes. Ethiopia is (together with Sudan) the world's largest producer of olibanum. According to a 1981 estimate, the potential production in Ethiopia is believed to reach 23 000 t (FAO, 1995b). About 1 500 tla of olibanum are sold through the official trading channels with nearly 50 percent of the production absorbed by export markets.

Exploitation of olibanum is one of the top employment generating activities in the remotest parts of Ethiopia. At the national level, the number of seasonal workers engaged in tapping and grading is estimated to range between 20 000 and 30 000 per year. In addition, it is a very important source of income for most rural people.

Gum arabic is obtained from natural stands and plantations of Acacia senega!, which occur in significant amounts in the provinces of Gojjam and Gondar along the Sudan border. A gum of a lower quality, also sold under the name of gum arabic, is obtained from natural stands of Acacia seya!, a species widely found in the Rift valley depression, especially on sites subject to

37 Br10 = US$1.2 (rate of exchange on 18/11/1999).

93

annual waterlogging. A gum of relatively low quality is also obtained from Acaciadrepanolobium, a low shrub of the southern-most part of the country, as well as from A.polyacantha.

Gums are harvested through tapping in northern Ethiopia, whereas in the south-western partof the country only natural gums are collected by the nomads. Trade is controlled by theNatural Gums Processing and Marketing Enterprise, which regulates prices and trade in gumarabic in Ethiopia (Nour, 1995).

Table 2. Annual production of gum arabic in the period 1988-1994

Source: Nour (1995)

Myrrh, the third valuable exudate, may be considered the one with the highest value. This resinis obtained from a small shrub, Commiphora myrrh, that is principally found in Ogaden, Baleand Sidamo.

ANIMALS AND ANIMAL PRODUCTS

Honey and beeswaxBeekeeping is an ancient tradition in Ethiopia. The density of hives is estimated to be thehighest in Africa. An estimated 4-10 million traditional hives and some 10 000 modern box hivesare believed to exist in the country. The main products of the beekeeping industry are honeyand wax. Honey is almost exclusively used for local consumption, while a considerableproportion of wax is exported. The annual turnover of the apiculture industry is estimated to varybetween US$26 million and 64 million. Honey and beeswax also play a considerable role in thecultural and religious life of the Ethiopians.

Total estimated honey production in Ethiopia, as indicated by the International Trade Center(ITC) in 1986, ranged from 19 400 t/a to 21 000 Va in the 1976-1983 period. This represented23.28 percent of total honey production in Africa and 2.03 percent of total world production in1976. This figure increased to 23.58 and 2.13, respectively, of total African and total worldhoney production in 1983. There has been a further increase in honey production over theperiod 1984-1994, i.e. from 21 480 t in 1984 to 23 700 t in 1994 (FAO, 1998b). In 1996, 3 862 tof honey, worth US$12 015 000, were exported from Ethiopia (FAO, 1998a). At world level,Ethiopia ranges tenth in honey production.

Annual production of wax is estimated at 3 200 t. This estimate does not include beeswaxproduced in remote areas where it is usually wasted. Thus, after China, Mexico and Turkey,Ethiopia is the fourth largest wax producing country and one of the five biggest wax exporters tothe world market. On average 270 Va were exported during the period 1984-1994, which in turngenerated an income of over Br2 million per annum to the national economy.

Species Production (tons)

94

Acacia senegal 250 300Acacia se ya! 50 100

annual waterlogging. A gum of relatively low quality is also obtained from Acacia drepanolobium, a low shrub of the southern-most part of the country, as well as from A. polyacantha.

Gums are harvested through tapping in northern Ethiopia, whereas in the south-western part of the country only natural gums are collected by the nomads. Trade is controlled by the Natural Gums Processing and Marketing Enterprise, which regulates prices and trade in gum arabic in Ethiopia (Nour, 1995).

Table 2. Annual production of gum arabic in the period 1988-1994

Acacia senegal Acacia seyal

Species

Source: Nour (1995)

Production (tons)

250 - 300 50 - 100

Myrrh, the third valuable exudate, may be considered the one with the highest value. This resin is obtained from a small shrub, Commiphora myrrh, that is principally found in Ogaden, Bale and Sidamo.


Honey and beeswax

Beekeeping is an ancient tradition in Ethiopia. The density of hives is estimated to be the highest in Africa. An estimated 4-10 million traditional hives and some 10 000 modern box hives are believed to exist in the country. The main products of the beekeeping industry are honey and wax. Honey is almost exclusively used for local consumption, while a considerable proportion of wax is exported. The annual turnover of the apiculture industry is estimated to vary between US$26 million and 64 million. Honey and beeswax also playa considerable role in the cultural and religious life of the Ethiopians.

Total estimated honey production in Ethiopia, as indicated by the International Trade Center (ITC) in 1986, ranged from 19400 tla to 21 000 tla in the 1976-1983 period. This represented 23.28 percent of total honey production in Africa and 2.03 percent of total world production in 1976. This figure increased to 23.58 and 2.13, respectively, of total African and total world honey production in 1983. There has been a further increase in honey production over the period 1984-1994, i.e. from 21 480 tin 1984 to 23 700 tin 1994 (FAO, 1998b). In 1996, 3862 t of honey, worth US$12 015 000, were exported from Ethiopia (FAO, 1998a). At world level, Ethiopia ranges tenth in honey production.

Annual production of wax is estimated at 3 200 t. This estimate does not include beeswax produced in remote areas where it is usually wasted. Thus, after China, Mexico and Turkey, Ethiopia is the fourth largest wax producing country and one of the five biggest wax exporters to the world market. On average 270 tla were exported during the period 1984-1994, which in turn generated an income of over Br2 million per annum to the national economy.

94

Source: Ministry of Trade and Industry (1994)

Although annual production of both honey and wax is large compared to other African countries,the system of production commonly utilized in the country is traditional. Productivity of thehoneybees is very low and on average a yield of only 5-6 kg of honey per hive per year can beobtained. However, in areas where improved technology has been introduced an average of 15-20 kg/hive/year has been recorded.

The main resource base for beekeeping forests and woodlands has become seriouslydegraded in the course of time. Eucalyptus plantations have been established in some localitiesand constitute a new and complementary honey resource. In many places the beekeepersthemselves have endeavoured to redress the situation by planting good honey plants near theirhive colonies, such as Vemonia amygdalina and Salvia spp.

REFERENCESBekele-Tesemma, A., Birnie, A. & Tengnas, B. 1993. Useful trees and shrubs for Ethiopia.

Technical Handbook No 5. Nairobi. Regional Soil Conservation Unit /SIDA.Biodiversity Institute (BDI). 1998. Draft proceedings of the national workshop on biodiversity

conservation and sustainable use of medicinal plants In Ethiopia, 26 April-1 May 1998.Addis Ababa.

Chikamai, B. 1997. Production, markets and quality control of gum arabic in Africa: Findingsand recommendations from an FAO project. In J.O. Mugah, B.N. Chikamai & E.Casadei, eds. Conservation, management and utilization of plant gums, resins andessential oils. Proceedings of a regional conference for Africa held in Nairobi, Kenya,6-10 October 1997.

Cunningham, AB. 1997. An Africa-wide overview of medicinal plant harvesting,conservation and health care. In Global Initiative for Traditional Systems of Health &FAO, eds. Medicinal plants for forest conservation and health care. FAO Non-WoodForest Products Series No.11. Rome.

Dessisa, D. 1997. Economic value of medicinal plants in Ethiopia A case study. Paperprepared for the National workshop on biodiversity conservation and sustainable use ofmedicinal plants in Ethiopia, 26 April 26-1 May 1998, Addis Ababa.

Edwards, S., Taddesse, M. & Hedberg I., eds. 1995. Flora of Ethiopia. Vol. II. Addis Ababa.Falconer, J. 1990. "Hungry season" food from the forest. Unasylva, 41(160): 14-19.FAO. 1988. Report of the mission to Ethiopia on tropical forestry action plan. RomeFAO. 1990a. Country profile Ethiopia. RomeFAO. 1990b. Informal surveys to assess social forestry at Dibandiba and Aleta Wendo,

Ethiopia, by J. Kahurananga. Addis Ababa.

95

Table 3. Exports of honey and beeswax from EthiopiaYear Honey Beeswax

Quantity(tons)

Value(ETB)

Quantity(tons)

Value(ETB)

1984 18.400 109 161 756.000 5 260 0001985 5.900 44 422 229.000 1 632 0001986 0.306 1 885 134.000 939 0001987 0.563 4 382 210.000 1 416 0001988 3.800 45 845 373.000 2 483 0001989 0.825 6 289 325.000 1 483 0001990 1.200 7 365 215.000 1 458 0001991 N.A N.A 102.000 689 0001992 0.220 1 810 130.000 1 328 5401993 0.859 14 759 229.440 4 049 8841994 1.440 24 759 N.A. N.A.

TOTAL 33.513 260 677 2073.440 20 738 424

Annual average 3.051 26 068 270.344 2 073 842

Table 3. Ex~orts of honey and beeswax from Ethio~ia Year Honey Beeswax

Quantity Value Quantity Value (tons} (ETB} (tons} (ETB}

1984 18.400 109 161 756.000 5260000 1985 5.900 44422 229.000 1 632000 1986 0.306 1885 134.000 939000 1987 0.563 4382 210.000 1416000 1988 3.800 45845 373.000 2483000 1989 0.825 6289 325.000 1483000 1990 1.200 7365 215.000 1458000 1991 N.A N.A 102.000 689000 1992 0.220 1 810 130.000 1 328540 1993 0.859 14759 229.440 4049884 1994 1.440 24759 NA NA

TOTAL 33.513 260677 2073.440 20738424

Annual average 3.051 26068 270.344 2073842 Source: Ministry of Trade and Industry (1994)

Although annual production of both honey and wax is large compared to other African countries, the system of production commonly utilized in the country is traditional. Productivity of the honeybees is very low and on average a yield of only 5-6 kg of honey per hive per year can be obtained. However, in areas where improved technology has been introduced an average of 15-20 kg/hive/year has been recorded.

The main resource base for beekeeping - forests and woodlands - has become seriously degraded in the course of time. Eucalyptus plantations have been established in some localities and constitute a new and complementary honey resource. In many places the beekeepers themselves have endeavoured to redress the situation by planting good honey plants near their hive colonies, such as Vernonia amygdalina and Salvia spp.

REFERENCES

Bekele-Tesemma, A., Birnie, A. & Tengnas, B. 1993. Useful trees and shrubs for Ethiopia. Technical Handbook No 5. Nairobi. Regional Soil Conservation Unit /SIDA.

Biodiversity Institute (BOI). 1998. Draft proceedings of the national workshop on biodiversity conservation and sustainable use of medicinal plants In Ethiopia, 26 April-1 May 1998. Addis Ababa.

Chikamai, B. 1997. Production, markets and quality control of gum arabic in Africa: Findings and recommendations from an FAO project. In J.O. Mugah, B.N. Chikamai & E. Casadei, eds. Conservation, management and utilization of plant gums, resins and essential oils. Proceedings of a regional conference for Africa held in Nairobi, Kenya, 6-10 October 1997.

Cunningham, A.B. 1997. An Africa-wide overview of medicinal plant harvesting, conservation and health care. In Global Initiative for Traditional Systems of Health & FAO, eds. Medicinal plants for forest conservation and health care. FAO Non-Wood Forest Products Series No.11. Rome.

Oessisa, O. 1997. Economic value of medicinal plants in Ethiopia - A case study. Paper prepared for the National workshop on biodiversity conservation and sustainable use of medicinal plants in Ethiopia, 26 April 26-1 May 1998, Addis Ababa.

Edwards, S., Taddesse, M. & Hedberg I., eds. 1995. Flora of Ethiopia. Vol. II. Addis Ababa. Falconer, J. 1990. "Hungry season" food from the forest. Unasylva, 41 (160): 14-19. FAO. 1988. Report of the mission to Ethiopia on tropical forestry action plan. Rome FAO. 1990a. Country profile Ethiopia. Rome FAO. 1990b. Informal surveys to assess social forestry at Dibandiba and Aleta Wendo,

Ethiopia, by J. Kahurananga. Addis Ababa.

95

FAO. 1995a. Edible nuts, by G.E. Wickens. FAO Non-Wood Forest Product Series No. 5.Rome.

FAO. 1995b. Flavours and fragrances of plant origin, by J.J.W. Coppen. Non-Wood ForestProducts Series No. 1. Rome.

FAO. 1998a. FAO Statistics. In Internet http://wvvw.fao.orgFAO. 1998b. Non-wood forest products of Ethiopia, by G. Deffar, EC-FAO Partnership

Programme, Project GCP/INT/679/EC. RomeFichtl, R. & Adi, A. 1994. Honeybee flora of Ethiopia. Addis Ababa.Forestry Department. 1997. Tekeze River basin integrated development master plan project.

Ministry of Water Resources, Volume NR7, Addis Ababa.Medhin, G. 1997. Boswellia papyrifera from Western Tigray Opportunities, constraints and

seed germination response. MSc thesis, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences.Ministry of Agriculture. 1998. Forestry data on Ethiopia. In EC/FAO/UNEP. Proceedings of

sub-regional workshop on forestry statistics IGAD region. RomeMinistry of Trade and Industry. 1994. Annual external trade statistics, 1984-1994. Addis

Ababa.Mugabe, J. & Clark, N. 1998. Managing biodiversity. National systems of conservation and

innovation in Africa. African Centre for Technology Studies. Nairobi, ACTS Press.Natural Gum Production and Marketing Enterprise (NGPME). 1997. Annual enterprise

statistics. Addis Ababa.Natural Resource Management and Regulatory Department (NRMRD) 1998. Agro-

ecological zones of Ethiopia. Ministry of Agriculture. Addis Ababa.Nour, H.O.A. 1995. Quality control of gum arabic. Mission report TCP/RAF/4557. Khartoum.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTThis report has been realized thanks to the funding of the ECFAO Partnership Programme"Data Collection and Analysis for Sustainable Forest Management in ACP Countries". Thecontent is mainly based on available information at FAO Headquarters in Rome, as well ason information provided by Mr Deffar, Natural Resources Management and RegulatoryDepartment, Ministry of Agriculture.

Additional information on NWFP in Ethiopia would appreciated and duly acknowledged.

96

FAO. 1995a. Edible nuts, by G.E. Wickens. FAO Non-Wood Forest Product Series NO.5. Rome.

FAO. 1995b. Flavours and fragrances of plant origin, by J.J.W. Coppen. Non-Wood Forest Products Series No.1. Rome.

FAO. 1998a. FAO Statistics. In Internet http://www.fao.org FAO. 1998b. Non-wood forest products of Ethiopia, by G. Deffar. EC-FAO Partnership

Programme, Project GCP/INT/679/EC. Rome Fichtl, R. & Adi, A. 1994. Honeybee flora of Ethiopia. Addis Ababa. Forestry Department. 1997. Tekeze River basin integrated development master plan project.

Ministry of Water Resources, Volume NR7, Addis Ababa. Medhin, G. 1997. Boswellia papyrifera from Western Tigray - Opportunities, constraints and

seed germination response. MSc thesis, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. Ministry of Agriculture. 1998. Forestry data on Ethiopia. In EC/FAO/UNEP. Proceedings of

sub-regional workshop on forestry statistics - IGAD region. Rome Ministry of Trade and Industry. 1994. Annual external trade statistics, 1984-1994. Addis . Ababa.

Mugabe, J. & Clark, N. 1998. Managing biodiversity. National systems of conservation and innovation in Africa. African Centre for Technology Studies. Nairobi, ACTS Press.

Natural Gum Production and Marketing Enterprise (NGPME). 1997. Annual enterprise statistics. Addis Ababa.

Natural Resource Management and Regulatory Department (NRMRD) 1998. Agroecological zones of Ethiopia. Ministry of Agriculture. Addis Ababa.

Nour, H.O.A. 1995. Quality control of gum arabic. Mission report TCP/RAF/4557. Khartoum.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This report has been realized thanks to the funding of the EC-FAO Partnership Programme "Data Collection and Analysis for Sustainable Forest Management in ACP Countries". The content is mainly based on available information at FAO Headquarters in Rome, as well as on information provided by Mr Deffar, Natural Resources Management and Regulatory Department, Ministry of Agriculture.

Additional information on NWFP in Ethiopia would appreciated and duly acknowledged.

96

QUANTITATIVE DATA ON NWFP OF ETHIOPIA

Importance: 1- high importance on the national level; 2 high importance on the local/regional level; 3 low importancePart used: an entire animal; ba bark; bw beeswax; le leaves; nu nuts; fi fibres; fi flowers; fr fruits; gu gums; ho honey;

la latex; oi oil; pl entire plant; re resins; ro roots; sa sap; se seeds; st stem; ta tanninsHabitat: F - natural forest or other wooded lands; P - plantation; 0 others: trees outside forests (e.g. agroforestry, homegardens)Source: W - wild, C - cultivatedDestination: N - national; I international

97

Product Resource Economic valueCategory lmpor-tance Trade name


usedHabitat Source Desti-nation Quantity, value Remarks References

1, 2, 3 F, P, 0 W, C N, I

Plants and plant productsExudates 1 Olibanum Boswellia sacra,

B. papytifera,B. ogadensis,B. rivae, B. sacra,B. freeriana

re W, P W, C N, I Annual production of1 500 t (FAO, 1998b)

. Nearly 50% ofproduction areexported;

Ethiopia is togetherwith Sudan the worldbiggest exporter

FAO, 1998b

Gum arabic Acacia senegal gu F, P W, C I Annual production of250-300 t in 1988-1994(Chikamai, 1997)

Chikamai, 1997

Acacia seyal gu F W I Annual production of 50-100 t in 1988-1994(Chikamai, 1997)

Chikamai, 1997

Animals and animal productsHoney,beeswax

1 Apis mellifera ho I Exports of 3 862 t worthUS$12 015 000 in 1996(FAO, 1998b)

FAO, 1998b

bw I Exports of 229 t worthBr4 049 884 in 1993(Ministry of Trade andIndustry, 1994)

Ministry of Tradeand Industry, 1994

QUANTITATIVE DATA ON NWFP OF ETHIOPIA Product Resource Economic value

I Category Impor-tance Trade name Species Part Habitat Source Oesti-nation Quantity, value

I Remarks

Generic term used I 1,2,3 F,P,O W,C N, I ,


i Exudates 1 Olibanum Boswellia sacra, re W,P W,C N, I Annual production of • Nearly 50% of B. papyrifera, 1 500 t (FAO, 1998b) production are B. ogadensis, exported; B. rivae, B. sacra, • Ethiopia is together B. freeriana with Sudan the world

biggest exporter Gum arabic Acacia senega! gu F, P W,C I Annual production of

250-300 t in 1988-1994 (Chikamai, 1997)

Acacia seya! gu F W I Annual production of 50-100 t in 1988-1994 (Chikamai, 1997)

I Animals and animal products

Honey, beeswax



1 Apis mellifera ho I Exports of 3 862 t worth

I US$12 015 000 in 1996 (FAO,1998b)

bw I Exports of 229 t worth Br4 049 884 in 1993 (Ministry ofTrade and Industry, 1994)

1- high importance on the national level; 2 - high importance on the localiregionallevel; 3 -low importance an - entire animal; ba - bark; bw - beeswax; Ie - leaves; nu - nuts; fi - fibres; fI - flowers; fr - fruits; gu - gums; ho - honey; la -latex; oi - oil; pi - entire plant; re - resins; ro - roots; sa - sap; se - seeds; st - stem; ta - tannins F - natural forest or other wooded lands; P - plantation; 0 - others: trees outside forests (e.g. agroforestry, homegardens) W - wild, C - cultivated N - national; I - international

97

I References

I FAO,1998b

Chikamai, 1997

i

Chikamai, 1997 I

I FAO,1998b

Ministry of Trade and Industry, 1994

3.2.4 Kenya (E)

INTRODUCTION

Main Non-Wood Forest ProductsImportant non-wood forest products (NWFP) at the national level are fodder plants (e.g.Combretum spp., Acacia spp.), medicinal plants (e.g. Walburgia salutaris) and colourants(Bixa orellana).

Other vegetal NWFP are exudates (e.g. Boswellia spp., Pinus spp., Acacia senegal), tannins(Acacia meamsii), essential oils (e.g. Juniperus procera), edible seeds and nuts (e.g.Cordeauxia edulis) and others foodstuffs (vegetables, beverages).

Faunal NWFP are bushmeat, honey and beeswax.

General InformationIn Kenya, like in other countries, "the majority of forest activities are undertaken to meetbasic household subsistence needs" of low-income groups (Githitho, 1994). Most NWFP arederived from natural western, montane, coastal and mangrove forests.

More than 2.9 million inhabitants are still living adjacent to forests. Especially the 4 000genuine forest dwellers (particularly in the western Kenyan rainforests) still depend heavilyon NWFP. The importance of NWFP to these (forest adjacent) communities is oftenunderestimated. In the Mt. Kenya region, about ten percent of the population collect NWFP.Assessments of local utilization of NWFP in various forests (e.g. Mau, Arabuko Sokode,Kakamega) could confirm the special significance of hunting, grazing and beekeeping at thehousehold level (World Bank, 1988).

National markets for NWFP have reached various stages of development and vary acrossthe country. Regarding international trade in NWFP, Kenya is a main supplier ofChrysantenum sp. (medicinal plant) and Bixa ore/lana (colourant), both non-indigenous andcultivated plant species. Bixa orellana can be found in agroforestry schemes.


FoodIn Kenya, vegetables play an important role in food security for the rural population. In theMachakos district, for example, in the rainy season wild leaves contribute to the human dietwith 35 percent by weight.

Fruits are also consumed seasonally, especially by children. The fruits of Ximenia caffra andSclerocarya birrea are popular and can nowadays be found on farms to a larger extent. Inthe Kathama area, wild fruits have long been valued as buffer food resources in periods offamine and food shortage. In the semi-arid Pokot region in northern Kenya, Balanitesaegyptiaca is highly valued because it produces leaves during the dry season even indrought years (Falconer, 1990). Wild berries (e.g. gooseberries, raspberries) are not onlyconsumed on a subsistence level, but are as well commonly offered for sale and providesome self-employment for the young people.

Most traditional beverages such as beers and wines are brewed from fruits of wild or semi-cultivated plants like Kigelia abyssinica (sausage tree). Wild fruits are also used for othernon-alcoholic health beverages and drinks such as stews and soups.

98

3.2.4 Kenya (E)

INTRODUCTION


Important non-wood forest products (NWFP) at the national level are fodder plants (e.g. Combretum spp., Acacia spp.), medicinal plants (e.g. Walburgia salutaris) and colourants (Bixa orellana).

Other vegetal NWFP are exudates (e.g. Boswellia spp., Pinus spp., Acacia senegal), tannins (Acacia mearnsii), essential oils (e.g. Juniperus procera), edible seeds and nuts (e.g. Cordeauxia edu/is) and others foodstuffs (vegetables, beverages).

Faunal NWFP are bush meat, honey and beeswax.

General Information

In Kenya, like in other countries, "the majority of forest activities are undertaken to meet basic household subsistence needs" of low-income groups (Githitho, 1994). Most NWFP are derived from natural western, montane, coastal and mangrove forests.

More than 2.9 million inhabitants are still living adjacent to forests. Especially the 4 000 genuine forest dwellers (particularly in the western Kenyan rainforests) still depend heavily on NWFP. The importance of NWFP to these (forest adjacent) communities is often underestimated. In the Mt. Kenya region, about ten percent of the population collect NWFP. Assessments of local utilization of NWFP in various forests (e.g. Mau, Arabuko Sokode, Kakamega) could confirm the special significance of hunting, grazing and beekeeping at the household level (World Bank, 1988).

National markets for NWFP have reached various stages of development and vary across the country. Regarding international trade in NWFP, Kenya is a main supplier of Chrysantenum sp. (medicinal plant) and Bixa orellana (colourant), both non-indigenous and cultivated plant species. Bixa orellana can be found in agroforestry schemes.


Food In Kenya, vegetables play an important role in food security for the rural population. In the Machakos district, for example, in the rainy season wild leaves contribute to the human diet with 35 percent by weight.

Fruits are also consumed seasonally, especially by children. The fruits of Ximenia caffra and Sclerocarya birrea are popular and can nowadays be found on farms to a larger extent. In the Kathama area, wild fruits have long been valued as buffer food resources in periods of famine and food shortage. In the semi-arid Pokot region in northern Kenya, Balanites aegyptiaca is highly valued because it produces leaves during the dry season even in drought years (Falconer, 1990). Wild berries (e.g. gooseberries, raspberries) are not only consumed on a subsistence level, but are as well commonly offered for sale and provide some self-employment for the young people.

Most traditional beverages such as beers and wines are brewed from fruits of wild or semicultivated plants like Kige/ia abyssinica (sausage tree). Wild fruits are also used for other non-alcoholic health beverages and drinks such as stews and soups.

98

Wild tubers and roots are locally used as food or for the preparation of health beveragesdue to their high starch or sugar content (Kahuki and Muniu, 1998).

MedicinesMedicinal plants play an important role for the national health care. Studies in Nairobi haveshown that traditional medicine is widely practised in urban centres (Cunningham, 1997). Forthis reason Kenya is viewed as one priority region for cooperative action among health careprofessionals. Two medicinal plants which are traded on the world market and exploited fromnatural stands are Prunus africana and Walburgia salutaris. For both species, over-exploitation of the natural resources is suspected. Of total world trade of Prunus africanabark, some 200 t are extracted from the montane forests located in western Kenya (e.g. Mau,Kakamega, Aberdares) (Kahuki and Muniu, 1998; Cunningham etal., 1997).

Data on the export value of medicinal plants are missing. Import data from Germany, whichconstitute the most important European market, should give a rough estimate for Walburgiasalutaris (78.8 t of extract and/or bark worth DM295 000 in 1992) and Aloe sp. (5 t of extractfor an estimated value of DM12 000 DM in 1993) (Lange, 1997). As already mentioned,Kenya is an important supplier of Chrysantenum sp. to the world market.

Perfumes and cosmeticsJuniperus procera used to be a major source of essential oils exploited in the drier highlandsof Kenya. Intensive exploitation of the natural stands for oil (and timber) has led to over-exploitation of the population (FAO, 1995b). Presently, Juniperus procera is no longerexploited for the production of essential oils.

TanninsIn Kenya tannins are extracted from the bark of Acacia meamsii (black wattle) since thebeginning of the twentieth century. Annual bark consumption is about 27 000 tía with a yieldof 9 700 t/a of tannins. Exports of tannins amount to 7 800 tía. Exploitation currently takesplace in Eldoret, where one company has established a 8 300 ha wattle plantation. AlthoughKenya has approximately 62 800 ha of mangroves, this potential has neither been explorednor exploited (Kahuki and Muniu, 1998).

Utensils, handicrafts and construction materialsThe bark of Podocarpus species, cedar (Juniperus procera) and exotic cypress is peeled offfrom the trees for use in traditional thatching, wall panelling and for the construction ofbeehives or other receptacles. As noted in parts of the May forests of the Rift Valley, thisbark extraction method has caused great damage, since ring-debarking peeling kills theentire tree. Other barks used for the production of baskets include Dombeya goetzenii(mukeo), Adansonia digitata (baobab), as well as coconuts and some other palms (Kahukiand Muniu, 1998).

Bamboo stems are used for building, fencing homesteads, tea-picking baskets, astoothpicks and in furniture-making. Although there are currently extensive bamboo forestswith potential for supporting bamboo-based industries, their sustainable management hasnot been well developed. For fear of over-exploitation the Government has imposedrestrictions to their utilization (Kahuki and Muniu, 1998).

ExudatesProduction of crude resins from Pinus spp. begun in 1986 in the Machakos region (P. elliottii)and spread to the southern coastal region (P. caribaea) and to the Nakuru region (P.radiata). The first two pine species cover an area of about 1 240 ha and represent twopercent and 0.2 percent, respectively, of the total pine plantations area in the country (Kahuki

99

Wild tubers and roots are locally used as food or for the preparation of health beverages due to their high starch or sugar content (Kahuki and Muniu, 1998).

Medicines

Medicinal plants play an important role for the national health care. Studies in Nairobi have shown that traditional medicine is widely practised in urban centres (Cunningham, 1997). For this reason Kenya is viewed as one priority region for cooperative action among health care professionals. Two medicinal plants which are traded on the world market and exploited from natural stands are Prunus africana and Walburgia salutaris. For both species, overexploitation of the natural resources is suspected. Of total world trade of Prunus africana bark, some 200 t are extracted from the montane forests located in western Kenya (e.g. Mau, Kakamega, Aberdares) (Kahuki and Muniu, 1998; Cunningham et al., 1997).

Data on the export value of medicinal plants are missing. Import data from Germany, which constitute the most important European market, should give a rough estimate for Walburgia salutaris (78.8 t of extract and/or bark worth DM295 000 in 1992) and Aloe sp. (5 t of extract for an estimated value of DM12 000 DM in 1993) (Lange, 1997). As already mentioned, Kenya is an important supplier of Chrysantenum sp. to the world market.

Perfumes and cosmetics

Juniperus pro cera used to be a major source of essential oils exploited in the drier highlands of Kenya. Intensive exploitation of the natural stands for oil (and timber) has led to overexploitation of the population (FAO, 1995b). Presently, Juniperus procera is no longer exploited for the production of essential oils.

Tannins

In Kenya tannins are extracted from the bark of Acacia mearnsii (black wattle) since the beginning of the twentieth century. Annual bark consumption is about 27 000 t/a with a yield of 9 700 t/a of tannins. Exports of tannins amount to 7 800 t/a. Exploitation currently takes place in Eldoret, where one company has established a 8300 ha wattle plantation. Although Kenya has approximately 62 800 ha of mangroves, this potential has neither been explored nor exploited (Kahuki and Muniu, 1998).

Utensils, handicrafts and construction materials The bark of Podocarpus species, cedar (Juniperus procera) and exotic cypress is peeled off from the trees for use in traditional thatching, wall panelling and for the construction of beehives or other receptacles. As noted in parts of the May forests of the Rift Valley, this bark extraction method has caused great damage, since ring-debarking peeling kills the entire tree. Other barks used for the production of baskets include Dombeya goetzenii (mukeo), Adansonia digitata (baobab), as well as coconuts and some other palms (Kahuki and Muniu, 1998).

Bamboo stems are used for building, fencing homesteads, tea-picking baskets, as toothpicks and in furniture-making. Although there are currently extensive bamboo forests with potential for supporting bamboo-based industries, their sustainable management has not been well developed. For fear of over-exploitation the Government has imposed restrictions to their utilization (Kahuki and Muniu, 1998).

Exudates

Production of crude resins from Pinus spp. begun in 1986 in the Machakos region (P. elliottil) and spread to the southern coastal region (P. caribaea) and to the Nakuru region (P. radiata). The first two pine species cover an area of about 1 240 ha and represent two percent and 0.2 percent, respectively, of the total pine plantations area in the country (Kahuki

99

and Muniu, 1998). Total resin production is about 1 000 t/a with an upward trend. Resins arebasically utilized by the local paper mills (Coppen and Hone, 1995).

Gum arabic is mainly obtained from Acacia senegal, which grows in the arid and semi-aridlands of northern and north-eastern Kenya. Traditionally, gum arabic was collected by thepastoral communities of the areas and traded across the border to Somalia. Commercialexploitation began in 1990 with a production of about 500 t/a (Kahuki and Muniu, 1998).

Other exudates are extracted from Commiphora spp. (myrrh, opopanax) and are estimatedto be exported (unofficially) to Somalia (FAO, 1995b).

Animals and animal productsThere is a wide variety of wildlife products used for subsistence and commercial purposes inKenya. Among these are honey and beeswax, bushmeat (small animals, birds), insects, orfeathers claws and skins of birds used as ornamentals and ritual objects (Kahuki and Muniu,1998).

Honey and beeswaxThe beekeeping industry is greatly dependent on forests for the production of nectar. Honeyfinds many uses in traditional and modern lifestyles, in food, drinks, medicines and in trade. Itis used by many communities in the majority of traditional ceremonies (Kahuki and Muniu,1998).

BushmeatBushmeat is also sold in butcheries as a luxury item. The value of bushmeat is twice that ofbeef and can be enhanced two or three times by processing it into such luxury products assmoked, dried or sausage products (Byrne et al., 1996). However, bushmeat markets are notcommon, since hunting is strictly controlled in Kenya. In 1989, approximately 45 t ofbushmeat were produced, while the Kenya Wildlife Service estimates that by 1995 thedemand for bushmeat reached 500 t/a (FAO, 1997b).

REFERENCESByrne, P.V., Staubo, C. & Grootenhuis, J.G. 1996. The economics of living with wildlife in

Kenya. In J. Bojoe, ed. The economics of wildlife. Case studies from Ghana, Kenya,Namibia and Zimbabwe.

Chikamai, B. 1997. Production, markets and quality control of gum arabic in Africa: Findingsand recommendations from an FAO Project. In J.O. Mugah, B.N. Chikamai & E.Casadei, eds. Conservation, management and utilization of plant gums, resins andessential oils. Proceedings of a regional conference for Africa held in Nairobi, Kenya,6-10 October 1997.

Coppen, J.J.W. & Hone, G.A. 1995. Gum naval stores: turpentine and rosin from pine resin.FAO Non-Wood Forest Products Series No. 2. Rome, National Resource Instituteand FAO.

Coppen, J.J.W. 1995. Prospects for new gum naval stores production in Sub-SahelianAfrica: An assessment of the pine resources in Malawi, Zambia, Tanzania andUganda and their potential for the production of turpine and rosin. Chatham, NaturalResource Institute.

Coppen, J.J.W., Green, C.L., Gordon, A. & Hone, G.A. 1995. Markets and thepublic/private sector interface: their importance in the successful development ofNWFP. In FAO, ed. Report of the international expert consultation on NWFP. FAONon-Wood Forest Products Series No. 3. Rome

Cunningham, A.B. 1997. An Africa-wide overview of medicinal plant harvesting,conservation and health care. In Global Initiative for Traditional Systems of Health &

100

and Muniu, 1998). Total resin production is about 1 000 t/a with an upward trend. Resins are basically utilized by the local paper mills (Coppen and Hone, 1995).

Gum arabic is mainly obtained from Acacia senegal, which grows in the arid and semi-arid lands of northern and north-eastern Kenya. Traditionally, gum arabic was collected by the pastoral communities of the areas and traded across the border to Somalia. Commercial exploitation began in 1990 with a production of about 500 t/a (Kahuki and Muniu, 1998).

Other exudates are extracted from Commiphora spp. (myrrh, opopanax) and are estimated to be exported (unofficially) to Somalia (FAO, 1995b).

Animals and animal products There is a wide variety of wildlife products used for subsistence and commercial purposes in Kenya. Among these are honey and beeswax, bush meat (small animals, birds), insects, or feathers claws and skins of birds used as ornamentals and ritual objects (Kahuki and Muniu, 1998).

Honey and beeswax The beekeeping industry is greatly dependent on forests for the production of nectar. Honey finds many uses in traditional and modern lifestyles, in food, drinks, medicines and in trade. It is used by many communities in the majority of traditional ceremonies (Kahuki and Muniu, 1998).

Bushmeat Bushmeat is also sold in butcheries as a luxury item. The value of bushmeat is twice that of beef and can be enhanced two or three times by processing it into such luxury products as smoked, dried or sausage products (Byrne et al., 1996). However, bushmeat markets are not common, since hunting is strictly controlled in Kenya. In 1989, approximately 45 t of bush meat were produced, while the Kenya Wildlife Service estimates that by 1995 the demand for bushmeat reached 500 t/a (FAO, 1997b).

REFERENCES Byrne, P.V., Staubo, C. & Grootenhuis, J.G. 1996. The economics of living with wildlife in

Kenya. In J. Bojoe, ed. The economics of wildlife. Case studies from Ghana, Kenya, Namibia and Zimbabwe.

Chikamai, B. 1997. Production, markets and quality control of gum arabic in Africa: Findings and recommendations from an FAO Project. In J.O. Mugah, B.N. Chikamai & E. Casadei, eds. Conservation, management and utilization of plant gums, resins and essential oils. Proceedings of a regional conference for Africa held in Nairobi, Kenya, 6-10 October 1997.

Coppen, J.J.W. & Hone, G.A. 1995. Gum naval stores: turpentine and rosin from pine resin. FAO Non-Wood Forest Products Series No.2. Rome, National Resource Institute and FAO.

Coppen, J.J.W. 1995. Prospects for new gum naval stores production in Sub-Sahelian Africa: An assessment of the pine resources in Malawi, Zambia, Tanzania and Uganda and their potential for the production of turpine and rosin. Chatham, Natural Resource Institute.

Coppen, J.J.W., Green, C.L., Gordon, A. & Hone, G.A. 1995. Markets and the public/private sector interface: their importance in the successful development of NWFP. In FAO, ed. Report of the international expert consultation on NWFP. FAO Non-Wood Forest Products Series NO.3. Rome

Cunningham, A.B. 1997. An Africa-wide overview of medicinal plant harvesting, conservation and health care. In Global Initiative for Traditional Systems of Health &

100

FAO, eds. Medicinal plants for forest conservation and health care. FAO Non-WoodForest Products Series No. 11. Rome

Cunningham, M., Cunningham, A.B. & Schippmann, U. 1997. Trade in Prunus africanaand the implementation of CITES. Bonn, German Federal Agency for NatureConservation.

Falconer, J. 1990. "Hungry season" food from the forest. Unasylva, 41(160): 14-19.FAO. 1993. International trade of non-wood forest products: An overview, by M. lqbal.

Working Paper FO:Misc/93/11. Rome.FAO. 1995a. Edible nuts, by G.E. Wickens. FAO Non-Wood Forest Products Series No. 5.

Rome.FAO. 1995b. Flavours and fragrances of plant origin, by J.J.W. Coppen. FAO Non-Wood

Forest Products Series No. 1. Rome.FAO. 1995c. Gums, resins and latexes of plant origin, by J.J.W. Coppen. FAO Non-Wood

Forest Products Series No. 6. Rome.FAO. 1995d. Natural colourants and dyestuffs by C.L. Green. FAO Non-Wood Forest

Products Series No. 4. Rome.FAO. 1997a. Country compass: Kenya. Non-wood news No. 4. Rome.FAO. 1997b. Wildlife and food security in Africa, by Y. Ntiamoa-Baidu. FAO Conservation

Guide No. 33. Rome.Fliervoet, E. 1982. An inventary of trees and shrubs in the nothem division of Machacos

District, Kenya. Wageningen, NairobiGithito, A. 1994. High canopy forest management in Kenya. Final draft.Haeruman, H. 1995. Environmental dimensions of NWFP. In FAO. ed. Report of the

International Expert Consultation of NWFP. FAO Non-Wood Forest Products SeriesNo. 3. Rome.

Hussain, M. Z. undated. Mangrove conservation and management. Kenya. FAO FieldDocument FO:TCP/KEN/0051(A)

Kahuki, C.D & Muniu, J.M.W. 1998. Non-wood forest products in Kenya. In EC/FAO/UNEP.Proceedings of sub-regional workshop on forestry statistics IGAD region. Rome

Kifkon. 1994. Key indigenous forest conservation programme. Phase I report. NairobiLange, D. 1997. Untersuchungen zum Heilpflanzenmarkt in Deutschland. Bonn, Bundesamt

für Naturschutz.Ngéthe, R., Kariuki, A. & Opondo, C. 1997. Some experience on adaptive research input

on natural resource use: The case of gums and resins in Mukogodo Rangelands,Laikipia District, Kenya. In J.O. Mugah, B.N. Chikamai & E. Casadei, eds.Conservation, management and utilization of plant gums, resins and essential oils.Proceedings of a regional conference for Africa held in Nairobi, Kenya, 6-10 October1997

Tiensongrusmee, B. 1991. Mangrove conservation and management. Washington, DC.World Bank.

World Bank. 1988. Kenya forestry subsector review. Volume I, Main report. Report No.6651-KE. Washington.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTThis report has been realized thanks to the funding of the ECFAO Partnership Programme"Data Collection and Analysis for Sustainable Forest Management in ACP Countries". Thecontent is based on available information at FAO Headquarters in Rome, as well as oninformation provided by Mr C.D. Kahuki and J.M.W. Muniu, Forestry Department, Nairobi,Kenya.

Additional information on NWFP in Kenya would be appreciated and duly acknowledged.

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FAO, eds. Medicinal plants for forest conservation and health care. FAO Non-Wood Forest Products Series No. 11. Rome

Cunningham, M., Cunningham, A.B. & Schippmann, U. 1997. Trade in Prunus africana and the implementation of CITES. Bonn, German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation.

Falconer, J. 1990. "Hungry season" food from the forest. Unasylva, 41(160): 14-19. FAO. 1993. International trade of non-wood forest products: An overview, by M. Iqbal.

Working Paper FO:Misc/93/11. Rome. FAO. 1995a. Edible nuts, by G.E. Wickens. FAO Non-Wood Forest Products Series No.5.

Rome. FAO. 1995b. Flavours and fragrances of plant origin, by J.J.W. Coppen. FAO Non-Wood

Forest Products Series No.1. Rome. FAO. 1995c. Gums, resins and latexes of plant origin, by J.J.W. Coppen. FAO Non-Wood

Forest Products Series NO.6. Rome. FAO. 1995d. Natural colourants and dyestuffs by C.L. Green. FAO Non-Wood Forest

Products Series NO.4. Rome. FAO. 1997a. Country compass: Kenya. Non-wood news NO.4. Rome. FAO. 1997b. Wildlife and food security in Africa, by Y. Ntiamoa-Baidu. FAO Conservation

Guide No. 33. Rome. Fliervoet, E. 1982. An inventary of trees and shrubs in the nothern division of Machacos

District, Kenya. Wageningen, Nairobi Githito, A. 1994. High canopy forest management in Kenya. Final draft. Haeruman, H. 1995. Environmental dimensions of NWFP. In FAO. ed. Report of the

International Expert Consultation of NWFP. FAO Non-Wood Forest Products Series NO.3. Rome.

Hussain, M. Z. undated. Mangrove conservation and management. Kenya. FAO Field Document FO:TCP/KENI0051 (A)

Kahuki, C.D & Muniu, J.M.W. 1998. Non-wood forest products in Kenya. In EC/FAO/UNEP. Proceedings of sub-regional workshop on forestry statistics -IGAD region. Rome

Kifkon. 1994. Key indigenous forest conservation programme. Phase I report. Nairobi Lange, D. 1997. Untersuchungen zum Heilpflanzenmarkt in Deutschland. Bonn, Bundesamt

fOr Naturschutz. Ngethe, R., Kariuki, A. & Opondo, C. 1997. Some experience on adaptive research input

on natural resource use: The case of gums and resins in Mukogodo Rangelands, Laikipia District, Kenya. In J.O. Mugah, B.N. Chikamai & E. Casadei, eds. Conservation, management and utilization of plant gums, resins and essential oils. Proceedings of a regional conference for Africa held in Nairobi, Kenya, 6-10 October 1997

Tiensongrusmee, B. 1991. Mangrove conservation and management. Washington, DC. World Bank.

World Bank. 1988. Kenya forestry subsector review. Volume I, Main report. Report No. 6651-KE. Washington.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This report has been realized thanks to the funding of the EC-FAO Partnership Programme "Data Collection and Analysis for Sustainable Forest Management in ACP Countries". The content is based on available information at FAO Headquarters in Rome, as well as on information provided by Mr C.D. Kahuki and J.M.W. Muniu, Forestry Department, Nairobi, Kenya.

Additional information on NWFP in Kenya would be appreciated and duly acknowledged.

101

ANNEX 1: FOREST SERVICESForest services include tourism and recreation, as well as ritual and ceremonial values ofKenyan forests.

Tourism is the second highest foreign exchange earner generating an annual income ofabout US$ 600 million (FAO, 1997b). The greatest portion of gross earnings from tourism isbased on wildlife activities. Only few visitors come to view forests but are attracted by thespecies that can be found in them. Main exceptions are the Mt. Kenya forests and theAberdares, where large-scale tourism accommodations were established (Byrne et al., 1996;Haeruman, 1995).

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ANNEX 1: FOREST SERVICES Forest services include tourism and recreation, as well as ritual and ceremonial values of Kenyan forests.

Tourism is the second highest foreign exchange earner generating an annual income of about US$ 600 million (FAO, 1997b). The greatest portion of gross earnings from tourism is based on wildlife activities. Only few visitors come to view forests but are attracted by the species that can be found in them. Main exceptions are the Mt. Kenya forests and the Aberdares, where large-scale tourism accommodations were established (Byrne et a/., 1996; Haeruman, 1995).

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QUANTITATIVE DATA ON NWFP OF KENYA

103

Product Resource Economic valueCategory Impor-tance Trade name



1, 2, 3 F, P, 0 W, C N, I

Plants and plant productsMedicine 2 Prunus africana ba F W I Annual exploitation of

208 t of bark material inthe period 1990-1996(Cunningham et aL, 1997)

o Location: Kakamega,Mau, Aberdares, Mt.Kenya, Ngong

Over-exploitation issuspectedExtract is believed to bethe exported product

Location: coastalregion

Kenya is one of themajor exporterso Supply problems exist

Some 700 000 treesare tapped

Upward trend ofexploitation

Cunningham et al.1997

Lange, 1997

Lange, 1997

FAO, 1995d

Kahukli andMuniu, 1998

FAO, 1995b, c

Aloe sp. I

I

I

Export of 5 t worthDM12 000 to Germany in1993 (Lange, 1997)Export of 78.8 t worthDM295 000 to Germany in1992 (Lange, 1997)Annual exports of about1 500 t (FAO, 1995d)

Cinchona spp. ba P c

Dying, Tanning 1 Annatto Bixa orellana se P C

Wattle Acacia meamsii ba/ta P c N, I

N

Muniu, 1998)

Annual exploitation of27 000 t producing 9 700 tof tannin, of which 7 800 tare exported ((Kahuki and

Exploitation of 1000 t in1995 (FAO, 1995b, c)

Exudates 2 Pinus elliottii,P. caribaea,P. radiata

re P c

Gum arabic Acacia senegal,A. paolii

F, P W, C N, I Annual production of 200-500(?) t between 1988and 1994 (Chikamai,1997)

Exploitation of naturalexudates

Organized exportsbegan in 1990

Chikamai, 1997;lqbal, 1993

QUANTITATIVE DATA ON NWFP OF KENYA Product Resource Economic value

I Category Impor-tance Trade name Species Part Habitat Source Destination Quantity, value

I Remarks

I References

I Generic term used

I 1,2,3 F,P,O W,C N, I .1 Plants and plant products

Medicine 2 Prunus africana ba F W I Annual exploitation of • Location: Kakamega, Cunningham et at. 208 t of bark material in Mau, Aberdares, Mt. 1997 the period 1990-1996 Kenya, Ngong (Cunningham et a/., 1997) • Over-exploitation is

suspected A/oe sp. I Export of 5 t worth Extract is believed to be Lange, 1997

DM12 000 to Germany in the exported product 1993 (Lange, 1997)

Cinchona spp. ba P C I Export of 78.8 t worth Lange, 1997 DM295 000 to Germany in 1992 (Lange, 1997)

Dying, Tanning 1 Annatto Bixa orellana se P C I Annual exports of about • Location: coastal FAO,1995d 1 500 t(FAO, 1995d) region

• Kenya is one of the major exporters • Supply problems exist

Wattle Acacia meamsii balta P C N, I Annual exploitation of Kahukli and 27 000 t producing 9 700 t Muniu, 1998 of tannin, of which 7 800 t are exported ((Kahuki and Muniu, 1998)

Exudates 2 Pinus elliottii, re P C N Exploitation of 1000 t in • Some 700 000 trees FAO, 1995b, c P. caribaea, 1995 (FAO, 1995b, c) are tapped P. radiata • Upward trend of

exploitation Gum arabic Acacia senegal, F,P W,C N, I Annual production of 200- • Exploitation of natural Chikamai,1997;

A. paolii 500(?) t between 1988 exudates Iqbal, 1993 and 1994 (Chikamai, • Organized exports 1997) began in 1990

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Animals and animal productsBushmeat e Production of 45t in

1989 (FAO, 1997b)e Demand of 500 t in 1995(FAO, 1997b)

Hunting documented forthe Mau and ArabukoSokoke region

Kifkon, 1994;FAO, 1997b

Importance:Part used:

Habitat:Source:Destination:

1- high importance on the national level; 2 high importance on the local/regional level; 3 low importancean entire animal; ba bark; bw beeswax; le leaves; nu nuts; fi fibres; fi flowers; fr fruits; gu gums; ho honey;la latex; oi oil; pl entire plant; re resins; ro roots; sa sap; se seeds; st stem; ta tanninsF - natural forest or other wooded lands; P - plantation; 0 others: trees outside forests (e.g. agroforestry, homegardens)W - wild, C - cultivatedN - national; I international

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Animals and animal products Bushmeat

______ 1 ___



• Production of 45 t in 1989 (FAO, 1997b) • Demand of 500 t in 1995 (FAO,1997b)

1- high importance on the national level; 2 - high importance on the local/regionallevel; 3 -low importance an - entire animal; ba - bark; bw - beeswax; Ie - leaves; nu - nuts; fi - fibres; fI - flowers; fr - fruits; gu - gums; ho - honey; la -latex; oi - oil; pl- entire plant; re - resins; ro - roots; sa - sap; se - seeds; st - stem; ta - tannins F - natural forest or other wooded lands; P - plantation; 0 - others: trees outside forests (e.g. agroforestry, homegardens) W - wild, C - cultivated N - national; I - international

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Hunting documented for Kifkon, 1994; the Mau and Arabuko FAO,1997b Sokoke region

3.2.5 Somalia (E)

INTRODUCTION

Main Non-Wood Forest ProductsExudates (myrrh, opopanax and olibanum) are supposed to be the most valuable non-woodforest products (NWFP) of Somalia, as they are the third source of export revenue afterlivestock and bananas.

Other important NWFP at the national level, both for subsistence and trade, are used forfodder and in medicine. At the local level, latex, tannins, edible fruits and nuts constitutesignificant NWFP (FAO, 1988).

Regarding animals and animal products, the utilization of crocodiles and warthogs isdocumented (FAO and UNDP, 1990).


FodderBosweffia spp. is not only important for the production of resins but also as a significantsource of fodder, especially in the dry season. Since legal ownership rights for naturalresources are not established by law, a conflict of utilization exists between tapping andgrazing of Bosweffia spp.

In the central region, overgrazing is widespread and the creation of grazing reserves, as wellas a system of rotational utilization for browsing, was recommended (FAO 1972 in Bowen,1990; Lawton 1988 in Bowen, 1990).

In general, most of the woody species (e.g. Acacia tortilis, A. nilotica) constitute very goodforage, since they have a much higher protein content than herbs (Giorgetti and Franci inBowen, 1990). During most of the year, grasses are reduced to no more than unappetizinghard stalks. Thus the foliage and green fruits of bushes and even of the taller Acacia spp.(which camels can easily reach) are preferred (Giordano, 1941).

MedicinesThe utilization of 151 medicinal plants is documented by Elmi (1983, in Bowen 1990). Dahir(in Bowen 1990) describes the application of 81 medicinal plants in the Lower Jubba region.

ExudatesSomalia is the world's biggest exporter of myrrh and opopanax resins (Commiphora spp.)and a major supplier of both olibanum beyo (Boswellia carter') and olibanum maidi (Bosweffiafreeriana). Exports of these resins are declining due to the country's instability (EC, UNDPand FAO, 1998).

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3.2.5 Somalia (E)

INTRODUCTION


Exudates (myrrh, opopanax and olibanum) are supposed to be the most valuable non-wood forest products (NWFP) of Somalia, as they are the third source of export revenue after livestock and bananas.

Other important NWFP at the national level, both for subsistence and trade, are used for fodder and in medicine. At the local level, latex, tannins, edible fruits and nuts constitute significant NWFP (FAO, 1988).

Regarding animals and animal products, the utilization of crocodiles and warthogs is documented (FAO and UNDP, 1990).


Fodder

Boswellia spp. is not only important for the production of resins but also as a significant source of fodder, especially in the dry season. Since legal ownership rights for natural resources are not established by law, a conflict of utilization exists between tapping and grazing of Boswellia spp.

In the central region, overgrazing is widespread and the creation of grazing reserves, as well as a system of rotational utilization for browsing, was recommended (FAO 1972 in Bowen, 1990; Lawton 1988 in Bowen, 1990).

In general, most of the woody species (e.g. Acacia tortilis, A. nilotica) constitute very good forage, since they have a much higher protein content than herbs (Giorgetti and Franci in Bowen, 1990). During most of the year, grasses are reduced to no more than unappetizing hard stalks. Thus the foliage and green fruits of bushes and even of the taller Acacia spp. (which camels can easily reach) are preferred (Giordano, 1941).

Medicines

The utilization of 151 medicinal plants is documented by Elmi (1983, in Bowen 1990). Dahir (in Bowen 1990) describes the application of 81 medicinal plants in the Lower Jubba region.

Exudates

Somalia is the world's biggest exporter of myrrh and opopanax resins (Commiphora spp.) and a major supplier of both olibanum beyo (Boswellia carten) and olibanum maidi (Boswellia freeriana). Exports of these resins are declining due to the country's instability (Ee, UNDP and FAO, 1998).

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Table 1. Main sources of myrrh, opopanax and olibanum and estimated world trade, 1987

Myrrh Somalia, Ethiopia, Kenya 400Opopanax Somalia, Ethiopia, Kenya 1 100Olibanum beyo Somalia 200Olibanum maidi Somalia 800Olibanum Eritrean type Ethiopia, Sudan 2 000Olibanunn Indian type India 200

Source: FAO (1995b)

"The value of exports [of Somalian resins] is estimated at US$156 million at internationalprices, though official receipts in 1984 and 1985 averaged only US$28 million (Bowen,1990quoting Coulter 1987).

In total, more than 10 000 persons participate in the collection of resins in Somalia. Allspecies (Commiphora spp., Boswellia spp.) are grown in natural stocks, which "belong" tofamilies living in the resin production areas. Direct exploitation by the nomads is the mostcommon system, and a shift from share-cropping systems to rental arrangements can beobserved.

Myrrh, derived from Commiphora myrrah and Commiphora spp., and opopanax(Commiphora erythraea, Commiphora spp.) are used for flavouring purposes, chewing,mouthwashes and for making beverages. Commiphora species are found in dry inlandlocations from the north to the extreme south where they are exploited by nomadic herdsmenas a subsidiary source of income. However, much of the material exported from Somalia isbelieved to be collected in Ethiopia (Bowen 1990, quoting Coulter 1987). At the end of the1980s annual exports of Commiphora resins were estimated to amount to 1 000 t,corresponding to a value of US$ 4 million f.o.b. (Bowen 1990, quoting Coulter 1987). FAO(1995b) documents that the volume of myrrh exports showed considerable variationsbetween 1976 and 1979.

Table 2. Exports of myrrh from SomaliaYear Quantity (tons)

1976 1 3521977 4971978 1991979 421

Source: Coppen 1995

Olibanunn is exploited from natural stands of Boswellia spp. It is utilized as a fragrance (e.g.for religious ceremonies) and for flavouring. In Somalia, there is a distinction between twotypes of olibanum: Olibanum maidi, produced from Boswellia freeriani, and olibanum beyoobtained from B. carteri (syn. B. sacra).

Exploitation of olibanum takes place in north-eastern Somalia. The resins are obtained bymaking deliberate incisions into the bark. Olibanum is tapped about nine months a year inone (beyo) or two (maidi) periods. The yield is approximately 1-3 kg/tree/a. Tapping is a vitalmainstay to the local economy in a very poor region. For many collectors it is the principalsource of income (Coulter 1987 in Bowen 1990).


Honey is exported to Arabic countries such as Saudi Arabia, and a traffic of wildlife skins andelephant tusks may exist in the southern part of the country (EC, UNDP and FAO, 1998).

106

Product Producing country World trade (tons)

Table 1. Main sources of myrrh, opopanax and olibanum and estimated world trade, 1987

Product

Myrrh Opopanax Olibanum beyo Olibanum maidi Olibanum Eritrean type Olibanum Indian type

Source: FAO (1995b)

Producing country

Somalia, Ethiopia, Kenya Somalia, Ethiopia, Kenya Somalia Somalia Ethiopia, Sudan India

World trade (tons)

400 1 100

200 800

2000 200

''The value of exports [of Somalian resins] is estimated at US$156 million at international prices, though official receipts in 1984 and 1985 averaged only US$28 million (Bowen,1990 quoting Coulter 1987).

In total, more than 10000 persons participate in the collection of resins in Somalia. All species (Commiphora spp., Boswellia spp.) are grown in natural stocks, which "belong" to families living in the resin production areas. Direct exploitation by the nomads is the most common system, and a shift from share-cropping systems to rental arrangements can be observed.

Myrrh, derived from Commiphora myrrah and Commiphora spp., and opopanax (Commiphora erythraea, Commiphora spp.) are used for flavouring purposes, chewing, mouthwashes and for making beverages. Commiphora species are found in dry inland locations from the north to the extreme south where they are exploited by nomadic herdsmen as a subsidiary source of income. However, much of the material exported from Somalia is believed to be collected in Ethiopia (Bowen 1990, quoting Coulter 1987). At the end of the 1980s annual exports of Commiphora resins were estimated to amount to 1 000 t, corresponding to a value of US$ 4 million f.o.b. (Bowen 1990, quoting Coulter 1987). FAO (1995b) documents that the volume of myrrh exports showed considerable variations between 1976 and 1979.

Table 2. Exports of myrrh from Somalia Year

1976 1977 1978 1979

Source: Coppen 1995

Quantity (tons)

1 352 497 199 421

Olibanum is exploited from natural stands of Boswellia spp. It is utilized as a fragrance (e.g. for religious ceremonies) and for flavouring. In Somalia, there is a distinction between two types of olibanum: Olibanum maidi, produced from Boswellia freeriani, and olibanum beyo obtained from B. carteri (syn. B. sacra).

Exploitation of olibanum takes place in north-eastern Somalia. The resins are obtained by making deliberate incisions into the bark. Olibanum is tapped about nine months a year in one (beyo) or two (maidi) periods. The yield is approximately 1-3 kg/tree/a. Tapping is a vital mainstay to the local economy in a very poor region. For many collectors it is the principal source of income (Coulter 1987 in Bowen 1990).


Honey is exported to Arabic countries such as Saudi Arabia, and a traffic of wildlife skins and elephant tusks may exist in the southern part of the country (EC, UNDP and FAO, 1998).

106

REFERENCES

Bowen, M.R. 1990. A bibliography of forestry in Somalia and Djibuti. Edition two. NaturalResources Institute for Overseas Development Administration, UK and NationalRange Agency, Somalia. Somali Forestry Papers No. 3

EC, UNDP & FAO. 1998. Data collection for sustainable forest management in ACPcountries. Linking national and international efforts. Proceedings of sub-regionalworkshop on forestry statistics IGAD region, Nakuru, Kenya, 12-16 October. Rome.

FAO & UNDP. 1990. Tropical forestry action plan. Somalia. Volume 1 General ReportFAO. 1988. Forestly and range: A sector review, by S. Dhanani. Report No. 88/1. Rome.FAO. 1995a. Edible nuts by G.E. Wickens. FAO Non-Wood Forest Product Series No. 5.

Rome.FAO. 1995b. Flavours and fragrances of plant origin, by J.J.W. Coppen. FAO Non-Wood

Forest Products Series No.1. RomeGiordano, G. 1941. The utilization of woodlands in Italian East Africa with regard to

conservation and improvement of the region's forests. In Agricultura Co/onia/e 35.Translation prepared by R. Todaro and M.R. Bowen (1989)

Karani, A.A. 1983.National progress report on forestry in Somalia (1978-82)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTThis report has been realized thanks to the funding of the ECFAO Partnership Programme"Data Collection and Analysis for Sustainable Forest Management in ACP Countries". Thecontent is based on available information at FAO Headquarters in Rome, as well as oninformation provided by Mr M.D. Abdi, Ministry of Rural Development and Environment,Somalia, and Mr Y.M. Hussein, Mogadishu Forestry Association.

Additional information on NWFP in Somalia would be appreciated and duly acknowledged.

107

REFERENCES Bowen, M.R. 1990. A bibliography of forestry in Somalia and Djibuti. Edition two. Natural

Resources Institute for Overseas Development Administration, UK and National Range Agency, Somalia. Somali Forestry Papers NO.3

EC, UNDP & FAO. 1998. Data collection for sustainable forest management in ACP countries. Linking national and international efforts. Proceedings of sub-regional workshop on forestry statistics -/GAD region, Nakuru, Kenya, 12-16 October. Rome.

FAO & UNDP. 1990. Tropical forestry action plan. Somalia. Volume 1 - General Report FAO. 1988. Forestry and range: A sector review, by S. Dhanani. Report No. 88/1. Rome. FAO. 1995a. Edible nuts by G.E. Wickens. FAO Non-Wood Forest Product Series No.5.

Rome. FAO. 1995b. Flavours and fragrances of plant origin, by J.J.W. Coppen. FAO Non-Wood

Forest Products Series No.1. Rome Giordano, G. 1941. The utilization of woodlands in Italian East Africa with regard to

conservation and improvement of the region's forests. In Agricultura Coloniale 35. Translation prepared by R. Todaro and M.R. Bowen (1989)

Karani, A.A. 1983.National progress report on forestry in Somalia (1978-82)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This report has been realized thanks to the funding of the EC-FAO Partnership Programme "Data Collection and Analysis for Sustainable Forest Management in ACP Countries". The content is based on available information at FAO Headquarters in Rome, as well as on information provided by Mr M.D. Abdi, Ministry of Rural Development and Environment, Somalia, and Mr Y.M. Hussein, Mogadishu Forestry Association.

Additional information on NWFP in Somalia would be appreciated and duly acknowledged.

107

QUANTITATIVE DATA ON NWFP OF SOMALIA

108

Product Resource Economic valueCategory Importance Trade name


usedHabitat Source Desti-

nationQuantity, value Remarks References

1, 2, 3 F, P, 0 W, C N, I

Plants and plant productsExudates 1 Myrrh Commiphora

myrrah, C. playfairiibenaderensis,Commiphora spp.

re W I Annual production isestimated at some 4 000 tfor a value of US$16 million(FAO, 1988)

Exports of 421 t in 1979(FAO, 1995b)

Somalia is the world'sbiggest exporter

FAO, 1988;FAO, 1995b

Olibanum(beyo)

Boswellia carteri re W I Exports of 200 t in 1987(FAO, 1995b)

Location: North-eastSomalia (30 000 ha)

FAO, 1988;FAO, 1995b

Olibanum(maidi)

Boswellia freeriana re W I Exports of 800 t in 1988(FAO, 1995b)

70% of worldproduction

Collection centres:Erigavo, Las Koreh,Berbera

FAO, 1988;FAO, 1995b



QUANTITATIVE DATA ON NWFP OF SOMALIA Product Resource Economic value

Category Importance Trade name Species Part Habitat Source Desti- Quantity, value

I Remarks

Generic term used nation 1,2,3 F,P,O W,C N,I

I Plants and plant products Exudates 1 Myrrh Commiphora re W I • Annual production is Somalia is the world's

myrrah, C. p/ayfairii estimated at some 4 000 t biggest exporter benaderensis, for a value of US$16 million Commiphora spp. (FAO, 1988)

• Exports of 421 t in 1979 (FAO, 1995b)

Olibanum Boswellia carteri re W I Exports of 200 t in 1987 Location: North-east (beyo) (FAO, 1995b) Somalia (30 000 hal Olibanum Boswellia freeriana re W I Exports of 800 t in 1988 • 70% of world (maidi) (FAO, 1995b) production

• Collection centres: Erigavo, Las Koreh, Berbera

Importance: 1- high importance on the national level; 2 - high importance on the local/regionallevel; 3 - low importance Part used: an - entire animal; ba - bark; bw - beeswax; Ie - leaves; nu - nuts; fi - fibres; fI - flowers; fr - fruits; gu - gums; ho - honey;

la -latex; oi - oil; pi - entire plant; re - resins; ro - roots; sa - sap; se - seeds; st - stem; ta - tannins Habitat: Source: Destination:

F - natural forest or other wooded lands; P - plantation; 0 - others: trees outside forests (e.g. agroforestry, homegardens) W - wild, C - cultivated N - national; I - international

108

I References

I FAO, 1988; FAO, 1995b

FAO, 1988; FAO, 1995b FAO, 1988; FAO, 1995b

3.2.6 Sudan (E)

INTRODUCTION

Main Non-Wood Forest ProductsThe most known and most important Sudanese non-wood forest product (NWFP) is gumarabic, obtained mainly from Acacia senegal (gum hashab) but also from Acacia seyal (gumtalha). Sudan is also one of the world's biggest exporters of olibanum resins (Boswellia sp.).

Other vegetal NWFP are fodder (e.g. Ziziphus spp., Acacia spp.); food (fruits, e.g. Hyphaenethebaica; nuts, e.g. Cordeauxia edulis; and edible oils, e.g. Vitellaria paradoxa, Balanitesaegyptiaca); medicines (e.g. Tamarindus indica); dyes (e.g. henna Lawsonia inermis,Prosopis africana); fibres (e.g. Borassus aethiopum); latex (e.g. Landolfia ovariensis); andtannins (e.g. Rizophora mucronata, Acacia nilotica).

Honey and beeswax are the only faunal NWFP on which documentation exists.

General InformationAltogether, about 150 NWFP are used in Sudan (Badi, 1993). Plant products are of majorimportance, especially for subsistence (e.g. food, medicines, fodder).

The most common NWFP put on the market in the northern parts of Sudan, in addition togum arabic, are listed in Table 1. The main markets for these products are in towns, withUmdurna supposed to be the main national trading centre.

Table 1. Main NWFP put on the market in northern Sudan

Source: Sulieman and Eldoma (1994), modified.

The total national value of trade amounts to LSd380 025 068,38 of which Tamarindus indica(aradeib) scores the highest trade value (LSd135 864 000) and Acacia nilotica (garad) thelowest (LSd1 464 780) (Sulieman and Eldoma, 1994).

At least six NWFP are exported: gum arabic (Acacia spp.), gum loban (Boswellia papyrifera,Commiphora sp.), as well as the fruits of aradbei (Tamarindus indica), gongleitz (Adansonia

109

Species Local name Part used Utilization

Acacia nilotica Garad Pods MedicineAdansonia digitata Gongleiz Fruits Beverage, food, medicineBalanites aegyptiaca Laloub Fruits Food, fodderBorassus aethiopum Daleib Fruits Food, basketryBoswellia papyrifera Gum loban Resins Fragrances, perfume industry, chewing gum productionCommiphora sp. Gum loban Resins Fragrances, perfume industry, chewing gum productionCassia senna Sanameca MedicineCordia africana Gimbeel Fruits FoodGrewia tenax, G. mollis Gudiem Beverage, food, medicineHyphaene thebaica Dom Fruits Food, fodder, basketryTamarindus indica Aradeib Fruits Beverage, food, medicineZiziphus spp. Nabag Fruits Food, fodderSalvadora persica Arak Bark (?) Tooth brushAzanza garkenna Jaghjagh Fruits (?) FoodDetarium macrocarpum Abu leila Fruits (?) FoodXimenia americana Um dika Fruits (?) FoodLawsonia inermis Hina Fruits Cosmetics

38 LSd1 000 correspond to US$3.91 (rate of exchange on 03/12/1999).

3.2.6 Sudan (E)

INTRODUCTION

Main Non-Wood Forest Products The most known and most important Sudanese non-wood forest product (NWFP) is gum arabic, obtained mainly from Acacia senegal (gum hashab) but also from Acacia seyal (gum talha). Sudan is also one of the world's biggest exporters of olibanum resins (Boswellia sp.).

Other vegetal NWFP are fodder (e.g. Ziziphus spp., Acacia spp.); food (fruits, e.g. Hyphaene thebaica; nuts, e.g. Cordeauxia edulis; and edible oils, e.g. Vitel/aria paradoxa, Balanites aegyptiaca); medicines (e.g. Tamarindus indica); dyes (e.g. henna - Lawsonia in ermis, Prosopis africana); fibres (e.g. Borassus aethiopum); latex (e.g. Landolfia ovariensis); and tannins (e.g. Rizophora mucronata, Acacia nilotica).

Honey and beeswax are the only faunal NWFP on which documentation exists.

General Information

Altogether, about 150 NWFP are used in Sudan (8adi, 1993). Plant products are of major importance, especially for subsistence (e.g. food, medicines, fodder).

The most common NWFP put on the market in the northern parts of Sudan, in addition to gum arabic, are listed in Table 1. The main markets for these products are in towns, with Umdurna supposed to be the main national trading centre.

Table 1. Main NWFP put on the market in northern Sudan Species Local name

Acacia nilotica Garad Adansonia digitata Gongleiz Balanites aegyptiaca Laloub Borassus aethiopum Daleib Boswellia papyrifera Gum loban Commiphora sp. Gum loban Cassia senna Sanameca Cordia africana Gimbeel Grewia ten ax, G. mollis Gudiem

Part used

Pods Fruits Fruits Fruits Resins Resins

Fruits

Hyphaene thebaica Dom Fruits Tamarindus indica Aradeib Fruits Ziziphus spp. Nabag Fruits Salvadora persica Arak Bark (?) Azanza garkenna Jaghjagh Fruits (?) Detarium macrocarpum Abu leila Fruits (?) Ximenia americana Um dika Fruits (?) Lawsonia inermis Hina Fruits

Source: Sulieman and Eldoma (1994), modified.

Utilization

Medicine Beverage, food, medicine Food, fodder Food, basketry Fragrances, perfume industry, chewing gum production Fragrances, perfume industry, chewing gum production Medicine Food Beverage, food, medicine Food, fodder, basketry Beverage, food, medicine Food, fodder Tooth brush Food Food Food Cosmetics

The total national value of trade amounts to LSd380 025 068,38 of which Tamarindus indica (aradeib) scores the highest trade value (LSd135 864000) and Acacia nilotica (garad) the lowest (LSd1 464780) (Sulieman and Eldoma, 1994).

At least six NWFP are exported: gum arabic (Acacia spp.), gum loban (Boswellia papyrifera, Commiphora sp.), as well as the fruits of aradbei (Tamarindus indica), gongleitz (Adansonia

38 LSd 1 000 correspond to US$3.91 (rate of exchange on 03/12/1999).

109

digitata), senna (Cassia senna) and henna (Lawsonia inermis). The total value of foreigntrade amounts to US$6 929 587 (Sulieman and Eldorna, 1994).

Most of the above-mentioned species are exploited from natural resources. Lawsonia inermisis cultivated; Acacia senegal and Acacia seyal are exploited in natural stands as well as inplantations.

Products are collected by women and children in the neighbourhood of their villages and bymen in remote areas. In general, collection is a seasonal activity. Most NWFP are exploitedin small-scale production systems.

According to Suliman and Eldoma (1994), gathering of NWFP in Sudan "started to gainconsiderable importance" since NWFP

are important for food supply, especially during the dry season;develop good market values;are used more frequently in many industries.


FodderForage is an essential and traditional use of forested areas. It is estimated that thecontribution of trees and shrubs to forage intake ranges from five percent at the beginning ofthe dry season to 45 percent at its end (Harris, 1994). Important fodder trees which arebrowsed as well as looped are Acacia spp., Hyphaene thebaica, Ziziphus spp. and Balanitesaegyptiaca. Since Acacia senegal and A. seyal are not only important fodder trees for thenomads, but also a source of gum arabic, conflicts of utilization exist and rules onexploitation have to be set for both communities.

MedicinesAt least 60 medicinal (and aromatic) plants, which either occur naturally or are cultivated,exist in Sudan. Important medicinal plants include Acacia nilotica, Adansonia digitata, Cassiasenna, Grewia spp. and Tamarindus indica. They are used in traditional medicine as well asby industry for the preparation of derivatives. Plants which are not cultivated on a commercialscale, such as Senna alexandria, are gathered at random (Eltohami, 1995).

ExudatesGum arabic is the most valuable NWFP in Sudan; it is obtained from Acacia senegal (gumhashab) and Acacia seyal (gum talha). It is used in the food industry, as pharmaceutical aswell as in technical and miscellaneous applications.

Sudan is the major producer and exporter of gum arabic supplying approximately 80 percentof the world market. Exploitation as well as trade in gum arabic is controlled by a soleexporter, the Gum Arabic Company (GAC). Gum arabic is the second largest Sudaneseexport crop after cotton (Taban, 1987). It represents 10-18 percent of the total value ofexports from the country (FAO, 1993). In 1990 it reached 13.6 percent of total exports value,even if production declined from 50 576 t (annual average 1965-69) to 18 358 t (annualaverage 1990-94) (FAO, 1995). The main reasons for the decline in production were theSahelian drought in 1973/74 and fluctuations in the supply, quality and prices of the rawmaterial.

In 1994, Sudan produced altogether 33 227 t of gum arabic (FAO, 1995). In the collectionseason 1996/97, 17 759 t of gum arabic (of which 17 746 t gum hashab and 13 t gum talha)were produced (Ezeldeen and Osman, 1998).

110

digitata) , senna (Cassia senna) and henna (Lawsonia inermis). The total value of foreign trade amounts to US$6 929 587 (Sulieman and Eldorna, 1994).

Most of the above-mentioned species are exploited from natural resources. Lawsonia inermis is cultivated; Acacia senegal and Acacia seyal are exploited in natural stands as well as in plantations.

Products are collected by women and children in the neighbourhood of their villages and by men in remote areas. In general, collection is a seasonal activity. Most NWFP are exploited in small-scale production systems.

According to Suliman and Eldoma (1994), gathering of NWFP in Sudan "started to gain considerable importance" since NWFP CI are important for food supply, especially during the dry season; • develop good market values; CI are used more frequently in many industries.


Fodder

Forage is an essential and traditional use of forested areas. It is estimated that the contribution of trees and shrubs to forage intake ranges from five percent at the beginning of the dry season to 45 percent at its end (Harris, 1994). Important fodder trees which are browsed as well as looped are Acacia spp., Hyphaene thebaica, Ziziphus spp. and Balanites aegyptiaca. Since Acacia senegal and A. seyal are not only important fodder trees for the nomads, but also a source of gum arabic, conflicts of utilization exist and rules on exploitation have to be set for both communities.

Medicines

At least 60 medicinal (and aromatic) plants, which either occur naturally or are cultivated, exist in Sudan. Important medicinal plants include Acacia nilotica, Adansonia digitata, Cassia senna, Grewia spp. and Tamarindus indica. They are used in traditional medicine as well as by industry for the preparation of derivatives. Plants which are not cultivated on a commercial scale, such as Senna alexandria, are gathered at random (Eltohami, 1995).

Exudates

Gum arabic is the most valuable NWFP in Sudan; it is obtained from Acacia senegal (gum hashab) and Acacia seyal (gum talha). It is used in the food industry, as pharmaceutical as well as in technical and miscellaneous applications.

Sudan is the major producer and exporter of gum arabic supplying approximately 80 percent of the world market. Exploitation as well as trade in gum arabic is controlled by a sole exporter, the Gum Arabic Company (GAC). Gum arabic is the second largest Sudanese export crop after cotton (Taban, 1987). It represents 10-18 percent of the total value of exports from the country (FAO, 1993). In 1990 it reached 13.6 percent of total exports value, even if production declined from 50 576 t (annual average 1965-69) to 18 358 t (annual average 1990-94) (FAO, 1995). The main reasons for the decline in production were the Sahelian drought in 1973/74 and fluctuations in the supply, quality and prices of the raw material.

In 1994, Sudan produced altogether 33 227 t of gum arabic (FAO, 1995). In the collection season 1996/97, 17759 t of gum arabic (of which 17746 t gum hashab and 13 t gum talha) were produced (Ezeldeen and Osman, 1998).

110

Table 2. Annual production of gum arabic in Sudan (5-year averages), 1960-1994 (tons)

Source: FAO (1995)

Exploitation of gum arabic mainly takes place in the gum belt zone between latitude 10°Nand 14°N in an area of 520 000 km2. Acacia senegal and Acacia seyal grow in naturalstands, as well as in planted areas. Approximately 8 500 ha of both species are plantedannually (Eezeldeen and Osman, 1998). Especially Acacia senegal has been widely planted.Acacia seyal (gum talha) is exploited by natural exudation in natural stocks, whereas gumhashab is collected by tapping. Tapping begins in October/November, when the trees start toshed their leaves, and continues until February. Trees are tapped at 15-day intervals andyield 250-300 g of gum per season.

"The land tenure system and respect for local tradition generally ensures that the people whocarry out the tapping also reap the rewards of collecting gum" (Nour and Osmar, 1997). Themajority of gum is exploited by smallholder farmers, owning "gum orchards". Most of themtap gum themselves, others hire labour or share production with gum workers. A minority oflarge-holder farmers depends on hired labour and on share-cropping for production. Withinthe share-cropping system, which is dominant in the dry areas, about 50-75 percent of thegum goes to the owner whereas the rest belongs to the collector.

The collector sells the gum to the middlemen (village merchants) who are responsible for thecleaning, sorting and transport of gum. He finally supplies the exporter either directly or viaauction markets.

Exploitation and trade of gum arabic is controlled by one sole exporter, the Gum ArabicCompany (GAC).

"Theoretically every gatherer should sell the gum in the auction markets organized by theGovernment, where the product is sold to specialized merchants who transport the gum to theirstoring shed for cleaning, grading and packaging. All clean and graded gum is then sold to thegum exporting company. However, in practice the gatherers are often prevented from sellingtheir produce at the auctions by lack of cash, transport, water and labour. Their actual marketingdifficulties start even before the gum arabic is produced. As it often happens, the gatherer needscash before the product can be harvested. For this he has to arrange an advance sale of theexpected produce with the village merchant in order to get his/her essential supplies or with thewater transport operator to get the water. Both the price of the essential supplies and that of theexpected produce are fixed by the village merchant and the transport fee by the truck operator.Under the circumstances, the gatherer has no alternative but to accept. It has been estimated thatabout 30 percent of the producers do not sell their product in the auction markets due to theabove reasons. The gatherers sell their gum unsorted, although the grading is quite simple,based on physical parameters of colour, shape, size and purity" (Lintu, 1995)

Sudan has recently installed equipment to produce kibbled gum and has become the firstproducing country to gain added value in this way. The most important importer of gumarabic is Europe (France, United Kingdom, Italy, Germany) which imported 12 200 t/a in theperiod 1988-1993.

111

1960-64 1965-69 1970-74 1975-79 1980-84 1985-89 1990-94

Production 46 550 50 576 35 073 37 408 31 079 23 721 18 358

Of which- Gum hashab- Gum talha

442

299251

473

434142

304

910163

361

026382

264

721358

193

777944

153

038320

Table 2. Annual production of gum arabic in Sudan (5-year averages), 1960-1994 (tons) 1960·64 1965·69 1970·74 1975·79 1980·84 1985·89 1990·94

Production 46550 50576

Of which • Gum hashab 44299 47434 • Gum talha 2251 3 142

Source: FAO (1995)

35073

30910 4163

37408

36026 1 382

31079

26721 4358

23721

19777 3944

18358

15038 3320

Exploitation of gum arabic mainly takes place in the gum belt zone between latitude 100 N and 14°N in an area of 520000 km2

. Acacia senegal and Acacia seyal grow in natural stands, as well as in planted areas. Approximately 8 500 ha of both species are planted annually (Eezeldeen and Osman, 1998). Especially Acacia senegal has been widely planted. Acacia seyal (gum talha) is exploited by natural exudation in natural stocks, whereas gum hashab is collected by tapping. Tapping begins in October/November, when the trees start to shed their leaves, and continues until February. Trees are tapped at 15-day intervals and yield 250-300 g of gum per season.

'The land tenure system and respect for local tradition generally ensures that the people who carry out the tapping also reap the rewards of collecting gum" (Nour and Osmar, 1997). The majority of gum is exploited by smallholder farmers, owning "gum orchards". Most of them tap gum themselves, others hire labour or share production with gum workers. A minority of large-holder farmers depends on hired labour and on share-cropping for production. Within the share-cropping system, which is dominant in the dry areas, about 50-75 percent of the gum goes to the owner whereas the rest belongs to the collector.

The collector sells the gum to the middlemen (village merchants) who are responsible for the cleaning, sorting and transport of gum. He finally supplies the exporter either directly or via auction markets.

Exploitation and trade of gum arabic is controlled by one sole exporter, the Gum Arabic Company (GAC).

"Theoretically every gatherer should sell the gum in the auction markets organized by the Govemment, where the product is sold to specialized merchants who transport the gum to their storing shed for cleaning, grading and packaging. All clean and graded gum is then sold to the gum exporting company. However, in practice the gatherers are often prevented from selling their produce at the auctions by lack of cash, transport, water and labour. Their actual marketing difficulties start even before the gum arabic is produced. As it often happens, the gatherer needs cash before the product can be harvested. For this he has to anange an advance sale of the expected produce with the village merchant in order to get his/her essential supplies or with the water transport operator to get the water. Both the price of the essential supplies and that of the expected produce are fixed by the village merchant and the transport fee by the huck operator. Under the circumstances, the gatherer has no altemative but to accept. It has been estimated that about 30 percent of the producers do not sell their product in the auction markets due to the above reasons. The gatherers sell their gum unsorted, although the grading is quite simple, based on physical parameters of colour, shape, size and purity" (Lintu, 1995)

Sudan has recently installed equipment to produce kibbled gum and has become the first producing country to gain added value in this way. The most important importer of gum arabic is Europe (France, United Kingdom, Italy, Germany) which imported 12 200 tla in the period 1988-1993.

111

Depending on the resource (Acacia senegal, A. seyal) and the grades (kibbled-dust, super-siftings) the export price varies between US$400 and US$6 000 per ton.

Table 3. Export prices of gum arabic from Sudan

Source: FAO (1995)

Sudan is (together with Ethiopia) the world's largest producer of olibanum resins (Boswelliacarteri syn. B. sacra, B. freeriana). In 1987, exports from Sudan and Ethiopia amounted toabout 2 000 t (FAO, 1995b). Olibanum is used as fragrance as well as for flavouringpurposes.

Total production of gum loban, resins obtained from Boswellia papyrifer and Commiphorasp., was estimated to reach 1 688 t in 1993/94 (Sulieman and Eldoma, 1994).

REFERENCES

Badi, K.H. 1993. Exhaustive list of forest species bearing NWFP in the Sudan. ForestProducts Consumption Survey: Topic Specific Study Report No. 1. Forests NationalCorporation, Ministry of Agriculture Animal Wealth and Natural Resources, FAO.


Daoud, A.A. 1993. Export and import of forest products in the Sudan. Forest NationalCorporation, Ministry of Agriculture Animal Wealth, FAO.

Eltohami, M.S. 1995. Case studies on medicinal and aromatic plants in Sudan. Karthoum.Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Institute.

Ezeldeen, M. & Osman, A.R.. 1998. NWFP in Sudan. In EC, UNDP & FAO. Data collectionfor sustainable forest management in ACP countries. Linking national andinternational efforts. Proceedings of sub-regional workshop on forestry statisticsIGAD region, Nakuru, Kenya, 12-16 October. FAO. Rome.

FAO. 1993. International Trade in NWFP. An overview, by M. lqbal. FAO Working PaperFO:Misc/93/11. Rome.

FAO. 1995a. Edible nuts by G.E. Wickens. FAO Non-Wood Forest Product Series No. 5.Rome.

FAO. 1995b. Gums, resins and latexes of plant origin, by J.J.W. Coppen. FAO Non-WoodForest Products Series No. 6. Rome

FAO. 1995c. Flavours and fragrances of plant origin, by J.J.W. Coppen. FAO Non-WoodForest Products Series No. 1. Rome.

FAO. 1995d. Natural colorants and dyestuffs. A review of production, markets anddevelopment potential, by C.L. Green. FAO Non-Wood Forest Products Series No. 4.Rome.

Harris, P.S. 1994. Consultant report on grazing management in forest areas. Forest NationalCorporation, FAO. Karthoum

112

Product Export price (USS/t)

Gum hasbah(Acacia senegal)- kibbled 5 000- hand picked selected 4 850- cleaned or clear amber sorts 4 200- siftings- dust 2 760Gum talha (Acacia seyal)- super 950- standard clean 850- siftings 400

Depending on the resource (Acacia senegal, A. seya/) and the grades (kibbled-dust, supersiftings) the export price varies between US$400 and US$6 000 per ton.

Table 3. Export prices of gum arabic from Sudan Product Export price (US$/t)

Gum hasbah (Acacia senegal) - kibbled - hand picked selected - cleaned or clear amber sorts - siftings - dust Gum talha (Acacia seya/) - super - standard clean - siftings

Source: FAO (1995)

5000 4850 4200

2760

950 850 400

Sudan is (together with Ethiopia) the world's largest producer of olibanum resins (Boswellia carteri syn. B. sacra, B. freeriana). In 1987, exports from Sudan and Ethiopia amounted to about 2 000 t (FAO, 1995b). Olibanum is used as fragrance as well as for flavouring purposes.

Total production of gum loban, resins obtained from Boswellia papyrifer and Commiphora sp., was estimated to reach 1 688 t in 1993/94 (Sulieman and Eldoma, 1994).

REFERENCES Badi, K.H. 1993. Exhaustive list of forest species bearing NWFP in the Sudan. Forest

Products Consumption Survey: Topic Specific Study Report No.1. Forests National Corporation, Ministry of Agriculture Animal Wealth and Natural Resources, FAO.

Chikamai, B. 1997. Production, markets and quality control of gum arabic in Africa: Findings and recommendations from an FAO Project. In J.O. Mugah, B.N. Chikamai & E. Casadei, eds. Conservation, management and utilization of plant gums, resins and essential oils. Proceedings of a regional conference for Africa held in Nairobi, Kenya, 6-10 October 1997.

Daoud, A.A. 1993. Export and import of forest products in the Sudan. Forest National Corporation, Ministry of Agriculture Animal Wealth, FAO.

Eltohami, M.S. 1995. Case studies on medicinal and aromatic plants in Sudan. Karthoum. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Institute.

Ezeldeen, M. & Osman, A.R.. 1998. NWFP in Sudan. In EC, UNDP & FAO. Data collection for sustainable forest management in ACP countries. Linking national and international efforts. Proceedings of sub-regional workshop on forestry statistics -IGAD region, Nakuru, Kenya, 12-16 October. FAO. Rome.

FAO. 1993. International Trade in NWFP. An overview, by M. Iqbal. FAO Working Paper FO:Misc/93/11. Rome.

FAO. 1995a. Edible nuts by G.E. Wickens. FAO Non-Wood Forest Product Series No.5. Rome.

FAO. 1995b. Gums, resins and latexes of plant origin, by J.J.W. Coppen. FAO Non-Wood Forest Products Series No.6. Rome

FAO. 1995c. Flavours and fragrances of plant origin, by J.J.W. Coppen. FAO Non-Wood Forest Products Series No.1. Rome.

FAO. 1995d. Natural colorants and dyestuffs. A review of production, markets and development potential, by C.L. Green. FAO Non-Wood Forest Products Series NO.4. Rome.

Harris, P.S. 1994. Consultant report on grazing management in forest areas. Forest National Corporation, FAO. Karthoum

112

Isola, A. 1994. Forest development in the Sudan: Apiculture. Mission Report. Forest NationalCorporation, FAO. Karthum

Lintu, L. 1995. Trade and marketing of NWFP. In FAO, ed. Report of the international expertconsultation on NWFP, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 17-27 January 1995. FAO Non-WoodForest Products Series No. 3. Rome.

Ministry of Environment and Tourism & FAO. 1995. Mangrove conservation andmanagement in the Sudan

Nour, H.O. & Osman, M.E. 1997. Management and organization of gum arabic industry inSudan. In J.O. Mugah,.0.; B.N. Chikamai & E. Casadei, eds: Conservation,management and utilization of plant gums, resins and essential oils. Proceedings of aregional conference for Africa, 6-10 October. Nairobi

Sulieman, M. S. & Eldoma, A.I1/1.A. 1994. Marketing of NWFP (excluding the gum arabic) inthe Sudan. Forest Products Consumption Survey: Topic Specific Study Report No.14. Forests National Corporation, Ministry of Agriculture Animal Wealth and NaturalResources, FAO.

Taban, A. L. 1987. Sudan grows trees for environment - and profit.Tahiz, H.M.M. 1989. Sudan country report. FAO Seminar on Forestry Statistics in Africa,

Blantyre, Malawi, 12-25 November 1989, FAO. Rome

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This report has been realized thanks to the funding of the EC--FAO Partnership Programme"Data Collection and Analysis for Sustainable Forest Management in ACP Countries". Thecontent is mainly based on available information at FAO Headquarters in Rome, as well ason information provided by Mr M. Ezeldeen, Sudan National Forestry InventoryAdministration, and Mr A.R. Osman, Forest National Corporation.

Additional information on NWFP in Sudan would be appreciated and duly acknowledged.

113

Isola, A. 1994. Forest development in the Sudan: Apiculture. Mission Report. Forest National Corporation, FAO. Karthum

Lintu, L. 1995. Trade and marketing of NWFP. In FAO, ed. Report of the international expert consultation on NWFP, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 17-27 January 1995. FAO Non-Wood Forest Products Series NO.3. Rome.

Ministry of Environment and Tourism & FAO. 1995. Mangrove conservation and management in the Sudan

Nour, H.O. & Osman, M.E. 1997. Management and organization of gum arabic industry in Sudan. In J.O. Mugah,.O.; B.N. Chikamai & E. Casadei, eds: Conservation, management and utilization of plant gums, resins and essential oils. Proceedings of a regional conference for Africa, 6-10 October. Nairobi

Sulieman, M. S. & Eldoma, A.M.A. 1994. Marketing of NWFP (excluding the gum arabic) in the Sudan. Forest Products Consumption Survey: Topic Specific Study Report No. 14. Forests National Corporation, Ministry of Agriculture Animal Wealth and Natural Resources, FAO.

Taban, A. L. 1987. Sudan grows trees for environment - and profit. Tahiz, H.M.M. 1989. Sudan country report. FAO Seminar on Forestry Statistics in Africa,

Blantyre, Malawi, 12-25 November 1989, FAO. Rome

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This report has been realized thanks to the funding of the EC-FAO Partnership Programme "Data Collection and Analysis for Sustainable Forest Management in ACP Countries". The content is mainly based on available information at FAO Headquarters in Rome, as well as on information provided by Mr M. Ezeldeen, Sudan National Forestry Inventory Administration, and Mr A.R. Osman, Forest National Corporation.

Additional information on NWFP in Sudan would be appreciated and duly acknowledged.

113

QUANTITATIVE DATA ON NWFP OF SUDAN

114




1, 2, 3 F, P, 0 W, C N, I

Plants and plant productsFood 1 Nabag Ziziphus spp. fr F, 0 W N Production: 8 890 t Also used as fodder Ezeldeen and

Osman, 1998Medicines 1 Senna /

SenamecaCassia senna fr N, I Production: 16 584 t in

1987(Tahiz, 1989)

Leaves and podscontain glycosidesmostly used aslaxatives

Sulieman andEldoma, 1994;Daoud 1993;FAO, 1993; FAO,1989

Gudeim Grewia tenax ba o w N Production: 909 t Utilization as toothbrush

Ezeldeen andOsman, 1998

Dying, Tanning 1 Henna Lawsonia inermis le o c N, I Production: 7 118 t in1987 (Tahiz, 1989)

DyeingsLocation: northern

and central Sudan

FA0,1995d;Tahiz, 1989

Garad Acacia nilotica se F, P, 0 W, C N Production: 1 020 t Tannins Ezeldeen andOsman, 1998

Utensils,handicrafts,constructionmaterials

2 Saaf Borassusaethiopum

fi F, 0 W N Production: 6 100 t Ezeldeen andOsman, 1998

Exudates 1 Gum arabichashab

Acacia senegal gu F, P W, C N, I

N, I

Production: 22 735 t in1994. Exports: 18 339 t (80%of production) in 1994(FAO, 1995b)o Production: 11 049 t in1994Exports: 4 396 t (40% ofproduction) in 1994(FAO, 1995b)

Tapping

Natural exudation

Nour and Osman,1997;FAO, 1995b

Nour and Osman,1997;FAO, 1995b

Gum arabictalha

Acacia seyal gu F W

Olibanum Boswellia carteri,B. freeriana

re I Production: 2 000 t in1987 including Sudan(FAO, 1995b)

Together with Ethiopiaworld's biggestexporter

FAO, 1995b

Gum loban Boswelliapapyrifera,Commiphora sp.

re I Production: 1 688 t in1993/1994

Sulieman andEldoma, 1994

QUANTITATIVE DATA ON NWFP OF SUDAN

Product Resource Economic value

Category Importance Trade name Species Part Habitat Source Destination Quantity, value

I Remarks

I References

I Generic term used

1,2,3 F,P,O W,C N, I


Food 1 Nabag Ziziphus spp. fr F, ° W N Production: 8 890 t Also used as fodder Ezeldeen and Osman, 1998

Medicines 1 Senna 1 Cassia senna fr N, I Production: 16 584 t in Leaves and pods Sulieman and Senameca 1987 contain glycosides Eldoma, 1994;

(Tahiz, 1989) mostly used as Daoud 1993; laxatives FAO, 1993; FAO,

1989 Gudeim Grewia tenax ba ° W N Production: 909 t Utilization as tooth Ezeldeen and

brush Osman, 1998 Dying, Tanning 1 Henna Lawsonia inermis Ie ° C N, I Prod uction: 7 118 t in eDyeings FAO,1995d;

1987 (Tahiz, 1989) • Location: northem Tahiz, 1989 and central Sudan

Garad Acacia nilotica se F,P,O W,C N Production: 1 020 t Tannins Ezeldeen and Osman, 1998

Utensils, 2 Saaf Borassus fi F, ° W N Production: 6 100 t Ezeldeen and handicrafts, aethiopum Osman, 1998 construction materials -

Exudates 1 Gum arabic Acacia senega! gu F,P W,C N, I • Production: 22 735 t in Tapping Nour and Osman, hashab 1994 1997;

• Exports: 18 339 t (80% FAO,1995b of production) in 1994 (FAO,1995b)

Gum arabic Acacia seya! gu F W N, I • Production: 11 049 t in Natural exudation Nour and Osman, talha 1994 1997;

.Exports: 4 396 t (40% of FAO,1995b production) in 1994 (FAO,1995b) .

Olibanum Boswellia carteri, re I Production: 2 000 t in Together with Ethiopia FAO,1995b I

B. freeriana 1987 including Sudan world's biggest (FAO,1995b) exporter

Gum loban Boswellia re I Production: 1 688 t in Sulieman and papyrifera, 1993/1994 Eldoma, 1994 Commiphora sp.

114



115

Anirnals and animal productsHoney,beeswax

2 ho N, I Exports: 4 t, worthUS$7 000 (Daoud, 1993)

Location: southernSudan

Daoud, 1993

bw N, I Exports: 13 t in 1985,worth US$41 000(Isola, 1994)

Location: southernSudan

Isola, 1994


Honey, beeswax



2 ho N, I Exports: 4 t, worth Location: southern US$7 000 (Daoud, 1993) Sudan

bw N, I Exports: 13 t in 1985, Location: southern worth US$41 000 Sudan (isola, 1994)

1- high importance on the national level; 2 - high importance on the local/regionallevel; 3 -low importance an - entire animal; ba - bark; bw - beeswax; Ie - leaves; nu - nuts; fi - fibres; fI - flowers; fr - fruits; gu - gums; ho - honey; la -latex; oi - oil; pi - entire plant; re - resins; ro - roots; sa - sap; se - seeds; st - stem; ta - tannins F - natural forest or other wooded lands; P - plantation; 0 - others: trees outside forests (e.g. agroforestry, homegardens) W - wild, C - cultivated N - national; I - international

115

Daoud, 1993

• Isola, 1994 I

--

3.2.7 Tanzania (E)

INTRODUCTION

Main Non-Wood Forest ProductsThe most important non-wood forest products (NWFP) are fodder (e.g. Acacia spp., Prosopisspp.), medicinal plants (e.g. Faidherbia albida, Acacia mellifera, Bridelia micrantha, Cinchonasp., Prunus africana, Jateorhiza pa/mata), as well as honey and beeswax.

Other NWFP exploited in Tanzania are bamboo (Arundinaria alpina), fibres (e.g. Adansoniadigitata), resins (Pinus sp.), latex (Hevea brasiliensis), tannins (e.g. Acacia meamsii),essential oils (e.g. Juniperus procera, Acacia famesiana) and plant material for theconstruction of hives (e.g. Acacia sp., Brachystegia sp.). Food products include fruits (Acacianilotica, Adansonia digitata), spices, edible oils (Adansonia digitata), colourants (e.g. Bombaxrhodognaphalon), gums (e.g. Acacia senegal), and mushrooms (e.g. Amanita sp.).

Faunal NWFP include bushmeat, live animals (especially birds), insects (termites) andtrophies (e.g. elephants, zebras).

General InformationNWFP are used for subsistence as well as for trade at the national and international level.The total value of NWFP trade in 1988 was estimated to exceed slightly the value of woodproducts (fuelwood, charcoal, building poles, forest industries) (Chihongo, 1992). Especiallylatex, tannins, medicinal plants, gums and animal products are NWFP commercialized on theworld market. In export trade, wattle extracts (tannin) ranked first and second in terms ofvalue in 1986 and 1987, respectively (FAO, 1989).

However, "the value of NWFPs lies not so much as indicated in the figures, but in that somany people in rural Tanzania rely on these products for their survival" (Chihongo, 1992).The Tanzanian Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Tourism (undated) concludes that"NWFP have generally been underestimated in relation to local economy and consumption.Forest-based small-scale enterprises should be encouraged to utilize this potential as part ofthe multi-purpose management of Tanzanian forest resources."

Two hundred thirty-three trees and shrubs have been identified as being used for food andmedicines (178 species), fodder (160 species), and various other uses (e.g. fibres, resins,tannins, oils 123 species) (Mbuya et al., 1994).

NWFP are in general collected from natural resources (especially the miombo forests) underan open access property rights system. Some exported NWFP such as Cinchona spp. aremainly cultivated in more intensive production systems outside the forest.

Under-exploited NWFP are wildlife based forest products, tannin, honey, beeswax and gumarabic.


Food

Eighty-three species of indigenous fruit trees have been recorded in Tanzania. Most of thefruit trees occur in the miombo woodlands (Clarke, Cavendish and Coote, 1996). In Lushoto,situated in the Usambara Mountains, households consume 15 species of wild leaves (Clarke,Cavendish and Coote, 1996).

116

3.2.7 Tanzania (E)

INTRODUCTION


The most important non-wood forest products (NWFP) are fodder (e.g. Acacia spp., Prosopis spp.), medicinal plants (e.g. Faidherbia albida, Acacia mellifera, Bridelia micrantha, Cinchona sp., Prunus africana, Jateorhiza palmata), as well as honey and beeswax.

Other NWFP exploited in Tanzania are bamboo (Arundinaria alpina) , fibres (e.g. Adansonia digitata) , resins (Pinus sp.), latex (Hevea brasiliensis), tannins (e.g. Acacia mearnsil) , essential oils (e.g. Juniperus procera, Acacia farnesiana) and plant material for the construction of hives (e.g. Acacia sp., Brachystegia sp.). Food products include fruits (Acacia nilotica, Adansonia digitata) , spices, edible oils (Adansonia digitata), colourants (e.g. Bombax rhodognaphalon) , gums (e.g. Acacia senegal), and mushrooms (e.g. Amanita sp.).

Faunal NWFP include bush meat, live animals (especially birds), insects (termites) and trophies (e.g. elephants, zebras).

General Information

NWFP are used for subsistence as well as for trade at the national and international level. The total value of NWFP trade in 1988 was estimated to exceed slightly the value of wood products (fuelwood, charcoal, building poles, forest industries) (Chihongo, 1992). Especially latex, tannins, medicinal plants, gums and animal products are NWFP commercialized on the world market. In export trade, wattle extracts (tannin) ranked first and second in terms of value in 1986 and 1987, respectively (FAa, 1989).

However, "the value of NWFPs lies not so much as indicated in the figures, but in that so many people in rural Tanzania rely on these products for their survival" (Chihongo, 1992). The Tanzanian Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Tourism (undated) concludes that "NWFP have generally been underestimated in relation to local economy and consumption. Forest-based small-scale enterprises should be encouraged to utilize this potential as part of the multi-purpose management of Tanzanian forest resources."

Two hundred thirty-three trees and shrubs have been identified as being used for food and medicines (178 species), fodder (160 species), and various other uses (e.g. fibres, resins, tannins, oils -123 species) (Mbuya et al., 1994).

NWFP are in general collected from natural resources (especially the miombo forests) under an open access property rights system. Some exported NWFP such as Cinchona spp. are mainly cultivated in more intensive production systems outside the forest.

Under-exploited NWFP are wildlife based forest products, tannin, honey, beeswax and gum arabic.


Food

Eighty-three species of indigenous fruit trees have been recorded in Tanzania. Most of the fruit trees occur in the miombo woodlands (Clarke, Cavendish and Coote, 1996). In Lushoto, situated in the Usambara Mountains, households consume 15 species of wild leaves (Clarke, Cavendish and Coote, 1996).

116

FodderForest forage is an important supplementary diet for livestock and wildlife which containsessential proteins (in its pods, buds and leaves). Especially in the dry season, browsing offodder trees remains an essential activity for the survival of the animals. In general, cattleand wildlife browse in natural stands of Prosopis spp. and Acacia spp. Only in the denselypopulated highland areas (e.g. Arusha, Kilimanjaro) people are cultivating fodder trees likeLeucena leucocephala, Erythrina sp. or Grevillea robusta. In general, fodder trees are usedat the community level, nevertheless commercialization is documented. The value of foddertrees is estimated to be TSh900 million39, which corresponds to seven percent of the totalvalue of the primary forest production (Chihongo, 1992).

MedicinesMedicinal plants are used in traditional medicine and traded on the world market. Some 80percent of the Tanzanians rely on traditional medicine based on plants mainly derived fromwild sources. The utilization of 86 medicinal (and eight aromatic plants) is documented to beused mainly for local consumption (Rulangaranga, 1989).

At least 150 medicinal plants are reported to be traded on the world market (Afro Scan,undated). Though most of these species are collected in natural forests, the most knownTanzanian medicinal plant, Cinchona spp. (C. calisaya, C. ledgeriana, C. officinalis, C.pubescens), is cultivated in association with commercial tree estates in the southernhighlands. The bark is used to extract alkaloids (e.g. quinine, quinidine), which are necessaryfor the production of anti-malaria drugs.

Other medicinal plants traded on the world market are Prunus africana and Warburgiasalutaris. Some 120 t of bark of Prunus africana are extracted every year from the naturalmontane forests. The value of the bark is estimated to be US$2-10 per kg. Some barkmaterial exported from Tanzania might originate from the Republic of Congo (former Zaire)(Cunningham, 1997).

Concern has been expressed over the negative ecological effects of exploitation of certainmedicinal plants. Acacia famesiana and Xylopia aethiopica are believed to "need immediateex situ and in situ conservation measures because of their limited distribution and theirpotential economic importance to the nation" (Rulangarana, 1989). A damage assessment isalso recommended for Warburgia salutaris (Cunningham, 1997).

Studies in Dar es Salaam have shown that in urban centres traditional medicine is practisedextensively (Cunningham, 1997). It was estimated that in 1982 about 30 000-40 000traditional healers were working in Tanzania, compared to 600 medical doctors(Cunningham, 1993). These figures emphasize the importance of medicinal plants forprimary health care. The Tanzanian Government has recognized the importance oftraditional practitioners by establishing the Traditional Research Unit of Muhimbili MedicalCentre.

Utensils, handicrafts and construction materialsFibres are important NWFP used as utensils and construction material. They are consideredas the "most potential but least developed" NWFP in Tanzania (Chihongo, 1992). Importanttree species providing material for the construction of beehives include Acacia sp.,Brachystegia sp. and Combretum sp.

117

39 TSh1 000 correspond to US$1.3 (rate of exchange on 3/12/1999).

Fodder Forest forage is an important supplementary diet for livestock and wildlife which contains essential proteins (in its pods, buds and leaves). Especially in the dry season, browsing of fodder trees remains an essential activity for the survival of the animals. In general, cattle and wildlife browse in natural stands of Prosopis spp. and Acacia spp. Only in the densely populated highland areas (e.g. Arusha, Kilimanjaro) people are cultivating fodder trees like Leucena leucocephala, Erythrina sp. or Grevillea robusta. In general, fodder trees are used at the community level, nevertheless commercialization is documented. The value of fodder trees is estimated to be TSh900 million39

, which corresponds to seven percent of the total value of the primary forest production (Chihongo, 1992).

Medicines

Medicinal plants are used in traditional medicine and traded on the world market. Some 80 percent of the Tanzanians rely on traditional medicine based on plants mainly derived from wild sources. The utilization of 86 medicinal (and eight aromatic plants) is documented to be used mainly for local consumption (Rulangaranga, 1989).

At least 150 medicinal plants are reported to be traded on the world market (Afro Scan, undated). Though most of these species are collected in natural forests, the most known Tanzanian medicinal plant, Cinchona spp. (C. calisaya, C. ledgeriana, C. officinalis, C. pubescens), is cultivated in association with commercial tree estates in the southern highlands. The bark is used to extract alkaloids (e.g. quinine, quinidine), which are necessary for the production of anti-malaria drugs.

Other medicinal plants traded on the world market are Prunus africana and Warburgia salutaris. Some 120 t of bark of Prunus africana are extracted every year from the natural montane forests. The value of the bark is estimated to be US$2-10 per kg. Some bark material exported from Tanzania might originate from the Republic of Congo (former Zaire) (Cunningham, 1997).

Concern has been expressed over the negative ecological effects of exploitation of certain medicinal plants. Acacia farnesiana and Xylopia aethiopica are believed to "need immediate ex situ and in situ conservation measures because of their limited distribution and their potential economic importance to the nation" (Rulangarana, 1989). A damage assessment is also recommended for Warburgia salutaris (Cunningham, 1997).

Studies in Dar es Salaam have shown that in urban centres traditional medicine is practised extensively (Cunningham, 1997). It was estimated that in 1982 about 30 000-40 000 traditional healers were working in Tanzania, compared to 600 medical doctors (Cunningham, 1993). These figures emphasize the importance of medicinal plants for primary health care. The Tanzanian Government has recognized the importance of traditional practitioners by establishing the Traditional Research Unit of Muhimbili Medical Centre.


Fibres are important NWFP used as utensils and construction material. They are considered as the "most potential but least developed" NWFP in Tanzania (Chihongo, 1992). Important tree species providing material for the construction of beehives include Acacia sp., Brachystegia sp. and Combretum sp.

39 TSh1 000 correspond to US$1.3 (rate of exchange on 3/12/1999).

117

ExudatesGum arabic is tapped from wild Acacia woodlands in the Singida, Arusha, Shinyanga andTabora regions. In 1994, about 1 000 t were harvested. In order to increase production ofgum arabic, new plantations have been, and will be, established.

Latex is obtained from the rubber tree Hevea brasiliensis, cultivated mainly in Zanzibar. In1991, about 10 543 t were exported from Tanzania, equivalent to a value of US$913 820(Chihongo, 1992).

Pine plantations of Pinus efflottii (5 215 ha) and P. caribaea (8 090 ha) are considered aspotential areas for resin production in Tanzania (Coppen, 1995).


Living animalsTanzania is one of Africa's major sources of wild birds sold on the international market. Over180 000 birds representing 116 species are exported, mainly to Europe and North America. Itis not clear if these species can be considered as miombo species. However, "there is verylow return to Tanzania of the true economic value, perhaps only 2-3 percent, as a result ofdeliberate under-pricing" (Birgham, Chihongo and Chidumayo, 1996).

Honey and beeswaxHoney and beeswax are two of the most important NWFP in Tanzania. Honey is important asa sweetener and as a source of raw material for alcoholic beverages (honey beer). Inaddition, it is used in traditional ceremonies (like marriages and circumcisions). Beeswax isused locally in a wide range of applications.

Honey and beeswax are collected in miombo woodlands, as well as outside the forests inagricultural land in western, central and southern Tanzania. Collection is done with traditionalmethods without using chemicals and, consequently, negative ecological effects are causedby the utilization of fire and the felling of trees (pers. comm. Karmann, 1999). Most of thehoney is consumed locally. Nevertheless, honey and beeswax are exported and constitutean important source of foreign currency earning. In 1989 and 1991, Tanzania earned US$0.5and 2.6 million, respectively, from exports with beeswax accounting by far for the largershare. Significant importers of Tanzanian beeswax are Germany, Japan and the UnitedKingdom. Honey markets are in the Middle East and in the United Arab Emirates (Birgham,Chihongo and Chidumayo, 1996).

BushmeatBushmeat is an important resource at the local level.

Other Edible Animal ProductsIn some parts of Tanzania cropping of termite colonies of the winged reproductive termites tobe sold on local markets as foodstuff is a common practice. Some insects are recorded to beexported to Uganda (Birgham, Chihongo and Chidumayo, 1996).

118

Exudates

Gum arabic is tapped from wild Acacia woodlands in the Sing ida, Arusha, Shinyanga and Tabora regions. In 1994, about 1 000 t were harvested. In order to increase production of gum arabic, new plantations have been, and will be, established.

Latex is obtained from the rubber tree Hevea brasiliensis, cultivated mainly in Zanzibar. In 1991, about 10 543 t were exported from Tanzania, equivalent to a value of US$913 820 (Chihongo, 1992).

Pine plantations of Pinus elliottii (5215 ha) and P. caribaea (8090 ha) are considered as potential areas for resin production in Tanzania (Coppen, 1995).


Living animals

Tanzania is one of Africa's major sources of wild birds sold on the international market. Over 180 000 birds representing 116 species are exported, mainly to Europe and North America. It is not clear if these species can be considered as miombo species. However, "there is very low return to Tanzania of the true economic value, perhaps only 2-3 percent, as a result of deliberate under-pricing" (Birgham, Chihongo and Chidumayo, 1996).

Honey and beeswax

Honey and beeswax are two of the most important NWFP in Tanzania. Honey is important as a sweetener and as a source of raw material for alcoholic beverages (honey beer). In addition, it is used in traditional ceremonies (like marriages and circumcisions). Beeswax is used locally in a wide range of applications.

Honey and beeswax are collected in miombo woodlands, as well as outside the forests in agricultural land in western, central and southern Tanzania. Collection is done with traditional methods without using chemicals and, consequently, negative ecological effects are caused by the utilization of fire and the felling of trees (pers. comm. Karmann, 1999). Most of the honey is consumed locally. Nevertheless, honey and beeswax are exported and constitute an important source of foreign currency earning. In 1989 and 1991, Tanzania earned US$0.5 and 2.6 million, respectively, from exports with beeswax accounting by far for the larger share. Significant importers of Tanzanian beeswax are Germany, Japan and the United Kingdom. Honey markets are in the Middle East and in the United Arab Emirates (Birgham, Chihongo and Chidumayo, 1996).

Bushmeat

Bushmeat is an important resource at the local level.

Other Edible Animal Products

In some parts of Tanzania cropping of termite colonies of the winged reproductive termites to be sold on local markets as foodstuff is a common practice. Some insects are recorded to be exported to Uganda (Birgham, Chihongo and Chidumayo, 1996).

118

REFERENCES

Afro Scan International. Undated. Medicinal herbs and health food plants. Dar es Salaam.Birgham, T., Chihongo, A. & Chidumayo, E. 1996. Trade in woodland products from the

miombo region. In B. Campbell, ed. The miombo in transition: Woodlands and welfarein Africa. Bogor. CIFOR.

Chihongo, A.W. 1992. Pilot country study on NWFP for Tanzania. In CommonwealthScience Council & FAO, eds. Non-wood forest products: A regional expertconsultation for English-speaking African countries, 17-22 October 1993, Arusha,Tanzania.

Clarke, J., Cavendish, W. & Coote, C. 1996. Rural households and miombo woodlands:Use, value and management. In B. Campbell, ed. The miombo in transition:Woodlands and welfare in Africa. Bogor. CIFOR.

Coppen, J.J.W. 1995. Prospects for new gum naval stores production in Sub-SahelianAfrica: An assessment of the pine resources in Malawi, Zambia, Tanzania andUganda and their potential for the production of turpine and rosin. Chatham. NaturalResource Institute.

Cunningham, A.B. 1993. African medicinal plants. Setting priorities at the interface betweenconservation and primary health care. People and Plants Working Paper No. 1. Paris.Unesco.

Cunningham, A.B. 1997. An Africa-wide overview of medicinal plant harvesting,conservation and health care. In Global Initiative for Traditional Systems of Health &FAO, eds. Medicinal plants for forest conservation and health care. FAO Non-WoodForest Products Series No. 11. Rome.

Cunningham, M., Cunningham, A.B. & Schippmann, U. 1997. Trade in Prunus africanaand the implementation of CITES. Bonn German Federal Agency of NatureConservation.

FAO. 1989. Tanzania country report, by G.S. Kowero& S.G. Mathias. FAO Seminar onForestry Statistics in Africa, Blantyre, Malawi 12-25 Nov. 1989. Rome.

FAO. 1993. Indigenous multipurpose trees of Tanzania: Uses and economic benefits forpeople. FO:Misc/93/9. Rome.

FAO. 1993. International Trade in NWFP. An overview, by M. lqbal. Working PaperFO:Misc/93/11. Rome.

Makonda, F.B.S. & lshengoma, R.C. 1997. Indigenous knowledge and utilization potentialsof selected gum, resin and oil plant species of Tanzania. In J.0. Mugah, B.N.Chikamai & E. Casadei, eds. Conservation, management and utilization of plantgums, resins and essential oils. Proceedings of a regional conference for Africa, 6-10October. Nairobi.

Mbuya, L.P., Msanga, H.P., Ruffo, C.K., Birnie, A. & Tengnas, B. 1994. Useful trees andshrubs for Tanzania. Technical Handbook No. 6. Nairobi. Regional Soil ConservationUnit/SIDA.

Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Natural Resources. 1997. Zanzibar long-termforestry plan. Draft for public comment. Zanzibar.

Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Tourism. Undated. Tanzania forestry actionplan 1990/91 2007/08.

Rulangaranga, Z.K. 1989. Some important indigenous medicinal and aromatic plants in thewild flora of Tanzania mainland. Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Tourism,Forest and Beekeeping Division. Tropical Forestry Action Plan. Working Paper No.24. Dar es Salaam.

119

REFERENCES

Afro Scan International. Undated. Medicinal herbs and health food plants. Dar es Salaam. Birgham, T., Chihongo, A. & Chidumayo, E. 1996. Trade in woodland products from the

miombo region. In B. Campbell, ed. The miombo in transition: Woodlands and welfare in Africa. Bogor. CIFOR.

Chihongo, A.W. 1992. Pilot country study on NWFP for Tanzania. In Commonwealth Science Council & FAO, eds. Non-wood forest products: A regional expert consultation for English-speaking African countries, 17-22 October 1993, Arusha, Tanzania.

Clarke, J., Cavendish, W. & Coote, C. 1996. Rural households and miombo woodlands: Use, value and management. In B. Campbell, ed. The miombo in transition: Woodlands and welfare in Africa. Bogor. CIFOR.

Coppen, J.J.W. 1995. Prospects for new gum naval stores production in Sub-Sahelian Africa: An assessment of the pine resources in Malawi, Zambia, Tanzania and Uganda and their potential for the production of turpine and rosin. Chatham. Natural Resource Institute.

Cunningham, A.B. 1993. African medicinal plants. Setting priorities at the interface between conservation and primary health care. People and Plants Working Paper No.1. Paris. Unesco.

Cunningham, A.B. 1997. An Africa-wide overview of medicinal plant harvesting, conservation and health care. In Global Initiative for Traditional Systems of Health & FAO, eds. Medicinal plants for forest conservation and health care. FAO Non-Wood Forest Products Series No. 11. Rome.

Cunningham, M., Cunningham, A.B. & Schippmann, U. 1997. Trade in Prunus africana and the implementation of CITES. Bonn German Federal Agency of Nature Conservation.

FAO. 1989. Tanzania country report, by G.S. Kowero& S.G. Mathias. FAO Seminar on Forestry Statistics in Africa, Blantyre, Malawi 12-25 Nov. 1989. Rome.

FAO. 1993. Indigenous multipurpose trees of Tanzania: Uses and economic benefits for people. FO:Misc/93/9. Rome.

FAO. 1993. International Trade in NWFP. An overview, by M. Iqbal. Working Paper FO:Misc/93/11. Rome.

Makonda, F.B.S. & Ishengoma, R.C. 1997. Indigenous knowledge and utilization potentials of selected gum, resin and oil plant species of Tanzania. In J.O. Mugah, B.N. Chikamai & E. Casadei, eds. Conservation, management and utilization of plant gums, resins and essential oils. Proceedings of a regional conference for Africa, 6-10 October. Nairobi.

Mbuya, L.P., Msanga, H.P., Ruffo, C.K., Birnie, A. & Tengnas, B. 1994. Useful trees and shrubs for Tanzania. Technical Handbook No.6. Nairobi. Regional Soil Conservation UnitiSIDA.

Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Natural Resources. 1997. Zanzibar long-term forestry plan. Draft for public comment. Zanzibar.

Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Tourism. Undated. Tanzania forestry action plan 1990191 - 2007108.

Rulangaranga, Z.K. 1989. Some important indigenous medicinal and aromatic plants in the wild flora of Tanzania mainland. Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Tourism, Forest and Beekeeping Division. Tropical Forestry Action Plan. Working Paper No. 24. Dar es Salaam.

119

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTThis report has been realized thanks to the funding of the ECFAO Partnership Programme"Data Collection and Analysis for Sustainable Forest Management in ACP Countries". Thecontent is based on available information at FAO Headquarters in Rome. Further informationwas provided by Mrs M. Karmann (University of Freiburg, Germany).

Additional information on NWFP in Tanzania would be appreciated and duly acknowledged.

ANNEX 1. FOREST SERVICESTourism (game hunting, viewing, photography) is the most important forest service. It isoften related with other wildlife based activities such as bushmeat consumption, as well astrade in animal trophies and live animals.

Tourism might be the biggest revenue earner in the forestry sector based on wildlifemanagement and hunting (e.g. in the Serengeti). The value of these activities was estimatedat US$ 50 million in 1989.

Forests are also used for cultural purposes. In the Babati District for example, localcommunities have established traditional forest reserves, used for male circumcisionceremonies, as meeting place for male elders, burial grounds, natural springs, privatereserves, rainmaking ceremonies, place for teaching young women, etc. Cutting of trees isstrictly forbidden and limited access to other resources is allowed, subject to harvesting rules(Clarke, Cavendish and Coote, 1996)

120

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This report has been realized thanks to the funding of the EC-FAO Partnership Programme "Data Collection and Analysis for Sustainable Forest Management in ACP Countries". The content is based on available information at FAO Headquarters in Rome. Further information was provided by Mrs M. Karmann (University of Freiburg, Germany).

Additional information on NWFP in Tanzania would be appreciated and duly acknowledged.

ANNEX 1. FOREST SERVICES

Tourism (game hunting, viewing, photography) is the most important forest service. It is often related with other wildlife based activities such as bushmeat consumption, as well as trade in animal trophies and live animals.

Tourism might be the biggest revenue earner in the forestry sector based on wildlife management and hunting (e.g. in the Serengeti). The value of these activities was estimated at US$ 50 million in 1989.

Forests are also used for cultural purposes. In the Babati District for example, local communities have established traditional forest reserves, used for male circumcision ceremonies, as meeting place for male elders, burial grounds, natural springs, private reserves, rainmaking ceremonies, place for teaching young women, etc. Cutting of trees is strictly forbidden and limited access to other resources is allowed, subject to harvesting rules (Clarke, Cavendish and Coote, 1996)

120

QUANTITATIVE DATA ON NWFP OF TANZANIA

121

I Product Resource Economic valueCategory Importance Trade name



1, 2, 3 F, P, 0 W, C N, I

I Plants and plant productsFodder 1 Acacia sp.,

Prosopis sp.le F W N Annual output of fodder

crops: TSh900 million(Chihongo, 1992)

Chihongo, 1992;FAO, 1993

Medicine 1 Cinchona sp. ba P c I Exploitation of 756 t (bark) in1991, equivalent toUS$258 000 (Chihongo,1992)

The literature doesnot clarify, ifunprocessed barkmaterial orPreprocessedextracts areexported.

Chihongo, 1992

Prunus africana ba F W I Exploitation of 120 t of barkmaterial per year, equivalentto US$240 000 1 200 000(Cunningham, 1997)

Over-exploitation ofnatural stands mightbe possible and hasto be checked

Cunningham, 1997

Dying, Tanning 2 Wattle Acacia meamsii,A. mollissima

ba/ta P c N, I Production of 1 184 t in1991 for the national marketo Exportsof 4 282 t for avalue of US$2 854 260

Supply has becomea problem

Ministry of Lands,Natural Resourcesand Tourism(undated)

Exudates 2 Rubber Heveabrasiliensis

la P C I Exports of 10 543 t, for avalue of US$913 820(Chihongo, 1992)

Chihongo, 1992

Gum arabio Acacia senegal,A. seyal,A. spirocarpa,A. tortilis

gu F W N, I Production of 500 t (1994)for the national market

Exports of 500 t in 1994(Makonda and Ishengoma,1998)

Export value wasUS$900 000 in 1991(Chihongo 1992).

55-60% of exportedgum arabic is usedin food industry

Makonda andlshengoma 1997;Chihongo 1992

QUANTITATIVE DATA ON NWFP OF TANZANIA Product Resource Economic value


I Remarks

I References

I Generic term used

1,2,3 F,P,O W,C N, I

I Plants and plant products I Fodder 1 Acacia sp., Ie F W N Annual output of fodder Chihongo, 1992;

Prosopis sp. crops: TSh900 million FAO,1993 (Chihongo, 1992)

Medicine 1 Cinchona sp. ba P C I Exploitation of 756 t (bark) in The literature does Chihongo, 1992 1991, equivalent to not clarify, if US$258 000 (Chihongo, unprocessed bark 1992) material or

Preprocessed extracts are exported.

Prunus africana ba F W I Exploitation of 120 t of bark Over-exploitation of Cunningham, 1997 material per year, equivalent natural stands might to US$240 000- 1 200 000 be possible and has (CunninQham, 1997) to be checked

Dying, Tanning 2 Wattle Acacia meamsii, balta P C N, I • Production of 1 184 t in Supply has become Ministry of Lands, A. mollissima 1991 for the national market a problem Natural Resources

• Exportsof 4 282 t for a and Tourism value of US$2 854 260 (undated)

Exudates 2 Rubber Hevea la P C I Exports of 10 543 t, for a Chihongo, 1992 brasiliensis value of US$913 820

(Chihongo, 1992) Gum arabic Acacia senegal, gu F W N, I • Production of 500 t (1994) 55-60% of exported Makonda and

A. seya/, for the national market gum arabic is used Ishengoma 1997; A. spirocarpa, • Exports of 500 t in 1994 in food industry Chihongo 1992 A. tortilis (Makonda and Ishengoma,

1998) • Export value was US$900 000 in 1991 (ChihonQo 1992).

-- -

121

122

Animals and animal productsLiving animals 2 Ostriches,

Parrots, Lovebirds

I Exportation of 13 515 000heads in 1991, for a value ofUS$346 800 (Chihongo,1992)

Tanzania is animportant supplier ofbirds on the worldmarket

Chihongo, 1992

Honey,beeswax

1 ho F, 0 W I

I

Exports of 140 t in 1991, fora value of US$ 116 790(Chihongo, 1992)Exports of 474 t in 1991, fora value of US$2 450 450(Chihongo, 1992)

resource isunderexploited

Resource isunderexploited

Chihongo, 1992

Chihongo, 1992bw F, 0 W

Other non-edible animalproducts

Elephant,zebras, lions,leopards,phytons,cheethas

W I Exports of 256 t in 1991, fora value of US$1 012 770(Chihongo, 1992)

Utilization astrophies

Chihongo, 1992




living animals

Honey, beeswax

Other non-edible animal products



2 Ostriches, I Exportation of 13515000 Parrots, Love heads in 1991, for a value of birds US$346 800 (Chihongo,

1992) 1 ho F,O W I Exports of 140 t in 1991, for

a value of US$ 116 790 (Chihongo, 1992)

bw F,O W I Exports of 474 t in 1991, for a value of US$2 450 450 (Chihongo, 1992)

Elephant, W I Exports of 256 t in 1991, for zebras, lions, a value of US$1 012770 leopards, (Chihongo, 1992) phytons, cheethas

1- high importance on the national level; 2 - high importance on the locailregionallevel; 3 -low importance an - entire animal; ba - bark; bw - beeswax; Ie - leaves; nu - nuts; fi - fibres; fI - flowers; fr - fruits; gu - gums; ho - honey; la - latex; oi - oil; pi - entire plant; re - resins; ro - roots; sa - sap; se - seeds; st - stem; ta - tannins F - natural forest or other wooded lands; P - plantation; 0 - others: trees outside forests (e.g. agroforestry, homegardens) W - wild, C - cultivated N - national; I - international

122

I Tanzania is an Chihongo, 1992 important supplier of birds on the world market resource is Chihongo, 1992 underexploited

Resource is Chihongo, 1992 underexploited

Utilization as Chihongo, 1992 trophies

3.2.8 Uganda (E)

INTRODUCTION

Main Non-Wood Forest ProductsAnimal based non-wood forest products (NWFP) such as honey and bushmeat seem to bethe most significant ones in forest exploitation in Uganda.

Other NWFP include bamboo (Arundinaria alpina), rattan, fibres (e.g. Raphia farinifera,Cyperus papyrus, Loesenerilla apocynoides), medicinal plants, gums (e.g. Acacia senegal),resins (Pinus caribaea) and edible oils (e.g. palm oil, sheabutter).

General InformationNWFP are generally obtained from wild resources in and outside the forest. Plantations ofimportant products do not exist.

Most NWFP are used on a national scale. International trade in NWFP is only documentedfor resins, trophies and tourism.

A case study concerning the utilization of NWFP around the Bwindi Impenetrable NationalPark was conducted by Cunningham (1996). The exploitation of edible wild plant resources,beekeeping and honey collection, medicinal plants, basketry and bamboo has beendocumented in detail.

Cunningham (1996) identifies key species (15 edible plants, 11 species used for constructionof beehives, nine medicinal plants commercially collected for sale, and 19 plants used forbasketry) and formulates recommendations for the sustainable utilization of NWFP aroundthe Bwindi National Park.


FoodNaluswa (1993) lists 16 vegetables, 17 edible fruits, 7 edible mushrooms and five ediblegrasses that are used in Uganda.

Trade in NWFP has increased and one example is the sale and export of sheabutterobtained from Vitellaria paradoxa. Vitellaria paradoxa is an important multi-purpose tree innorthern Uganda. Its nuts are eaten and used for production of food oil (sheabutter). Sincenuts are collected from wild sources in the "hungry season", they contribute significantly tothe daily nutrient supply. Besides, they represent an interesting source of income for women,who sell sheabutter on the local markets.

Export of sheabutter was started in 1996 by the Shea Project. At the moment, approximately50 kg/a of sheabutter are exported to the United States. Since V. paradoxa seems to be an"under-utilized natural resource" in Uganda, whose yield is higher than that of its WestAfrican subspecies, exports are expected to increase. Up to now, no plantations of V.paradoxa have been established due to its slow development (15-20 years before fruiting)(Covol Uganda,1997).

123

3.2.8 Uganda (E)

INTRODUCTION


Animal based non-wood forest products (NWFP) such as honey and bushmeat seem to be the most significant ones in forest exploitation in Uganda.

Other NWFP include bamboo (Arundinaria alpina), rattan, fibres (e.g. Raphia farinifera, Cyperus papyrus, LoeseneriJIa apocynoides), medicinal plants, gums (e.g. Acacia senegal), resins (Pinus caribaea) and edible oils (e.g. palm oil, sheabutter).

General Information

NWFP are generally obtained from wild resources in and outside the forest. Plantations of important products do not exist.

Most NWFP are used on a national scale. International trade in NWFP is only documented for resins, trophies and tourism.

A case study concerning the utilization of NWFP around the Bwindi Impenetrable National Park was conducted by Cunningham (1996). The exploitation of edible wild plant resources, beekeeping and honey collection, medicinal plants, basketry and bamboo has been documented in detail.

Cunningham (1996) identifies key species (15 edible plants, 11 species used for construction of beehives, nine medicinal plants commercially collected for sale, and 19 plants used for basketry) and formulates recommendations for the sustainable utilization of NWFP around the Bwindi National Park.


Food Naluswa (1993) lists 16 vegetables, 17 edible fruits, 7 edible mushrooms and five edible grasses that are used in Uganda.

Trade in NWFP has increased and one example is the sale and export of shea butter obtained from Vitel/aria paradoxa. Vitel/aria paradoxa is an important multi-purpose tree in northern Uganda. Its nuts are eaten and used for production of food oil (sheabutter). Since nuts are collected from wild sources in the "hungry season", they contribute significantly to the daily nutrient supply. Besides, they represent an interesting source of income for women, who sell sheabutter on the local markets.

Export of sheabutter was started in 1996 by the Shea Project. At the moment, approximately 50 kg/a of sheabutter are exported to the United States. Since V. paradoxa seems to be an "under-utilized natural resource" in Uganda, whose yield is higher than that of its West African subspecies, exports are expected to increase. Up to now, no plantations of V. paradoxa have been established due to its slow development (15-20 years before fruiting) (Covol Uganda,1997).

123

MedicinesAt least 300 plant species are used in traditional medicine (Naluswa, 1993). Studies onmedicinal plants in Kampala have shown that in urban centres traditional medicine ispractised extensively (Cunningham, 1997).

Naluswa (1993) describes the "low level of commercial trade in traditional medicines". Noinformation is available on international trade in medicinal plants. Only exploitation andexports of Prunus africana in 1992 are documented (Cunningham et al., 1997).

Utensils, handicrafts and construction materialsConsiderable exploitation of bamboo was documented in the montane forests of Rwenzori,Mount Elgon, Mgahinga, Echuya and Bwindi (Howard, 1991).


BushmeatBushmeat (e.g. buffalo, giant forest hog, bushbuck) seems to be the major forest use sincethe precolonial era. Hunting of bushmeat may take place in special game reserves (9 282km2) and controlled hunting areas (35 145 km2) (Ministry of Natural Resources, 1994).However, it is actually practised also outside these areas. Chimpanzees and mountaingorillas are reported to be hunted by certain ethnic groups (Batwa, Baamba, Bakonjo,Bagisu) in Semliki, Rwenzori and Mount Elgon (Howard, 1991).

REFERENCESAndrua H.J. 1989. Uganda country report. FAO Seminar on Forestry Statistics in Africa,

Blantyre, Malawi 12-25 Nov. 1989. Rome.Commonwealth Secretariat. 1994. Sustainable management of tropical rain forest in

Uganda. LondonCoppen, J.J.W. 1995. Prospects for new gum naval stores production in sub-sahelian Africa:

An assessment of the pine resources in Malawi, Zambia, Tanzania and Uganda andtheir potential for the production of turpine and rosin. Natural Resource Institute.

Covol Uganda. 1997. The Shea project for local conservation and development. (The SheaProject): Expansion Phase I, October 1997- September 2001. Kampala, Lira.

Cunningham, A.B. 1996. People, park and plant use. Recommendations for multiple-usezones and development alternatives around Bwindi Impenetrable National Park,Uganda. People and Plants Working Paper 4. Paris. Unesco.


Cunningham, M., Cunningham, A.B. & Schippmann, U. 1997. Trade in Prunus africanaand the implementation of CITES. Bonn German Federal Agency of NatureConservation.


Howard, P.C. 1991. Nature conservation in Uganda's tropical forest reserves. Gland. IUCN.Ministry of Natural Resources. 1994. The draft national environment action plan for

Uganda. KampalaNaluswa, J.T. 1993. A report on a pilot country study of non-wood forest products in

Uganda. In Commonwealth Science Council & FAO, eds. Non-wood forest products:A regional expert consultation for English-speaking African countries, 17-22 October1993, Arusha, Tanzania.

124

Medicines

At least 300 plant species are used in traditional medicine (Naluswa, 1993). Studies on medicinal plants in Kampala have shown that in urban centres traditional medicine is practised extensively (Cunningham, 1997).

Naluswa (1993) describes the "low level of commercial trade in traditional medicines". No information is available on international trade in medicinal plants. Only exploitation and exports of Prunus africana in 1992 are documented (Cunningham et al., 1997).

Utensils, handicrafts and construction materials Considerable exploitation of bamboo was documented in the montane forests of Rwenzori, Mount Elgon, Mgahinga, Echuya and Bwindi (Howard, 1991).


Bushmeat

Bushmeat (e.g. buffalo, giant forest hog, bushbuck) seems to be the major forest use since the precolonial era. Hunting of bushmeat may take place in special game reserves (9 282 km2

) and controlled hunting areas (35 145 km2) (Ministry of Natural Resources, 1994).

However, it is actually practised also outside these areas. Chimpanzees and mountain gorillas are reported to be hunted by certain ethnic groups (Batwa, Baamba, Bakonjo, Bagisu) in Semliki, Rwenzori and Mount Elgon (Howard, 1991).

REFERENCES Andrua H.J. 1989. Uganda country report. FAO Seminar on Forestry Statistics in Africa,

Blantyre, Malawi 12-25 Nov. 1989. Rome. Commonwealth Secretariat. 1994. Sustainable management of tropical rain forest in

Uganda. London Coppen, J.J.W. 1995. Prospects for new gum naval stores production in sub-sahelian Africa:

An assessment of the pine resources in Malawi, Zambia, Tanzania and Uganda and their potential for the production ofturpine and rosin. Natural Resource Institute.

Covol Uganda. 1997. The Shea project for local conservation and development. (The Shea Project): Expansion Phase I, October 1997 - September 2001. Kampala, Lira.

Cunningham, A.B. 1996. People, park and plant use. Recommendations for multiple-use zones and development alternatives around Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. People and Plants Working Paper 4. Paris. Unesco.


Cunningham, M., Cunningham, A.B. & Schippmann, U. 1997. Trade in Prunus africana and the implementation of CITES. Bonn German Federal Agency of Nature Conservation.

FAO. 1993. International Trade in NWFP. An overview, by M. Iqbal. FAO Working Paper FO:Misc/93/11. Rome.

Howard, P.C. 1991. Nature conservation in Uganda's tropical forest reserves. Gland. IUCN. Ministry of Natural Resources. 1994. The draft national environment action plan for

Uganda. Kampala Naluswa, J. T. 1993. A report on a pilot country study of non-wood forest products in

Uganda. In Commonwealth Science Council & FAO, eds. Non-wood forest products: A regional expert consultation for English-speaking African countries, 17-22 October 1993, Arusha, Tanzania.

124

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This report has been realized thanks to the funding of the ECFAO Partnership Programme"Data Collection and Analysis for Sustainable Forest Management in ACP Countries". Thecontent is based on available information at FAO Headquarters in Rome.

Additional information on NWFP in Uganda would be appreciated and duly acknowledged.

ANNEX 1. FOREST SERVICESTourism (birdwatching, mountain gorillas) is the most important forest service.

Wildlife based ecotourism is being recognized as a major potential source of foreignexchange earning (Commonwealth Secretariat, 1994). Especially national parks (10 parkscovering 11 000 km2) are important habitats for nature-oriented tourism (Ministry of NaturalResources, 1994). Uganda is particularly known for its mountain gorillas and birds. With itsmore than 1 000 species it is the richest African region in birds and, therefore, among themost interesting ones for birdwatching.

125

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT


Additional information on NWFP in Uganda would be appreciated and duly acknowledged.


Tourism (birdwatching, mountain gorillas) is the most important forest service.

Wildlife based ecotourism is being recognized as a major potential source of foreign exchange earning (Commonwealth Secretariat, 1994). Especially national parks (10 parks covering 11 000 km2

) are important habitats for nature-oriented tourism (Ministry of Natural Resources, 1994). Uganda is particularly known for its mountain gorillas and birds. With its more than 1 000 species it is the richest African region in birds and, therefore, among the most interesting ones for birdwatching.

125

QUANTITATIVE DATA ON NWFP OF UGANDA


la latex; oi oil; pl entire plant; re resins; ro roots; sa sap; se seeds; st stem; ta tanninsHabitat: F - natural forest or other wooded lands; P - plantation; O others: trees outside forests (e.g. agroforestry, homegardens)Source: W - wild, C - cultivatedDestination: N - national; I international

126


Generic termSpecies Pad.


1, 2, 3 F, P, 0 W, C N, I

Plants and plant productsFood 2 Sheabutter Vitellaria paradoxa nu F, 0 W N, I Annual export of 50 kg in

1996/97 (Covol Uganda,1997)

Minimum quantifiablevalue of shea products inthe local markets of OtukeCounty:U5h23 000 000 per year4°(Covol Uganda, 1997)

Covol Uganda, 1997

40USh10 000 correspond to US$9.5 (rate of exchange on 01/07/1997).

QUANTITATIVE DATA ON NWFP OF UGANDA


I Generic term used

1,2,3 F,P,O W,C N, I


Food



2 Sheabutter Vitellaria paradoxa nu F,O W N, I • Annual export of 50 kg in 1996/97 (Coval Uganda, 1997) • Minimum quantifiable value of shea products in the local markets of Otuke County: USh23 000 000 per year40

(Coval UQanda, 1997)

1- high importance on the national level; 2 - high importance on the local/regionallevel; 3 -low importance an - entire animal; ba - bark; bw - beeswax; Ie - leaves; nu - nuts; fi - fibres; fI - flowers; fr - fruits; gu - gums; ho - honey; la - latex; oi - oil; pi - entire plant; re - resins; ro - roots; sa - sap; se - seeds; st - stem; ta - tannins F - natural forest or other wooded lands; P - plantation; 0 - others: trees outside forests (e.g. agroforestry, homegardens) W - wild, C - cultivated N - national; I - international

40 USh10 000 correspond to US$9.5 (rate of exchange on 01/07/1997).

126

Remarks

I References

Covol Uganda, 1997

3.3 Insular Eu..AAfrica / Iles de l'Afrique de l'Est

3.3.1 Comores (F)

INTRODUCTION

Principaux Produits Forestiers Non LigneuxLes produits forestiers non-ligneux (PFNL) utilises aux Comores incluent les plantescomestibles et ornementales, les animaux vivants, le miel ainsi que le fourrage.

Informations généralesL'utilisation des PFNL aux Comores n'a jamais été étudiée. «Aucune mesure n'a été prisepour rentabiliser ces disponibilités au profit des communautés rurales. Les villageois lesexploitent à leur guise» (Ben Houssen, 1991).


NourritureLes plantes comestibles consommées aux Comores sont le taro, les aréquiers (Areca sp.),les agrumes (Citrus sp.) et les caféiers sauvages (Coffee sp.). Toutes ces espèces poussent

l'état spontané ou subspontané (FAO, 1994).

La production de confiture et de jus obtenu de Psidium guajava alimente une petite industriede transformation (Ben Houssen, 1991).


Animaux vivantsLes reptiles sont achetés par les amateurs de vivarium aux Comores. En plus, il existe uncommerce des papillons rares (FAO, 1994).

REFERENCESBen Houssen, A. 1991. Rapport national pour le 10ème Congrès Forestier Mondial à Paris.

Republique Fedérate Islamique des Comores, Ministère de la Production, del'Industrie et de l'Artisanat. Moroni

FAO. 1994. Conservation de la biodiversité et développement durable sur Pile de Mohéli(Comores). Prepare par B. Bousquet et J.-P. Ledant. Republique Fedérate Islamiquedes Comores.

REMERCIEMENTSCe rapport a été realise grâce au financement du Programme de Partenariat CE-FAO«Collecte et analyse des données pour un aménagement durable de la Forét dans les paysA.C.P.». Le contenu est base sur l'information accessible au siege central de la FAORome.

Des informations supplémentaires sur les PFNL aux Comores seraient bienvenues etreconnues en bonne et due forme.

127

3.3 Insular East Africa Illes de I' Afrique de I'Est

3.3.1 Comores (F)

INTRODUCTION


Les produits forestiers non-ligneux (PFNL) utilises aux Comores incluent les plantes comestibles et ornementales, les animaux vivants, Ie miel ainsi que Ie fourrage.

Informations generales L'utilisation des PFNL aux Comores n'a jamais ete etudiee. «Aucune mesure n'a ete prise pour rentabiliser ces disponibilites au profit des communautes rurales. Les villageois les exploitent a leur guise» (Ben Houssen, 1991).


Nourriture Les plantes comestibles consommees aux Comores sont Ie taro, les arequiers (Areca sp.), les agrumes (Citrus sp.) et les cafeiers sauvages (Coftea sp.). Toutes ces especes poussent a I'etat spontane ou subspontane (FAO, 1994).

La production de confiture et de jus obtenu de Psidium guajava alimente une petite industrie de transformation (Ben Houssen, 1991).


Animaux vivants Les reptiles sont achetes par les amateurs de vivarium aux Comores. En plus, il existe un commerce des papillons rares (FAO, 1994).

REFERENCES Ben Houssen, A. 1991. Rapport national pour Ie 10eme Congres Forestier Mondial a Paris.

Republique Federale Islamique des Comores, Ministere de la Production, de l'lndustrie et de l'Artisanat. Moroni

FAO. 1994. Conservation de la biodiversite et deve/oppement durable sur rile de Moheli (Comores). Prepare par B. Bousquet et J.-P. Ledant. Republique Federale Islamique des Comores.

REMERCIEMENTS Ce rapport a ete realise grace au financement du Programme de Partenariat CE-FAO «Collecte et analyse des donnees pour un amenagement durable de la Foret dans les pays A.C.P.». Le contenu est base sur I'information accessible au siege central de la FAO a Rome.

Des informations supplementaires sur les PFNL aux Comores seraient bienvenues et reconnues en bonne et due forme.

127

3.3.2 Madagascar (F)

INTRODUCTION

Principaux Produits Forestiers Non LigneuxLes principaux produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL) sont les plantes médicinales (e.g.Prunus africana, Catharanthus roseus, Centella asiatica), les plantes ornementales (e.g.orchidées, plantes aquatiques (Aponogeton sp.), plantes xérophiles), les huiles essentielles(e.g. Syzygium sp.) et les animaux vivants (e.g. oiseaux, mammifères, reptiles, insectes).

Informations généralesLes PFNL à Madagascar sont utilisés pour l'autoconsommation ainsi que pour lacommercialisation locale, régionale, nationale et internationale. En évaluant l'utilisation desPFNL dans cinq aires protégées sur les falaises orientales de Madagascar41, Walter (1996,1998) conclut que l'utilisation des PFNL destinés à l'autoconsommation est plus importanteque la commercialisation des PFNL. Les PFNL les plus importants concernantl'autoconsommation dans toutes les réserves sont les plantes médicinales, les matériaux deconstruction, les animaux et les plantes alimentaires.

Concernant la commercialisation, Walter (1996) a identifié différents PFNL qui sontimportants dans les différentes aires protégées:

les plantes médicinales (Prunus africana) à Zahamena;les plantes ornementales (orchidées), papillons, reptiles et amphibiens à Anamalazoatra;les plantes ornementales (Cyathea sp., Ficus sp., orchidées), reptiles et amphibiens àRanomafana;des fibres de Vonitra thouarsii et Chrysalidorcarpus ruber à Mananara; etdes animaux, plantes médicinales et plantes ornementales (Cyathea sp., orchidées) àMasoala.

Ces PFNL sont commercialisés au niveau local et régional (par exemple des plantesornementales vendues aux touristes) ainsi qu'au niveau national (plantes médicinales) etinternational (par exemple Prunus africana).

La valeur totale des PFNL commercialisés est difficile à estimer. BIODIV (1994a) donne deschiffres indicatifs et conservateurs sur l'exportation des PFNL malgaches:

41 Réserve NatureIle Intégrale de Zahamena, Réserve Spéciale Anamalazoatra/Parc National deMantadia, Parcs Nationaux de Ranomafana, Mananara-Nord et Masoala.

128

3.3.2 Madagascar (F)

INTRODUCTION


Les principaux produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL) sont les plantes medicinales (e.g. Prunus africana, Catharanthus rose us, Centella asiatica), les plantes ornementales (e.g. orchidees, plantes aquatiques (Aponogeton sp.), plantes xerophiles), les huiles essentielles (e.g. Syzygium sp.) et les animaux vivants (e.g. oiseaux, mammiferes, reptiles, insectes).


Les PFNL a Madagascar sont utilises pour I'autoconsommation ainsi que pour la commercialisation locale, regionale, nationale et internationale. En evaluant I'utilisation des PFNL dans cinq aires protegees sur les falaises orientales de Madagascar41

, Walter (1996, 1998) conclut que I'utilisation des PFNL destines a I'autoconsommation est plus importante que la commercialisation des PFNL. Les PFNL les plus importants concernant I'autoconsommation dans toutes les reserves sont les plantes medicinales, les materiaux de construction, les animaux et les plantes alimentaires.

Concernant la commercialisation, Walter (1996) a identifie differents PFNL qui sont importants dans les differentes aires protegees: It les plantes medicinales (Prunus africana) a Zahamena; • les plantes ornementales (orchidees), papillons, reptiles et amphibiens a Anamalazoatra; III les plantes ornementales (Cyathea sp., Ficus sp., orchidees), reptiles et amphibiens a

Ranomafana; CD des fibres de Vonitra thouarsii et Chrysalidorcarpus ruber a Mananara; et • des animaux, plantes medicinales et plantes ornementales (Cyathea sp., orchidees) a

Masoala.

Ces PFNL sont commercialises au niveau local et regional (par exemple des plantes ornementales vendues aux touristes) ainsi qu'au niveau national (plantes medicinales) et international (par exemple Prunus africana).

La valeur totale des PFNL commercialises est difficile a estimer. BIODIV (1994a) donne des chiffres indicatifs et conservateurs sur I'exportation des PFNL malgaches:

41 Reserve Naturelle Integrale de Zahamena, Reserve Speciale Anamalazoatra/Pare National de Mantadia, Pares Nationaux de Ranomafana, Mananara-Nord et Masoala.

128

Source: modifié selon BIODEV (1994)


MédecineSeIon Walter (1996), la valeur des plantes médicinales42 a atteint 2 089 864 dollars E.U.(FMG4 000 000 000)43 en 1993, ce qui correspond à 57 percent de la valeur de l'exportationdu bois (1993: 3 643 700 dollars E-U. ou FMG6 974 041 923). Ainsi, parmi les plantesmédicinales de grande valeur se trouvent Prunus africana, Catharanthus roseus et Centellaasiatica. En outre, ce chiffre est beaucoup plus élevé que celui proposé par BIODEV (1994,voir Tableau 1), car il inclut l'exportation des produits semi-transformés comme le liquideobtenu de l'écorce de Prunus africana.

Prunus africana est un arbre pan tropical qui se trouve dans les régions Nord et Est deMadagascar. Des extraits liquides de l'écorce sont utilisés pour la production d'unmédicament italien («Pigenil»), appliqué contre la maladie de la prostate. L'écorce estexploitée commercialement à Madagascar depuis 1979. Entre 1988 et 1994, 180 t enmoyenne d'écorce ont été exploitées. Jusqu'à présent, il n'existe pas de chiffre confirméofficiellement concernant la valeur et la quantité de l'écorce exploitée, ou du liquide exporté.Walter (1996) estime que les 300 t d'écorce exploitées en 1993 ont eu une valeurd'exportation d'environ US$1 436 781 (FMG2 750 000 000), ce qui correspond à 166 percentde la valeur des autres plantes médicinales exportées.

Prunus africana est uniquement recueilli en forét naturelle. Différents rapports (Cunninghamet aL 1997, Walter & Rakotonirina 1995, Walter 1996, Walter 1998) indiquent unesurexploitation de cette espèce à Madagascar. A cause de cette surexploitation, Prunusafricana est mis sur l'Annexe II de la Convention sur le commerce international des espècesde faune et de flore sauvages menacées d'extinction (CITES).

42 ,iL estimation nclut les plantes médicinales suivantes: Drosera madagascariensensis, Centella

asiatica, Catharantus roseus, Eugenia sp. Haron gana madagascariensis, Hazunta sp. Medemianobilis, Voacanga thouarsii, Satrana madinika, Moringa sp., Prunus africana.43 Calculé sur la base d'un cours de change de 1914 Francs Malgache (FMG) pour 1 dollar E.-U.

129

i abieau NO. "I. L exportation aes 1-1-NL ae iviaaagascar en -1 ,5

Plantesmédicinales

Reptiles etamphibiens

Plantesaquatiques

Plantesornementales

lnsectes Oiseaux

Valeuren FMG

1 493 752 417 604 649 000 135 228 000 114 511 000 38 960 000 11 495 000

Valeuren

dollarsE.-U.

780 435 315 909 70 652 59 828 20 355 6 006

Quantité 641 023t 143 279individus

314 954 pièces 66 439 pièces 102 377individus

1 685 individus

Nombred'

espècescommer-cialisées

11 70 1 plus de 200 60 4

Impor-tateursles plusimpor-tants

Europe Europe (80%);Etats-Unis(20%)

Europe (80%);Etats-Unis(20%)

Europe Europe Europe, Japon,Réunion

T bl a eau N 1 L' o. rt f d PFNL d M d expo a Ion es e a agascaren 1993 Plantes Reptiles et Plantes Plantes Insectes Oiseaux

medicinales amphibiens aquatiques ornementales Valeur 1 493752417 604649000 135228000 114511 000 38960000 11 495000

en FMG Valeur 780435 315909 70652 59828 20355 6006

en dollars E.-U.

Quantite 641 023t 143279 314 954 pieces 66 439 pieces 102377 1 685 individus individus individus

Nombre 11 70 1 plus de 200 60 4 d'

especes commer-cialisees Impor- Europe ~urope (80%); Europe (80%); Europe Europe Europe, Japon, tateurs Etats-Unis Etats-Unis Reunion

les plus (20%) (20%)

impor-tants ..

Source: modlfle selon BIODEV (1994)


Medecine

Selon Walter (1996), la valeur des plantes medicinales42 a atteint 2089864 dollars E.U. (FMG4 000 000 000)43 en 1993, ce qui correspond a 57 percent de la valeur de I'exportation du bois (1993: 3643700 dollars E.-U. ou FMG6 974 041 923). Ainsi, parmi les plantes medicinales de grande valeur se trouvent Prunus africana, Catharanthus rose us et Centella asiatica. En outre, ce chiffre est beaucoup plus eleve que celui propose par BIODEV (1994, voir Tableau 1), car il inclut I'exportation des produits semi-transformes comme Ie liquide obtenu de I'ecorce de Prunus africana.

Prunus africana est un arbre pan tropical qui se trouve dans les regions Nord et Est de Madagascar. Des extra its liquides de I'ecorce sont utilises pour la production d'un medicament italien (<<Pigenil»), applique contre la maladie de la prostate. L'ecorce est exploitee commercialement a Madagascar depuis 1979. Entre 1988 et 1994, 180 t en moyenne d'ecorce ont ete exploitees. Jusqu'a present, iI n'existe pas de chiffre confirme officiellement concernant la valeur et la quantite de I'ecorce exploitee, ou du liquide exporte. Walter (1996) estime que les 300 t d'ecorce exploitees en 1993 ont eu une valeur d'exportation d'environ US$1 436781 (FMG2 750 000 000), ce qui correspond a 166 percent de la valeur des autres plantes medicinales exportees.

Prunus africana est uniquement recueilli en foret naturelle. Differents rapports (Cunningham et al. 1997, Walter & Rakotonirina 1995, Walter 1996, Walter 1998) indiquent une surexploitation de cette espece a Madagascar. A cause de cette surexploitation, Prunus africana est mis sur l'Annexe II de la Convention sur Ie commerce international des especes de faune et de flore sauvages menacees d'extinction (CITES).

42 L'estimation inclut les pi antes medicinales suivantes: Drosera madagascariensensis, Centella asiatica, Catharantus rose us, Eugenia sp. Harongana madagascariensis, Hazunta sp. Medemia nobilis, Voacanga thouarsii, Satrana madinika, Moringa sp., Prunus africana. 43 Calcule sur la base d'un cours de change de 1914 Francs Malgache (FMG) pour 1 dollar E.-U.

129

La chaTne de commercialisation inclut des centaines de paysans, quelques intermédiaires etun exportateur: Les paysans exploitent l'écorce en abattant l'arbre et vendent le produit brut,l'écorce, aux intermédiaires. Les intermédiaires sèchent l'écorce et la transportentl'exportateur. Ce dernier transforme l'écorce en un produit liquide et l'exporte vers l'Italie(Walter, 1996).

Cathiranthus roseus, autrefois appelé Vinca rosea, a été utilisé comme plante ornementalependant longtemps. II est facilement cultivé et se propage rapidement. Parmi les remèdestraditionnels, il a été utilisé principalement comme un anti-diabétique. La recherche effectuéepour isoler les éléments anti-diabétiques de la plante a mené à la découverte de sespropriétés d'inhalatrices du cancer. II est couramment utilisé à travers le monde dans letraitement de différentes formes de cancer et spécifiquement dans le traitement de laleucémie des enfants.

Environ 1 000 tonnes de C. roseus (racines et parties aériennes) sont exportées chaqueannée (Rosianaivo, 1990). Entre 1990 et 1995 le prix des racines et des tiges deCatharantus roseus était de 55 Francs Français par kg FOB (FAO, 1997a).

Autrefois, cette plante était recueillie à l'état sauvage. Cependant, à cause d'uneaugmentation de la demande, la plante est maintenant cultivée sur une échelle commercialeà Ranopiso, dans le sud de Madagascar.

Centella asiatica est une herbe pantropicale qui pousse dans la nature autourd'Antananarivo et dans la fortt pluviale dans la région est de Madagascar. Elle a été utiliséecontre la lèpre dans la médicine traditionnelle. Dans la médecine moderne, elle est utiliséepour guérir les blessures. C. asiatica est d'origine sauvage; Madagascar est le principalproducteur et fournisseur sur le marché mondial. Centella asiatica est vendue 25 FrancsFrançais/kg FOB (FAO, 1997a).

Parmi les 86 espèces de Rauwolfia qui se trouvent dans plusieurs endroits tropicaux etsubtropicaux, R. serpentina et R. vomitoria sont considérées comme les plus importantes dupoint de vue commercial. Rauwolfia est utilisée dans le traitement de l'hypertension, commetranquillisant dans le traitement de désordres mentaux, et dans le traitement de problèmescardiaques.

Deux espèces de Voacanga, V. africana et V. thouarsii, sont utilisées dans le traitement dedésordres cérébraux. V. thouarsii se trouve en abondance dans la partie est de Madagascar.Les quantités exportées ne couvrent pas la demande qui atteint 150 tonnes chaque année(Rosianaivo, 1990).

Drosera madagascariensis est une herbe qui pousse dans la région d'Antananarivo.Certaines parties de cette plante ont des ingrédients essentiels pour certains médicamentsutilisés dans le traitement des infections du système respiratoire.

La recherche a identifié quatre autres plantes médicinales qui sont exportées depuis 1985:les fruits d'Areca madagascariensis, Nedemia nobilis, Nummelariodes cotyle et Ravenearivularis. La recherche sur Ilex mitis, Eugenia jambolana et Aloe vahombe a aussi produitdes résultats remarquables (Rosianaivo, 1990).

130

La chaine de commercialisation inclut des centaines de paysans, quelques intermediaires et un exportateur: Les paysans exploitent I'ecorce en abattant I'arbre et vendent Ie produit brut, I'ecorce, aux intermediaires. Les intermediaires sechent I'ecorce et la transportent a I'exportateur. Ce dernier transforme I'ecorce en un produit liquide et I'exporte vers l'Italie (Walter, 1996).

Catharanthus roseus, autrefois appele Vinca rose a , a ete utilise comme plante ornementale pendant longtemps. II est facilement cultive et se propage rapidement. Parmi les remedes tradition nels, il a ete utilise principalement comme un anti-diabetique. La recherche effectuee pour isoler les elements anti-diabetiques de la plante a mene a la decouverte de ses proprietes d'inhalatrices du cancer. II est couramment utilise a travers Ie monde dans Ie traitement de differentes formes de cancer et specifiquement dans Ie traitement de la leucemie des enfants.

Environ 1 000 tonnes de C. rose us (racines et parties aeriennes) sont exportees chaque annee (Rosianaivo, 1990). Entre 1990 et 1995 Ie prix des racines et des tiges de Catharantus roseus etait de 55 Francs Frangais par kg FOB (FAO, 1997a).

Autrefois, cette plante etait recueillie a I'etat sauvage. Cependant, a cause d'une augmentation de la demande, la plante est maintenant cultivee sur une echelle commerciale a Ranopiso, dans Ie sud de Madagascar.

Centella asiatica est une herbe pantropicale qui pousse dans la nature aut~ur d'Antananarivo et dans la foret pluviale dans la region est de Madagascar. Elle a ete utilisee c~ntre la lepre dans la medicine traditionnelle. Dans la medecine moderne, elle est utilisee pour guerir les blessures. C. asiatica est d'origine sauvage; Madagascar est Ie principal producteur et fournisseur sur Ie marche mondial. Centella asiatica est vendue 25 Francs Frangais/kg FOB (FAO, 1997a).

Parmi les 86 especes de Rauwolfia qui se trouvent dans plusieurs endroits tropicaux et subtropicaux, R. serpentina et R. vomitoria sont considerees comme les plus importantes du point de vue commercial. Rauwolfia est utilisee dans Ie traitement de I'hypertension, comme tranquillisant dans Ie traitement de desordres mentaux, et dans Ie traitement de problemes cardiaques.

Deux especes de Voacanga, V. africana et V. thouarsii, sont utilisees dans Ie traitement de desordres cerebraux. V. thouarsii se trouve en abondance dans la partie est de Madagascar. Les quantites exportees ne couvrent pas la demande qui atteint 150 tonnes chaque annee (Rosianaivo, 1990).

Drosera madagascariensis est une herbe qui pousse dans la region d'Antananarivo. Certaines parties de cette plante ont des ingredients essentiels pour certains medicaments utilises dans Ie traitement des infections du systeme respiratoire.

La recherche a identifie quatre autres plantes medicinales qui sont exportees depuis 1985: les fruits d'Areca madagascariensis, Nedemia nobilis, Numme/ariodes cotyle et Ravenea rivularis. La recherche sur flex mitis, Eugenia jambolana et Aloe vahombe a aussi produit des resultats remarquables (Rosianaivo, 1990).

130

Tableau No 2. Evolution des exportations de plantes médicinales44 de Madagascar

Source: FAO 1997a, selon le Ministère du Commerce et du Ravitaillement.

Parfums et cosmétiquesLes informations concernant des huiles essentielles sont tirées de la FAO (1997a).

Les huiles essentielles sont utilisées dans les différents segments de l'industrie alimentaire,de l'industrie des ar6mes et des cosmétiques, et de l'industrie pharmaceutique.

Tableau No. 3. Evolution des exportations d'huiles essentielles de Madagascar

En 1994, 97 percent de la production d'huile était de l'huile de girofle (dont 300 tonnesd'huile provenant des feuilles de girofle; un percent de l'huile d'ilang-ilang, et le reste separtageait principalement entre les huiles de vétiver, géranium, citron et lemon grass). Legirofle et l'ilang-ilang représentaient 92 percent de la valeur FOB.

Le marché des huiles essentielles est tits étroit. L'arrivée sur le marché de grandesquantités a provoqué une chute drastique des prix de ce marché. Quand les quantitésdeviennent importantes, les huiles synthétiques apparaissent et font une vive concurrenceaux produits naturels par la qualité uniforme et leur disponibilité en grandes quantités.

Pour faire face à cette situation une stratégie d'intervention dans ce secteur devrait:Focaliser sur des segments spécifiques où Madagascar peut s'assurer une sourced'approvisionnement en matière de qualité;Améliorer la qualité des opérations de distillation; etProcéder méthodiquement vers un niveau de transformation secondaire avec lacollaboration de clients industriels représentant des marchés clés.

Ustensiles, artisanat et matériaux de constructionLe raphia est utilisé pour faire les nattes de plages (sur le marché européen), revétementsmuraux, chapeaux (Etats-Unis), maroquinerie (combinaison du raphia avec le cuir pourdonner un produit plus ou moins haut de gamme), sacs, etc. Les zones de production sur lac6te ouest sont: Mahajanga, Maintirano, Antsohihy, Besalampy et sur la c6te est sont:Toamasina, Sambava, Mananjary. Les principaux pays de destination des exportationsmalgaches sont: la France, l'Italie, l'Allemagne et les Etats-Unis.

44 Catharantus roseus, Centella asiatica, Rauwolfia con fertiflora, Moringa sp., Droseramadagascariensis, Aphloia theaformis, Voacanga madagascariensis, Quinquina sp., Harun ganamadagascariensis, Prunus africana, Voacanga thouarsfi. II n'est pas clair si des produits semi-transformés sont inclus dans cette estimation.

131

Année Quantité (tonnes) Valeur (dollars E.-U.)1991 960 3 390 0001992 1 013 3 426 0001993 1 451 3 980 0001994 1 141 3 881 000

Source: FAO (1997a)

Ann& Quantité (tonnes) Valeur (dollars E.-U.)1990 402 522 9061992 257 274 8811993 641 780 5101994 319 399 6351995 860 464 499

Tableau No 2. Evolution des exportations de plantes medicinales44 de Madagascar Annee Quantite (tonnes) Valeur (dollars E.-U.) 1990 402 522 906 1992 257 274881 1993 641 780510 1994 319 399635 1~5 MO 4M4~

Source: FAO 1997a, selon Ie Ministere du Commerce et du Ravitaillement.


Les informations concernant des huiles essentielles sont tirees de la FAO (1997a).

Les huiles essentielles sont utilisees dans les differents segments de I'industrie alimentaire, de I'industrie des aromes et des cosmetiques, et de I'industrie pharmaceutique.

Tableau NO.3. Evolution des exportations d'huiles essentielles de Madagascar Annee Quantite (tonnes) Valeur (dollars E.-U.) 1991 960 3 390 000 1992 1 013 3426000 1993 1 451 3 980000 1994 1 141 3881 000

Source: FAO (1997a)

En 1994, 97 percent de la production d'huile etait de I'huile de girofle (dont 300 tonnes d'huile provenant des feuilles de girofle; un percent de I'huile d'ilang-ilang, et Ie reste se partageait principalement entre les huiles de vetiver, geranium, citron et lemon grass). Le girofle et I'ilang-ilang representaient 92 percent de la valeur FOB.

Le marche des huiles essentielles est tres etroit. L'arrivee sur Ie marche de grandes quantites a provoque une chute drastique des prix de ce marche. Quand les quantites deviennent importantes, les huiles synthetiques apparaissent et font une vive concurrence aux produits naturels par la qualite uniforme et leur disponibilite en grandes quantites.

Pour faire face a cette situation une strategie d'intervention dans ce secteur devrait: • Focaliser sur des segments specifiques ou Madagascar peut s'assurer une source

d'approvisionnement en matiere de qualite; • Ameliorer la qualite des operations de distillation; et • Proceder methodiquement vers un niveau de transformation secondaire avec la

collaboration de clients industriels representant des marches cles.

Ustensiles, artisanat et materiaux de construction Le raphia est utilise pour faire les nattes de plages (sur Ie marche europeen), revetements muraux, chapeaux (Etats-Unis), maroquinerie (combinaison du raphia avec Ie cuir pour donner un produit plus ou moins haut de gamme), sacs, etc. Les zones de production sur la cote ouest sont: Mahajanga, Maintirano, Antsohihy, Besalampy et sur la cote est sont: Toamasina, Sambava, Mananjary. Les principaux pays de destination des exportations malgaches sont: la France, l'Italie, l'Aliemagne et les Etats-Unis.

44 Catharantus roseus, Centella asiatica, Rauwolfia confertiflora, Moringa sp., Drosera madagascariensis, Aphloia thea form is, Voacanga madagascariensis, Quinquina sp., Harungana madagascariensis, Prunus africana, Voacanga thouarsii. II n'est pas clair si des produits semitransformes sont inclus dans cette estimation.

131

Source: FAO (1997a)

Plantes ornementalesLes informations concernant les plantes ornementales sont tirées de la FAO (1997a).

Les plantes ornementales sont utilisées dans l'industrie de la floriculture et de l'horticulturepar les organismes de recherche et les collectionneurs de plantes. Les plantes exportées deMadagascar sont: les orchidées, les plantes grasses, les plantes aquatiques (Aponogetonsp.), les plantes xérophiles (Euphorbies, Pachypodes, Aloes) et quelques fleurs coupées.Car les plantes ornementales viennent de différentes sources (sauvages et cultivées) et dedifférents systèmes de production (dans et hors de la forét), il est difficile d'estimer laquantité de plantes ornementales qui font partie des PFNL.

Entre 1990 et 1995, Madagascar a exporté annuellement en moyenne environ 276 000plantes ornementales pour un chiffre d'affaires de l'ordre de US$100 000. Les plantesaquatiques et les Euphoribiceae représentent plus de 90 percent des plantes exportées pourpits de 50 percent de la valeur FOB. En 1993 par exemple, 314 954 individusd'Aponogetum sp. ont été exportés pour une valeur de 70 652 dollars E.-U. (BIODEV, 1994).La valeur d'exportation des orchidées varie de 5 000 à 20 000 dollars E.-U. par an etreprésente 40 percent de la valeur FOB des plantes ornementales (FAO, 1997a).

Les producteurs sont généralement de petites entreprises familiales disposant d'une petitesuperficie sur leur propriété pour la production de leurs plants. Ils font la collecte des planteset les reproduisent de manière à créer un stock permettant de répondre à la demande deleurs clients. On trouve environ une dizaine d'exportateurs agréés en horticulture.

Le développement des plantes ornementales est confronté à une forte concurrenceinternationale. Les créneaux offrant des opportunités de développement des plantesornementales ne sont pas évidents. II est peu probable que ces activités amènent lespaysans à modifier leur comportement actuel. L'impact risque d'ètre minime sur lespopulations demeurant dans les zones périphériques des foréts naturelles.


Animaux vivantsMadagascar exporte un très petit nombre d'oiseaux. D'après les données du CITES, onretrouve principalement trois oiseaux (Agapomis canus, Coracopsis nigra et Coracoidesvasa). La valeur d'exportation des dernières années (1990-1995) semble osciller entre 5 000et 40 000 dollars E.-U. par an (prix FOB). Le nombre de spécimens exportés est très variabled'une année à l'autre. La principale destination est la France.

D'après les informations statistiques obtenues, le marché à l'exportation des oiseaux deMadagascar est modeste et peu important. En outre, les prix fluctuent rapidement à la baisselorsque le volume offert augmente. C'est un marché qui s'adresse principalement auxcollectionneurs et, dans une moindre mesure, à des institutions spécialisées (zoo). Si la

132

Tableau No. 4. Exportations du raphia de MadagascarAnnée Quantité (tonnes)

1990 6811991 6431992 1 6151993 1 7561994 2 5201995 3 196

Tableau No.4. Exportations du raphia de Madagascar Annee Quantite (tonnes) 1990 681 1991 643 1992 1 615 1993 1 756 1994 2520 1995 3 196

Source: FAO (1997a)

Plantes orne mentales

Les informations concernant les plantes ornementales sont tirees de la FAO (1997a).

Les plantes ornementales sont utilisees dans I'industrie de la floriculture et de I'horticulture par les organismes de recherche et les collectionneurs de plantes. Les plantes exportees de Madagascar sont: les orchidees, les plantes grasses, les plantes aquatiques (Aponogeton sp.), les plantes xerophiles (Euphorbies, Pachypodes, Aloes) et quelques fleurs coupees. Car les plantes orne mentales viennent de differentes sources (sauvages et cultivees) et de differents systemes de production (dans et hors de la foret) , iI est difficile d'estimer la quantite de plantes ornementales qui font partie des PFNL.

Entre 1990 et 1995, Madagascar a exporte annuellement en moyenne environ 276 000 plantes ornementales pour un chiffre d'affaires de I'ordre de US$100 000. Les plantes aquatiques et les Euphoribiceae representent plus de 90 percent des plantes exportees pour pres de 50 percent de la valeur FOB. En 1993 par exemple, 314954 individus d'Aponogetum sp. ont ete exportes pour une valeur de 70 652 dollars E.-U. (BIODEV, 1994). La valeur d'exportation des orchidees varie de 5000 a 20000 dollars E.-U. par an et represente 40 percent de la valeur FOB des plantes ornementales (FAO, 1997a).

Les producteurs sont generalement de petites entreprises familiales disposant d'une petite superficie sur leur propriete pour la production de leurs plants. lis font la collecte des plantes et les reproduisent de maniere a creer un stock permettant de repondre a la demande de leurs clients. On trouve environ une dizaine d'exportateurs agrees en horticulture.

Le developpement des plantes ornementales est confronte a une forte concurrence internationale. Les creneaux offrant des opportunites de developpement des plantes ornementales ne sont pas evidents. II est peu probable que ces activites amenent les paysans a modifier leur comportement actuel. L'impact risque d'etre minime sur les populations demeurant dans les zones peripheriques des forets naturelles.


Animaux vivants

Madagascar exporte un tres petit nombre d'oiseaux. D'apres les donnees du CITES, on retrouve principalement trois oiseaux (Agapornis can us, Coracopsis nigra et Coracoides vasa). La valeur d'exportation des dernieres annees (1990-1995) semble osciller entre 5 000 et 40000 dollars E.-U. par an (prix FOB). Le nombre de specimens exportes est tres variable d'une annee a I'autre. La principale destination est la France.

D'apres les informations statistiques obtenues, Ie marche a I'exportation des oiseaux de Madagascar est modeste et peu important. En outre, les prix fluctuent rapidement a la baisse lorsque Ie volume offert augmente. C'est un marche qui s'adresse principalement aux collectionneurs et, dans une moindre mesure, a des institutions specialisees (zoo). Si la

132

demande des pays industrialisés devient importante, on observe l'apparition de lareproduction en captivité dans les pays consommateurs.

L'opportunité de développement pour ces oiseaux est minime. En outre, le potentiel dudéveloppement de l'exploitation de ces animaux aura tits peu d'impacts sur lescommunautés rurales. A cela s'ajoutent tous les problèmes liés aux normes internationaleset aux contrôles environnementaux sur l'exportation des animaux exotiques.

Le marché des reptiles et batraciens a été stagnant entre 1990 et 1995. La valeur annuelledes exportations est de l'ordre de 700 000 dollars E-U.. La structure des produits vendus seprésente comme suit.

Tableau No. 5. Exportation de quelques reptiles de Madagascar (1990 1993)

Légalement, ces spécimens doivent se reproduire en majorité en captivité pour obtenir desautorisations d'exportation. II n'existe qu'un petit groupe d'exportateurs agréés. Les ventesse font généralement entre le producteur national et un grossiste/détaillant se trouvant àl'étranger.

Les autres espèces de reptiles faisant l'objet d'un commerce international sont exportées surune base tits irrégulière et en très petites quantités. Ces produits ne justifient pas la misesur pied d'une organisation soutenue assurant la reproduction à des fins commerciales.

Finalement, il existe une multitude d'insectes en vente à l'exportation, tels que: les blattes,les gloméris, les phasmes, les iules, les hypolimnas et les nephiles, etc. Les prix varient de 1à 4 dollars E.-U. (FOB). Les quantités sont inconnues. Par contre, ces marchés neparaissent pas stables et font l'objet de commandes tits irrégulières. En 1994, lesstatistiques des Eaux et For-61s établissaient à 6 780 le nombres d'insectes exportés (autresque les papillons) pour une valeur de l'ordre de 5 600 dollars E.-U. (FAO, 1997a).

Miel et cireLe miel est utilisé comme miel de table ainsi qu'industriel (pour l'utilisation en boulangerie,pâtisserie, aliments pour bébé, céréales, arômes de tabac, boissons, produitspharmaceutiques et cosmétiques).

La production oscille entre 3 500 à 4 000 tonnes par année. On pratique très peu d'élevagedes abeilles. C'est généralement un paysan récolteur de miel qui exerce son activité enmarge des autres activités agricoles. Le miel récolté est généralement de basse qualité. IIest consommé sur place. Une faible quantité est acheminée en ville par des commer9ants oucollecteurs pour la revente. L'exportation est quasiment nulle (FAO, 1997a).

Autres produits d'animaux non comestiblesLe marché des papillons à l'exportation est inconnu. On exporte quelques larves depapillons (vivants) et des papillons montés sur cadre (morts). SeIon les indications dequelques opérateurs, le marché varie d'une année à l'autre, mais représente une valeuroscillante de 50 000 à 150 000 dollars E.-U. par an. C'est une activité qui est principalemententre les mains de quelques exportateurs agréés. II y a peu d'intervenants internationaux. Leproducteur exportateur entre directement en contact avec les clients/détaillants. Ce n'est pas

133

Produits Quantité moyenne(par an et exemplaire)

Valeur moyenne (dollarsE.-U.)

Geckos (lézards) 55 000 350 000Caméléons 20 000 300 000Mantella (grenouilles) 20 000 100 000Source: FAO (1997b)

demande des pays industrialises devient importante, on observe I'apparition de la reproduction en captivite dans les pays consommateurs.

L'opportunite de developpement pour ces oiseaux est minime. En outre, Ie potentiel du developpement de I'exploitation de ces animaux aura tres peu d'impacts sur les communautes rurales. A cela s'ajoutent tous les problemes lies aux normes internationales et aux controles environnementaux sur I'exportation des animaux exotiques.

Le marche des reptiles et batraciens a ete stagnant entre 1990 et 1995. La valeur annuelle des exportations est de I'ordre de 700 000 dollars E.-U .. La structure des produits vendus se presente comme suit.

Tableau NO.5. Exportation de quelques reptiles de Madagascar (1990 - 1993) Produits

Geckos (Iezards) Cameleons Mantella (grenouilles) Source: FAa (1997b)

Quantite moyenne (par an et exemplaire)

55 000 20 000 20 000

Valeur moyenne (dollars E.-U.)

350 000 300 000 100 000

Legalement, ces specimens doivent se reproduire en majorite en captivite pour obtenir des autorisations d'exportation. II n'existe qu'un petit groupe d'exportateurs agrees. Les ventes se font generalement entre Ie producteur national et un grossiste/detaillant se trouvant a I'etranger.

Les autres especes de reptiles faisant I'objet d'un commerce international sont exportees sur une base tres irreguliere et en tres petites quantites. Ces produits ne justifient pas la mise sur pied d'une organisation soutenue assurant la reproduction a des fins commerciales.

Finalement, il existe une multitude d'insectes en vente a I'exportation, tels que: les blattes, les glomeris, les phasmes, les iules, les hypolimnas et les nephiles, etc. Les prix varient de 1 a 4 dollars E.-U. (FOB). Les quantites sont inconnues. Par c~ntre, ces marches ne paraissent pas stables et font I'objet de commandes tres irregulieres. En 1994, les statistiques des Eaux et Fon3ts etablissaient a 6 780 Ie nombres d'insectes exportes (autres que les papillons) pour une valeur de I'ordre de 5 600 dollars E.-U. (FAa, 1997a).

Miel et cire

Le miel est utilise comme miel de table ainsi qu'industriel (pour I'utilisation en boulangerie, patisserie, aliments pour bebe, cereales, aromes de tabac, boissons, produits pharmaceutiques et cosmetiques).

La production oscille entre 3 500 a 4 000 tonnes par annee. On pratique tres peu d'elevage des abeilles. C'est generalement un paysan recolteur de miel qui exerce son activite en marge des autres activites agricoles. Le miel recolte est generalement de basse qualite. II est consomme sur place. Une faible quantite est acheminee en ville par des commeryants ou collecteurs pour la revente. L'exportation est quasiment nulle (FAa, 1997a).

Autres produits d'animaux non comestibles

Le marche des papillons a I'exportation est inconnu. On exporte quelques larves de papillons (vivants) et des papillons montes sur cadre (morts). Selon les indications de quelques operateurs, Ie marche varie d'une annee a I'autre, mais represente une valeur oscillante de 50 000 a 150 000 dollars E.-U. par an. C'est une activite qui est principalement entre les mains de quelques exportateurs agrees. II y a peu d'intervenants internationaux. Le producteur exportateur entre directement en contact avec les clients/detaillants. Ce n'est pas

133

un marché stable et aussitôt que l'offre augmente, les prix fléchissent. En 1994, lesstatistiques des Eaux et Foréts dénombraient l'exportation de 3 574 papillons pour unevaleur d'environ 1 700 dollars E.W. (FOB) (FAO, 1997a).

REFERENCES

BIODEV. 1994. Study of the collection of wild specimen of Mala gasy plants and animalsdestined for export (with emphasis on regions chosen for future projectsdevelopment). (Study II b for the TRADEM project). Antananarivo. Rapport non publié

Cunningham M.; A.B. Cunningham; U. Schippmann. 1997. Trade in Prunus africana andthe implementation of CITES. German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation.Bonn.

FAO. 1992. Etude de l'occupation du sol dans le bassin versant et la rivière "Makamo", Zone

d'Anjozorobe. Projet MAG/88/032.

FAO. 1995a. Etude sur la diversification des productions naturelles pour la conservation et ledéveloppement durable. Madagascar. Projet TCP/MAG/2358.

FAO. 1995b. Utilisation traditionnelle des ressources forestières et technique d'améliorationpar le Projet MAG/88/032 dans le bassin versant d'Anjozorobe. ProjetDP/MAG/88/032. Restauration et Aménagement de Quatre Bassins Versants dans laProvince d'Antananarivo.

FAO. 1997a. Assistance à l'Exportation des Produits Forestiers (Vol. 1). ProjetTCP/MAG/6611. Contrôle de la Production et Assistance à l'Exportation des ProduitsForestiers.

FAO. 1997b. Contrôle des Interventions dans le Milieu Forestier (VoL2). ProjetTCP/MAG/6611. Contrôle de la Production et Assistance à l'Exportation des ProduitsForestiers.

Rasianaivo, P. 1990. Rain Forests of Madagascar: Sources of Industrial and MedicinalPlants. Ambio Vol. 19 No. 8.

Walter, S.; J.-C- R. Rakotonirina. 1995. L'exploitation de Pygeum africanum (Prunusafricana) à Madagascar. Rapport élaboré pour le Projet Zahamena de ConservationInternational et la Direction des Eaux et Foréts. Antananarivo/Fénérive-Est. Rapportnon publié.

Walter, S. 1996. Moeglichkeiten und Grenzen der Nutzung von Nicht-Holz Waldprodukten inMadagaskar, dargestellt am Beispiel des Naturreservates Zahamena. Giessen.These de diplôme. Université de Giessen, Allemagne.

Walter, S. 1998. The utilization of non-timber forest products in the rainforests ofMadagascar. Dans: Plant Research and Development, Volume 47/48. Focus: Forestmanagement and sustainability. Tuebingen.

REMERCIEMENTS

Ce rapport a été realise grâce au financement du Programme de Partenariat CE-FAO«Collecte et analyse des données pour un aménagement durable de la Forèt dans les paysA.C.P.». Le contenu est base sur l'information accessible au siege central de la FAO àRome.

Des informations supplémentaires sur les PFNL à Madagascar seraient bienvenues etreconnues en bonne et due forme

134

un marche stable et aussitOt que I'offre aug mente, les prix flechissent. En 1994, les statistiques des Eaux et Forets denombraient I'exportation de 3574 papillons pour une valeur d'environ 1 700 dollars E.-U. (FOB) (FAO, 1997a).

REFERENCES

BIODEV. 1994. Study of the collection of wi/dspecimen of Malagasy plants and animals destined for export (with emphasis on regions chosen for future projects development). (Study II b for the TRADEM project). Antananarivo. Rapport non publie

Cunningham M.; A.B. Cunningham; U. Schippmann. 1997. Trade in Prunus africana and the implementation of CITES. German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation. Bonn.

FAO. 1992. Etude de I'occupation du sol dans Ie bassin versant et la riviere "Makamo", Zone

d'Anjozorobe. Projet MAG/88/032.

FAO. 1995a. Etude sur la diversification des productions naturelles pour la conservation et Ie developpement durable. Madagascar. Projet TCP/MAG/2358.

FAO. 1995b. Utilisation traditionnelle des ressources forestieres et technique d'amelioration par Ie Projet MAG/88/032 dans Ie bassin versant d'Anjozorobe. Projet DP/MAG/88/032. Restauration et Amenagement de Quatre Bassins Versants dans la Province d'Antananarivo.

FAO. 1997a. Assistance a I'Exportation des Produits Forestiers (Vol. 1). Projet TCP/MAG/6611. Controle de la Production et Assistance a l'Exportation des Produits Forestiers.

FAO. 1997b. Controle des Interventions dans Ie Milieu Forestier (Vol.2). Projet TCP/MAG/6611. Controle de la Production et Assistance a l'Exportation des Produits Forestiers.

Rasianaivo, P. 1990. Rain Forests of Madagascar: Sources of Industrial and Medicinal Plants. Ambio Vol. 19 No.8.

Walter, S.; J.-C- R. Rakotonirina. 1995. L'exploitation de Pygeum africanum (Prunus africana) a Madagascar. Rapport elabore pour Ie Projet Zahamena de Conservation International et la Direction des Eaux et Forets. Antananarivo/Fenerive-Est. Rapport non publie.

Walter, S. 1996. Moeglichkeiten und Grenzen der Nutzung von Nicht-Holz Waldprodukten in Madagaskar, dargestel/t am Beispiel des Naturreservates Zahamena. Giessen. These de diplome. Universite de Giessen, Allemagne.

Walter, S. 1998. The utilization of non-timber forest products in the rainforests of Madagascar. Dans: Plant Research and Development, Volume 47/48. Focus: Forest management and sustainability. Tuebingen.

REMERCIEMENTS


Des informations supplementaires sur les PFNL a Madagascar seraient bienvenues et reconnues en bonne et due forme

134

DONNEES QUANTITATIVES SUR LES PFNL DE MADAGASCAR

135


tanceNom

commercialNom

vernaculaire




1, 2, 3 F, P, H S, C N, I

I Plantes et produits végétauxMédecine 1 Catharanthus

roseusra S, C I e Exportation de 1 000t par

an (Rasianaivo, 1990)e Valeur (FOB): 55 FF/kgen 1990-95 (FAO, 1997a)

FAO, 1997aRasianaivo, 1990

Centella asiatica F S I Valeur (FOB): 25 FF/kg FAO, 1997aPrunus africana ec F S I e Exploitation annuelle de 0

180 t entre 1988-94(VValter, 1996)e Exploitation de 300t pourune valeur de 1.4 Million dedollars E.-U. en 1993(Walter, 1996)

FAO, 1997aWalter, 1996

Plantesornemen-tales

1 Orchiciées pl F, H S, C N, I Valeur annuelled'exportation de 5 000 a20 000 dollars E.-U.

La valeur d'exportationdes orchidéescorrespond a 40% de lavaleur FOB de latotalité des plantesornementales

FAO, 1997a

Planteaquatique

Aponogeton sp. pl N, I Exportation de 314 954individus pour une valeurde 70 652 dollars E.-U. en1993

BIODEV, 1994


2 Raphia sp. ti, fe I Exportation de 3 196 t en1995

FAO, 1997a

DONNEES QUANTITATIVES SUR LES PFNL DE MADAGASCAR -

I Produit II Ressource II Valeur economigue II I Categorie Impor- Nom Especes Partie Habitat Source Desti- Quantite, valeur Remarques References


vernaculaire 1,2,3 F, P, H S,C N, I

I Plantes et produits vegetaux I Medecine 1 Catharanthus ra S,C I • Exportation de 1 OOOt par FAO,1997a

roseus an (Rasianaivo, 1990) Rasianaivo, 1990 • Valeur (FOB): 55 FF/kg en 1990-95 (FAO, 1997a)

Centella asiatica F S I Valeur (FOB): 25 FF/kg FAO,1997a Prunus africana ec F S I • Exploitation annuelle de 0 FAO,1997a

180 t entre 1988-94 Walter, 1996 (Walter, 1996) • Exploitation de 300t pour une valeur de 1.4 Million de dollars E.-U. en 1993 (Walter, 1996)

Plantes 1 Orchidees pi F,H S,C N, I Valeur annuelle La valeur d'exportation FAO,1997a ornemen- d'exportation de 5 000 a des orchidees

tales 20 000 dollars E.-U. correspond a 40% de la valeur FOB de la totalite des plantes ornementales

Plante Aponogeton sp. pi N, I Exportation de 314 954 BIODEV, 1994 aquatique individus pour une valeur

de 70 652 dollars E.-U. en 1993

Ustensiles, 2 Raphia sp. ti, fe I Exportation de 3 196 t en FAO,1997a artisanat et 1995

materiaux de construction

==

135

Importance: 1- grande importance au niveau national; 2 grande importance au niveau local/régional; 3 importance limitéePate utilisée: an animal entier; ec écorce; ci cire; fe feuilles; no noix; fi fibres; fi fleurs; fr fruits; go gommes; mi miel;

se sève; la latex; hu huile; pl plante entière; re résines; ra racine; gr graines; ti tige; ta tannins;Habitat: F forét naturelle et autres terres boisées; P - plantation; A Autres: Arbres hors de la fortt (e.g. agroforesterie, jardins privés)Source: S - sauvage, C - cultivéDestination: N - national; I international

136

1 Animaux et produits ani auxAnimauxvivants

2 Oiseaux Agapomis canusCoracopsis nigra,coracopsis vasa

an S N, I e Valeur d'exportation de5 000 à 40 000 dollarsE.-U./an entre 1990-1995(FAO, 1997a);e Exportation de 1 685individus en 1993 pour unevaleur de 6 006 dollarsE.-U. (BIODEV, 1994)

FAO, 1997a;BIODEV, 1994

Reptiles etamphibiens

GeckosCaméléonsGrenouilles

an F S I e Valeur d'exportation de700 000 dollars E-U./anentre 1990 1995 (FAO,1997a)

Exportation de 143 279individus pour une valeurde 315 909 dollars E.-U. en1993 (BIODEV, 1994)

FAO, 1997aBIODEV, 1994

Insectes S Exportation de 102 377individus pour une valeurde 20 355 dollars E-U. en1993 (BIODEV, 1994)e Exportation de 6 780insectes (autres que lespapillons) pour une valeurde 5 600 dollars E-U. en1994 (FAO 1997a)

BIODEV, 1994;FAO, 1997a

Papillons F S I e Valeur d'exportation de50 000 150 000 dollarsE.-U. par an en moyenne(FAO 1997a)

FAO, 1997a

Miel, cire 2 N Production annuelle de3 500 à 4 000 tonnes

FAO, 1997a

I Animaux et produits animaux I Animaux 2 Oiseaux Agapornis canus an S N, I • Valeur d'exportation de FAO,1997a; vivants Coracopsis nigra, 5 000 a 40 000 dollars BIODEV, 1994

coracopsis vasa E.-U.!an entre 1990-1995 (FAO,1997a); • Exportation de 1 685 individus en 1993 pour une valeur de 6 006 dollars E.-U. (BIODEV, 1994)

Reptiles et Geekos an F S I • Valeur d'exportation de FAO,1997a amphibiens Cameh~ons 700000 dollars E.-U.!an BIODEV, 1994

Grenouilles entre 1990 -1995 (FAO, 1997a) • Exportation de 143 279 individus pour une valeur de 315 909 dollars E.-U. en 1993 (BIODEV, 1994)

Inseetes S • Exportation de 102 377 BIODEV, 1994; individus pour une valeur FAO,1997a de 20 355 dollars E.-U. en 1993 (BIODEV, 1994) • Exportation de 6 780 insectes (autres que les papillons) pour une valeur de 5600 dollars E.-U. en 1994 (FAO 1997a)

Papillons F S I • Valeur d'exportation de FAO,1997a 50 000 - 150 000 dollars E.-U. par an en moyenne (FAO 1997a)

Miel, eire 2 N Production annuelle de FAO,1997a , 3 500 a 4 000 tonnes


se - seve; la - latex; hu - huile; pi - plante entiere; re - resines; ra - racine; gr - graines; ti - tige; ta - tannins; Habitat: F - foret naturelle et autres terres boisees; P - plantation; A - Autres: Arbres hors de la foret (e.g. agroforesterie, jardins prives) Source: S - sauvage, C - cultive Destination: N - national; I - international

136

3.3.3 Maurice (F)

INTRODUCTION

Principaux Produits Forestiers Non LigneuxLes produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL) de Maurice incluent les plantes comestibles, lefourrage, les arbres de Noél, le bambou, les ustensiles, les plantes médicinales ainsi que legibier et le miel.

Informations généralesLa vente des arbres de Noél, des ustensiles, de bambou et des autres PFNL a eu une valeurde 1 377 169 Rupee Mauriciennes (MUR)45 en 1993 et 1 152 757 MUR en 1992 (Republic ofMauritius, 1995).


NourritureLes fruits sauvages sont couramment utilisés. La grande valeur potentielle du café sauvage(Coffea vaughanii) est documentée par Parnell et al. (1986).

FourragePour accroitre la production du bétail, les Services Forestiers ont réalisé une étude pilote surla culture de Setaria sphacelata A l'intérieur de la forét (Mauritius Forestry Service, 1991).

MédecineLa liane Embelia micrantha est fortement utilisée par la population locale pour guérir lescalculs rénaux. (Parnell etal. 1986)

Plantes ornementalesLa valeur potentielle de Trochetia boutoniana est décrite par Parnell et al. (1986).

ANIMAUX ET PRODUITS D'ANIMAUX

Animaux vivantsLe primate Macaca fascicularis est chassé pour l'exportation (Republic of Mauritius, 1995).

GibierLa chasse des cerfs a lieu entre juin et septembre. Le gibier est consommé localement etexporté (Mauritius Forestry Service, 1991).

REFERENCESMauritius Forestry Service. 1991 National report on forestry 1985-1990. Tenth World

Forestry Congress, Paris.Parnell, J.; P.W. Jackson; Q. Cronk. 1986. A paradise about to be lost. New ScientistRepublic of Mauritus. 1995. Annual report of the Forest Service of the Ministry of

Agriculture, Fisheries and Natural Resources for the year 1993.

45 MUR100 = 5.53 dollars E.-U. en 1993 (taux de change moyen de l'année 1993)

137

3.3.3 Maurice (F)

INTRODUCTION


Les produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL) de Maurice incluent les plantes comestibles, Ie fourrage, les arbres de Noel, Ie bambou, les ustensiles, les plantes medicinales ainsi que Ie gibier et Ie miel.


La vente des arbres de Noel, des ustensiles, de bambou et des autres PFNL a eu une valeur de 1 377 169 Rupee Mauriciennes (MUR)45 en 1993 et 1 152 757 MUR en 1992 (Republic of Mauritius, 1995).


Nourriture

Les fruits sauvages sont couramment utilises. La grande valeur potentielle du cafe sauvage (Goftea vaughanit) est documentee par Parnell et al. (1986).

Fourrage

Pour accroitre la production du betail, les Services Forestiers ont realise une etude pilote sur la culture de Setaria sphacelata a I'interieur de la foret (Mauritius Forestry Service, 1991).

Medecine

La liane Embelia micrantha est fortement utilisee par la population locale pour guerir les calculs renaux. (Parnell et al. 1986)

Plantes ornementales

La valeur potentielle de Trochetia boutoniana est decrite par Parnell et al. (1986).

ANIMAUX ET PRODUITS D'ANIMAUX

Animaux vivants

Le primate Macaca fascicularis est chasse pour I'exportation (Republic of Mauritius, 1995).

Gibier

La chasse des cerfs a lieu entre juin et septembre. Le gibier est consomme localement et exporte (Mauritius Forestry Service, 1991).

REFERENCES

Mauritius Forestry Service. 1991. National report on forestry 1985-1990. Tenth World Forestry Congress, Paris.

Parnell, J.; P.W. Jackson; Q. Cronk. 1986. A paradise about to be lost. New Scientist Republic of Mauritus. 1995. Annual report of the Forest Service of the Ministry of

Agriculture, Fisheries and Natural Resources for the year 1993.

45 MUR100 = 5.53 dollars E.-U. en 1993 (taux de change moyen de I'annee 1993)

137

REMERCIEMENTSCe rapport a été réalisé grâce au financement du Programme de Partenariat CE-FAO«Collecte et analyse des données pour un aménagement durable de la For-6j dans les paysA.C.P.». Le contenu est basé sur l'information accessible au siège central de la FAO àRome.

Des informations supplémentaires sur les PFNL à Maurice seraient bienvenues et reconnuesen bonne et due forme.

138


Des informations supplementaires sur les PFNL a Maurice seraient bienvenues et reconnues en bonne et due forme.

138

3.3.4 Mayotte (F)

INTRODUCTION

Principaux Produits Forestiers Non LigneuxPas d'informations sont disponibles sur l'utilisation des produits forestiers non ligneux(PFNL) à Mayotte.

REMERCIEMENTSDes informations supplémentaires sur les PFNL à Mayotte seraient bienvenues et reconnuesen bonne et due forme.

139

3.3.4 Mayotte (F)

INTRODUCTION


Pas d'informations sont disponibles sur I'utilisation des produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL) a Mayotte.

REMERCIEMENTS

Des informations supplementaires sur les PFNL a Mayotte seraient bienvenues et reconnues en bonne et due forme.

139

3.3.5 Réunion (F)

INTRODUCTION

Principaux Produits Forestiers Non LigneuxPas d'informations sont disponibles sur l'utilisation des produits forestiers non ligneux(PFNL) à la Réunion.

REMERCIEMENTSDes informations supplémentaires sur les PFNL à la Réunion seraient bienvenues etreconnues en bonne et due forme.

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3.3.5 Reunion (F)

INTRODUCTION

Principaux Produits Forestiers Non Ligneux Pas d'informations sont disponibles sur I'utilisation des produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL) a la Reunion.

REMERCIEMENTS

Des informations supplementaires sur les PFNL a la Reunion seraient bienvenues et reconnues en bonne et due forme.

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3.3.6 Seychelles (F)

INTRODUCTION

Principaux Produits Forestiers Non LigneuxL'utilisation des produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL) aux Seychelles dans les annéessoixante (1960-71) est documentée par Henry (1976). Les résultats indiquent que les PFNLles plus importants sont l'écorce de cannelle (vente de 600 547kg en 1971), les feuilles delantier et les fruits de Lodoicea maldivica (Coco de mer). Autres PFNL exploités sont lesfruits de Sandoricum koetjape (Santol) et d'Artocarpus altilis (breadfruit), les palmistes, lesbranches du Raphia, le bambou, les gaulettes mixtes, les feuilles de coco marron et leslattes.

REFERENCES

Allard, G.B. 1997. Travel report Seychelles. FAO. Rome.Anonymous. 1978. Les foréts des Seychelles.Henry, P.W.T. 1976. Forestry in the Seychelles. Land Resource Report Number 8. Agency

of Overseas Development. Surrey.

REMERCIEMENTS

Ce rapport a été réalisé grâce au financement du Programme de Partenariat CE-FAO«Collecte et analyse des données pour un aménagement durable de la Forèt dans les paysA.C.P.». Le contenu est basé sur l'information accessible au siège central de la FAORome.

Des informations supplémentaires sur les PFNL aux Seychelles seraient bienvenues etreconnues en bonne et due forme.

ANNEXE

Annexe 1: Services de la for&L'écotourisme est une activité économique importante aux Seychelles (Anonymous, 1978).Un arbre important pour le tourisme des Seychelles est Calophyllum inophyllum. Cet arbreest l'habitat favori pour beaucoup d'espèces en danger et il est apprécié par les touristes etla population locale, souligné par le fait qu'il donne son nom aux villes et plages de deMahé (Allard, 1997).

141

3.3.6 Seychelles (F)

INTRODUCTION


L'utilisation des produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL) aux Seychelles dans les annees soixante (1960-71) est documentee par Henry (1976). Les resultats indiquent que'les PFNL les plus importants sont I'ecorce de cannelle (vente de 600 547kg en 1971), les feuilles de lantier et les fruits de Lodoicea maldivica (Coco de mer). Autres PFNL exploites sont les fruits de Sandoricum koetjape (Santol) et d'Artocarpus altilis (breadfruit), les palmistes, les branches du Raphia, Ie bambou, les gaulettes mixtes, les feuilles de coco marron et les lattes.

REFERENCES Allard, G.B. 1997. Travel report Seychelles. FAO. Rome. Anonymous. 1978. Les forets des Seychelles. Henry, P.W.T. 1976. Forestry in the Seychelles. Land Resource Report Number 8. Agency

of Overseas Development. Surrey.

REMERCIEMENTS


Des informations supplementaires sur les PFNL aux Seychelles seraient bienvenues et reconnues en bonne et due forme.

ANNEXE

Annexe 1: Services de la forat

L'ecotourisme est une activite economique importante aux Seychelles (Anonymous, 1978). Un arbre important pour Ie tourisme des Seychelles est Ca/ophyllum inophyllum. Cet arbre est I'habitat favori pour beaucoup d'especes en danger et il est apprecie par les touristes et la population locale, souligne par Ie fait qu'iI donne son nom aux vi lies et plages de I'Tle de Mahe (Allard, 1997).

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_outhern Africa / i Jrque AustrilL

3.4.1 Angola (E)

INTRODUCTION

Main Non-Wood Forest ProductsEdible plants and plant products (mushrooms, fruits, leaves, tubers, roots, nuts) andmedicinal plants are considered as the most important non-wood forest products (NWFP) inAngola (FAO, 1991).

Other NWFP include gums, honey, bushmeat and other edible animals, and fodder.

General informationNWFP are first and foremost used for food and medicinal purposes. They serve as importantprotein providers especially for rural people. Beyond this, they represent a source of incomefor a large number of people, especially women, who are the main traders of NWFP.

Available information on NWFP in Angola is scarce.


MedicinesMedicines deriving from NWFP are of great importance in rural areas due to limited accessof rural people to modern medicine and treatments. Among the 235 classified tree speciesfound in Angola, 40 are documented to be used in the traditional medicine (FA0,1999). Evenin some urban areas these NWFP play an important role in satisfying the health needs of thepopulation. Their economic, social and cultural values are recognized but difficult to estimate.


Honey and beeswaxBeekeeping in Angola is mainly a subsistence activity. The industrial sector producing honeyand wax for commercial purposes collapsed soon after the independence of the country in1975.

Angola has a potential to enlarge its apiculture due to its richness in nectar yielding plants aswell as in Eucalyptus spp. plantations, almost non-exploited for beekeeping activities.

BushmeatBushmeat plays an important role in Angola since food scarcity is serious in certain regions.In 1999 commercial hunting permits were issued to 164 persons for a value of US$20 532.The actual hunting rate is supposed to be far higher. The main species hunted in 1998 arelisted in Table 1.

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3.4 Southern Africa I Afrique Australe

3.4.1 Angola (E)

INTRODUCTION


Edible plants and plant products (mushrooms, fruits, leaves, tubers, roots, nuts) and medicinal plants are considered as the most important non-wood forest products (NWFP) in Angola (FAO, 1991).

Other NWFP include gums, honey, bushmeat and other edible animals, and fodder.

General information

NWFP are first and foremost used for food and medicinal purposes. They serve as important protein providers especially for rural people. Beyond this, they represent a source of income for a large number of people, especially women, who are the main traders of NWFP .

. Available information on NWFP in Angola is scarce.


Medicines Medicines deriving from NWFP are of great importance in rural areas due to limited access of rural people to modern medicine and treatments. Among the 235 classified tree species found in Angola, 40 are documented to be used in the traditional medicine (FAa, 1999). Even in some urban areas these NWFP play an important role in satisfying the health needs of the population. Their economic, social and cultural values are recognized but difficult to estimate.


Honey and beeswax Beekeeping in Angola is mainly a subsistence activity. The industrial sector producing honey and wax for commercial purposes collapsed soon after the independence of the country in 1975.

Angola has a potential to enlarge its apiculture due to its richness in nectar yielding plants as well as in Eucalyptus spp. plantations, almost non-exploited for beekeeping activities.

Bushmeat Bushmeat plays an important role in Angola since food scarcity is serious in certain regions. In 1999 commercial hunting permits were issued to 164 persons for a value of US$20 532. The actual hunting rate is supposed to be far higher. The main species hunted in 1998 are listed in Table 1.

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Table 1. List of main animal s ecies hunted in An ola in 1998

Source: FAO (1999)

Other edible animal productsThere is a diversity of edible insects that are sold on the markets and that are importantcomponents of the population's diet.

ReferencesFAO. 1991. Angola. Séminaire sur les statistiques forestières en Afrique, by D. Veloso & R.

Manga. Thies, Senegal.FAO. 1999. NWFP statistics: Angola, by A. Zola. EC-FAO Partnership Programme, Project

GCP/INT/679/EC, FAO. Rome.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTThis report has been realized thanks to the funding of the ECFAO Partnership Programme"Data Collection and Analysis for Sustainable Forest Management in ACP Countries". Thecontent is based on available information at FAO Headquarters in Rome, as well as oninformation provided by Mr A. Zola, Institute of Forestry Development of Angola.

Additional information on NWFP in Angola would be appreciated and duly acknowledged.

143

Local name Scientific name

Bambi castanhaBambi comumCabra de lequeElefanteGalengue do desertoGalinha do matoGungaHipopótamoImpalaLebresMacacoNuncePacaPacaçaPorco bravoPorco espinhoPiriquitoSeixaSongueVeado

Cephalophus leucochilusSylvicarpa grimmiaAntidorcas marsupialis angolensisLoxodonta sp.Oryx gazella blineiNumida gutteraTaurotragus oryxHippopotamus amphibiusAepycerus melampusPronologusCo/obus angolensisRedunca arundinum-

Syncerus nanusPotamochoerus porcusLepus-

Guevi monticolaKobusTrapelaphus scriptus

Table 1 List of main anima species hunted in Angola in 1998

local name

Bambi castanha Bambi comum Cabra de leque Elefante Galengue do deserto Galinha do mato Gunga Hipop6tamo Impala Lebres Macaco Nunce Paca Pacaga Porco bravo Porco espinho Piriquito Seixa Songue Veado

Source: FAO (1999)

Other edible animal products

Scientific name

Cephalophus leucochilus Sylvicarpa grimmia Antidorcas marsupialis ango/ensis Loxodonta sp. Oryx gazella blinei Numida guttera Taurotragus oryx Hippopotamus amphibius Aepycerus melampus Pronologus Colobus angolensis Redunca arundinum

Syncerus nanus Potamochoerus porcus Lepus

Guevi monticola Kobus Trapelaphus scriptus

There is a diversity of edible insects that are sold on the markets and that are important components of the population's diet.

References

FAa. 1991. Angola. Seminaire sur les statistiques forestieres en Afrique, by D. Veloso & R. Manga. Thies, Senegal.

FAa. 1999. NWFP statistics: Angola, by A. Zola. EC-FAO Partnership Programme, Project GCP/INT/679/EC, FAO. Rome.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This report has been realized thanks to the funding of the EC-FAO Partnership Programme "Data Collection and Analysis for Sustainable Forest Management in ACP Countries". The content is based on available information at FAO Headquarters in Rome, as well as on information provided by Mr A. Zola, Institute of Forestry Development of Angola.

Additional information on NWFP in Angola would be appreciated and duly acknowledged.

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3.4.2 Botswana (E)

INTRODUCTION

Main Non-Wood Forest ProductsInformation about the utilization of non-wood forest products (NWFP) in Botswana is rare.Some data are available on tubers, medicinal plants (Harpagophytum procumbens) andbushmeat.


FoodThe San bushmen use numerous plants as sources of drinking water, notably the tubersRaphionacme burkei and Coccinea rehmannii (Falconer, 1990).

FodderImproved management of fodder resources contributes significantly to food security in thesubsistence sector. Production of fodder may have some potential in larger commerciallivestock operations where cattle are stall-fed.

MedicinesHarpa gophytum procumbens is a medicinal plant, known worldwide, which is endemic to theKalahari Desert. Roots and rhizomes, harvested from the wild, are used for anti-rheumatictreatments and commercialized on the world market (Lewington,1993). Due to commercialharvesting of the roots, up to 66 percent of the plant population has already been removed.(Cunningham, 1997).


BushmeatIn Botswana, the majority of animal protein comes from wild animals. Over 50 species of wildanimals are hunted for food, providing in some regions 90.7 kg/a/person, equivalent to 40percent of their diet. Some animals are sold, thus providing income opportunities to thepoorest households (FAO, 1997).

REFERENCESCunningham, A.B. 1997. An Africa-wide overview of medicinal plant harvesting,

conservation and health care. In Global Initiative for Traditional Systems of Health &FAO, eds. Medicinal plants for forest conseniation and health care. Non-Wood ForestProducts Series No. 11. Rome.

Falconer, J. 1990. "Hungry season" food from the forest. Unasylva, 41(160): 14-19.FAO. 1997. Wildlife and food security in Africa, by Y. Ntiamoa-Baidu. FAO Conservation

Guide No. 33. Rome.Lewington, A. 1993. Medicinal plants and plant extracts. A TRAFFIC Network report.

Cambridge.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTThis report has been realized thanks to the funding of the ECFAO Partnership Programme"Data Collection and Analysis for Sustainable Forest Management in ACP Countries". Thecontent is based on available information at FAO Headquarters in Rome.

Additional information on NWFP in Botswana would be appreciated and duly acknowledged.

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3.4.2 Botswana (E)

INTRODUCTION


Information about the utilization of non-wood forest products (NWFP) in Botswana is rare. Some data are available on tubers, medicinal plants (Harpagophytum procumbens) and bush meat.


Food

The San bushmen use numerous plants as sources of drinking water, notably the tubers Raphionacme burkei and Coccinea rehmannii (Falconer, 1990).

Fodder

Improved management of fodder resources contributes significantly to food security in the subsistence sector. Production of fodder may have some potential in larger commercial livestock operations where cattle are stall-fed.

Medicines

Harpagophytum procumbens is a medicinal plant, known worldwide, which is endemic to the Kalahari Desert. Roots and rhizomes, harvested from the wild, are used for anti-rheumatic treatments and commercialized on the world market (Lewington,1993). Due to commercial harvesting of the roots, up to 66 percent of the plant population has already been removed. (Cunningham, 1997).


Bushmeat

In Botswana, the majority of animal protein comes from wild animals. Over 50 species of wild animals are hunted for food, providing in some regions 90.7 kg/a/person, equivalent to 40 percent of their diet. Some animals are sold, thus providing income opportunities to the poorest households (FAO, 1997).

REFERENCES

Cunningham, A.B. 1997. An Africa-wide overview of medicinal plant harvesting, conservation and health care. In Global Initiative for Traditional Systems of Health & FAO, eds. Medicinal plants for forest conservation and health care. Non-Wood Forest Products Series No. 11. Rome.

Falconer, J. 1990. "Hungry season" food from the forest. Unasylva, 41(160): 14-19. FAO. 1997. Wildlife and food security in Africa, by Y. Ntiamoa-Baidu. FAO Conservation

Guide No. 33. Rome. Lewington, A. 1993. Medicinal plants and plant extracts. A TRAFFIC Network report.

Cambridge.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT


Additional information on NWFP in Botswana would be appreciated and duly acknowledged.

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3.4.3 Lesotho (E)

INTRODUCTION

Main Non-Wood Forest ProductsFodder plants, fruits and medicinal plants are the most important non-wood forest products(NWFP) in Lesotho.

Other NWFP are ornamentals, tannins, bushmeat, honey and beeswax.

General informationNWFP play a crucial role for the rural communities. But since fuelwood is regarded as themost important forest product for the people in Lesotho, NWFP are little appreciated at thenational level. The only recognition given to NWFP at the national level refers to imports fromSouth Africa (Anonymous, 1993).

There is also an interest in ornamental species, particularly in the urban and peri-urbanareas.


FodderOverstocking in Lesotho is recorded to reach 300 percent. Trees are an important source offodder, especially during the dry season. Harvesting of forage consists mainly in the removalof leaves, pods and small branches or twigs. In most cases, the tree forage is cut usingpruning shears and fed to the animals. In some cases cattle and goats are allowed directaccess to the trees to browse freely.

MedicinesMedicinal plants used in Lesotho include:

Dianthus bascius used by traditional healers. The plant, which promotes cleansing ofthe blood stream, is sold on the local markets at high price.Eucomis autumnalis an important source of income. An infusion made from this herb isused for curing sexually transmitted diseases.Berkheya setifera another important medicinal plant in the country.

The main commercial activities in NWFP in the country are based on traditional medicines(e.g. Dianthus bascius, Eucomis autumnalis, Berkheya setifera). Many medicinal plants canbe considered endangered species due to over-exploitation.

Utensils, handicrafts and construction materialsMerxmuellera macowanii (Moseha) is used as material to make brooms, mats, house roofingand huts. Products made of this grass are a source of income to the people since they areexported.

ANIMAL AND ANIMAL PRODUCTS

HoneyHoney has always been of great importance to Lesotho. It is used as medicine to cure coldsand is also believed to exorcize evil spirits.

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3.4.3 Lesotho (E)

INTRODUCTION


Fodder plants, fruits and medicinal plants are the most important non-wood forest products (NWFP) in Lesotho.

Other NWFP are ornamentals, tannins, bush meat, honey and beeswax.

General information

NWFP playa crucial role for the rural communities. But since fuelwood is regarded as the most important forest product for the people in Lesotho, NWFP are little appreciated at the national level. The only recognition given to NWFP at the national level refers to imports from South Africa (Anonymous, 1993).

There is also an interest in ornamental species, particularly in the urban and peri-urban areas.


Fodder

Overstocking in Lesotho is recorded to reach 300 percent. Trees are an important source of fodder, especially during the dry season. Harvesting of forage consists mainly in the removal of leaves, pods and small branches or twigs. In most cases, the tree forage is cut using pruning shears and fed to the animals. In some cases cattle and goats are allowed direct access to the trees to browse freely.

Medicines Medicinal plants used in Lesotho include: • Dianthus bascius - used by traditional healers. The plant, which promotes cleansing of

the blood stream, is sold on the local markets at high price. • Eucomis autumnalis - an important source of income. An infusion made from this herb is

used for curing sexually transmitted diseases. • Berkheya setifera - another important medicinal plant in the country.

The main commercial activities in NWFP in the country are based on traditional medicines (e.g. Dianthus bascius, Eucomis autumnalis, 8erkheya setifera). Many medicinal plants can be considered endangered species due to over-exploitation.


Merxmuellera macowanii (Moseha) is used as material to make brooms, mats, house roofing and huts. Products made of this grass are a source of income to the people since they are exported.


Honey Honey has always been of great importance to Lesotho. It is used as medicine to cure colds and is also believed to exorcize evil spirits.

145

In 1996, 343.2 kg of honey were produced in Lesotho and in 1997/98 the yield increased to448.4 kg/a. The honey produced in Lesotho is sold on the local markets and in thepharmacies (FAO, 1998).

BushmeatBushmeat plays a crucial role for the rural people. Due to the disappearance of animals'natural habitats, the number of animal populations have drastically decreased (Anonymous,1993).

REFERENCESAnonymous. 1993. Pilote country study Lesotho In Commonwealth Science Council & FAO,

eds. Non-wood forest products: A regional expert consultation for English-speakingAfrican countries, 17-22 October 1993, Arusha, Tanzania.

FAO. 1986. Assistance in indigenous forest inventory. Report to the Government ofSwaziland. TCP/5WA/4505 (F). Rome

FAO. 1998. Non-wood forest products of Lesotho, by E.S. Sekaleli. EC-FAO PartnershipProgramme, Project GCP/INT/679/EC, FAO. Rome

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTThis report has been realized thanks to the funding of the ECFAO Partnership Programme"Data Collection and Analysis for Sustainable Forest Management in ACP Countries". Thecontent is based on available information at FAO Headquarters in Rome, as well as oninformation provided by Mr E.S Sekaleli, Forestry Division in Lesotho.

Additional information on NWFP in Lesotho would be appreciated and duly acknowledged.

ANNEX 1. FOREST SERVICESAmong the services provided by the forest, amenity, tourism and hunting are known to beutilized in Lesotho.

146

In 1996,343.2 kg of honey were produced in Lesotho and in 1997/98 the yield increased to 448.4 kg/a. The honey produced in Lesotho is sold on the local markets and in the pharmacies (FAO, 1998).

Bushmeat

Bushmeat plays a crucial role for the rural people. Due to the disappearance of animals' natural habitats, the number of animal populations have drastically decreased (Anonymous, 1993).

REFERENCES

Anonymous. 1993. Pilote country study Lesotho In Commonwealth Science Council & FAO, eds. Non-wood forest products: A regional expert consultation for English-speaking African countries, 17-22 October 1993, Arusha, Tanzania.

FAO. 1986. Assistance in indigenous forest inventory. Report to the Government of Swaziland. TCP/SWAl4505 (F). Rome

FAO. 1998. Non-wood forest products of Lesotho, by E.S. Sekaleli. EC-FAO Partnership Programme, Project GCP/INT/679/EC, FAO. Rome

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This report has been realized thanks to the funding of the EC-FAO Partnership Programme "Data Collection and Analysis for Sustainable Forest Management in ACP Countries". The content is based on available information at FAO Headquarters in Rome, as well as on information provided by Mr E.S Sekaleli, Forestry Division in Lesotho.

Additional information on NWFP in Lesotho would be appreciated and duly acknowledged.


Among the services provided by the forest, amenity, tourism and hunting are known to be utilized in Lesotho.

146

QUANTITATIVE DATA ON NWFP OF LESOTHO


la latex; oi oil; pl entire plant; re resins; ro roots; sa sap; se seeds; st stem; ta tanninsHabitat: F - natural forest or other wooded lands; P - plantation; 0 others: trees outside forests (e.g. agroforestry, homegardens)Source: W - wild, C - cultivatedDestination: N national;

147

international




1, 2, 3 F, P, 0 W, C N, I


1 ho, bw Honey production of448.4 kg in 1997/98

FAO, 1998

QUANTITATIVE DATA ON NWFP OF LESOTHO Product Resource Economic value


I Generic term used

1,2,3 F,P,O w,e N, I I Animals and animal products

Honey, beeswax



1 ho, bw Honey production of 448.4 kg in 1997/98

1- high importance on the national level; 2 - high importance on the local/regionallevel; 3 -low importance an - entire animal; ba - bark; bw - beeswax; Ie - leaves; nu - nuts; fi - fibres; fI - flowers; fr - fruits; gu - gums; ho - honey; la -latex; oi - oil; pl- entire plant; re - resins; ro - roots; sa - sap; se - seeds; st - stem; ta - tannins F - natural forest or other wooded lands; P - plantation; 0 - others: trees outside forests (e.g. agroforestry, homegardens) W - wild, C - cultivated N national;

147

Remarks

I References

FAO,1998

international

3.4.4 Malawi (E)

INTRODUCTION

Main Non-Wood Forest ProductsWild animal food like honey, caterpillars, termites and bushmeat are the most important non-wood forest products (NWFP) in Malawi. Mushrooms and fruits are the most important plantproducts.

Other NWFP are fodder, fibres, resins and medicinal plants.

General informationThe importance of NWFP differs in various regions:

In northern Malawi, bushmeat is recorded to be the most important NWFP followed byhoney, termites, caterpillars and various plant productsIn southern Malawi, termites are the most important NWFP followed by bushmeat, honey,caterpillars and plant-based NWFPIn central Malawi, mushrooms and fruits are documented to be the most importantNWFP, followed by various others.

In Malawi self-consumption is more important than the sale of NWFP. Especially honey,fruits, mushrooms, game, medicinal plants, as well as grass for thatch, constitute importantsources of income for the rural communities in the country (Nyirenda, 1993).


FoodFruit trees (e.g. Uapaca kirkiana, Tamarindus indica, Strychnos spinosa) are importantsources of food supplements. Fruits improve the nutritional content of staple foods and thenutritional status especially in times of food emergency and have been used for a long timeto supplement dietary needs. They contain vital nutrients and essential vitamins, which areimportant especially for growing children, who often suffer from malnutrition and relateddiseases. Nutritional studies have shown that Parinari curateffifolia, Strychnos cocculoidesand Azanza garkeana contain more than 30 percent fat and about 45 percent of crude fibreand total carbohydrates, while Trichilia emetica and Annona senegalensis are importantsource of protein (Saka and Msonthi, 1994). The miombo woodland is an important source ofindigenous fruits (Uapaca kirkiana, Parinari curatellifolia, Strychnos cocculoides, Flacourtiaindica).

Indigenous fruit trees of the miombo are also used to generate income (both in cash andbarter) through the sale of fruits and fruit products (Maghembe and Seyani, 1991; Clarke etal., 1996). The same is the case for other fruits, e.g. Uapaca kirkiana, that are widely tradedand offer a supplementary income generating activity (Clarke et al., 1996). Uapaca kirkianamakes a good wine. Most of these fruit trees are found only in natural stands (Ngulube,1993).

In the Kasungu District, 20 species of fruit trees have been identified (Clarke etal., 1996).

The Wildlife Society of Malawi (WSM) is implementing a project named sustainablemanagement of indigenous forests (SADC/FSTCU-GTZ Project) in Mwanza east. It is acommunity-based project. Through this initiative, some local communities are enjoying thebenefits derived from the sale to the People Trading Centre (PTC) of juices made from

148

3.4.4 Malawi (E)

INTRODUCTION


Wild animal food like honey, caterpillars, termites and bush meat are the most important nonwood forest products (NWFP) in Malawi. Mushrooms and fruits are the most important plant products.

Other NWFP are fodder, fibres, resins and medicinal plants.

General information

The importance of NWFP differs in various regions: • In northern Malawi, bushmeat is recorded to be the most important NWFP followed by

honey, termites, caterpillars and various plant products • In southern Malawi, termites are the most important NWFP followed by bushmeat, honey,

caterpillars and plant-based NWFP • In central Malawi, mushrooms and fruits are documented to be the most important

NWFP, followed by various others.

In Malawi self-consumption is more important than the sale of NWFP. Especially honey, fruits, mushrooms, game, medicinal plants, as well as grass for thatch, constitute important sources of income for the rural communities in the country (Nyirenda, 1993).


Food

Fruit trees (e.g. Uapaca kirkiana, Tamarindus indica, Strychnos spinosa) are important sources of food supplements. Fruits improve the nutritional content of staple foods and the nutritional status especially in times of food emergency and have been used for a long time to supplement dietary needs. They contain vital nutrients and essential vitamins, which are important especially for growing children, who often suffer from malnutrition and related diseases. Nutritional studies have shown that Parinari curatellifolia, Strychnos cocculoides and Azanza garkeana contain more than 30 percent fat and about 45 percent of crude fibre and total carbohydrates, while Trichilia emetica and Annona senega/ensis are important source of protein (Saka and Msonthi, 1994). The miombo woodland is an important source of indigenous fruits (Uapaca kirkiana, Parinari curatellifolia, Strychnos cocculoides, Flacourtia indica).

Indigenous fruit trees of the miombo are also used to generate income (both in cash and barter) through the sale of fruits and fruit products (Mag hem be and Seyani, 1991; Clarke et al., 1996). The same is the case for other fruits, e.g. Uapaca kirkiana, that are widely traded and offer a supplementary income generating activity (Clarke et aI., 1996). Uapaca kirkiana makes a good wine. Most of these fruit trees are found only in natural stands (Ngulube, 1993).

In the Kasungu District, 20 species of fruit trees have been identified (Clarke et al., 1996).

The Wildlife Society of Malawi (WSM) is implementing a project named sustainable management of indigenous forests (SADC/FSTCU-GTZ Project) in Mwanza east. It is a community-based project. Through this initiative, some local communities are enjoying the benefits derived from the sale to the People Trading Centre (PTC) of juices made from

148

Tamarindus indica and Adansonia digitata fruits. Most of these fruit trees are found only innatural stands and are threatened by deforestation (Ngulube, 1993) Currently, efforts areunder way to domesticate the most preferred indigenous fruit tree species. The table belowpresents the top ten priority species for domestication in Malawi (Simons, 1997).

Table 1. Top ten fruit species of MalawiRanking Species name Number

1 Uapaca kirkiana 992 Parinari curatellifolia 703 Strychnos cocculoides 414 Flacourtia indica 375 Azanza garckeana 266 Annona senegalensis 247 Van gueria infausta 248 Syzygium owariense 179 Adansonia digitata 15

10 Ficus sycomorus 14

*The number of households out of the 128 sampled that included the species as one of theirtop ten.Source: Malembo etal. 1998.

Mushrooms have always been known to provide supplementary food especially during therainy season (Chipompha, 1985). The utilization of 60 species of edible mushrooms isdocumented and these are widely sold along roadsides during the rainy season, particularlyby women and children. Most of these wild edible mushrooms grow on dead wood and leaflitter normally found in indigenous woodlands (Clarke et al., 1996).

A wide range of indigenous vegetables is available in Malawi (Kwapata 1991; Willamson1974). Many of these vegetables are rich in vitamins, essential minerals and oils. Youngtender leaves of certain trees such as Adansonia digitata and Afzelia quanzensis are cookedand used as relish (Mauambeta, 1998).

FodderThe most important fodder species used in Malawi have been documented by Clarke et al.(1996).

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Tamarindus indica and Adansonia digitata fruits. Most of these fruit trees are found only in natural stands and are threatened by deforestation (Ngulube, 1993) Currently, efforts are under way to domesticate the most preferred indigenous fruit tree species. The table below presents the top ten priority species for domestication in Malawi (Simons, 1997).

Table 1. Top ten fruit species of Malawi Ranking Species name Number

1 Uapaca kirkiana 99 2 Parinari curatellifolia 70 3 Strychnos cocculoides 41 4 Flacourlia indica 37 5 Azanza garckeana 26 6 Annona senegalensis 24 7 Vangueria infausta 24 8 Syzygium owariense 17 9 Adansonia digitata 15

10 Ficus sycomorus 14

*The number of households out of the 128 sampled that included the species as one of their top ten. Source: Malembo et al. 1998.

Mushrooms have always been known to provide supplementary food especially during the rainy season (Chipompha, 1985). The utilization of 60 species of edible mushrooms is documented and these are widely sold along roadsides during the rainy season, particularly by women and children. Most of these wild edible mushrooms grow on dead wood and leaf litter normally found in indigenous woodlands (Clarke et al., 1996).

A wide range of indigenous vegetables is available in Malawi (Kwapata 1991; Willamson 1974). Many of these vegetables are rich in vitamins, essential minerals and oils. Young tender leaves of certain trees such as Adansonia digitata and Afzelia quanzensis are cooked and used as relish (Mauambeta, 1998).

Fodder

The most important fodder species used in Malawi have been documented by Clarke et al. (1996).

149

Table 2. Preferred graze and browse species collected from a woodland transect walk andtheir seasonal occurrence. Ranked by palatability for cattle as assessed by 6 herders atChimaliro Study Site

Source: Abbot and Lowore, 1995.

MedicinesThe predominant medical system in use in Malawi is that of traditional medicine, especially inthe rural areas (Maliwichi, 1997). Limitations to Government health services due, i.e., to drugshortages and insufficient number of hospitals, as well as an unfavourable western doctor topatient ratio of 1:50 000, have contributed to the reliance on traditional medicine.

The Government is reported to recognize the contribution of traditional medical practitionersto the nation's health care and the benefits of collaboration between the modern andtraditional medical communities (Hauya, 1997). Some traditional medicine associations exist,the largest of which is the Herbalists' Association of Malawi with about 2 000 members(Maliwichi, 1997).

A variety of medicinal plants are used. Most of them are traded locally. However, exports ofJateorhiza bukobensis is observed particularly to neighbouring countries such as Zambia,Zimbabwe, Mozambique and South Africa. A total of 44 plant species were observed at theLimbe market in Blantyre being packaged for a South African client (Maliwichi, 1997). Theutilization of medicinal plants has an ecological impact. The supply of Pterocarpusangolensis is affected by competing uses such as timber logging. Local over-exploitation ofDioscorea sylvatica, Cassia spp., Erythrophleum suaveolens and Erythrina abyssinica is anemerging problem.

Utensils, handicrafts and construction materialsTraditional houses, animal huts and tobacco sheds are thatched using grass. Thatch may beobtained from the forest reserves. Most of the thatch, however, is obtained from fallow andestate land (Lowore et al., 1993).The most favoured species is Hyparrhenia rufa (Williamson,1975). Grass is an important seasonal source of income, especially among the poorestsectors of the community. Headloads of thatch grass are sold between villagers and at times

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Species Ranking Preferred eatingseason

Parts eaten(above ground)

Beckeropsis uniseta 1 Nov. to April AllCynodon dactylon 1 Throughout

the yearAll

Eriosema effipticum 1 Nov. to March LeavesVemonia adoensis 1 Nov. to March LeavesBauhinia thonningii 2 Jul. to Nov. Fruits onlyDichrostachys cinerea 2 Jul. to Nov. Fruits onlyDroogmansia pterpus 2 Sept. to March LeavesMucuna stans 2 Sept. to March LeavesCussonia arborea 3 Sept. to March LeavesHyparrhenia filipendula 3 Nov. to April FruitsJulbemardia paniculata 3 Sept. to Nov. AllFicus sycomorus 3 Oct. to Nov. Juvenile leavesPhragmites mauritianus 3 Nov. to April AllPseudolachnostylismaprouneifolia

3 Sept. to March Leaves

Steganotaenia araliacea 3 Sept. to March Leaes and fruitsStrychnos spinosa 4 Sept. to March Cattle eat fallen

leaves and goatswhole leaves

Ectadiopsis oblongifolia 5 Throughoutthe year

Leaves

Zanha africana 5 Sept. to March Leaves

Table 2. Preferred graze and browse species collected from a woodland transect walk and their seasonal occurrence. Ranked by palatability for cattle as assessed by 6 herders at Chimaliro Study Site Species

Beckeropsis uniseta Cynodon dacty/on

Eriosema ellipticum Vernonia adoensis Bauhinia thonningii Oichrostachys cinerea Oroogmansia pterpus Mucuna stans Cussonia arborea Hyparrhenia filipendula Julbernardia paniculata Ficus sycomorus Phragmites mauritianus Pseudo/achnostylis maprouneifolia Steganotaenia araliacea Strychnos spinosa

Ectadiopsis oblongifolia

Ranking

1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3

3 4

5

Zanha africana 5

Source: Abbot and Lowore, 1995.

Medicines

Preferred eating season Nov. to April Throughout the year Nov. to March Nov. to March Jul. to Nov. Jul. to Nov. Sept. to March Sept. to March Sept. to March Nov. to April Sept. to Nov. Oct. to Nov. Nov. to April Sept. to March

Sept. to March Sept. to March

Throughout the year Sept. to March

Parts eaten (above ground) All All

Leaves Leaves Fruits only Fruits only Leaves Leaves Leaves Fruits All Juvenile leaves All Leaves

Leaes and fruits Cattle eat fallen leaves and goats whole leaves Leaves

Leaves

The predominant medical system in use in Malawi is that of traditional medicine, especially in the rural areas (Maliwichi, 1997). Limitations to Government health services due, i.e., to drug shortages and insufficient number of hospitals, as well as an unfavourable western doctor to patient ratio of 1 :50000, have contributed to the reliance on traditional medicine.

The Government is reported to recognize the contribution of traditional medical practitioners to the nation's health care and the benefits of collaboration between the modern and traditional medical communities (Hauya, 1997). Some traditional medicine associations exist, the largest of which is the Herbalists' Association of Malawi with about 2 000 members (Maliwichi, 1997).

A variety of medicinal plants are used. Most of them are traded locally. However, exports of Jateorhiza bukobensis is observed particularly to neighbouring countries such as Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique and South Africa. A total of 44 plant species were observed at the Limbe market in Blantyre being packaged for a South African client (Maliwichi, 1997). The utilization of medicinal plants has an ecological impact. The supply of Pterocarpus angolensis is affected by competing uses such as timber logging. Local over-exploitation of Dioscorea sylvatica, Cassia spp., Erythrophleum suaveolens and Erythrina abyssinica is an emerging problem.


Traditional houses, animal huts and tobacco sheds are thatched using grass. Thatch may be obtained from the forest reserves. Most of the thatch, however, is obtained from fallow and estate land (Lowore et al., 1993).The most favoured species is Hyparrhenia ruta (Williamson, 1975). Grass is an important seasonal source of income, especially among the poorest sectors of the community. Headloads of thatch grass are sold between villagers and at times

150

collected communally by a clan to assist those who are re-roofing or building new houses(Abbot, 1996).


Honey and beeswaxIn Malawi, some 8 000 beekeepers produce 1 000 t/a of honey and 150 t/a of beeswax. Thisquantity corresponds to the capacity of the local industry (Anonymous, 1978). Eighty percentof the honey consumed and 95 percent of the beeswax marketed within the country areimported (Brigham et a/., 1996). However, due to the existing demand for these products,efforts are under way to involve more people into honey production. A number of beekeepingclubs have been formed in Mzuzu, Chimaliro and Blantyre and several beehives have beenplaced in the woodlands of these areas. It is estimated that a single beehive can produce20-30 kg of honey under favourable climatic conditions.The Taoloka beekeeping club, forexample, sells its honey to the Beekeeping Association of Malawi, which processes, packsand sells it to main chain stores within the country, such as the People Trading Centre (PTC)(Chanyenga and Lowore, 1999).

BushmeatBushmeat is an important source of food especially in areas close to natural forests. Peoplein northern Malawi, where a considerable forest area exists, do a lot of hunting. However,bushmeat is becoming scarcer due to over-hunting. Efforts are under way trying todomesticate wild birds such as guinea fowls. They constitute a good business since a birdcan be sold at a price as high as K200 (approximately US$4.5-5).

Other edible animal productsFourteen species of edible caterpillars are exploited in the Kasungu District (Clarke et al.,1996). Approximately 170 people participated in the legal harvest of caterpillars during the1991 season gathering close to 1 850 kg which were sold at US$2-7 per kg. Each personearned nearly US$50 from the sale of these insects (Brigham et al., 1996; Cunningham,1997).

Higher termite species (Macrotermes) are a source of useful protein in Malawi. At the onsetof the rainy season, alates (locally known as ngumbi or inswa) are trapped in their dispersalflight and are processed and eaten as relish or snacks. However, the quantities consumed ortraded are unknown. Termites are obtained from natural forests, plantations and otherareas.

REFERENCESAbbot, J. 1996. Rural subsistence and protected areas: Community use of the miombo

woodlands of Lake Malawi National Park. PhD thesis. University College London.University of London. Unpulished.

Abbot, P. & Lowore, J. 1995. Livestock grazing in Chimaliro Forest reserve: Preliminaryresults and implications for the management of brows resources.

Anonymous. 1978. Country report Malawi. 8th World Forestry CongressBrigham, T., Chihongo, A. & Chidumayo, E. 1996. Trade in woodland products from the

miombo region. In B. Campbell ed. The miombo in transition: Woodlands and welfarein Africa. Bogor. CIFOR. Bogor

Chanyenga, T & Lowore, J. 1999. The composition, stocking and abudance of Sterculiaquinqueloba at Kamwamba in Mwanza East. FIRM Report No. 99004

Chipompha, N.W.S. 1985. Some mushrooms of Malawi. Forestry Research Record No. 63Clarke, J, Cavendish, W. & Coote, C. 1996. Rural households and miombo woodlands:

Use, value and management. In B. Campbell, ed. The miombo in transition:Woodlands and welfare in Africa. Bogor. CIFOR.

151

collected communally by a clan to assist those who are re-roofing or building new houses (Abbot, 1996).


Honey and beeswax

In Malawi, some 8 000 beekeepers produce 1 000 t/a of honey and 150 t/a of beeswax. This quantity corresponds to the capacity of the local industry (Anonymous, 1978). Eighty percent of the honey consumed and 95 percent of the beeswax marketed within the country are imported (Brigham et al., 1996). However, due to the existing demand for these products, efforts are under way to involve more people into honey production. A number of beekeeping clubs have been formed in Mzuzu, Chimaliro and Blantyre and several beehives have been placed in the woodlands of these areas. It is estimated that a single beehive can produce 20-30 kg of honey under favourable climatic conditions.The Taoloka beekeeping club, for example, sells its honey to the Beekeeping Association of Malawi, which processes, packs and sells it to main chain stores within the country, such as the People Trading Centre (PTC) (Chanyenga and Lowore, 1999).

Bushmeat

Bushmeat is an important source of food especially in areas close to natural forests. People in northern Malawi, where a considerable forest area exists, do a lot of hunting. However, bushmeat is becoming scarcer due to over-hunting. Efforts are under way trying to domesticate wild birds such as guinea fowls. They constitute a good business since a bird can be sold at a price as high as K200 (approximately US$4.5-5).

Other edible animal products Fourteen species of edible caterpillars are exploited in the Kasungu District (Clarke et al., 1996). Approximately 170 people participated in the legal harvest of caterpillars during the 1991 season gathering close to 1 850 kg which were sold at US$2-7 per kg. Each person earned nearly US$50 from the sale of these insects (Brigham et al., 1996; Cunningham, 1997).

Higher termite species (Macrotermes) are a source of useful protein in Malawi. At the onset of the rainy season, alates (locally known as ngumbi or inswa) are trapped in their dispersal flight and are processed and eaten as relish or snacks. However, the quantities consumed or traded are unknown. Termites are obtained from natural forests, plantations and other areas.

REFERENCES Abbot, J. 1996. Rural subsistence and protected areas: Community use of the miombo

woodlands of Lake Malawi National Park. PhD thesis. University College London. University of London. Unpulished.

Abbot, P. & Lowore, J. 1995. Livestock grazing in Chimaliro Forest reserve: Preliminary results and implications for the management of brows resources.

Anonymous. 1978. Country report Malawi. 8th World Forestry Congress Brigham, T., Chihongo, A . & Chidumayo, E. 1996. Trade in woodland products from the

miombo region. In B. Campbell ed. The miombo in transition: Woodlands and welfare in Africa. Bogor. CIFOR. Bogor

Chanyenga, T & Lowore, J. 1999. The composition, stocking and abudance of Sterculia quinqueloba at Kamwamba in Mwanza East. FIRM Report No. 99004

Chipompha, N.W.S. 1985. Some mushrooms of Malawi. Forestry Research Record No. 63 Clarke, J, Cavendish, W. & Coote, C. 1996. Rural households and miombo woodlands:

Use, value and management. In B. Campbell, ed. The miombo in transition: Woodlands and welfare in Africa. Bogor. CIFOR.

151


FAO. 1998. Non-wood forest products of Malawi, by Tembo Faera Chanyenga. EC-FAOPartnership Programme, Project GCP/INT/679/EC. Rome

Hauya, J. 1997. Traditional healers important govt. The Nation (Malawi), 11 September1997. In Marshal, Nina T. 1998. Searching for a cure: Conservation of medicinalwildlife resources in east and southern Africa. Cambridge. TRAFFIC International.

Kwapata, M.B. 1991. Genetic diversity of indigenous fruits and vegetables in Malawi. In C.F.Chigwe & M.B. Kwapata, eds. Conserving Malawi plant genetic resources.Proceedings of the First National Workshop on Plant Genetic Resources andBiotechnology held from 25 February to 1 March 1991.

Lowore, J.; Coote, C., Abbot, P., Chapola, G. & Malembo, L. 1993. Community use andmanagement of indigenous trees and forest products in Malawi: The case for fourvillages close to Chimaliro Forest Reserve. FRIM Report No. 93008. pp. 1-59.

Maghembe, J.A. & Seyani, J. H. 1991. Multipurpose trees used by smafiholder farmers inMalawi: Results of an ethnobotanical survey. ICRA. AFRENA Report, 42: 1-30.

Rtialembo, L., Chilanga, T. & Maliwich, C. P. 1998. Indigenous miombo fruits selected fordomestication by farmers in Malawi. In J. Maghembe, A. Simons, F. Kwesiga & M.Rarieya, eds. Selecting indigenous trees for domestication in southem Africa: Prioritysetting with farmers in Malawi, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. ICRAF.

Maliwich, C.P. 1997. Trade in wildlife medicinals in east and southern Africa Malawicomponent. Report prepared for TRAFFIC east/southern Africa. Unpublished. InMarshal, Nina T. 1998. Searching for a cure: Conservation of medicinal wildliferesources in east and southern Africa. Cambridge. TRAFFIC International.

Mauambeta, D.D. 1998. Utilization and commercialization of non-timber forest products as atool for sustainable management of indigenous forests. Paper presented at acoordination unit for the rehabilitation of the environment meeting held at ShireHighlands Hotel, 27 November 1998.

Ngulube, M. 1993. Domestication of indigenous fruit trees in Malawi. In FRIM Newsletter ofthe Forestry Research Institute of Malawi. Zomba

Nyirenda, R.W.S. 1993. NWFP development in Malawi. In Commonwealth Science Council& FAO, eds. Non-wood forest products: A regional expert consultation for English-speaking African countries, 17-22 October 1993, Arusha, Tanzania

Saka, J.D. & Msonthi, J.D. 1994. Nutritional value of sixteen edible wild fruits growing inMalawi. Forest Ecology and Management 64: 245-248.

Simons, G. 1997. Identification of marketable non-timber forest products (NTFPs) andproblems associated with marketing. Paper presented at the first Informationexchange workshop on "Sustainable Management of Indigenous Forests" under theSADC-FSTCU/GTZ Project AAA.5.20.

Williamson, J. 1974. Useful plants of Malawi. Zomba. University of Malawi. Zomba.Williamson, J. 1975. Useful plants of Malawi. Revised and extended edition. Limbe, Malawi.

Montfort Press.

152


FAO. 1998. Non-wood forest products of Malawi, by Tembo Faera Chanyenga. EC-FAO Partnership Programme, Project GCP/INT/679/EC. Rome

Hauya, J. 1997. Traditional healers important - govt. The Nation (Malawi), 11 September 1997. In Marshal, Nina T. 1998. Searching for a cure: Conservation of medicinal wildlife resources in east and southern Africa. Cambridge. TRAFFIC International.

Kwapata, M.B. 1991. Genetic diversity of indigenous fruits and vegetables in Malawi. In C.F. Chigwe & M.B. Kwapata, eds. Conserving Malawi plant genetic resources. Proceedings of the First National Workshop on Plant Genetic Resources and Biotechnology held from 25 February to 1 March 1991.

Lowore, J.; Coote, C., Abbot, P., Chapola, G. & Malembo, L. 1993. Community use and management of indigenous trees and forest products in Malawi: The case for four vii/ages close to Chimaliro Forest Reserve. FRIM Report No. 93008. pp. 1-59.

Maghembe, J.A. & Seyani, J. H. 1991. Multipurpose trees used by smallholder farmers in Malawi: Results of an ethnobotanical survey. ICRA. AFRENA Report, 42: 1-30.

Malembo, L., Chilanga, T. & Maliwich, C. P. 1998. Indigenous miombo fruits selected for domestication by farmers in Malawi. In J. Maghembe, A. Simons, F. Kwesiga & M. Rarieya, eds. Selecting indigenous trees for domestication in southern Africa: Priority setting with farmers in Malawi, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. ICRAF.

Maliwich, C.P. 1997. Trade in wildlife medicinals in east and southern Africa - Malawi component. Report prepared for TRAFFIC east/southern Africa. Unpublished. In Marshal, Nina T. 1998. Searching for a cure: Conservation of medicinal wildlife resources in east and southern Africa. Cambridge. TRAFFIC International.

Mauambeta, D.O. 1998. Utilization and commercialization of non-timber forest products as a tool for sustainable management of indigenous forests. Paper presented at a coordination unit for the rehabilitation of the environment meeting held at Shire Highlands Hotel, 27 November 1998.

Ngulube, M. 1993. Domestication of indigenous fruit trees in Malawi. In FRIM Newsletter of the Forestry Research Institute of Malawi. Zomba

Nyirenda, R.W.S. 1993. NWFP development in Malawi. In Commonwealth Science Council & FAO, eds. Non-wood forest products: A regional expert consultation for Englishspeaking African countries, 17-22 October 1993, Arusha, Tanzania

Saka, J.D. & Msonthi, J.D. 1994. Nutritional value of sixteen edible wild fruits growing in Malawi. Forest Ecology and Management 64: 245-248.

Simons, G. 1997. Identification of marketable non-timber forest products (NTFPs) and problems associated with marketing. Paper presented at the first Information exchange workshop on "Sustainable Management of Indigenous Forests" under the SADC-FSTCU/GTZ Project AAA.5.20.

Williamson, J. 1974. Useful plants of Malawi. Zomba. University of Malawi. Zomba. Williamson, J. 1975. Useful plants of Malawi. Revised and extended edition. Limbe, Malawi.

Montfort Press.

152

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTThis report has been realized thanks to the funding of the ECFAO Partnership Programme"Data Collection and Analysis for Sustainable Forest Management in ACP Countries". Thecontent is based on available information at FAO Headquarters in Rome, as well as oninformation provided by Mr Tembo Faera Chanyenga of the Forestry Research Institute ofMalawi (FRIM).

Additional information on NWFP in Malawi would be appreciated and duly acknowledged.

153

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This report has been realized thanks to the funding of the EC-FAO Partnership Programme "Data Collection and Analysis for Sustainable Forest Management in ACP Countries". The content is based on available information at FAO Headquarters in Rome, as well as on information provided by Mr Tembo Faera Chanyenga of the Forestry Research Institute of Malawi (FRIM).

Additional information on NWFP in Malawi would be appreciated and duly acknowledged.

153

QUANTITATIVE DATA ON NWFP OF MALAWI

Importance: 1- high importance on the national level; 2 high importance on the local/regional level; 3 low importancePart used: an entire animal; ba bark; bw beeswax; le leaves; nu nuts; fi fibres; fi flowers; fr fruits; gu gums; ho honey; la latex; oi oil; pl entire plant;

re resins; ro roots; sa sap; se seeds; st stem; ta tanninsHabitat: F - natural forest or other wooded lands; P - plantation; 0 others: trees outside forests (e.g. agroforestry, homegardens)Source: W - wild, C - cultivatedDestination: N - national; I international

154




1, 2, 3 F, P, 0 W, C N, I

Animals and animal produc sHoney,beeswax

1 hobw

Annual honeyproduction: 1 000 t(Anonymus, 1978)e Annual beeswaxproduction: 150 t(Anonymus, 1978)

Anonymus,1978

QUANTITATIVE DATA ON NWFP OF MALAWI Product Resource Economic value


I Remarks

I References

Generic term used 1,2,3 F,P,O W,C N, I

Animals and animal products Honey, beeswax



1 ho • Annual honey Anonymus, bw production: 1 000 t 1978

(Anonym us, 1978) • Annual beeswax production: 150 t (Anonym us, 1978)

1- high importance on the national level; 2 - high importance on the local/regionallevel; 3 -low importance an - entire animal; ba - bark; bw - beeswax; Ie - leaves; nu - nuts; fi - fibres; fI - flowers; fr - fruits; gu - gums; ho - honey; la - latex; oi - oil; pi - entire plant; re - resins; ro - roots; sa - sap; se - seeds; st - stem; ta - tannins F - natural forest or other wooded lands; P - plantation; 0 - others: trees outside forests (e.g. agroforestry, homegardens) W - wild, C - cultivated N - national; I - international

154

I

3.4.5 Mozambique (E)

INTRODUCTION

Main Non-Wood Forest ProductsAnimal products like bushmeat are the most important non-wood forest products (NWFP) inMozambique.

Other important NWFP exploited in the country include honey, beeswax, medicinal plants,and a variety of edible plants and plant products such as mushrooms and edible fruits.

General informationRural people still derive a wide variety of basic needs from the forests and woodlands. In thisregard it should be emphasized that the miombo woodland is a source of great importance.The use of NWFP is mostly confined to the subsistence sector, but information on the level ofproduction and to what extent these products are used is not available (FAO, 1995).Presently in Mozambique, there is a lack of systematized and recorded statistics on NWFP.Exports of NWFP are documented only for medicinal plants.

There is a wide range of NWFP that are produced and marketed by the rural communities inMozambique. The most remarkable ones include medicinal plants, grass, bamboo, reed,foods such as wild vegetables, fruits and tubers. The degree to which they are marketeddepends on the distance to and from the market.

There are basically two types of markets for NWFP: the informal market, which is widelyspread in the country, and the formal market, which is located in villages or towns. This typeof market mainly deals with medicinal plants, wild meat, wild foods, baskets and furniture.Both types of marketing involve people of both sexes, as well as children and elders.Children are usually specialized in gathering wild fruits and selling them along the mainroads, while women work on gathering or trading of wild foods. The gathering and marketingof medicinal plants is more complex and involves specialized people.


FoodRegarding wild foodstuffs, 76 edible wild plant species are used in the rural areas of thecoastal plains (Cunningham, 1993).

In regulado de Sabranca in southern Mozambique, 41 edible fruit species are recorded. Inthe north of the country, in a remnant of Miombo in Senhote, 144 tree species with multipleuses are found (Albano et a/.,1998; Xavier, 1998). Since trees bear fruits in differentseasons and even in drought years, they can be considered perhaps the most important wildfood from the forest. They can be eaten simple, cooked, roasted (seeds and nuts) or whenthey are still a flower.

According to the survey carried out by Albano et al. (1998), the most common fruits areStrychnos madagascariensis, S. spinosa, Sclerocarya birrea, Hyphaene coriacea, Phoenixred/nata, Aloe sp., Ficus sycomorus, Ximenia caffra, Boscia albitrunca, Diallium schlecteri,Trichilia emetica, Antidesma venosum, Ziziphus mucronata, Grewia sp., Garcinialivingstonei, Dovyalis longispina, Syzygium cordatum, Mimusops spp., Manilkara discolor,Landolphia kirki, Tabemaemontana ele gans, Van gueria infausta, Coffea racemosa.

155

3.4.5 Mozambique (E)

INTRODUCTION

Main Non-Wood Forest Products Animal products like bush meat are the most important non-wood forest products (NWFP) in Mozambique.

Other important NWFP exploited in the country include honey, beeswax, medicinal plants, and a variety of edible plants and plant products such as mushrooms and edible fruits.

General information

Rural people still derive a wide variety of basic needs from the forests and woodlands. In this regard it should be emphasized that the miombo woodland is a source of great importance. The use of NWFP is mostly confined to the sUbsistence sector, but information on the level of production and to what extent these products are used is not available (FAO, 1995). Presently in Mozambique, there is a lack of systematized and recorded statistics on NWFP. Exports of NWFP are documented only for medicinal plants.

There is a wide range of NWFP that are produced and marketed by the rural communities in Mozambique. The most remarkable ones include medicinal plants, grass, bamboo, reed, foods such as wild vegetables, fruits and tubers. The degree to which they are marketed depends on the distance to and from the market.

There are basically two types of markets for NWFP: the informal market, which is widely spread in the country, and the formal market, which is located in villages or towns. This type of market mainly deals with medicinal plants, wild meat, wild foods, baskets and furniture. Both types of marketing involve people of both sexes, as well as children and elders. Children are usually specialized in gathering wild fruits and selling them along the main roads, while women work on gathering or trading of wild foods. The gathering and marketing of medicinal plants is more complex and involves specialized people.


Food Regarding wild foodstuffs, 76 edible wild plant species are used in the rural areas of the coastal plains (Cunningham, 1993).

In regulado de Sabranca in southern Mozambique, 41 edible fruit species are recorded. In the north of the country, in a remnant of Miombo in Senhote, 144 tree species with multiple uses are found (Albano et al., 1998; Xavier, 1998). Since trees bear fruits in different seasons and even in drought years, they can be considered perhaps the most important wild food from the forest. They can be eaten simple, cooked, roasted (seeds and nuts) or when they are still a flower.

According to the survey carried out by Albano et al. (1998), the most common fruits are Strychnos madagascariensis, S. spinosa, Sclerocarya birrea, Hyphaene coriacea, Phoenix reclinata, Aloe sp., Ficus sycomorus, Ximenia caffra, Boscia albitrunca, Diallium schlecteri, Trichilia emetica, Antidesma venosum, Ziziphus mucronata, Grewia sp., Garcinia livingstonei, Dovya/is longispina, Syzygium corda tum, Mimusops spp., Manilkara discolor, Landolphia kirki, Tabernaemontana elegans, Vangueria infausta, Goffea racemosa.

155

The preferred fruit species vary according to region. In Maputo the most valuable fruit treesare Sclerocatya birrea and Strychnos madagascariensis. In the Manica Province, bothUapaca kirkiana and Sclerocarya birrea are known to be of great importance due to theircultural value. The value of Strychnus madagascariensis rests on its by-product called fuma.Fuma can be consumed either simple or with honey as a staple food during the periods oflack of food in the agricultural cycle.

The fruits of Sclerocarya birrea can be used to produce an alcoholic drink called ucanhe orbucanhe. The pulp is said to contain four to eight times as much vitamin C as orange juice(Palgrave, 1977; Makombe, 1993). Seventy percent of the people in southern Africa eatthese fruits, which are a seasonal staple in local diets (Makombe, 1993). Without thisvaluable contribution many children who are most vulnerable and the chief consumers wouldbe affected by diseases caused by dietary deficiencies.

Edible leaves, mostly of herbaceous plants, contribute significantly to the diet of all ruralhouseholds in Mozambique. The most common leaves consumed in Mozambique areAdeinia gummifera, Amaranthus sp., Corchorus tridens, lpomea lapatifolia and Momordicabalsamica . These leaves are cooked with peanuts or Sclerocarya birrea nuts and consumedwith rice or maize porridge.

Roots and tubers are consumed only on an occasional basis. The most important ones areCommiphora neglecta, Nymphaea capensis, Oxalis semilobata and Scilia hyacinthina(Albano etal., 1998).

Mushrooms are one of the most sought-after wild foods in the natural ecosystems,particularly in the miombo ecosystem. The mushroom season starts with the first rains inearly November, reaching its peak in January.

Beverages mainly consist of two types of exotic palm wines: sura and utchema. The formeris produced from an exotic palm tree (Cocus nucifera), mainly in the Inhambane andZambézia provinces. The latter is obtained from indigenous palm trees (Hyphaene coriaceaand Phoenix reclinata). At the moment this is the most common and largely produced wine inthe country. This activity constitutes a big business for the majority of households locatedalong the main roads. Production is continuous throughout the year. In Matutuine, southMozambique, the peak of production occurs at the beginning of the rainy season with anoutput of 20 litres of wine per day (Albano et al., 1998).

MedicinesIn Mozambique the share of the population that demands medicinal plants is estimated at80 percent (Nhatumbo and Soto, 1994) The forest is highly valued by the traditionalhealers (the so-called curandeiros) as a source of medicinal plants

Medicinal plants are gathered in small quantities from sparse locations throughout therural communities in Mozambique. However, the main markets are located in the urbancentres, such as Nampula, Beira, Quelimane and Maputo. High transport costs result inlow profits and, consequently, are the major limiting factor to the trade in medicinal plants.

Cunningham (1997) lists a variety of medicinal plants which were exported in the 1980s.lnaddition, it is reported that an informal export trade of medicinal plants exists towardsneighbouring countries, mostly South Africa and Zimbabwe (Birgham et al., 1996).

In the southern part of the country the most sought-after medicinal plants are Waburgiasalutaris and Securidaca longipedunculata (Halafo, 1996; Adamo et al., 1997; Massango,unpublished). Over-exploitation of traditional medicinal plants is the result of their large-scale sale in urban areas (Cunningham, 1997).

156

The preferred fruit species vary according to region. In Maputo the most valuable fruit trees are Sclerocarya birrea and Strychnos madagascariensis. In the Manica Province, both Uapaca kirkiana and Sclerocarya birrea are known to be of great importance due to their cultural value. The value of Strychnus madagascariensis rests on its by-product called fuma. Fuma can be consumed either simple or with honey as a staple food during the periods of lack of food in the agricultural cycle.

The fruits of Sclerocarya birrea can be used to produce an alcoholic drink called ucanhe or bucanhe. The pulp is said to contain four to eight times as much vitamin C as orange juice (Palgrave, 1977; Makombe, 1993). Seventy percent of the people in southern Africa eat these fruits, which are a seasonal staple in local diets (Makombe, 1993). Without this valuable contribution many children who are most vulnerable and the chief consumers would be affected by diseases caused by dietary deficiencies.

Edible leaves, mostly of herbaceous plants, contribute significantly to the diet of all rural households in Mozambique. The most common leaves consumed in Mozambique are Adeinia gummifera, Amaranthus sp., Corchorus tridens, Ipomea lapatifolia and Momordica balsamica . These leaves are cooked with peanuts or Sclerocarya birrea nuts and consumed with rice or maize porridge.

Roots and tubers are consumed only on an occasional basis. The most important ones are Commiphora neglecta, Nymphaea capensis, Oxalis semilobata and Scilia hyacinthina (Albano et al., 1998).

Mushrooms are one of the most sought-after wild foods in the natural ecosystems, particularly in the miombo ecosystem. The mushroom season starts with the first rains in early November, reaching its peak in January.

Beverages mainly consist of two types of exotic palm wines: sura and utchema. The former is produced from an exotic palm tree (Cocus nucifera), mainly in the Inhambane and Zambezia provinces. The latter is obtained from indigenous palm trees (Hyphaene coriacea and Phoenix reclinata). At the moment this is the most common and largely produced wine in the country. This activity constitutes a big business for the majority of households located along the main roads. Production is continuous throughout the year. In Matutuine, south Mozambique, the peak of production occurs at the beginning of the rainy season with an output of 20 litres of wine per day (Albano et al., 1998).

Medicines In Mozambique the share of the population that demands medicinal plants is estimated at 80 percent (Nhatumbo and Soto, 1994) The forest is highly valued by the traditional healers (the so-called curandeiros) as a source of medicinal plants

Medicinal plants are gathered in small quantities from sparse locations throughout the rural communities in Mozambique. However, the main markets are located in the urban centres, such as Nampula, Beira, Quelimane and Maputo. High transport costs result in low profits and, consequently, are the major limiting factor to the trade in medicinal plants.

Cunningham (1997) lists a variety of medicinal plants which were exported in the 1980s.ln addition, it is reported that an informal export trade of medicinal plants exists towards neighbouring countries, mostly South Africa and Zimbabwe (Birgham et al., 1996).

In the southern part of the country the most sought-after medicinal plants are Waburgia salutaris and Securidaca longipedunculata (Halafo, 1996; Adamo et al., 1997; Massango, unpublished). Over-exploitation of traditional medicinal plants is the result of their largescale sale in urban areas (Cunningham, 1997).

156

Leaves, roots and bark are the most commonly collected parts of medicinal plants. Thehigh frequency of roots, bark or bulbs sold as medicines in the markets of the southernAfrican region (Cunningham, 1997) might be explained by the fact that savannah treesand grasses generally have a high proportion of their biomass underground (Scholes andWalker, 1993).

According to Cunningham (1997), many of the traditional medicinal plants, as well asanimal materials that are sold in the urban markets, are of great importance to thepopulation.

Two surveys have been carried out in the country regarding the status of medicinal plants.The one done in the regulado of Tanga recorded 39 different plants (Massango,unpublished) while the one that includes four regulados (Tinonganine, Kumbane Norte,Tanga and Jabula) recorded the existence of 46 species. Some of the recorded speciesare: Walburgia salutaris, Balanites maughamii, Tarenna sp., Securidaca longipedunculata,Zanthoxylum sp., Bridelia cathartica, Synaptolepis kirki, Indigofera sp., Xylothecakraussiana, Acridocarpus natalitius, Erythopheum lasianum, Brachylaena huillensis,Ochna sp and Garcinia livingstonei.

Utensils, handicrafts and construction materialsTrade in bamboo and palm products is chiefly concentrated in urban areas, particularly inMaputo, Inhambane, Beira, Chimoio, Quelimane, Nampula, Tete and Pemba. In Maputothere is a growing number of small enterprises producing palm leaves products. Theproducts are diverse, from furniture to baby's cots to carpets. The markets are large andusually located where there are more tourists.

Palm tree leaves are used for making weaving baskets, while the stem is used for sweepingbrooms. The common palm species occurring in the country are Phoenix red/nata andHyphaene coriacea. Fish traps are made of Pavetta sp. For tooth brushing Euclea natalensisis preferred.

Among various NWFP obtained from wetlands, mat production has been recorded as themost traded one locally, starting from the villages to the city belts of the main towns. Mats arecommonly used for sleeping. However, their major role is in traditional ceremonies. Mats aremade of Phragmites australis and Cyperus papyrus.

Among swamp reeds the predominant species are Phragmites australis, Typha capensisand occasionally Cyperus papyrus. In some lakes of the southern part of the country thereare occurrences of a few floating-leafed aquatics like Nymphaea capensis. All over thecountry swamp reeds are used as building material and to make mattresses.


Honey and BeeswaxHoney collection from the wild and beekeeping are very common practices all over thecountry. The most important honey trees are from miombo (in the genera Brachystegia) andacacia woodlands. The harvesting process often involves the use of fire. This technique killsmany bees and the smoke reduces greatly the quality of honey and beeswax.

The bulk of honey and beeswax is traditionally produced by rural households. The number oftraditional beekeepers has been estimated at 20 000 and the production of honey andbeeswax at 360 000 kg/a and 60 000 kg/a, respectively (Nhatumbo and Soto, 1994). Theproduction from modern beekeepers is estimated at 20 000 and 8 000 kg of honey and

157

Leaves, roots and bark are the most commonly collected parts of medicinal plants. The high frequency of roots, bark or bulbs sold as medicines in the markets of the southern African region (Cunningham, 1997) might be explained by the fact that savannah trees and grasses generally have a high proportion of their biomass underground (Scholes and Walker, 1993).

According to Cunningham (1997), many of the traditional medicinal plants, as well as animal materials that are sold in the urban markets, are of great importance to the population.

Two surveys have been carried out in the country regarding the status of medicinal plants. The one done in the regulado of Tanga recorded 39 different plants (Massango, unpublished) while the one that includes four regulados (Tinonganine, Kumbane Norte, Tanga and Jabula) recorded the existence of 46 species. Some of the recorded species are: Walburgia salutaris, Balanites maughamii, Tarenna sp., Securidaca longipedunculata, Zanthoxylum sp., Bridelia cathartica, Synaptolepis kirki, Indigofera sp., Xylotheca kraussiana, Acridocarpus natalitius, Erythopheum lasianum, Brachylaena huillensis, Ochna sp and Garcinia livingstonei.


Trade in bamboo and palm products is chiefly concentrated in urban areas, particularly in Maputo, Inhambane, Beira, Chimoio, Quelimane, Nampula, Tete and Pemba. In Maputo there is a growing number of small enterprises producing palm leaves products. The products are diverse, from furniture to baby's cots to carpets. The markets are large and usually located where there are more tourists.

Palm tree leaves are used for making weaving baskets, while the stem is used for sweeping brooms. The common palm species occurring in the country are Phoenix reclinata and Hyphaene coriacea. Fish traps are made of Pavetta sp. For tooth brushing Euclea natalensis is preferred.

Among various NWFP obtained from wetlands, mat production has been recorded as the most traded one locally, starting from the villages to the city belts of the main towns. Mats are commonly used for sleeping. However, their major role is in traditional ceremonies. Mats are made of Phragmites australis and Cyperus papyrus.

Among swamp reeds the predominant species are Phragmites australis, Typha capensis and occasionally Cyperus papyrus. In some lakes of the southern part of the country there are occurrences of a few floating-leafed aquatics like Nymphaea capensis. All over the country swamp reeds are used as building material and to make mattresses.


Honey and Beeswax

Honey collection from the wild and beekeeping are very common practices all over the country. The most important honey trees are from miombo (in the genera Brachystegia) and acacia woodlands. The harvesting process often involves the use of fire. This technique kills many bees and the smoke reduces greatly the quality of honey and beeswax.

The bulk of honey and beeswax is traditionally produced by rural households. The number of traditional beekeepers has been estimated at 20 000 and the production of honey and beeswax at 360 000 kg/a and 60 000 kg/a, respectively (Nhatumbo and Soto, 1994). The production from modern beekeepers is estimated at 20 000 and 8 000 kg of honey and

157

beeswax, respectively. In Maputo, the price of honey for domestic consumption has beenincreasing, from US$ 3.66-4.16 per kg in 1994 (Nhatummbo and Soto, 1994) to US$5.6/kgin 1999 (Mangue and Nakala, current survey).

Presently, there are a growing number of people and organizations involved in beekeepingcountrywide. The work carried out by the Programa Nacional de Apicultura from 1978 to1994 can be referred to as an example of such a growing trend. In addition, there is a womenbeekeeping association in Manica, supported by a local NGO (AMRU), that could also beregarded as a good example.

BushmeatIt is estimated that around 80 percent of the rural households still depend on wild animalprotein as a supplement to their diet either birds, reptiles, small mammals or amphibian(Chambal, 1997). It is estimated that, together with the inland fish production, wildlifeprovides up to 30 percent of the protein requirements of the rural population (FAO, 1995).

Local communities go hunting and sell the bushmeat along the main roads or at the localmarkets. However, in general, most of the bushmeat is for household consumption, whilepoachers are market oriented.

In the hunting concession areas the hunting quota has been increasing drastically. From1992 to 1994 an increase of 74 percent for residents and 33 percent for non-residents wasdocumented (Nhantumbo and Soto, 1994). Although, the legislation states that thepermission for hunting requires a licence, in practice that is not the case. The number of legalhunters is very low. Illegal hunting for meat and trophies and the destruction of wildlifehabitats (due to grazing and shifting cultivation) has contributed to the extinction of 20-60percent of the wildlife population (Ajayi, 1991).

Other edible animal productsIn Mozambique, edible insects play a very significant role in food security in rural areas byproviding animal protein. The most common edible insects are caterpillars and termites.Caterpillars feeding on Sclerocarya birrea (Maputo and Gaza provinces), Burkea africana,Erythrophleum africanum (Manica, Sofala and Zambézia) and Colophospermum mopane(Tete provinces) are the most sought-after by rural households. Caterpillars are normallyharvested by women and children. They can be dried or cooked fresh.

Termites, dwelling chiefly in the miombo ecosystem, are very common during the rainyseason. Since termites are attracted by light, in rural areas the harvesting techniquesconsist in placing a torch and a container with water in order to capture them, whereas invillages and towns it is common to see hundreds of children with baskets around theelectricity poles to collect the termites all night long. Although every member of thehousehold can gather termites, chiefly during the peak of the termite dispersal, the mainharvesting group consists of women and children.

158

beeswax, respectively. In Maputo, the price of honey for domestic consumption has been increasing, from US$ 3.66-4.16 per kg in 1994 (Nhatummbo and Soto, 1994) to US$5.6/kg in 1999 (Mangue and Nakala, current survey).

Presently, there are a growing number of people and organizations involved in beekeeping countrywide. The work carried out by the Program a Nacional de Apicultura from 1978 to 1994 can be referred to as an example of such a growing trend. In addition, there is a women beekeeping association in Manica, supported by a local NGO (AMRU), that could also be regarded as a good example.

Bushmeat It is estimated that around 80 percent of the rural households still depend on wild animal protein as a supplement to their diet - either birds, reptiles, small mammals or amphibian (Chambal, 1997). It is estimated that, together with the inland fish production, wildlife provides up to 30 percent of the protein requirements of the rural population (FAO, 1995).

Local communities go hunting and sell the bush meat along the main roads or at the local markets. However, in general, most of the bushmeat is for household consumption, while poachers are market oriented.

In the hunting concession areas the hunting quota has been increasing drastically. From 1992 to 1994 an increase of 74 percent for residents and 33 percent for non-residents was documented (Nhantumbo and Soto, 1994). Although, the legislation states that the permission for hunting requires a licence, in practice that is not the case. The number of legal hunters is very low. Illegal hunting for meat and trophies and the destruction of wildlife habitats (due to grazing and shifting cultivation) has contributed to the extinction of 20-60 percent of the wildlife population (Ajayi, 1991).

Other edible animal products In Mozambique, edible insects playa very significant role in food security in rural areas by providing animal protein. The most common edible insects are caterpillars and termites. Caterpillars feeding on Sclerocarya birrea (Maputo and Gaza provinces), Burkea africana, Erythrophleum africanum (Manica, Sofala and Zambezia) and Colophospermum mopane (Tete provinces) are the most sought-after by rural households. Caterpillars are normally harvested by women and children. They can be dried or cooked fresh.

Termites, dwelling chiefly in the miombo ecosystem, are very common during the rainy season. Since termites are attracted by light, in rural areas the harvesting techniques consist in placing a torch and a container with water in order to capture them, whereas in villages and towns it is common to see hundreds of children with baskets around the electricity poles to collect the termites all night long. Although every member of the household can gather termites, chiefly during the peak of the termite dispersal, the main harvesting group consists of women and children.

158

REFERENCES

Adamo, A., Barbosa, F., Dutton, P., Gagnaux, P. & Dutton, S. 1997. Plant resources. Withsome observation on achieving sustainability. DNFFB, MAP, Maputo

Ajayi, S.S. 1991. Wildlife management curriculum. FO: MOZ/86/029, UNDP/FAO. MaputoAlbano, G., Geje, F., Brito, L. & Meneses, P. 1998. Produtos florestais nao madereiros do

regulado de Santaca. Unpublished manuscript.Birgham, T., Chihongo, A. & Chidumayo, E. 1996. Trade in woodland products from the

miombo region. In B. Campbell, ed. The miombo in transition: Woodlands and welfarein Africa. Bogor.CIFOR.

CEF. 1996. Proposta para o estabelecimento de uma area de conservacao da Chanfuta(Afzelia quanzensis) a sul de Maputo. Unpuplished manuscript.

Clarke, J; W. Cavendish; C. Coote. 1996. Rural households and miombo woodlands: use,value and management. In: Campbell, B (Ed.): The miombo in transition: woodlandsand welfare in Africa. CIFOR. Bogor

Cunningham, A.B. 1993. African medicinal plants: Setting priorities at the interface betweenconservation and primary healthcare. People and Plants Working Paper 1. Paris.Unesco.

Cunningham, A.B. 1997. An Africa-wide overview of medicinal plant harvesting,conservation and health care. In Global Initiative for Traditional Systems of Health &FAO, eds. Medicinal plants for forest conservation and health care. FAO Non-WoodForest Products Series No. 11. Rome

FAO. 1995. Mozambique: Forestry and wildlife sector strategy development. Working Paper11/95 CP MOZ 37 WP

Junod, H.A. 1974. Usos e costumes dos Bantos. A vida duma tribo do Sul de Africa. Tomo I,Vida Social, 2.a Edi95o. In Imprensa Nacional de Moçambique Lourenço Marques &K. Makombe, K. eds. Sharing the land: Wildlife, people and development in Africa.Issues Series No. 1, IUCN-Rosa, Harare and IUCN-SUWP, Washington DC.

FAO. 1999. Country brief on NWFP: Republic of Mozambique, by P.D. Mangue, P.D. &M.N. Oreste. EC-FAO Partnership Programme, Project GCP/INT/679/EC. Rome.

Halafo, J. S. 1996. Estudo da planta Warburdia salutaris na Floresta Licuati: Estado deconservacao utilizacao pelas comunidades locais. Trabalho de Licenciatura.UEM. Maputo. pp. 50.

Makombe, K. (eds.) 1993. Sharing the land: Wildlife, People and Development in Africa,Issues Series No. 1, IUCN-Rosa, Harare and IUCN-SUWP, Washington DC.

Nhatumbo, I. & Soto, J.S. 1994. Mercado de produtos madereiros e n50- madereiros. FO:M0Z192/013. Maputo. Ministério de Agricultura.

Palgrave, H.C. 1977. Trees of southern Africa. Second Revised Edition. Cape Town. C.Struik Publisher. 959 pp.

Scholes, R.J. & Walker, B.H. 1993. An African savanna: synthesis of the Nylsvley study.Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. 306 pp.

Xavier, V. 1998. Relatòtio do inventário da floresta comunitária de Narini, distrito deMonapo. GCP/MOZ/056/NET. Maputo. Ministério de Agricultura e Pescas.

159

REFERENCES

Adamo, A., Barbosa, F., Dutton, P., Gagnaux, P. & Dutton, S. 1997. Plant resources. With some observation on achieving sustainability. DNFFB, MAP, Maputo

Ajayi, S.S. 1991. Wildlife management curriculum. FO: MOZ/86/029, UNDP/FAO. Maputo Albano, G., Geje, F., Brito, L. & Meneses, P. 1998. Produtos florestais nao madereiros do

regulado de Santaca. Unpublished manuscript. Birgham, T., Chihongo, A. & Chidumayo, E. 1996. Trade in woodland products from the

miombo region. In B. Campbell, ed. The miombo in transition: Woodlands and welfare in Africa. Bogor.CIFOR.

CEF. 1996. Proposta para 0 estabelecimento de uma area de conservacao da Chanfuta (Afzelia quanzensis) a suI de Maputo. Unpuplished manuscript.

Clarke, J; W. Cavendish; C. Coote. 1996. Rural households and miombo woodlands: use, value and management. In: Campbell, B (Ed.): The miombo in transition: woodlands and welfare in Africa. CIFOR. Bogor

Cunningham, A.B. 1993. African medicinal plants: Setting priorities at the interface between conservation and primary healthcare. People and Plants Working Paper 1. Paris. Unesco.

Cunningham, A.B. 1997. An Africa-wide overview of medicinal plant harvesting, conservation and health care. In Global Initiative for Traditional Systems of Health & FAO, eds. Medicinal plants for forest conservation and health care. FAO Non-Wood Forest Products Series No. 11. Rome

FAO. 1995. Mozambique: Forestry and wildlife sector strategy development. Working Paper 11/95 CP MOZ 37 WP

Junod, H.A. 1974. Usos e costumes dos Bantos. A vida duma tribo do Sui de Africa. Tomo I, Vida Social, 2.a Edi980. In Imprensa Nacional de M09ambique Louren90 Marques & K. Makombe, K. eds. Sharing the land: Wildlife, people and development in Africa. Issues Series No.1, IUCN-Rosa, Harare and IUCN-SUWP, Washington DC.

FAO. 1999. Country brief on NWFP: Republic of Mozambique, by P.D. Mangue, P.D. & M.N. Oreste. EC-FAO Partnership Programme, Project GCP/INT/679/EC. Rome.

Halafo, J. S. 1996. Estudo da planta Warburdia salutaris na Floresta Licuati: Estado de conservacao utilizacao pelas comunidades locais. Trabalho de Licenciatura. UEM. Maputo. pp. 50.

Makombe, K. (eds.) 1993. Sharing the land: Wildlife, People and Development in Africa, Issues Series No.1, IUCN-Rosa, Harare and IUCN-SUWP, Washington DC.

Nhatumbo, I. & Soto, J.S. 1994. Mercado de produtos madereiros e nElO- madereiros. FO: MOZ/921013. Maputo. Ministerio de Agricultura.

Palgrave, H.C. 1977. Trees of southern Africa. Second Revised Edition. Cape Town. C. Struik Publisher. 959 pp.

Scholes, RJ. & Walker, B.H. 1993. An African savanna: synthesis of the Nylsvley study. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. 306 pp.

Xavier, V. 1998. Relat6tio do inventario da floresta comunitaria de Narini, distrito de Monapo. GCP/MOZI056/NET. Maputo. Ministerio de Agricultura e Pescas.

159

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This report has been realized thanks to the funding of the ECFAO Partnership Programme"Data Collection and Analysis for Sustainable Forest Management in ACP Countries". Thecontent is based on available information at FAO Headquarters in Rome, as well as oninformation provided by Mr P.D. Mangue and Mr M.N. Oreste of the Economics and PlanningDepartment, Ministerio de Agricura e Pescas, DNFFB.

Additional information on NWFP in Mozambique would be appreciated and dulyacknowledged.

ANNEX 1. FOREST SERVICESEco-tourism development, as well as game ranching/farming and commercial and sporthunting, are important forest services in Mozambique. In addition to these, forests are alsoused as dwelling places for ancestral spirits, burial grounds, protection of springs and assites of rainmaking ceremonies (Clarke etal., 1996).

Eco-tourismIn recent years wildlife was, along with beaches, the most attractive source for tourism inMozambique. Within eco-tourism development the main activities are rehabilitation, ecologicalmonitoring, reserve management, community mobilization and awareness campaigns,concession development and joint management agreement promotions.

The National Tourism Policy of Mozambique aims to attract national and foreign tourists tobenefit from the existing natural resources, as well as to encourage national and foreigninvestors to participate in the development of those resources. The underlying objectives arediverse and deal with aspects as job opportunities for Mozambicans and assurance of localcommunities participation as a way of guaranteeing their sustainable development. Furthermore it is a question of promoting the country's high quality of regional and internal tourism,as well as giving priority to national entrepreneurs within the tourism sector.

There are four national parks covering an area of 16 150 km2, namely: Gorongosa NationalPark; Zinave National Park; Banhine National Park; and Bazaruto National Park. Accordingto the existing wildlife law, eco-tourism development within the national parks is limited tonon-consumptive use of wildlife resources, such as game viewing and photographic safaris.

Wildlife servicesGame reserves in Mozambique cover three provinces, namely: Niassa, Zambezia andSofala, and extend over an area of 18 600 km2. Within the framework of the Agriculture andFisheries Development Master Programme, investment from the private sector is beingsought with the aim to rehabiliate these game reserves. Presently, two of the above areas areconcerned Niassa and Maputo.

Hunting areas, in turn, cover about 51 206 km2. Most of them are concentrated in fourprovinces: Manica (37%), Sofala (30%), Gaza (19.5%) and Inhambane (13%). There are13 gazetted hunting areas in Mozambique ranging in size from 300 km2 to 12 300 km2,covering a total area of 59 700 km2.The table below shows ongoing projects concerning wildlife services in Mozambique.

160

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This report has been realized thanks to the funding of the EC-FAO Partnership Programme "Data Collection and Analysis for Sustainable Forest Management in ACP Countries". The content is based on available information at FAO Headquarters in Rome, as well as on information provided by Mr P.O. Mangue and Mr M.N. Oreste of the Economics and Planning Department, Ministerio de Agricura e Pescas, DNFFB.

Additional information on NWFP in Mozambique I,Nould be appreciated and duly acknowledged.


Eco-tourism development, as well as game ranching/farming and commercial and sport hunting, are important forest services in Mozambique. In addition to these, forests are also used as dwelling places for ancestral spirits, burial grounds, protection of springs and as sites of rainmaking ceremonies (Clarke et al., 1996).

Eco-tourism

In recent years wildlife was, along with beaches, the most attractive source for tourism in Mozambique. Within eco-tourism development the main activities are rehabilitation, ecological monitoring, reserve management, community mobilization and awareness campaigns, concession development and joint management agreement promotions.

The National Tourism Policy of Mozambique aims to attract national and foreign tourists to benefit from the existing natural resources, as well as to encourage national and foreign investors to participate in the development of those resources. The underlying objectives are diverse and deal with aspects as job opportunities for Mozambicans and assurance of local communities participation as a way of guaranteeing their sustainable development. Further more it is a question of promoting the country's high quality of regional and internal tourism, as well as giving priority to national entrepreneurs within the tourism sector.

There are four national parks covering an area of 16 150 km2, namely: Gorongosa National

Park; Zinave National Park; Banhine National Park; and Bazaruto National Park. According to the existing wildlife law, eco-tourism development within the national parks is limited to non-consumptive use of wildlife resources, such as game viewing and photographic safaris.

Wildlife services

Game reserves in Mozambique cover three provinces, namely: Niassa, Zambezia and Sofala, and extend over an area of 18 600 km2

. Within the framework of the Agriculture and Fisheries Development Master Programme, investment from the private sector is being sought with the aim to rehabiliate these game reserves. Presently, two of the above areas are concerned - Niassa and Maputo.

Hunting areas, in turn, cover about 51 206 km2. Most of them are concentrated in four

provinces: Manica (37%), Sofala (30%), Gaza (19.5%) and Inhambane (13%). There are 13 gazetted hunting areas in Mozambique ranging in size from 300 km2 to 12300 km2

,

covering a total area of 59700 km2.

The table below shows ongoing projects concerning wildlife services in Mozambique.

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Table 1. Wildlife services by comoanv and re ion

Source: FAO (1999), quoting TFCA 1998 annual reportNote: Wildlife services in column 5: Game ranching (1), Eco-tourism development (2), Garne farming(3), Commercial and sport hunting (4), Others including exports of wild animals or products (5),Community based wildlife resources management (6), n.a. information not available

161

I REGION I PROVINCE I LOCA'TION I COMPANY OR PROJECT NAME I SERVICE I REMARKS

Maputo Chikwirimiti Moçannbique 4,5 ongoingMaputo Umbeluzi Crocodilo de Umbeluzi 3 interruptedMaputo Matutuine Machangulo Reserva da

Natureza 2,4 ongoingMaputo Sabie Korumana Joint Safaris 1,2,4 to commenceMaputo Magude Reserva de Cap de

Mapulanguene 1,2,4 n.a.Maputo n.a. 9 African Dive Safaris

n.a. (P.Manoli) 2,5 n.a.In'mbane n.a. Criaçào de Crocodilos 3 interruptedIn'mbane n.a. 9 Crocodilos de Moçambique 3 ongoing

Southern Gaza Coutada 16 o Gaza Safaris de 4,5 ongoingMoçambique

Region Gaza Chigubo * Safaris de Banhine 2,5Tete n.a. Safaris de Caça 2,5 ongoingTete n.a. 9 Safaris de Moçambique 2,5 ongoingTete Zumbo Chumachato 6 ongoingManica n.a. 9 Crocodilos de Manica 3 cancelledManica n.a. 9 Captura de Répteis 3,5 to commenceManica Dombe 9 Rancho da Caça Stimbak 1 to commenceManica Coutada 4 9 Diceros Lda 4 in rehabilitationManica Coutada 7 9 Kambako lnvestimentos 4 in rehabilitationManica Coutada 9 9 Rio Save Safaris 4 in rehabilitationManica Coutada 13 9 Nhati Safaris e Turismo 4 in rehabilitationSofala n.a. Zambeze Delta Safaris 2,4 ongoingSofala n.a. Animals 1,5 ongoingSofala n.a. 9 POS Safaris Mozambique 2,4 to commenceSofala n.a. o Coovida Moçambique 2,5 n.a.Sofala Coutada 5 9 SEI 4 in negotiationSofala Coutadas 6/15 o Moçambique Safaris 4 in rehabilitationSofala Coutada 10 Bahati Adventures 4 in rehabilitationSofala Coutada 11 Promotur 4,5 ongoing

Central Sofala Coutada 12 9 Companhia de Moçambique 4 in rehabilitationRegion Sofala Coutada 14 9 Wicker Trading Consultants 4,5 ongoing

C.Delgado Lugenda 9 Lugenda Safaris 2,4 n.a.C.Delgado Montepuez 9 Reserva de Kambako 2,4 ongoingC.Delgado I. Q'mbas 9 Quirimbas 2,6 in negotiation

Northern Niassa 9 Gestào e DesenvolvimentoRegion da Reserva do Niassa 2,4,6 ongoing

T bl 1 W'ldl'f b a e I I e services >y company an d region PROVINCE LOCATION COMPANY OR PROJECT NAME SERVICE REMARKS

Maputo • Chikwirimiti Moyambique 4,5 ongoing Maputo Umbeluzi • Crocodilo de Umbeluzi 3 interrupted Maputo Matutuine • Machangulo Reserva da

Natureza 2,4 ongoing Maputo Sabie • Korumana Joint Safaris 1,2,4 to commence Maputo Magude • Reserva de Caya de

Mapulanguene 1,2,4 n.a. Maputo n.a. • African Dive Safaris

n.a. (P.Manoli) 2,5 n.a. In'mbane n.a. • Criayao de Crocodilos 3 interrupted In'mbane n.a. • Crocodilos de Moyambique 3 ongoing

Southern Gaza Coutada 16 • Gaza Safaris de 4,5 ongoing Moyambique

Region Gaza Chigubo • Safaris de Banhine 2,5 Tete n.a. • Safaris de Caya 2,5 ongoing Tete n.a. • Safaris de Moyambique 2,5 ongoing Tete Zumbo • Chumachato 6 ongoing Manica n.a. • Crocodilos de Manica 3 cancelled Manica n.a. • Captura de Repteis 3,5 to commence Manica Dombe • Rancho da Caya Stimbak 1 to commence Manica Coutada 4 • Dlceros Lda 4 in rehabilitation Manica Coutada 7 • Kambako Investimentos 4 in rehabilitation Manica Coutada 9 • Rio Save Safaris 4 in rehabilitation Manica Coutada 13 • Nhati Safaris e Turismo 4 in rehabilitation Sofala n.a. • Zambeze Delta Safaris 2,4 ongoing Sofala n.a. Animais 1,5 ongoing Sofala n.a. • PGS Safaris Mozambique 2,4 to commence Sofala n.a. • Coovida Moyambique 2,5 n.a. Sofala Coutada 5 • SEI 4 in negotiation Sofala Coutadas 6/15 • Moyambique Safaris 4 in rehabilitation Sofala Coutada 10 • Bahati Adventures 4 in rehabilitation Sofala Coutada 11 • Promotur 4,5 ongoing

Central Sofala Coutada 12 • Companhia de Moyambique 4 in rehabilitation Region Sofala Coutada 14 • Wicker Tradil}fl Consultants 4,5 ongoing

CDelgado Lugenda • Lugenda Safaris 2,4 n.a. CDelgado Montepuez • Reserva de Kambako 2,4 ongoing C.Delgado I. Q'mbas • Quirimbas 2,6 in negotiation

Northern Niassa • Gestao e Desenvolvimento Region da Reserva do Niassa 2,4,6 o ngoiIlg

Source: FAa (1999), quoting TFCA 1998 annual report Note: Wildlife services in column 5: Game ranching (1), Eco-tourism development (2), Game farming (3), Commercial and sport hunting (4), Others including exports of wild animals or products (5), Community based wildlife resources management (6), n.a. information not available

161

QUANTITATIVE DATA ON NWFP OF MOZAMBIQUE



162




1, 2, 3 F, P, 0 W, C N, I


1 ho, bw F W, C N Annual honey productionof 380 000t

Annual beeswaxproduction of 68 000 t(Nhatumbo and Soto, 1994)e Price of honey in 1999:US$5.6/kg (Mangue andNakala, 1999)

Nhatumbo and Soto,1994Mangue and Nakala,1999

I QUANTITATIVE DATA ON NWFP OF MOZAMBIQUE

Product II Resource II Economic value II Category Importance Trade name Species Part Habitat Source Destination Quantity, value

Generic term used 1,2,3 F,P,O w,e N, I

Animals and animal products Honey, beeswax



1 ho, bw F w,e N • Annual honey production of 380 000 t • Annual beeswax production of 68 000 t (Nhatumbo and Soto, 1994) • Price of honey in 1999: US$5.6/kg (Mangue and Nakala, 1999)

1- high importance on the national level; 2 - high importance on the localiregionallevel; 3 -low importance an - entire animal; ba - bark; bw - beeswax; Ie - leaves; nu - nuts; fi - fibres; fI - flowers; fr - fruits; gu - gums; ho - honey; la - latex; oi - oil; pi - entire plant; re - resins; ro - roots; sa - sap; se - seeds; st - stem; ta - tannins F - natural forest or other wooded lands; P - plantation; 0 - others: trees outside forests (e.g. agroforestry, homegardens) W - wild, C - cultivated N - national; I - international

162

I Remarks

I References

Nhatumbo and Soto, 1994 Mangue and Nakala, 1999

3.4.6 Namibia (E)

Introduction

Main Non-Wood Forest ProductsFodder for sheep, goats and cattle is the most important non-wood forest products (NWFP)in Namibia.

Other important NWFP are medicinal plants, fruits, edible nuts, bushmeat and honey (UnitedNations, 1986; Pohjonen, 1990).

General informationNWFP play an important role in the local economy. Most products are used for subsistence(e.g. fodder) and make a considerable contribution to the livelihood of the indigenouspeoples in Namibia. Bushman communities (San), for instance, consider wild fruits andberries very important products.

Even though not in very large quantities, some NWFP are traded on formal markets, bothlocally and internationally. Merula oils (Sclerocarya birrea), used for food and cosmetic, anddevil's claw (Harpagophytum spp), used as medicine, are products that found their place oninternational markets.

The annual economic value of NWFP was estimated to reach N$65.3 million46, whichcorresponds to 6.2 percent of the total economic value (N$1 058.2 million) of the country'sexploited forest resources (Namibia Forestry Strategic Plan, 1996). The annual economicvalue for specific products is as follows: medicines (N$31.5 million); fodder (N$10 million);food (N$4.8 million); beverages (N$1.5 million); ornamental roots (N$1.1 million); andbasketry (N$16.4 million) (Namibia Forestry Strategic Plan, 1996).


FoodFood products of plant origin are significant components of the diet of many ruralcommunities. The San people are said to know as many as 150 edible plants including fruits,leaves, seeds and nuts, tubes and roots. Mushrooms also play a major role during the rainyseason (Erkkila and Siiskonen, 1992).

There is a variety of tree species which provide edible fruits. Wild fruits play a significantrole in the daily diet of many peoples as they are good sources of vitamins and minerals(Becker, 1986; Pa!grave, 1983; Fox and Young, 1982; Giess, 1965/66).

The most important fruit trees are: Sclerocarya birrea subsp. Caffra, Berchemia discolor,Diospyros mespiliformis and Hyphaen petersiana. Other important fruit trees known inNamibia include, among others, Schinsiophyton (formerly Ricinodentron) rautanenii,Strychnos cocculoides, Strychnos spinosa, Adansonia digitata, Acanthosicyos horridus.

With the exception of a few fruit tree species such as marula (Sclerocarya birrea), fruitsgenerally become ripe at the end of the rainy season. They may be consumed fresh or dried.They may also be further processed to produce secondary products such as powder orpaste. Dried fruits can also be fermented to produce a strong liquor known as ombike orkatshipembe. Fresh fruits may be squeezed and produce different sorts of wine or beer.

46 N$10 = US$1.83 (mean rate of exchange in 1998).

163

3.4.6 Namibia (E)

Introduction


Fodder for sheep, goats and cattle is the most important non-wood forest products (NWFP) in Namibia.

Other important NWFP are medicinal plants, fruits, edible nuts, bushmeat and honey (United Nations, 1986; Pohjonen, 1990).

General information

NWFP play an important role in the local economy. Most products are used for subsistence (e.g. fodder) and make a considerable contribution to the livelihood of the indigenous peoples in Namibia. Bushman communities (San), for instance, consider wild fruits and berries very important products.

Even though not in very large quantities, some NWFP are traded on formal markets, both locally and internationally. Marula oils (Sc/erocarya birrea) , used for food and cosmetic, and devil's claw (Harpagophytum spp) , used as medicine, are products that found their place on international markets.

The annual economic value of NWFP was estimated to reach N$65.3 million46, which

oorresponds to 6.2 percent of the total economic value (N$1 058.2 million) of the country's exploited forest resources (Namibia Forestry Strategic Plan, 1996). The annual economic value for specific products is as follows: medicines (N$31.5 million); fodder (N$10 million); food (N$4.8 million); beverages (N$1.5 million); ornamental roots (N$1.1 million); and basketry (N$16.4 million) (Namibia Forestry Strategic Plan, 1996).


Food Food products of plant ongln are significant components of the diet of many rural communities. The San people are said to know as many as 150 edible plants including fruits, leaves, seeds and nuts, tubes and roots. Mushrooms also playa major role during the rainy season (Erkkila and Siiskonen, 1992).

There is a variety of tree species which provide edible fruits. Wild fruits playa significant role in the daily diet of many peoples as they are good sources of vitamins and minerals (Becker, 1986; Palgrave, 1983; Fox and Young, 1982; Giess, 1965/66).

The most important fruit trees are: Sc/erocarya birrea subsp. Caffra, Berchemia disc%r, Diospyros mespiliformis and Hyphaen petersiana. Other important fruit trees known in Namibia include, among others, Schinsiophyton (formerly Ricinodentron) rautanenii, Strychnos coccu/oides, Strychnos spinosa, Adansonia digitata, Acanthosicyos horridus.

With the exception of a few fruit tree species such as marula (Sc/erocarya birrea), fruits generally become ripe at the end of the rainy season. They may be consumed fresh or dried. They may also be further processed to produce secondary products such as powder or paste. Dried fruits can also be fermented to produce a strong liquor known as ombike or katshipembe. Fresh fruits may be squeezed and produce different sorts of wine or beer.

46 N$1 0 = US$1.83 (mean rate of exchange in 1998).

163

Fruits from Strychnos cocculoides that occurs in the Kalahari sand area of Namibia constitutean important food especially for the bushman communities. The fruits are sold on theroadside at about N$0.50-1.00 per fruit. Their economic role, however, is expected to remainlocal.

There are several species providing edible leaves, which are either consumed fresh orcooked. These local or natural vegetables are consumed with staple grain dishes. It isestimated that about 70 percent of an average family's main meals consists of theseuncultivated vegetables.

Seeds and nuts contribute significantly to the nutritional quality of diets, adding calories, oil(e.g. for ointment) protein and minerals (FAO, 1989). Oil is also produced from seeds of wildmelons (Eenhanga).

A variety of plants (climbers) in the forests provide edible tubers and roots. Other roots,such as omambibo, are used as water containers. Many roots and tubers provide energy,carbohydrates and minerals.

Edible mushrooms are also found, and especially termite hill-mushrooms (species ofTermitomyces) are well known. They are collected during the rainy season when they occurin large quantities and are sold along the road at prices that vary between N$5 and N$10 perkg. Another mushroom species found in Namibia is the Kalahari truf-fle. In rural areas, peoplecollect these mushrooms which replace meat in many meals.

MedicinesMost of the medicinal plant species are used by the rural people to a large extent and play aneconomic role in different local communities. In the Tsumkwe District in Namibia'sOtjozondjupa region (formerly Bushman land), more than 80 medicinal plant species areused for treating about 30 medical ailments (Léger, 1998).

Harpa gophytum procumbens and Harpa gophytum zeyheri are the two species of devi'ls clawthat grow in Namibia. The former grows exclusively in the regions bordering the Kalahariwhereas the latter grows in the northern part of the country (Schmidt, Eich and Betti, 1998).

The roots of Harpa gophytum procumbens and Harpa gophytum zeyheri contain ingredientsrequired for anti-rheumatic medicaments. At the moment, pharmaceutical companies areexploiting Harpa gophytum procumbens both from wild and cultivated stands (Schmidt, Eichand Betti, 1998; Kuipers, 1993). Increased demand and uncontrolled destructive collectionwill result in a rarefaction of Harpa gophytum procumbens on its natural sites. The speciesreduced from 1 000 to 2 000 plants per ha in some areas in the 1970s and to less than 10plants per ha in 1986 in some other areas (Cunningham, 1997).

The table below shows exports of Harpagophytum during the period 1991-1998. Thequantity increased up to to 600 000 kg in 1998.

164

Fruits from Strychnos cocculoides that occurs in the Kalahari sand area of Namibia constitute an important food especially for the bushman communities. The fruits are sold on the roadside at about N$0.50-1.00 per fruit. Their economic role, however, is expected to remain local.

There are several species providing edible leaves, which are either consumed fresh or cooked. These local or natural vegetables are consumed with staple grain dishes. It is estimated that about 70 percent of an average family's main meals consists of these uncultivated vegetables.

Seeds and nuts contribute significantly to the nutritional quality of diets, adding calories, oil (e.g. for ointment) protein and minerals (FAO, 1989). Oil is also produced from seeds of wild melons (Eenhanga).

A variety of plants (climbers) in the forests provide edible tubers and roots. Other roots, such as omambibo, are used as water containers. Many roots and tubers provide energy, carbohydrates and minerals.

Edible mushrooms are also found, and especially termite hill-mushrooms (species of Termitomyces) are well known. They are collected during the rainy season when they occur in large quantities and are sold along the road at prices that vary between N$5 and N$10 per kg. Another mushroom species found in Namibia is the Kalahari truffle. In rural areas, people collect these mushrooms which replace meat in many meals.

Medicines

Most of the medicinal plant species are used by the rural people to a large extent and play an economic role in different local communities. In the Tsumkwe District in Namibia's Otjozondjupa region (formerly Bushman land), more than 80 medicinal plant species are used for treating about 30 medical ailments (Leger, 1998).

Harpagophytum procumbens and Harpagophytum zeyheri are the two species of devi'ls claw that grow in Namibia. The former grows exclusively in the regions bordering the Kalahari whereas the latter grows in the northern part of the country (Schmidt, Eich and Betti, 1998).

The roots of Harpagophytum procumbens and Harpagophytum zeyheri contain ingredients required for anti-rheumatic medicaments. At the moment, pharmaceutical companies are exploiting Harpagophytum procumbens both from wild and cultivated stands (Schmidt, Eich and Betti, 1998; Kuipers, 1993). Increased demand and uncontrolled destructive collection will result in a rarefaction of Harpagophytum procumbens on its natural sites. The species reduced from 1 000 to 2 000 plants per ha in some areas in the 1970s and to less than 10 plants per ha in 1986 in some other areas (Cunningham, 1997).

The table below shows exports of Harpagophytum during the period 1991-1998. The quantity increased up to to 600 000 kg in 1998.

164

Table 1. Exports of Harpa gophytum sp.

Source: FAO (1998)

165

Traders used to collect 100-200 t/a of Harpagophytum procumbens, which producedearnings of up to N$500 000. In 1998, dried root materials of Harpagophytum procumbenswere exported which brought in earnings amounting to N$8-11 million. In 1998, the exportprice in the Omaheke Region was N$12.00 per kg.

Utensils, handicrafts and construction materialsBaskets made from palm leaves are found on the markets outside Namibia, through informaltrade to South Africa. A product of about 70 cm height and 40 cm diameter is sold at a priceof N$0.50-1.00. The economic role of these products are expected to remain local.

ExudatesThere are a few tree species that produce edible gums in Namibia, among which Acaciasenegal and Terminalia sp. are well known. Combretum imberbe secretes gums duringSeptember and is regarded as a delicacy especially in the Ohangwena/Oshana region wherethese trees are found in large numbers in the seasonal watercourses, locally known asoshanas. Gums are generally not collected in large quantities.


BushmeatNamibia is, together with South Africa and Zimbabwe, one of the African countries wheregame ranching is mostly developed (FA0,1997). However, it is almost seen as a supplementto livestock farming. With the exception of the San population (less than 4 000 people) noother communities in Namibia rely on bushmeat to any significant degree. Within thecommercial outlets in urban areas, bushmeat is sold as a delicacy (Yaron, Healy andTapscott, 1996).

Before the establishment of national parks in Namibia, the consumption of bushmeat wasextremely high. Even though game, especially small antelopes, is still available, it isprotected by the Nature Conservation Law. Hence, the consumption rate of wildlife hasdecreased significantly.

Other edible animal productsCaterpillars play an important role in the diet of the local people and are collected fromdifferent tree species. The mopane worm, for instance, known for its delicacy, is obtainedfrom plant species such as Colophospermum mopane, which are found in the savannahvegetation in north-western part of the country. These caterpillars are sold as a delicacy onthe local markets at a price of approximately N$20 per kg. These worms also have acommercial potential in the neighbouring countries. Other related types of caterpillarsconsumed locally are obtained from the following tree species: Burkea africana, Terminaliacericea, as well as from Acacia spp.

Year Quantity (kg)

1991 20 0001992 98 0001993 70 0001994 152 0001995 280 0001996 310 0001997 250 0001998 610 000

Table 1. Exports of Harpagophytum sp. Year

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

Source: FAO (1998)

Quantity (kg)

20 000 98 000 70 000

152 000 280 000 310 000 250 000 610 000

Traders used to collect 100-200 t/a of Harpagophytum procumbens, which produced earnings of up to N$500 000. In 1998, dried root materials of Harpagophytum procumbens were exported which brought in earnings amounting to N$8-11 million. In 1998, the export price in the Omaheke Region was N$12.00 per kg.


Baskets made from palm leaves are found on the markets outside Namibia, through informal trade to South Africa. A product of about 70 cm height and 40 cm diameter is sold at a price of N$0.50-1.00. The economic role of these products are expected to remain local.

Exudates There are a few tree species that produce edible gums in Namibia, among which Acacia senegal and Terminalia sp. are well known. Combretum imberbe secretes gums during September and is regarded as a delicacy especially in the Ohangwena/Oshana region where these trees are found in large numbers in the seasonal watercourses, locally known as oshanas. Gums are generally not collected in large quantities.


Bushmeat Namibia is, together with South Africa and Zimbabwe, one of the African countries where game ranching is mostly developed (FAO,1997). However, it is almost seen as a supplement to livestock farming. With the exception of the San population (less than 4 000 people) no other communities in Namibia rely on bush meat to any significant degree. Within the commercial outlets in urban areas, bushmeat is sold as a delicacy (Yaron, Healy and Tapscott, 1996).

Before the establishment of national parks in Namibia, the consumption of bushmeat was extremely high. Even though game, especially small antelopes, is still available, it is protected by the Nature Conservation Law. Hence, the consumption rate of wildlife has decreased significantly.

Other edible animal products Caterpillars play an important role in the diet of the local people and are collected from different tree species. The mopane worm, for instance, known for its delicacy, is obtained from plant species such as Colophospermum mopane, which are found in the savannah vegetation in north-western part of the country. These caterpillars are sold as a delicacy on the local markets at a price of approximately N$20 per kg. These worms also have a commercial potential in the neighbouring countries. Other related types of caterpillars consumed locally are obtained from the following tree species: Burkea africana, Terminalia cericea, as well as from Acacia spp.

165

Termites are consumed in many parts of Owambo during the rainy season. They arecollected by lighting fires after heavy rains, a time when termites are especially attracted bylight.

REFERENCES

Becker, B. 1986. Wild plants for human nutrition in the Sahelian Zone. Journal of aridenvironment 11(1): 61-64.


Erkkila & Siskonnen 1992. Forestry in Namibia 1850-1990. University of Jensuu.FAO. 1989. Forestry and nutrition A reference manual. Rome.FAO. 1997. Wildlife and food security in Africa, by Y. Ntiamoa-Baidu. FAO Conservation

Guide No. 33. Rome.FAO. 1998. Non-wood forest products of Namibia, by J. Haiwla. EC-FAO Partnership

Programme, Project GCP/INT/679/EC. Rome.Fox, S.W. & Young, M.E.N. 1982. Food from the veld. Edible wild plants of southern Africa.

Delta Books Ltd.Giess W. 1965/66. Veldkost in Sudwestafrica. Journal of SWA Scientific Society: 59-68.Kuipers, S.E. 1993.Trade in medicinal plants. In FAO, ed. Medicinal plants for forest

conservation and health care. FAO Non-Wood Forest Products Series No. 11. RomeLéger S. 1998. The hidden gif-t of nature. A description of today's use of plants in west

Bushman land (Namibia). Windhoek. German Development Service.Namibia Forestry Strategic Plan. 1996.Palgrave, K.C. 1983. Trees of southern Africa. Cape Town. Struik Publishers.Pohjonen, V., Aho, M., Finne, B., Siambango, B.S. & Silfverberg, K. 1990. Forestry

development in Namibia. Report of the project identification and preparation mission.Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Development, Finnida; Fisheries and Water Affairs,Namibia. Helsinki, Windhoek.

Schmidt, M.; J. Eich; G. Betti. 1998. Improvement of pharmaceutical drug quality: Acultivation project for Harpa gophytum procumbens in Namibia. Paper presented atthe First International Symposium on the Conservation of Medicinal Plants in Trade inEurope. Royal Botanic Gardens. Kew.

United Nations.1986. Namibia: Perspectives for national reconstruction and development.Lusaka.

Yaron, G., Healy, T. & Tapscott, C. 1996. The economics of living with wildlife in Namibia.In J. Bojoe, ed. The economics of wildlife. Case studies from Ghana, Kenya, Namibiaand Zimbabwe. Washington. World Bank.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTThis report has been realized thanks to the funding of the ECFAO Partnership Programme"Data Collection and Analysis for Sustainable Forest Management in ACP Countries". Thecontent is based on available information at FAO Headquarters in Rome, as well as oninformation provided by Mr Joseph Hailwa, Directorate of Forestry, Ministry of Environmentand Tourism, Namibia.

Additional information on NWFP in Namibia would be appreciated and duly acknowledged.

ANNEX 1. FOREST SERVICESHunting is one of the most valuable forest services in Namibia. In 1991, around N$ 44million was earned as foreign exchange derived from trophy fees, accommodation, airfaresand trophy export charges. Trophy hunting has a growing success on private farms, whilewildlife utilzation combining tourism, hunting and cropping has shown favourable returns incommunal areas (Yaron, Healy and Tapscott, 1996).

166

Termites are consumed in many parts of Owambo during the rainy season. They are collected by lighting fires after heavy rains, a time when termites are especially attracted by light.

REFERENCES

Becker, B. 1986. Wild plants for human nutrition in the Sahelian Zone. Journal of arid environment 11(1): 61-64.

Cunningham, A.B. 1997. An Africa-wide overview of medicinal plant harvesting, conservation and health care. In Global Initiative for Traditional Systems of Health & FAO, eds. Medicinal plants for forest conservation and health care. FAO Non-Wood Forest Products Series No.1. Rome

Erkkila & Siskonnen 1992. Forestry in Namibia 1850-1990. University of Jensuu. FAO. 1989. Forestry and nutrition - A reference manual. Rome. FAO. 1997. Wildlife and food security in Africa, by Y. Ntiamoa-Baidu. FAO Conservation

Guide No. 33. Rome. FAO. 1998. Non-wood forest products of Namibia, by J. Haiwla. EC-FAO Partnership

Programme, Project GCP/INT/679/EC. Rome. Fox, S.W. & Young, M.E.N. 1982. Food from the veld. Edible wild plants of southern Africa.

Delta Books Ltd. Giess W. 1965/66. Veldkost in Sudwestafrica. Journal of SWA Scientific Society: 59-68. Kuipers, S.E. 1993.Trade in medicinal plants. In FAO, ed. Medicinal plants for forest

conservation and health care. FAO Non-Wood Forest Products Series No. 11. Rome Leger S. 1998. The hidden gift of nature. A description of today's use of plants in west

Bushman land (Namibia). Windhoek. German Development Service. Namibia Forestry Strategic Plan. 1996. Palgrave, K.C. 1983. Trees of southern Africa. Cape Town. Struik Publishers. Pohjonen, V., Aho, M., Finne, B., Siambango, B.S. & Silfverberg, K. 1990. Forestry

development in Namibia. Report of the project identification and preparation mission. Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Development, Finnida; Fisheries and Water Affairs, Namibia. Helsinki, Windhoek.

Schmidt, M.; J. Eich; G. Betti. 1998. Improvement of pharmaceutical drug quality: A cultivation project for Harpagophytum procumbens in Namibia. Paper presented at the First International Symposium on the Conservation of Medicinal Plants in Trade in Europe. Royal Botanic Gardens. Kew.

United Nations.1986. Namibia: Perspectives for national reconstruction and development. Lusaka.

Varon, G., Healy, T. & Tapscott, C. 1996. The economics of living with wildlife in Namibia. In J. BOjoe, ed. The economics of wildlife. Case studies from Ghana, Kenya, Namibia and Zimbabwe. Washington. World Bank.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This report has been realized thanks to the funding of the EC-FAO Partnership Programme "Data Collection and Analysis for Sustainable Forest Management in ACP Countries". The content is based on available information at FAO Headquarters in Rome, as well as on information provided by Mr Joseph Hailwa, Directorate of Forestry, Ministry of Environment and Tourism, Namibia.

Additional information on NWFP in Namibia would be appreciated and duly acknowledged.

ANNEX 1. FOREST SERVICES Hunting is one of the most valuable forest services in Namibia. In 1991, around N$ 44 million was earned as foreign exchange derived from trophy fees, accommodation, airfares and trophy export charges. Trophy hunting has a growing success on private farms, while wildlife utilzation combining tourism, hunting and cropping has shown favourable returns in communal areas (Yaron, Healy and Tapscott, 1996).

166

Eco-tourism is another forest service with a notable potential, given the fact that Namibiahas a unique eco-system and a variety of both plants and animals. The tourism industry isone of the fastest growing sectors in the country. With an annual value of N$218 million, itrepresents 20.6 percent of the economic value of the country's total forest resources(Namibia Forestry Strategic Plan, 1996).

167

Eco-tourism is another forest service with a notable potential, given the fact that Namibia has a unique eco-system and a variety of both plants and animals. The tourism industry is one of the fastest growing sectors in the country. With an annual value of N$218 million, it represents 20.6 percent of the economic value of the country's total forest resources (Namibia Forestry Strategic Plan, 1996).

167

QUANTITATIVE DATA ON NWFP OF NAMIBIA

168




1, 2, 3 F, P, 0 W, C N, I

Plants and plant productsFood 2 Fruits Sbychnos

cocculoidesfr N Local market price: N$0.50

1.00 /fruitFAO, 1999

Marula oil Sclerocarya sp. oi Annual value N$4.6 million Namibia ForestryStrategic Plan, 1996

Beverages Annual value N$1.5 million Namibia ForestryStrategic Plan, 1996

Fodder 1 Worm forage Colophospermummopane

Annual value N$0.5 million Namibia ForestryStrategic Plan, 1996

Goat forage Annual value N$9.5 million Namibia ForestryStrategic Plan, 1996

Medicines 1 W, C I Annual value N$31 500 Namibia ForestryStrategic Plan ,1996

Devil's claw Harpagophytumprocumbens,H. zeyheri

ro Annual exports 600 000 kgcorresponding to a value ofN$8-11 million in 1998

FAO, 1998


2 Basketry Hyphaene spp. le Annual value N$4 000 Namibia ForestryStrategic Plan, 1996

MahanguBasketry

Colophospermummopane

le Annual value N$12.4 million Namibia ForestryStrategic Plan 1996

Ornamentals Colophospermummopane

r Annual value N$1 100 Namibia ForestryStrategic Plan, 1996

Anirnals and animal productsOther edibleanimalproducts

2 Caterpillars Termitomyces sp. W Local market price: N$510/kg

Namibia ForestryStrategic Plan, 1996

Mopane worm W Local market price: N$20/kg Namibia ForestryStrategic Plan, 1996



QUANTITATIVE DATA ON NWFP OF NAMIBIA Product Resource Economic value

Category Importance Trade name Species Part Habitat Source Destination Quantity, value Generic term used

1,2,3 F,P,O W,C N, I I Plants and plant products

Food 2 Fruits Strychnos fr N Local market price: N$0.50-cocculoides 1.00/fruit

Marula oil Sc/erocarya sp. oi Annual value N$4.6 million

Beverages Annual value N$1.5 million

Fodder 1 Worm forage Colophospermum Annual value N$0.5 million mopane

Goat forage Annual value N$9.5 million

Medicines 1 W,C I Annual value N$31 500

Devil's claw Harpagophytum ro Annual exports 600 000 kg procumbens, corresponding to a value of H. zeyheri N$8-11 million in 1998

Utensils, 2 Basketry Hyphaene spp. Ie Annual value N$4 000 handicrafts, construction Mahangu Colophospermum Ie Annual value N$12.4 million materials Basketry mopane Ornamentals Colophospermum r Annual value N$1 100

mopane





2 Caterpillars I T'=ftomY"SSP·1

I I

W

I

Local market price: N$5-10/kg

Mopane worm W Local market price: N$20/kg

1- high importance on the national level; 2 - high importance On the local/regionallevel; 3 -low importance an - entire animal; ba - bark; bw - beeswax; Ie - leaves; nu - nuts; fi - fibres; fI - flowers; fr - fruits; gu - gums; ho - honey; la -latex; oi - oil; pi - entire plant; re - resins; ro - roots; sa - sap; se - seeds; st - stem; ta - tannins F - natural forest or other wooded lands; P - plantation; 0 - others: trees outside forests (e.g. agroforestry, homegardens) W - wild, C - cultivated N - national; I - international

168

I Remarks

I References

I I

FAO, 1999

Namibia Forestry Strategic Plan, 1996 Namibia Forestry StrateQic Plan, 1996 Namibia Forestry Strategic Plan, 1996 Namibia Forestry Strategic Plan, 1996 Namibia Forestry Strategic Plan, 1996 FAO,1998

Namibia Forestry Strategic Plan, 1996 Namibia Forestry StrateQic Plan 1996 Namibia Forestry Strategic Plan, 1996

I Namibia Forestry Strategic Plan, 1996

Namibia Forestry Strategic Plan, 1996

3.4.7 South Africa (E)

INTRODUCTION

Main Non-Wood Forest ProductsThe most important non-wood forest products (NWFP) are medicinal plants, ornamentals,fodder, plants and plant products (fruits, nuts, beverages), as well as bushmeat (e.g.mammals, birds) and insects.

Other documented NWFP are fibres (e.g. Adansonia digitata), tannins (e.g. Acacia meamsii),essential oils (e.g. Eucalyptus spp.) and colourants (e.g. Moringa oleifera). Faunal NWFPexploited are live animals, honey, beeswax, hides, skins and medicines.


FoodNWFP obtained from natural forested areas constitute important foodstuff. Especially in theless developed areas, edible plants are important dietary supplements for the ruralcommunities, particularly during drought periods and in areas of marginal agriculturalpotential. One example is Sclerocarya birrea which is highly estimated by the rural populationfor its fruit; consequently it is seldom cut down.

Most foodstuff is consumed directly. Only the marketing of, and trade in, palmwine isreported to be more organized. Traditional wine is made by tapping of certain palm speciesfor sap, e.g. date palm (Phoenix red/nata) and ilala palm (Hyphaene coriacea). Palm tappingof these two main palm species poses a threat on the natural resources, since 3 percent oftapped palms are dying (Maliehe, 1993).

FodderMany trees and shrubs are used as forage for domestic livestock and wildlife. Especiallywhere pastures are degraded due to over-grazing and high population pressure, foragespecies are very important (Maliehe, 1993).

MedicinesThere are 27 million consumers of indigenous medicines in South Africa (FAO, 1998b).About 80 percent of the population consult a traditional healer before going to a doctor(Maliehe, 1993) The ratio of traditional healers to total population is 1:700-1 200 in theVenda area as compared to a medical doctors to total population ratio of 1:17 400 in the ex-homeland areas. About 200 000 traditional practitioners work in South Africa (Maliehe,1993).

Traditional medicine is important to rural communities, as well as to the rapidly growingurban population, for medical and economic reasons. A local and national multi-million dollartrade is documented between rural sources and urban markets (Maliehe, 1993). At thenational level, 20 000 t/a may be traded corresponding to a value of approximatelyUS$60 million (FAO, 1998b). Out of a total of 1 000 species used for medicinal purposes inthe area, more than 400 are traded on the urban markets in Kwa Zulu, Natal (Kuipers, 1997).

Data on exports of medicinal plants are rare. Trade data indicate exports from South Africa ofGlycyrhiza sp., Origanum sp., Salvia sp., Euphorbia resinifera, Aloe ferox and Siphonochilusaethiopicus. Synaptolepis kirkii is exported to Lesotho (Lange, 1997; Cunningham, 1993).

169

3.4.7 South Africa (E)

INTRODUCTION


The most important non-wood forest products (NWFP) are medicinal plants, ornamentals, fodder, plants and plant products (fruits, nuts, beverages), as well as bushmeat (e.g. mammals, birds) and insects.

Other documented NWFP are fibres (e.g. Adansonia digitata) , tannins (e.g. Acacia mearnsii), essential oils (e.g. Eucalyptus spp.) and colourants (e.g. Moringa oleifera). Faunal NWFP exploited are live animals, honey, beeswax, hides, skins and medicines.


Food

NWFP obtained from natural forested areas constitute important foodstuff. Especially in the less developed areas, edible plants are important dietary supplements for the rural communities, particularly during drought periods and in areas of marginal agricultural potential. One example is Sc/erocarya birrea which is highly estimated by the rural population for its fruit; consequently it is seldom cut down.

Most foodstuff is consumed directly. Only the marketing of, and trade in, palmwine is reported to be more organized. Traditional wine is made by tapping of certain palm species for sap, e.g. date palm (Phoenix reclinata) and ilala palm (Hyphaene coriacea). Palm tapping of these two main palm species poses a threat on the natural resources, since 3 percent of tapped palms are dying (Maliehe, 1993).

Fodder Many trees and shrubs are used as forage for domestic livestock and wildlife. Especially where pastures are degraded due to over-grazing and high population pressure, forage species are very important (Maliehe, 1993).

Medicines There are 27 million consumers of indigenous medicines in South Africa (FAD, 1998b). About 80 percent of the population consult a traditional healer before going to a doctor (Maliehe, 1993) The ratio of traditional healers to total population is 1 :700-1 200 in the Venda area as compared to a medical doctors to total population ratio of 1: 17 400 in the exhomeland areas. About 200 000 traditional practitioners work in South Africa (Maliehe, 1993).

Traditional medicine is important to rural communities, as well as to the rapidly growing urban population, for medical and economic reasons. A local and national multi-million dollar trade is documented between rural sources and urban markets (Maliehe, 1993). At the national level, 20 000 tla may be traded corresponding to a value of approximately US$60 million (FAD, 1998b). Out of a total of 1 000 species used for medicinal purposes in the area, more than 400 are traded on the urban markets in Kwa Zulu, Natal (Kuipers, 1997).

Data on exports of medicinal plants are rare. Trade data indicate exports from South Africa of Glycyrhiza sp., Origanum sp., Salvia sp., Euphorbia resinifera, Aloe ferox and Siphonochilus aethiopicus. Synaptolepis kirkii is exported to Lesotho (Lange, 1997; Cunningham, 1993).

169

The use of medicinal plants has been a constant cause of concern with respect tosustainability since the indigenous medicine is based almost entirely on indigenous plantsharvested from wild plant stocks. Due to harvesting for medicinal purposes many species areon the verge of extinction. Endangered medicinal plant species are, among others:

Siphonochilus aethiopicus a slow growing plant with limited distribution, gathered forcommercial purposes. Demand exceeds supply.Walburgia salutaris, probably the most expensive traditional medicine in South Africa.Ledobouria hypoxidoides (Eastern Cap region) and Mystacidium miliaria, endemic specieswith very localized distribution, threatened due to harvesting and commercial sale as atraditional medicine (Cunningham, 1997).Ocotea bu//ata, of which 95 percent has been exploited for bark, with 40 percent ringbarking and dying.Aloe ferox its trade is under the control of CITES (Lange, 1997).

Utensils, handicrafts and construction materialsFibres are an important component in the manufacture of household items, handicrafts andclothes. Useful species are the baobab tree (Adansonia digitata), Grewia bicolor, Moringaoleifera and Securidaca longepedunculata. The majority of fibre products is sold on regionaland national markets (Maliehe, 1993).

OrnamentalsOrnamentals are a prosperous new industry that has sprouted. The development of anexport market for fern (Rumohra adiantiformis) has flourished since 1981 into an industryearning over US$300 000 per annum, giving employment to about 250-300 people.Indigenous flowers and bulbs contribute approximately to 1 percent of the total national valueof agricultural production in South Africa (Maliehe, 1993).


Honey and beeswaxHoney is the most important product from insects. Approximately 2 000 beefarmers produce3 200 t/a of honey. In 1996, 30 t of honey (worth US$96 000 and 4 t of beeswax (worthUS$16 000) were exported (FAO, 1998a). This figure does not make a distinction betweenforest honey and honey coming from agricultural lands.

Hides and skinsSkins of reptiles are used in the leather and fancy goods industry (Maliehe, 1993).

MedicinesAlso animal bodies are used in the traditional medicine. There is a variety of species (e.g.scrub hare, cape hare, porcupine, polecat, pangolin) that have medicinal or curativeproperties (Maliehe,1993).

REFERENCESCunningham, A.B. 1993. African medicinal plants: Setting priorities at the interface between

conservation and primary health care. People and Plants Working Paper 1. Paris.Unesco.


FAO. 1997. Wildlife and food security in Africa, by Y. Ntiamoa-Baidu. FAO ConservationGuide No. 33. Rome.

170

The use of medicinal plants has been a constant cause of concern with respect to sustainability since the indigenous medicine is based almost entirely on indigenous plants harvested from wild plant stocks. Due to harvesting for medicinal purposes many species are on the verge of extinction. Endangered medicinal plant species are, among others: • Siphonochilus aethiopicus - a slow growing plant with limited distribution, gathered for

commercial purposes. Demand exceeds supply. • Walburgia salutaris, probably the most expensive traditional medicine in South Africa. • Ledobouria hypoxidoides (Eastern Cap region) and Mystacidium miliaria, endemic species

with very localized distribution, threatened due to harvesting and commercial sale as a traditional medicine (Cunningham, 1997).

• Ocotea bullata, of which 95 percent has been exploited for bark, with 40 percent ring barking and dying.

• Aloe ferox - its trade is under the control of CITES (Lange, 1997).


Fibres are an important component in the manufacture of household items, handicrafts and clothes. Useful species are the baobab tree (Adansonia digitata) , Grewia bicolor, Moringa oleifera and Securidaca longepedunculata. The majority of fibre products is sold on regional and national markets (Maliehe, 1993).

Ornamentals

Ornamentals are a prosperous new industry that has sprouted. The development of an export market for fern (Rumohra adiantiformis) has flourished since 1981 into an industry earning over US$300 000 per annum, giving employment to about 250-300 people. Indigenous flowers and bulbs contribute approximately to 1 percent of the total national value of agricultural production in South Africa (Maliehe, 1993).


Honey and beeswax

Honey is the most important product from insects. Approximately 2 000 beefarmers produce 3 200 t/a of honey. In 1996, 30 t of honey (worth US$96 000 and 4 t of beeswax (worth US$16 000) were exported (FAO, 1998a). This figure does not make a distinction between forest honey and honey coming from agricultural lands.

Hides and skins

Skins of reptiles are used in the leather and fancy goods industry (Maliehe, 1993).

Medicines

Also animal bodies are used in the traditional medicine. There is a variety of species (e.g. scrub hare, cape hare, porcupine, polecat, pangolin) that have medicinal or curative properties (Maliehe,1993).

REFERENCES

Cunningham, A.B. 1993. African medicinal plants: Setting priorities at the interface between conservation and primary health care. People and Plants Working Paper 1. Paris. Unesco.

Cunningham, A.B. 1997. An Africa-wide overview of medicinal plant harvesting, conservation and health care. In Global Initiative for Traditional Systems of Health & FAO, eds. Medicinal plants for forest conservation and health care. FAO Non-Wood Forest Products Series No. 11. Rome

FAO. 1997. Wildlife and food security in Africa, by Y. Ntiamoa-Baidu. FAO Conservation Guide No. 33. Rome.

170

FAO. 1998a. FAO statistics. In Internet http://wvvw.fao.orgFAO. 1998b. Marketing of indigenous medicinal plants in South Africa A case study in

Kwazulu-Natal, by M. Manders. Rome.Kuipers, S.E. 1997. Trade in medicinal plants. In Global Initiative for Traditional Systems of

Health & FAO, eds. Medicinal plants for forest conservation and health care. FAONon-Wood Forest Products Series No. 11. Rome.

Lange, D. 1997. Untersuchungen zum Heilpflanzenmarkt in Deutschland. Bonn, Bundesamtfür Naturschutz.

Maliehe, T.M. 1993. NWFP in South Africa. In Commonwealth Science Council & FAO, eds.Non-wood forest products: A regional expert consultation for English-speaking Africancountries, 17-22 October 1993, Arusha, Tanzania.


Additional information on NWFP in South Africa would be appreciated and dulyacknowledged.

ANNEX 1. FOREST SERVICESIn South Africa tourism is the most important forest service. The game parks and naturereserves attract thousands of tourists each year going on photo safaris, trophy hunting, etc.Tourism is reported to be the fifth highest foreign exchange earner; in 1992 it yieldedapproximately US$800 million and provided jobs for 300 000 people (FAO, 1997).

171

FAO. 1998a. FAO statistics. In Internet http://www.fao.org FAO. 1998b. Marketing of indigenous medicinal plants in South Africa - A case study in

Kwazulu-Nata/, by M. Manders. Rome. Kuipers, S.E. 1997. Trade in medicinal plants. In Global Initiative for Traditional Systems of

Health & FAO, eds. Medicinal plants for forest conservation and health care. FAO Non-Wood Forest Products Series No. 11. Rome.

Lange, D. 1997. Untersuchungen zum Heilpflanzenmarkt in Deutschland. Bonn, Bundesamt fOr Naturschutz.

Maliehe, T.M. 1993. NWFP in South Africa. In Commonwealth Science Council & FAO, eds. Non-wood forest products: A regional expert consultation for English-speaking African countries, 17-22 October 1993, Arusha, Tanzania.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT


Additional information on NWFP in South Africa would be appreciated and duly acknowledged.


In South Africa tourism is the most important forest service. The game parks and nature reserves attract thousands of tourists each year going on photo safaris, trophy hunting, etc. Tourism is reported to be the fifth highest foreign exchange earner; in 1992 it yielded approximately US$800 million and provided jobs for 300 000 people (FAO, 1997).

171

QUANTITATIVE DATA ON NWFP OF SOUTH AFRICA

172




1, 2, 3 F, P, 0 W, C N, I

Medicines 1 Glycyrhiza sp.Origanum sp.Salvia sp.Euphorbia resiniferaAloe feroxSiphonchilusaethiopicusSynaptolepis kirkii

N, I Annual trade at nationallevel: 20 000 t worthUS$60 million(FA0,1998b)

FAO, 1998bLange, 1997Cunningham, 1993

Panax ginseng I Exports: 0.4 t to Germany in1994, worth DM22 000(Lange, 1997) -

Lange,1997

Glycyrhiza sp. Exports: 0.1 t to Germany in1994, worth DM1 000(Lange, 1997)

Lange,1997

Origanum sp. I Exports: 32.8 t to Germanyin 1994, worth DM150 000(Lange, 1997)

Lange, 1997

Salvia sp. I Exports: 13.1 t to Germanyin 1994, worth DM84 000(Lange, 1997)

Lange, 1997

Ornamentals 1 Fern Rumohraadiantiformis

PI N Annual economicvalue:US$300 000(Maliehe, 1993)

Maliehe, 1993

QUANTITATIVE DATA ON NWFP OF SOUTH AFRICA

II Product II Resource II Economic value Category I Importance Trade name II Species I Part I Habitat I Source Destination I Quantity, value I Remarks I References

I Generic term used

1,2,3 II F,P,O W,C N, I

I I Medicines 1 Glycyrhiza sp. N, I Annual trade at national FAO,1998b

Origanum sp. level: 20000 t worth Lange, 1997 Salvia sp. US$60 million Cunningham, 1993 Euphorbia resinifera (FAO,1998b) Aloe ferox Siphonchilus aethiopicus Synaptolepis kirkii Panax ginseng I Exports: 0.4 t to Germany in Lange,1997

1994, worth DM22 000 (Lange, 1997)

Glycyrhiza sp. Exports: 0.1 t to Germany in Lange,1997 1994, worth DM1 000

•

(Lange, 1997) Origanum sp. I Exports: 32.8 t to Germany Lange, 1997

I in 1994, worth DM150 000 (Lange, 1997)

Salvia sp. I Exports: 13.1 t to Germany Lange, 1997 in 1994, worth DM84 000 (Lange, 1997)

Ornamentals 1 Fern Rumohra pi N Annual economic Maliehe, 1993 adiantiformis value:US$300 000 I

(Maliehe, 1993)

172

173

Animals and animal productsHoney, ,beeswax

2 Apis me/Jifera ho, bw N, I

N

e Honey production: 3 200 t(Maliehe, 1993)e Honey exports: 30 t in1996, worth US$96 000$(FAO, 1998a)e Beeswax exports: 4 t in1996, worth US$16 000(FAO, 1998a)Annual collection: 1 600 t(Cunningham, 1996)

Maliehe, 1993FAO, 1998a

Cunningham (1996)Other edibleanimalproducts

1 Mopane worm W

1 Animals and animal products -_. __ .... _._.- -- _._-- - -I

Honey, 2 Apis mellifera ho, bw N, I • Honey production: 3 200 t Maliehe, 1993 beeswax (Maliehe, 1993) FAO,1998a

• Honey exports: 30 t in 1996, worth US$96 000 $ (FAO,1998a) • Beeswax exports: 4 t in 1996, worth US$16 000 (FAO,1998a)

Other edible 1 Mopaneworm W N Annual collection: 1 600 t Cunningham (1996) animal (Cunningham, 1996) products

- - -_ ... - _ ..... -

173





1- high importance on the national level; 2 - high importance on the locai!regionallevel; 3 -low importance an - entire animal; ba - bark; bw - beeswax; Ie -leaves; nu - nuts; fi - fibres; fI - flowers; fr - fruits; gu - gums; ho - honey; la - latex; oi - oil; pl- entire plant; re - resins; ro - roots; sa - sap; se - seeds; st - stem; ta - tannins F - natural forest or other wooded lands; P - plantation; 0 - others: trees outside forests (e.g. agroforestry, homegardens) W - wild, C - cultivated N - national; I - international

174

3.4.8 Swaziland (E)

INTRODUCTION

Main Non-Wood Forest ProductsIn Swaziland, fodder (e.g. Adenium obessum), medicinal plants (e.g. Walburgia salutaris),fruits (Sclerocarya birrea) and bee forage (e.g. Bruchellia bubalani) are important vegetalnon-wood forest products (NWFP). Insects, honey and beeswax are reported to be the mainanimal based NWFP.

General informationThe Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (1992) is currently carrying out four sub-programmes within the National Forest Research Plan (1993-2002), which deal with NWFPin four areas:

the utilization of foliage and fruits of trees as forage for livestock in order to reducepressure on grazing land by using trees as alternative sources of fodder;investigation on the biology of marula tree (Sclerocarya birrea) to assess the possibility ofusing its fruits as a source of food for livestock;medicinal properties of indigenous tree species in order to provide a scientific basis for thealleged medicinal properties of trees in Swaziland; andthe use of trees as a source of food for beekeeping.


FoodThroughout Swaziland, more than 200 species of wild plants are commonly consumed. Wildleaves such as those of Grewia sp. are consumed primarily in spring and summer, whilefruits are eaten during winter and spring when they are the main source of vitamin C supply.Other forest and bush foods also used seasonally are mushrooms, caterpillars and termitelarvae (Falconer, 1990). The top four species of socio-economic significance are:Sclerocarya birrea sub-species caffra, Bequaertiodendron megalismontum, Syzgiumcordatum and Ximenia caffra. Currently these plant species occur in natural forests and astrees outside forests. Their fruits are picked by children and women for sale on roadsides asa means to generate cash income. In the case of Sclerocarya birrea, a traditional liquor isproduced from the ripe fruit, mainly by women, and is sold in rural areas, as well as in smalland big towns. The nut, on the other hand, is dried and oil is extracted for domesticconsumption (FAO, 1999).

MedicinesThe importance of medicinal plants is shown by the ratio of 1:110 of traditional healers tototal population, while the medical doctors to total population ratio is 1:10.000 (Cunningham,1993). Important medicinal plants which are gathered for commercial purposes are, amongothers, Walburgia salutaris, Alepidea amatymbica and Siphonochilus aethiopicus. W.salutaris is reported to be exported to South Africa and Mozambique (Cunningham, 1993 and1997).

Another medicinal plant, that is being harvested at an overwhelming rate and utilized *by thelocal people and further smuggled into South Africa, is called African potato. This plant isassociated with the treatment of HIV/AIDS.

175

3.4.8 Swaziland (E)

INTRODUCTION


In Swaziland, fodder (e.g. Adenium obessum), medicinal plants (e.g. Walburgia salutaris) , fruits (Sc/erocarya birrea) and bee forage (e.g. Bruchellia bubalani) are important vegetal non-wood forest products (NWFP). Insects, honey and beeswax are reported to be the main animal based NWFP.

General information

The Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (1992) is currently carrying out four subprogrammes within the National Forest Research Plan (1993-2002), which deal with NWFP in four areas: @ the utilization of foliage and fruits of trees as forage for livestock in order to reduce

pressure on grazing land by using trees as alternative sources of fodder; @ investigation on the biology of marula tree (Sclerocarya birrea) to assess the possibility of

using its fruits as a source of food for livestock; @ medicinal properties of indigenous tree species in order to provide a scientific basis for the

alleged medicinal properties of trees in Swaziland; and @ the use of trees as a source of food for beekeeping.


Food

Throughout Swaziland, more than 200 species of wild plants are commonly consumed. Wild leaves such as those of Grewia sp. are consumed primarily in spring and summer, while fruits are eaten during winter and spring when they are the main source of vitamin C supply. Other forest and bush foods also used seasonally are mushrooms, caterpillars and termite larvae (Falconer, 1990). The top four species of socio-economic significance are: Sc/erocarya birrea sub-species caffra, Bequaertiodendron megalismontum, Syzgium cordatum and Ximenia caffra. Currently these plant species occur in natural forests and as trees outside forests. Their fruits are picked by children and women for sale on roadsides as a means to generate cash income. In the case of Sclerocarya birrea, a traditional liquor is produced from the ripe fruit, mainly by women, and is sold in rural areas, as well as in small and big towns. The nut, on the other hand, is dried and oil is extracted for domestic consumption (FAO, 1999).

Medicines The importance of medicinal plants is shown by the ratio of 1: 11 0 of traditional healers to total population, while the medical doctors to total population ratio is 1: 1 0.000 (Cunningham, 1993). Important medicinal plants which are gathered for commercial purposes are, among others, Walburgia salutaris, Alepidea amatymbica and Siphonochilus aethiopicus. W. salutaris is reported to be exported to South Africa and Mozambique (Cunningham, 1993 and 1997).

Another medicinal plant, that is being harvested at an overwhelming rate and utilized 'by the local people and further smuggled into South Africa, is called African potato. This plant is associated with the treatment of HIV/AIDS.

175

The Swaziland National Trust Commission, in collaboration with the Swaziland GeneticResources Centre at the Malkerns Research Station has declared highly protected some ofthe areas where this species grows (FAO, 1999).

REFERENCESCunningham, A.B. 1993. African medicinal plants: Setting priorities at the interface between

conservation and primary health care. People and Plants Working Paper 1. Paris,Unesco.

Cunningham, A.B. 1997. An Africa-wide overview of medicinal plant harvesting,conservation and health care. In Global Initiative for Traditional Systems of Health, &FAO, eds. Medicinal plants for forest conservation and health care. FAO Non-WoodForest Products Series No.11. Rome.

Falconer, J. 1990. "Hungry season" food from the forest. In Unasylva 41(160): 14-19.FAO. 1999. The status of NWFP in Swaziland, by S. Dlamini. EC-FAO Partnership

Programme, Project GCP/INT/679/EC. RomeMinistry of Agriculture and Cooperatives. 1992. National forestry research plan.

Mbabane.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTThis report has been realized thanks to the funding of the ECFAO Partnership Programme"Data Collection and Analysis for Sustainable Forest Management in ACP Countries". Thecontent is based on available information at FAO Headquarters in Rome, as well as oninformation provided by Mr Cliff S. Dlamini of the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives,Swaziland.

Additional information on NWFP in Swaziland would be appreciated and duly acknowledged.

176

The Swaziland National Trust Commission, in collaboration with the Swaziland Genetic Resources Centre at the Malkerns Research Station has declared highly protected some of the areas where this species grows (FAO, 1999).

REFERENCES

Cunningham, A.B. 1993. African medicinal plants: Setting priorities at the interface between conservation and primary health care. People and Plants Working Paper 1. Paris, Unesco.

Cunningham, A.B. 1997. An Africa-wide overview of medicinal plant harvesting, conservation and health care. In Global Initiative for Traditional Systems of Health, & FAO, eds. Medicinal plants for forest conservation and health care. FAO Non-Wood Forest Products Series No.11. Rome.

Falconer, J. 1990. "Hungry season" food from the forest. In Unasylva 41(160): 14-19. FAO. 1999. The status of NWFP in Swaziland, by S. Dlamini. EC-FAO Partnership

Programme, Project GCP/INT/679/EC. Rome Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives. 1992. National forestry research plan.

Mbabane.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This report has been realized thanks to the funding of the EC-FAO Partnership Programme "Data Collection and Analysis for Sustainable Forest Management in ACP Countries". The content is based on available information at FAO Headquarters in Rome, as well as on information provided by Mr Cliff S. Dlamini of the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Swaziland.

Additional information on NWFP in Swaziland would be appreciated and duly acknowledged.

176

3.4.9 Zambia (E)

INTRODUCTION

Main Non-Wood Forest ProductsThe most important NWFP are foodstuffs such as honey and beeswax, mushrooms as wellas bamboo canes used as household utensils.

Other important NWFP include caterpillars, edible roots and fruits, medicinal plants andfodder.

Rattans, resins, gums, latex, tannins, colourants, ornamentals, essential oils and bushmeatare also used (Roper, 1997; Njovu, 1993; Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources,1997b).

General informationThe majority of the population in Zambia still depends on NWFP. Although most NWFP areused for self-consumption, some of them such as basketry, bee products, caterpillars aresold on the market and provide employment especially for rural communities. Records existon exports of medicinal plants (Pterocarpus angolensis), mushrooms, honey and beeswax.Trade in honey and mushrooms is the most developed one. Honey and mushrooms fetchmillions of US dollars on both national and international markets (Chishimba, 1996;Chidumayo and Marjokorpi, 1997). Though documentation on the value of NWFP is notavailable, it is estimated that their combined value exceeds the monetary value of timbermanifold (Roper, 1997).

The Zambian Forestry Action Plan 1992/93 gives an overview on the importance of NWFP invarious parts of the country:

In northern Zambia, caterpillars are a major source of nutrition and income for (especiallypoor) rural households. Other recorded NWFP are wild plant foods (mushrooms, fruits),medicines and honey. Beekeeping is practised by the Forest Department whereas localpeople collect honey by hunting wild hives (Chulumanda, 1992).In north-western Zambia, honey is the most important NWFP. Trade in honey andbeeswax is a major source of income. Other NWFP are beverages, fodder, fibres,foodstuffs and medicinal plants (Njovu,1993a and 1993b).In western Zambia, semi-commercial exploitation and exports of small quantities ofbasketry commodities as well as local utilization of bark, fruits, seeds and edible oils arerecorded (Mtongo, 1993).In the central region, mushrooms, caterpillars and edible plants (leaves, roots, fruits, etc.)are believed to be important NWFP. Honey production, on the other hand, is believed tobe of minor importance (Chaponda, 1993).


FoodVegetal NWFP including fruits, nuts, roots, tubers, leaves and mushrooms are mainly usedas food (mostly as sources of proteins, vitamins, minerals and starch) (Chishimba, 1996;Nkomenshya, 1996 and 1997). Vegetal products are used at both subsistence andcommercial levels. About one-third of rural households harvest wild foods in the form offruits, mushrooms and root tubers with a gross output of 31 kg per household (Chishimba,1996).

177

3.4.9 Zambia (E)

INTRODUCTION

Main Non-Wood Forest Products The most important NWFP are foodstuffs such as honey and beeswax, mushrooms as well as bamboo canes used as household utensils.

Other important NWFP include caterpillars, edible roots and fruits, medicinal plants and fodder.

Rattans, resins, gums, latex, tannins, colourants, ornamentals, essential oils and bushmeat are also used (Roper, 1997; Njovu, 1993; Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, 1997b).

General information The majority of the population in Zambia still depends on NWFP. Although most NWFP are used for self-consumption, some of them such as basketry, bee products, caterpillars are sold on the market and provide employment especially for rural communities. Records exist on exports of medicinal plants (Pferocarpus angolensis), mushrooms, honey and beeswax. Trade in honey and mushrooms is the most developed one. Honey and mushrooms fetch millions of US dollars on both national and international markets (Chishimba, 1996; Chidumayo and Marjokorpi, 1997). Though documentation on the value of NWFP is not available, it is estimated that their combined value exceeds the monetary value of timber manifold (Roper, 1997).

The Zambian Forestry Action Plan 1992/93 gives an overview on the importance of NWFP in various parts of the country: • In northern Zambia, caterpillars are a major source of nutrition and income for (especially

poor) rural households. Other recorded NWFP are wild plant foods (mushrooms, fruits), medicines and honey. Beekeeping is practised by the Forest Department whereas local people collect honey by hunting wild hives (Chulumanda, 1992).

• In north-western Zambia, honey is the most important NWFP. Trade in honey and beeswax is a major source of income. Other NWFP are beverages, fodder, fibres, foodstuffs and medicinal plants (Njovu, 1993a and 1993b).

• In western Zambia, semi-commercial exploitation and exports of small quantities of basketry commodities as well as local utilization of bark, fruits, seeds and edible oils are recorded (Mtongo, 1993).

• In the central region, mushrooms, caterpillars and edible plants (leaves, roots, fruits, etc.) are believed to be important NWFP. Honey production, on the other hand, is believed to be of minor importance (Chaponda, 1993).


Food Vegetal NWFP including fruits, nuts, roots, tubers, leaves and mushrooms are mainly used as food (mostly as sources of proteins, vitamins, minerals and starch) (Chishimba, 1996; Nkomenshya, 1996 and 1997). Vegetal products are used at both subsistence and commercial levels. About one-third of rural households harvest wild foods in the form of fruits, mushrooms and root tubers with a gross output of 31 kg per household (Chishimba, 1996).

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Forests provide edible food in the rainy season from November to February, when cultivatedfood crops are scarce.

In the Luangwa valley, wild food is an important component of the diet, especially during theperiod of food shortage. For example, in the Mukupu village during the month of Septemberwild vegetable food provides ingredients in 42 percent of the meals served, compared withonly ten percent for cultivated vegetables. In June, on the other hand, more cultivatedvegetables are used than wild food plants (Falconer, 1990). In Central Zambia, ten speciesof edible leaves and four species of edible roots are consumed. Many of the wild vegetablesare believed to be found in disturbed areas outside the forests and woodlands (Clarke,Cavendish and Coote, 1996).

Of all the NWFP reported as being valuable for food, six were classified as being importantfor trade in three provinces covered by a survey conducted by Chishimba (1996). The mainproducts traded are:

fruits of Uapaca kirkiana, Anisophyllea pomifera and Parinan curatellifolia;mushrooms;roots of Rhynchosia spp.; andtubers of Satyria siva.

The trading levels differ from community to community depending on ethnic background andproduct. The level of trade is determined by product availability, distance from the marketand access to reliable means of transportation. Estimates of quantities sold at Kunda Mfumu(Luapula Province), a village on a highway, indicate quantities as high as 193.6 kg ofRhynchosia spp. and 155.6 kg of Satyria siva, with a corresponding monetary value ofUS$102 and US$115, respectively (Chishimba, 1996).

Mushrooms, particularly chanterelles, are offered for sale on the international market. Othervegetal NWFP are mostly sold on community and district markets. There is very little inter-provincial trade in vegetal NWFP. Imports between provinces are only recorded formushrooms (Rhynchosia spp. and Satyria siva), but they are all on a small scale. Thesecommodities are mainly moved along the rail line from rural to urban provinces where theyfetch good market prices (Chishimba, 1996).

Beverages are widely used across the country and good records on their use exist. Somebeverages can get a good market price, such as beer made from roots of Rhynchosia spp.Other fruits, which are used commercially for processing into beer and wine, are Sclerocatyabirrea and Zizyphus mucronata (Birgham, Chihongo and Chidumayo, 1996).

Edible roots are used as food and drinks (see above) and are also sold on the market at agood price. The rate of extraction of roots for food and drinks has increased in this decadewhen Zambia has experienced severe food shortages due to heavy rains and/or droughts.

Rhynchosia spp. and Satyria siva are widely used and sold so that they have now becomegoods of nation-wide importance as a source of income and food security to many Zambians.The roots of Rhynchosia insignis are used in the brewing of a sweet beer known as munkoyo(Njovu, 1993). Other important edible roots consumed during drought periods includeColocasia edulis and Dolichos elipticus.

The trade in products such as Rhynchosia and Satyria siva roots can be very lucrative. Onthe copperbelt, about 150-200 g of Satyria siva can fetch as much as US$0.1 (Chishimba,1996). In the Luapula Province, 300 g of Satyria siva can cost up to US$0.22. A small bundleof Rhynchosia roots, weighing 200 g, costs US$0.1 on the copperbelt. As a result of theintensive trade in Rhynchosia spp. and Satyria siva, both species are under serious threat ofextinction (Chishimba, 1996).

178

Forests provide edible food in the rainy season from November to February, when cultivated food crops are scarce.

In the Luangwa valley, wild food is an important component of the diet, especially during the period of food shortage. For example, in the Mukupu village during the month of September wild vegetable food provides ingredients in 42 percent of the meals served, compared with only ten percent for cultivated vegetables. In June, on the other hand, more cultivated vegetables are used than wild food plants (Falconer, 1990). In Central Zambia, ten species of edible leaves and four species of edible roots are consumed. Many of the wild vegetables are believed to be found in disturbed areas outside the forests and woodlands (Clarke, Cavendish and Coote, 1996).

Of all the NWFP reported as being valuable for food, six were classified as being important for trade in three provinces covered by a survey conducted by Chishimba (1996). The main products traded are: II fruits of Uapaca kirkiana, Anisophyl/ea pomifera and Parinan curatellifolia; • mushrooms; II roots of Rhynchosia spp.; and II tubers of Satyria siva.

The trading levels differ from community to community depending on ethnic background and product. The level of trade is determined by product availability, distance from the market and access to reliable means of transportation. Estimates of quantities sold at Kunda Mfumu (Luapula Province), a village on a highway, indicate quantities as high as 193.6 kg of Rhynchosia spp. and 155.6 kg of Satyria siva, with a corresponding monetary value of US$102 and US$115, respectively (Chishimba, 1996).

Mushrooms, particularly chanterelles, are offered for sale on the international market. Other vegetal NWFP are mostly sold on community and district markets. There is very little interprovincial trade in vegetal NWFP. Imports between provinces are only recorded for mushrooms (Rhynchosia spp. and Satyria siva), but they are all on a small scale. These commodities are mainly moved along the rail line from rural to urban provinces where they fetch good market prices (Chishimba, 1996).

Beverages are widely used across the country and good records on their use exist. Some beverages can get a good market price, such as beer made from roots of Rhynchosia spp. Other fruits, which are used commercially for processing into beer and wine, are Sc/erocarya birrea and Zizyphus mucronata (Birgham, Chihongo and Chidumayo, 1996).

Edible roots are used as food and drinks (see above) and are also sold on the market at a good price. The rate of extraction of roots for food and drinks has increased in this decade when Zambia has experienced severe food shortages due to heavy rains and/or droughts.

Rhynchosia spp. and Satyria siva are widely used and sold so that they have now become goods of nation-wide importance as a source of income and food security to many Zambians. The roots of Rhynchosia insignis are used in the brewing of a sweet beer known as munkoyo (Njovu, 1993). Other important edible roots consumed during drought periods include Colocasia edulis and Dolichos elipticus.

The trade in products such as Rhynchosia and Satyria siva roots can be very lucrative. On the copperbelt, about 150-200 g of Satyria siva can fetch as much as US$O.1 (Chishimba, 1996). In the Luapula Province, 300 g of Satyria siva can cost up to US$0.22. A small bundle of Rhynchosia roots, weighing 200 g, costs US$O.1 on the copperbelt. As a result of the intensive trade in Rhynchosia spp. and Satyria siva, both species are under serious threat of extinction (Chishimba, 1996).

178

Mushrooms have a well-established market both locally, in urban markets andinternationally. Harvesting of mushrooms has little impact on the resource base.Deforestation, on the other hand, negatively affects mushroom productivity of species thatlive symbiotically with trees.

Fruits such as Uapaca kirkiana, Parinari curateffifolia and Strychnos sp. are very importantas a food security commodity for both rural and urban households while, at the same time,providing extra income through sales that are conducted almost throughout the year. Zambiais endowed with many fruit trees, both exotic and indigenous, which are used as food. Somefruits are also crushed to make juices, drinks and jams.

There is a vast variety of fruits that are consumed in many rural and some urban settings. Inthe past fruits were not offered for sale because they were very abundant and, therefore,could not fetch a good price. However, most fruits are becoming significant tradecommodities as many species are getting scarce at the local level due to deforestation,brought about by the demand for wood fuel, and to agricultural expansion. Therefore, afuture upward trend is likely in the sale of many fruits (both exotic and indigenous) as thepopulation rises and alternative income sources become limited.

Fruit trees of national importance are reserved under the Forest Law. These includeStrychnos cocculoides, Strychnos spinosa, Uapaca kirkiana, Anisophyllea spp. andVangueriopsis lancifolia. These can only be cut under licence although in practice this hasproved to be very difficult to enforce due to inadequate resources of the implementingGovernment agency (Forestry Department).

Edible seeds and nuts are important at the national level because of the wider coverage oftree species from which they are obtained. Even though most are not offered for sale, seedssuch as those for Adansonia digitata and Cajanus cajan have found a niche in the trademarket especially in drought prone areas. Others are mainly used as household food securitycommodities. Many of the tree species giving edible seeds and nuts are also browsed bylivestock.

Edible oils are used 1,videly on the national scale although production is very low due to lackof appropriate processing facilities. The possibilities of extracting these with a high recoveryrate and higher quality standard in order to compete with conventional (cooking) oils are notknown.

MedicinesMedicinal plants in Zambia are used regularly in rural, as well as in urban, centres. Theinability to reach modern health facilities strengthens the utilization of medicinal plants.Traditional medicine in Zambia is recognized and supported through the Traditional HealersPractitioners Association (Banda, undated). Many plant species are also found on urbanmarkets. A study in Lusaka has shown that in urban centres traditional medicine is widelypractised (Cunningham, 1997).

The results of a recent survey indicated that 70 percent of the respondents had usedtraditional medicines and that trade in traditional medicine is worth over US$43 million peryear (Nswana, 1996). Nswana (1996) has listed 78 plant species of medicinal value.Excessive removal of roots and/or bark from medicinal trees and shrubs may cause mortalityeither directly or through subsequent pathogenic infections. And as a consequence ofdeforestation and population growth, valuable medicinal species are now often collected fromvery distant places because they have become scarce in the immediate vicinity (Nswana,1996).

179

Mushrooms have a well-established market both locally, in urban markets and internationally. Harvesting of mushrooms has little impact on the resource base. Deforestation, on the other hand, negatively affects mushroom productivity of species that live symbiotically with trees.

Fruits such as Uapaca kirkiana, Parinari curatellifolia and Strychnos sp. are very important as a food security commodity for both rural and urban households while, at the same time, providing extra income through sales that are conducted almost throughout the year. Zambia is endowed with many fruit trees, both exotic and indigenous, which are used as food. Some fruits are also crushed to make juices, drinks and jams.

There is a vast variety of fruits that are consumed in many rural and some urban settings. In the past fruits were not offered for sale because they were very abundant and, therefore, could not fetch a good price. However, most fruits are becoming significant trade commodities as many species are getting scarce at the local level due to deforestation, brought about by the demand for wood fuel, and to agricultural expansion. Therefore, a future upward trend is likely in the sale of many fruits (both exotic and indigenous) as the population rises and alternative income sources become limited.

Fruit trees of national importance are reserved under the Forest Law. These include Strychnos cocculoides, Strychnos spinosa, Uapaca kirkiana, Anisophyl/ea spp. and Vangueriopsis lancifolia. These can only be cut under licence although in practice this has proved to be very difficult to enforce due to inadequate resources of the implementing Government agency (Forestry Department).

Edible seeds and nuts are important at the national level because of the wider coverage of tree species from which they are obtained. Even though most are not offered for sale, seeds such as those for Adansonia digitata and Cajanus cajan have found a niche in the trade market especially in drought prone areas. Others are mainly used as household food security commodities. Many of the tree species giving edible seeds and nuts are also browsed by livestock.

Edible oils are used widely on the national scale although production is very low due to lack of appropriate processing facilities. The possibilities of extracting these with a high recovery rate and higher quality standard in order to compete with conventional (cooking) oils are not known.

Medicines

Medicinal plants in Zambia are used regularly in rural, as well as in urban, centres. The inability to reach modern health facilities strengthens the utilization of medicinal plants. Traditional medicine in Zambia is recognized and supported through the Traditional Healers Practitioners Association (Banda, undated). Many plant species are also found on urban markets. A study in Lusaka has shown that in urban centres traditional medicine is widely practised (Cunningham, 1997).

The results of a recent survey indicated that 70 percent of the respondents had used traditional medicines and that trade in traditional medicine is worth over US$43 million per year (Nswana, 1996). Nswana (1996) has listed 78 plant species of medicinal value. Excessive removal of roots and/or bark from medicinal trees and shrubs may cause mortality either directly or through subsequent pathogenic infections. And as a consequence of deforestation and population growth, valuable medicinal species are now often collected from very distant places because they have become scarce in the immediate vicinity (Nswana, 1996).

179

At least one medicinal plant, Pterocarpus angolensis, is exported from Zambia. Supply of thisherbal medicine to traditional healers is affected by competing uses such as timber logging(Cunningham, 1997). Other medicinal plants, which are over-exploited locally, are Eulophiapetersiana and Selaginella imbricata (Cunningham, 1993).

Dyeing and tanningColourants are used widely throughout Zambia and there is large knowledge on treespecies for such NWFP. They have always found good markets both at the national andinternational level even though adequate documentation on such trade is not available.

Good documentation on tannins was available in the past, which shows that they are usedboth at the local and national levels. However, information on their use by specific endproducts is not available. Lack of adequate information on specific use and market outletshas prevented this field to emerge fully.

Utensils, handicrafts and construction materialsBasketry is the most important activity in the small-scale industry sector. Of the total numberof forest-based enterprises in Zambia, 60.3 percent manufacture baskets, mats or hats(Chipeta, 1993).

The most commonly used raw material for basketry is natural stands of bamboo(Oxytenanthera abyssinica). After harvesting, the fresh canes are transported close to theselling points, where baskets are manufactured (Njovu, 1993; Ministry of Environment andNatural Resources, 1997a). Basketry and mat making is especially done in western Zambiaon a semi-commercial scale. The market is local with very few exports (Mtongo, 1992).

Reeds are widely used for basketry, mat making and thatching wherever rivers with reedsoccur, but information on this utilization is not well documented. Reeds generate good tradeand markets. Recently, cross-border trade has been noted even though actual destinationsstill have to be verified.

Fibres have been used since time immemorial for rope and/or string making. Ropes areemployed in hut construction, tying of bundles and for basketry in the case of Agavesisalana. The resource base is plentiful; however, in most cases fibre extraction, if notproperly done, leads to the death of trees.

Rattan products have been widely used for thatching, mat making and basketry in areaswhere they are available. Other products are sold at almost all tourist centres and in majortowns.

ANIMALS AND ANIMAL PRODUCTSWildlife is an important source of proteins. Bushmeat (US$3-4.5 per kg), reptiles and/or birds(US$4.5 per kg), bird eggs, insects (such as caterpillars termites and grasshoppers) andhoney are the most important edible animals and animal products. Honey is gathered fromnatural and artificial beehives for food or beer brewing and sale.

Non-edible products include hides and skins, bones, horns and tusks, feathers, furs and liveanimals.

Under the National Parks and Wildlife Law, 25 mammal, 36 bird and 4 reptile species areprotected and can only be hunted under licence. However, this list excludes the African wilddog, all rodents, bats, shrews and invertebrates, some of which are classified as endangered(Chidumayo and Marjokorpi, 1997).

180

At least one medicinal plant, Pterocarpus ango/ensis, is exported from Zambia. Supply of this herbal medicine to traditional healers is affected by competing uses such as timber logging (Cunningham, 1997). Other medicinal plants, which are over-exploited locally, are Eulophia petersiana and Selaginel/a imbricata (Cunningham, 1993).

Dyeing and tanning

Colourants are used widely throughout Zambia and there is large knowledge on tree species for such NWFP. They have always found good markets both at the national and international level even though adequate documentation on such trade is not available.

Good documentation on tannins was available in the past, which shows that they are used both at the local and national levels. However, information on their use by specific end products is not available. Lack of adequate information on specific use and market outlets has prevented this field to emerge fully.

Utensils, handicrafts and construction materials Basketry is the most important activity in the small-scale industry sector. Of the total number of forest-based enterprises in Zambia, 60.3 percent manufacture baskets, mats or hats (Chipeta, 1993).

The most commonly used raw material for basketry is natural stands of bamboo (Oxytenanthera abyssinica). After harvesting, the fresh canes are transported close to the selling points, where baskets are manufactured (Njovu, 1993; Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, 1997a). Basketry and mat making is especially done in western Zambia on a semi-commercial scale. The market is local with very few exports (Mtongo, 1992).

Reeds are widely used for basketry, mat making and thatching wherever rivers with reeds occur, but information on this utilization is not well documented. Reeds generate good trade and markets. Recently, cross-border trade has been noted even though actual destinations still have to be verified.

Fibres have been used since time immemorial for rope and/or string making. Ropes are employed in hut construction, tying of bundles and for basketry in the case of Agave sisalana. The resource base is plentiful; however, in most cases fibre extraction, if not properly done, leads to the death of trees.

Rattan products have been widely used for thatching, mat making and basketry in areas where they are available. Other products are sold at almost all tourist centres and in major towns.


Wildlife is an important source of proteins. Bushmeat (US$3-4.5 per kg), reptiles and/or birds (US$4.5 per kg), bird eggs, insects (such as caterpillars termites and grasshoppers) and honey are the most important edible animals and animal products. Honey is gathered from natural and artificial beehives for food or beer brewing and sale.

Non-edible products include hides and skins, bones, horns and tusks, feathers, furs and live animals.

Under the National Parks and Wildlife Law, 25 mammal, 36 bird and 4 reptile species are protected and can only be hunted under licence. However, this list excludes the African wild dog, all rodents, bats, shrews and invertebrates, some of which are classified as endangered (Chidumayo and Ma~iokorpi, 1997).

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Honey and beeswaxHoney and beeswax are among the most important Zambian NWFP. In 1992, a production of90 000 kg of honey (worth US$172 000) and 29 000 kg of beeswax (worth US$74 000) wasrecorded in official statistics (Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, 1997c; Njovu,1993). Honey production varies considerably from year to year.

Table 1. Honey oroduction in Zambia

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Year Honey Beeswax

Quantity (kg) Value US$ Quantity (kg) Value (US$)

1987 165 757 17 2921988 180 782 180 780 180 780 14 765 14 765 38 3931989 95 000 95 000 95 000 19894 19 895 51 7301990 205 305 205 300 203 300 56 395 56 395 146 6301991 95 714 10 014 10 014 24 633 24635 64 0501992 90 000 171 850 171 850 28 000 28 515 74 140

Source ** **

Sources: * Ministry of Environment and Development (1997c);** Njovu (1993)

It is estimated that only 25 percent of beeswax production and 50 percent of honeyproduction are recorded in official statistics (Njovu, 1993). The Ministry of Environment andNatural Resources (1997b) estimates that annual national production of honey exceeds1 500 t.

In Zambia honey and beeswax production depends entirely on natural forests. Beekeeping ispossible in any wooded area with more than 1 000 mm precipitation. The main tree speciesare Marquesia macroura, M. acuminata, Syyzygium sp., Parinarin sp. Brachystegia sp. andJulbemardia sp. Their flowers are a major source of nectar while their bark is used forconstructing the hives. Construction of hives and honey harvesting (twice a year afterflowering) are done by men, transport and processing by women. Honey is traded eithersemi-processed or unprocessed. Both Government and private agencies are involved inhoney trade. Most of the honey is used within the country as food and for brewing beer.Beeswax is also used locally in the pharmaceutical industry; for food preparation; and forpolish, candle and batik making.

Beekeeping is best developed in the north-western province, where some 6.000 beekeeperswith about 500 000 hives produce over 600 t of honey and 100 t of wax. Less than 100 t ofhoney are sold commercially, the rest is used locally in beer production (Ministry ofEnvironment and Natural Resources 1997b). In this region, barkstripping of trees in order tomake hives is the only negative impact of beekeeping. However, the impact of thesepractices on the tree resources is lower than that of logging, shifting cultivation or charcoalproduction (Njovu, 1993).

Outside the western and north-western provinces, honey hunting is the normal method ofhoney production. Hunters find hives and usually destroy the colony and the tree by burning.Many of the destructive forest fires are started by these hunters. As a result production isthought to be declining (Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, 1997b).

Honey and beeswax

Honey and beeswax are among the most important Zambian NWFP. In 1992, a production of 90000 kg of honey (worth US$172 000) and 29000 kg of beeswax (worth US$74 000) was recorded in official statistics (Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, 1997c; Njovu, 1993). Honey production varies considerably from year to year.

a e T bl 1 H oney pro uc Ion In am la d t' . Z b' Year

1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992

Source

Sources:

Honey Beeswax

Quantity (kg) Value US$ Quantity (kg)

165757 17292 180782 180780 180780 14765 95000 95000 95000 19894

205305 205300 203300 56395 95714 10014 10014 24633 90000 171 850 171 850 28000

* ** *

* Ministry of Environment and Development (1997c); ** Njovu (1993)

14765 19895 56395 24635

28515

Value (US$)

38393 51 730

146630 64050 74140

**

It is estimated that only 25 percent of beeswax production and 50 percent of honey production are recorded in official statistics (Njovu, 1993). The Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (1997b) estimates that annual national production of honey exceeds 1 500 t.

In Zambia honey and beeswax production depends entirely on natural forests. Beekeeping is possible in any wooded area with more than 1 000 mm precipitation. The main tree species are Marquesia macroura, M. acuminata, Syyzygium sp., Parinarin sp. Brachystegia sp. and Julbernardia sp. Their flowers are a major source of nectar while their bark is used for constructing the hives. Construction of hives and honey harvesting (twice a year after flowering) are done by men, transport and processing by women. Honey is traded either semi-processed or unprocessed. Both Government and private agencies are involved in honey trade. Most of the honey is used within the country as food and for brewing beer. Beeswax is also used locally in the pharmaceutical industry; for food preparation; and for polish, candle and batik making.

Beekeeping is best developed in the north-western province, where some 6.000 beekeepers with about 500 000 hives produce over 600 t of honey and 100 t of wax. Less than 100 t of honey are sold commercially, the rest is used locally in beer production (Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources 1997b). In this region, barkstripping of trees in order to make hives is the only negative impact of beekeeping. However, the impact of these practices on the tree resources is lower than that of logging, shifting cultivation or charcoal production (Njovu, 1993).

Outside the western and north-western provinces, honey hunting is the normal method of honey production. Hunters find hives and usually destroy the colony and the tree by burning. Many of the destructive forest fires are started by these hunters. As a result production is thought to be declining (Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, 1997b).

181

Other edible animal productsInsects such as caterpillars, termites and grasshoppers are major sources of income andproteins for many rural households probably because harvesting or collection of suchanimals does not require any form of licence. Large quantities of caterpillars are collectedfrom miombo woodlands (Chidumayo and Marjokorpi, 1997). According to a market surveycarried out in 1998/99, 1 kg of caterpillars, termites and grasshoppers is worth US$1.5(Mulombwa, 1999).

REFERENCES

African Forestry and Wildlife Commission.1992. National progress report on forestry inZambia. Ndola.

Arnold, J.E.M. 1995. Socio-economic benefits and issues in NWFP use. In FAO, ed. Reportof the international expert consultation on NWFP. FAO Non-Wood Forest ProductsSeries No. 3. Rome.

Banda, A.C. Undated. Women participation in forestry development. Paper presented at thenational conference on Zambia Forestry Action Plan. Kitwe.

Birgham, T., Chihongo, A. & Chidumayo, E. 1996. Trade in woodland products from themiombo region. In B. Campbell, ed. The miombo in transition: Woodlands andwelfare in Africa. Bogor, CI FOR.

Campbell, B., ed. 1996. The miombo in transition: Woodlands and welfare in Africa. Bogor,CIFOR. Chapunda, E.S. 1993. Zambia Forest Action Plan: Draft provincial issuespaper - Central Province. Lusaka, Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources.

Chidumayo, E.N & Marjokorpi, A. 1997. Biodiversity management in the provincial forestryaction programme area.

Chilufya, H. & Tengnas, B. 1996. Agroforestry extension manual for northern Zambia.Chipeta, M.E. 1993. Making NWFP programmes succeed. Lessons from small-scale forest-

based enterprises. In FAO, ed. Report of the international expert consultation onNWFP. FAO Non-Wood Forest Products Series No. 3. Rome.

Chishimba, W.K. 1996. In-depth study of consumption and trade in selected edible vegetalnon-wood forest products in Central, Copperbelt and Luapula Provinces.

Chulumanda, N.C. 1992. Forest Action Plan issues paper: Northern Province discussionpaper. Lusaka, Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources.

Clarke, J., Cavendish, W. & Coote, C. 1996. Rural households and miombo woodlands:Use, value and management. In B. Campbell, ed. The miombo in transition:Woodlands and welfare in Africa. Bogor, CIFOR.

Clay, J.W. 1995. An overview of harvesting, forest processing and transport of NWFP. InFAO, ed. Report of the international expert consultation on NWFP. FAO Non-WoodForest Products Series No. 3. Rome.

Cunningham, A.B. 1993. African medicinal plants: Setting priorities at the interface betweenconservation and primary healthcare. People and Plants Working Paper 1. Paris,Unesco.

Cunningham, A.B. 1996. Saturniid subsidy: Cash and protein from edible caterpillars ofZambians woodlands. In B. Campbell, ed. The miombo in transition: Woodlands andwelfare in Africa. Bogor, CIFOR.


Falconer, J. 1990. "Hungry season" food from the forest. In Unasylva 41(160): 14-19.FAO. 1997. Wildlife and food security in Africa, by Y. Ntiamoa-Baidu. FAO Conservation

Guide No. 33. Rome.

182


Insects such as caterpillars, termites and grasshoppers are major sources of income and proteins for many rural households probably because harvesting or collection of such animals does not require any form of licence. Large quantities of caterpillars are collected from miombo woodlands (Chidumayo and Marjokorpi, 1997). According to a market survey carried out in 1998/99, 1 kg of caterpillars, termites and grasshoppers is worth US$1.5 (Mulombwa, 1999).

REFERENCES

African Forestry and Wildlife Commission.1992. National progress report on forestry in Zambia. Ndola.

Arnold, J.E.M. 1995. Socio-economic benefits and issues in NWFP use. In FAO, ed. Report of the international expert consultation on NWFP. FAO Non-Wood Forest Products Series No.3. Rome.

Banda, A.C. Undated. Women participation in forestry development. Paper presented at the national conference on Zambia Forestry Action Plan. Kitwe.

Birgham, T., Chihongo, A. & Chidumayo, E. 1996. Trade in woodland products from the miombo region. In B. Campbell, ed. The miombo in transition: Woodlands and welfare in Africa. Bogor, CIFOR.

Campbell, B., ed. 1996. The miombo in transition: Woodlands and welfare in Africa. Bogor, CIFOR. Chapunda, E.S. 1993. Zambia Forest Action Plan: Draft provincial issues paper - Central Province. Lusaka, Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources.

Chidumayo, E.N & Marjokorpi, A. 1997. Biodiversity management in the provincial forestry action programme area.

Chilufya, H. & Tengnas, B. 1996. Agroforestry extension manual for northern Zambia. Chipeta, M.E. 1993. Making NWFP programmes succeed. Lessons from small-scale forest

based enterprises. In FAO, ed. Report of the international expert consultation on NWFP. FAO Non-Wood Forest Products Series No.3. Rome.

Chishimba, W.K. 1996. In-depth study of consumption and trade in selected edible vegetal non-wood forest products in Central, Copperbelt and Luapula Provinces.

Chulumanda, N.C. 1992. Forest Action Plan issues paper: Northern Province discussion paper. Lusaka, Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources.

Clarke, J., Cavendish, W. & Coote, C. 1996. Rural households and miombo woodlands: Use, value and management. In B. Campbell, ed. The miombo in transition: Woodlands and welfare in Africa. Bogor, CIFOR.

Clay, J.W. 1995. An overview of harvesting, forest processing and transport of NWFP. In FAO, ed. Report of the international expert consultation on NWFP. FAO Non-Wood Forest Products Series No.3. Rome.

Cunningham, A.B. 1993. African medicinal plants: Setting priorities at the interface between conservation and primary healthcare. People and Plants Working Paper 1. Paris, Unesco.

Cunningham, A.B. 1996. Saturniid subsidy: Cash and protein from edible caterpillars of Zambians woodlands. In B. Campbell, ed. The miombo in transition: Woodlands and welfare in Africa. Bogor, CIFOR.


Falconer, J. 1990. "Hungry season" food from the forest. In Unasylva 41(160): 14-19. FAO. 1997. Wildlife and food security in Africa, by Y. Ntiamoa-Baidu. FAO Conservation

Guide No. 33. Rome.

182

FAO. 1999. A report for the data collection and analysis for sustainable forest managementin ACP countries. Linking national and international efforts, by J. Mulombwa. EC-FAOPartnership Programme, Project GCP/INT/679/EC. Rome.

Forest Department. Undated. An introduction to frame hive beekeeping in Zambia.Kapungwe, E. 1996. Management and utilization of wildlife resources in forest areas in

Central, Copperbelt and Luapula Provinces, Zambia.Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources. 1995. Forestry Action Programme:

Issues paper (Revised draft). LusakaMinistry of Environment and Natural Resources. 1997a. Zambia Forestry Action Plan.

Volume I Executive summary. LusakaMinistry of Environment and Natural Resources. 1997b. Zambia Forestry Action Plan.

Volume II Challenges and opportunities for Development. LusakaMinistry of Environment and Natural Resources. 1997c. Zambia Forestty Action Plan.

Volume III Strategies and actions. LusakaMtongo, S.C. 1992. Zambian Forest Action Plan: Western province paper. SenengaMtongo, S.C. 1993. Zambia Forest Action Plan: Western Province paper. SenangaMulofwa, J., Simute, S. & Tengnas, B. 1994. Agroforestty manual for extension workers in

Southern Province, Zambia.Njovu, F.C. 1993a. Non-wood forest products Zambia. A country pilot study for the expert

consultation for English speaking African countries. In Commonwealth ScienceCouncil & FAO, eds. Non-wood forest products: A regional expert consultation forEnglish-speaking African countries. 17-22 October 1993, Arusha, Tanzania.

Njovu, F.C. 1993b. Zambia Forest Action Plan: Draft issues paper for North-westernProvince. Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources. Forest Department.Solwezi

Nkomeshya, A. 1996. Baseline socio-economic study, Central Province.Nkomeshya, A. 1996. Baseline socio-economic study, Luapula Province.Nkomeshya, A. 1997. Baseline socio-economic study of smal-holder communities in and

around open forest areas and forest reserves in the Copperbelt Province.Nswana, A. 1996. Preliminary study on cosmetic and traditional medicine in Central,

Copperbelt and Luapula Provinces.Piearce, G.D. Undated. An introduction to Zambia's wild mushrooms and how to use them.Roper, J. 1997. Role of non governmental organizations in forestry development. Zambia

Forestry Action Programme (Draft)Simute, S. 1992. Agro forestry manual for extension workers with emphasis on small-scale

farmers in Eastern Province, Zambia.Storrs, A. E.G. 1982. More about trees. A sequel to know your trees.Storrs, A.E.G. 1995 (reprint). Know your trees. Some of the common trees found in Zambia.Wildlife Conservation Society of Zambia. 1991. A guide to common wild mammals of

Zambia.Wildlife Conservation Society of Zambia. 1993. A guide to reptiles, amphibians and fishes

of Zambia.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTThis report has been realized thanks to the funding of the ECFAO Partnership Programme"Data Collection and Analysis for Sustainable Forest Management in ACP Countries". Thecontent is mainly based on available information at FAO Headquarters in Rome, as well ason information provided by Mr John Mulombwa, Zambian Forestry Department.

Additional information on NWFP in Zambia would be appreciated and duly acknowledged.

183

FAO. 1999. A report for the data collection and analysis for sustainable forest management in ACP countries. Linking national and international efforts, by J. Mulombwa. EC-FAO Partnership Programme, Project GCP/INT/679/EC. Rome.

Forest Department. Undated. An introduction to frame hive beekeeping in Zambia. Kapungwe, E. 1996. Management and utilization of wildlife resources in forest areas in

Central, Copperbelt and Luapula Provinces, Zambia. Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources. 1995. Forestry Action Programme:

Issues paper (Revised draft). Lusaka Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources. 1997a. Zambia Forestry Action Plan.

Volume I -Executive summary. Lusaka Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources. 1997b. Zambia Forestry Action Plan.

Volume II - Challenges and opportunities for Development. Lusaka Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources. 1997c. Zambia Forestry Action Plan.

Volume III - Strategies and actions. Lusaka Mtongo, S.C. 1992. Zambian Forest Action Plan: Western province paper. Senenga Mtongo, S.C. 1993. Zambia Forest Action Plan: Western Province paper. Senanga Mulofwa, J., Simute, S. & Tengnas, B. 1994. Agroforestry manual for extension workers in

Southern Province, Zambia. Njovu, F.C. 1993a. Non-wood forest products Zambia. A country pilot study for the expert

consultation for English speaking African countries. In Commonwealth Science Council & FAO, eds. Non-wood forest products: A regional expert consultation for English-speaking African countries. 17-22 October 1993, Arusha, Tanzania.

Njovu, F.C. 1993b. Zambia Forest Action Plan: Draft issues paper for North-western Province. Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources. Forest Department. Solwezi

Nkomeshya, A. 1996. Baseline socio-economic study, Central Province. Nkomeshya, A. 1996. Baseline socio-economic study, Luapula Province. Nkomeshya, A. 1997. Baseline socio-economic study of smal-holder communities in and

around open forest areas and forest reserves in the Copperbelt Province. Nswana, A. 1996. Preliminary study on cosmetic and traditional medicine in Central,

Copperbelt and Luapula Provinces. Piearce, G.D. Undated. An introduction to Zambia's wild mushrooms and how to use them. Roper, J. 1997. Role of non governmental organizations in forestry development. Zambia

Forestry Action Programme (Draft) Simute, S. 1992. Agroforestry manual for extension workers with emphasis on small-scale

farmers in Eastern Province, Zambia. Storrs, A. E.G. 1982. More about trees. A sequel to know your trees. Storrs, A.E.G. 1995 (reprint). Know your trees. Some of the common trees found in Zambia. Wildlife Conservation Society of Zambia. 1991. A guide to common wild mammals of

Zambia. Wildlife Conservation Society of Zambia. 1993. A guide to reptiles, amphibians and fishes

of Zambia.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This report has been realized thanks to the funding of the EC-FAO Partnership Programme "Data Collection and Analysis for Sustainable Forest Management in ACP Countries". The content is mainly based on available information at FAO Headquarters in Rome, as well as on information provided by Mr John Mulombwa, Zambian Forestry Department.

Additional information on NWFP in Zambia would be appreciated and duly acknowledged.

183

ANNEX 1. FOREST SERVICESForest services include intangible indirect benefits such as game viewing, ornamental and/oramenity tree planting, watershed/catchment protection and management, grazing andimprovement of weather and climatic conditions. Other services include trees used for shade,live fences and windbreaks, soil conservation and improvement.

Game viewingThe non-consumptive utilization aspect of game in the many national parks is exclusivelyachieved through tourism. The South Luangwa and Kafue National Parks are well stockedwith game and attract many international tourists, while the Kasanka and Blue LagoonNational Parks also have a potential (Kapungwe, 1996). Tourism in the form of photographicsafaris and game viewing has a high potential of bringing benefits to the country throughforeign currency earning. For example, in 1996 park entry fees into the South LuangwaNational Park totalled US$176 923 (Kapungwe, 1996).

HuntingForests are the major habitat for wildlife, which attracts most of Zambia's tourists (Ministry ofEnvironment and Natural Resources, 1997a). "In 1987, the total revenue derived from safarihunting, hippo utilization and other related activities (in the Lower Lupande GameManagement Area, Luangwa valley) amounted to US$48 620, out of which US$4 596 (9%)went to local communities projects. The benefits to the local communities increased toalmost 40 percent in 1988/89. Out of the total revenue of US$240 000 earned in that period,US$96 000 (40%) was allocated for local development." (FAO, 1997).

Through the various forms of hunting licences, the Government raises large amounts ofmoney, some of which is pumped back into the management of national parks. Licence feesfor various animals range from $0.5 for a baboon to US$391 for sable/roan antelopes,respectively. Statistics from two GMAs show that a total of US$152 470 was raised fromlicence fees during the period 01/01/96 to 23/09/96 (Kapungwe, 1996).

GrazingForests provide many pastures to both domestic and wild animals. Pastures are present innatural forests and/or woodlands, around homesteads in agricultural fields and otherindividually and/or communally owned forest areas. Grazing is offered in terms of grassbiomass production and browse.

184


Forest services include intangible indirect benefits such as game viewing, ornamental and/or amenity tree planting, watershed/catchment protection and management, grazing and improvement of weather and climatic conditions. Other services include trees used for shade, live fences and windbreaks, soil conservation and improvement.

Game viewing

The non-consumptive utilization aspect of game in the many national parks is exclusively achieved through tourism. The South Luangwa and Kafue National Parks are well stocked with game and attract many international tourists, while the Kasanka and Blue Lagoon National Parks also have a potential (Kapungwe, 1996). Tourism in the form of photographic safaris and game viewing has a high potential of bringing benefits to the country through foreign currency earning. For example, in 1996 park entry fees into the South Luangwa National Park totalled US$176 923 (Kapungwe, 1996).

Hunting Forests are the major habitat for wildlife, which attracts most of Zambia's tourists (Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, 1997a). "In 1987, the total revenue derived from safari hunting, hippo utilization and other related activities (in the Lower Lupande Game Management Area, Luangwa valley) amounted to US$48 620, out of which US$4596 (9%) went to local communities projects. The benefits to the local communities increased to almost 40 percent in 1988/89. Out of the total revenue of US$240 000 earned in that period, US$96 000 (40%) was allocated for local development." (FAa, 1997).

Through the various forms of hunting licences, the Government raises large amounts of money, some of which is pumped back into the management of national parks. Licence fees for various animals range from $0.5 for a baboon to US$391 for sable/roan antelopes, respectively. Statistics from two GMAs show that a total of US$152 470 was raised from licence fees during the period 01/01/96 to 23/09/96 (Kapungwe, 1996).

Grazing

Forests provide many pastures to both domestic and wild animals. Pastures are present in natural forests and/or woodlands, around homesteads in agricultural fields and other individually and/or communally owned forest areas. Grazing is offered in terms of grass biomass production and browse.

184

QUANTITATIVE DATA ON NWFP OF ZAMBIA



185

Product Resource j Economic valueNWFP Importance Trade name,



1, 2, 3 F, P, 0 W, C N, I

I Plants and plant productsMedicines 2 N, I Trade in medicines is worth

over US$4.4 million per year(Nswana, 1996)

Nswana, 1996


1 Bamboo Oxytenantheraabyssinica

st F w N Production of 116 702 piecesworth K58 732.40 in 1990(African Forestry and WildlifeCommission, 1992)

used for basketry African Forestryand WildlifeCommission, 1992

2 fi N

N

Production of 12 304 bundlesof bark ropes worth K6 059.10in 1990 (African Forestry andWildlife Commission 1992)Production of 2 793 numbersworth K1 092.30 in 1990(African Forestry WildlifeCommission, 1992)

used for ropes

used for basketry

African Forestryand WildlifeCommission, 1992

African Forestryand WildlifeCommission, 1992

2 Reeds le W

Exudates 2 Natural rubber la N Production of 43 140 bundlesworth K9 254.90 in 1990(African Forestry and WildlifeCommission, 1992)

African Forestryand WildlifeCommission,1992

I Animals and animal productsHoney,Beeswax

1 Apis melifera F, (0) W, (C) N, I Honey production of 90 000kg worth US$171 850 in 1992(Njovu, 1993; Ministry ofEnvironment, 1997b)

Beeswax production of28 515 kg worth US$74 140 in1992 (Njovu, 1993)

0nly 50% of honeyproduction is estimatedto be recorded

only 25% of beeswaxproduction is estimatedto be recorded

Ministry ofEnvironment,1997b;Njovu, 1993

I

QUANTITATIVE DATA ON NWFP OF ZAMBIA Product Resource Economic value

NWFP Importance Trade name, Species Part Habitat Source Destination Quantity, value Generic term used

1,2,3 F,P,O W,C N, I


Medicines 2 N, I Trade in medicines is worth over US$4.4 million per year (Nswana, 1996)

Utensils, 1 Bamboo Oxytenanthera st F W N Production of 116 702 pieces handicrafts, abyssinica worth K58 732.40 in 1990 construction (African Forestry and Wildlife materials Commission, 1992)

2 fi N Production of 12304 bundles of bark ropes worth K6 059.10 in 1990 (African Forestry and Wildlife Commission 1992)

2 Reeds Ie W N Production of 2 793 numbers worth K1 092.30 in 1990 (African Forestry Wildlife Commission, 1992)

Exudates 2 Natural rubber la N Production of 43 140 bundles worth K9 254.90 in 1990 (African Forestry and Wildlife Commission, 1992)


Honey, Beeswax

_._ .. _-



1 Apis melifera F, (0) W, (C) N, I • Honey production of 90 000 kg worth US$171 850 in 1992 (Njovu, 1993; Ministry of Environment, 1997b) • Beeswax production of 28515 kg worth US$74 140 in 1992 (Njovu, 1993)

1- high importance on the national level; 2 - high importance on the localfregionallevel; 3 -low importance an - entire animal; ba - bark; bw - beeswax; Ie - leaves; nu - nuts; fi - fibres; fI - flowers; fr - fruits; gu - gums; ho - honey; la -latex; oi - oil; pl- entire plant; re - resins; ro - roots; sa - sap; se - seeds; st - stem; ta - tannins F - natural forest or other wooded lands; P - plantation; 0 - others: trees outside forests (e.g. agroforestry, homegardens) W - wild, C - cultivated N - national; I - international

185

I Remarks

I References

I I

Nswana, 1996

used for basketry African Forestry and Wildlife Commission, 1992

used for ropes African Forestry and Wildlife Commission, 1992

used for basketry African Forestry and Wildlife Commission, 1992

African Forestry and Wildlife Commission,1992

I -Only 50% of honey Ministry of production is estimated Environment, to be recorded 1997b; • Only 25% of beeswax Njovu, 1993 production is estimated to be recorded

3.4.10 Zimbabwe (E)

INTRODUCTION

Main Non-Wood Forest ProductsAnimal products, such as bushmeat and insects, are the most important non-wood forestproducts (NWFP). Important vegetal NWFP are fodder, medicinal plants and edible fruits.

Other NWFP, on which documentation exists, are gum arabic, resins, and mushrooms.


FoodIn total, there are more than 45 edible species from miombo woodlands Wild fruits areamong the most important edible resources. They are mainly harvested from communallands and consumed as snacks when cultivated food supplies dwindle and requirements foragricultural labour are at their lowest. Diospyros mespiliformis, Strychnos cocculoides andAzanza garckeana are the three most popular species. In the most severely deforestedareas, residents have selectively maintained their favourite wild fruit species by incorporatingthem into their farming system (Falconer, 1990). For example, during the dry season afterthe 1981/82 drought, the fruits from Grewia flavescens represented nearly 25 percent of totalfood items in a remote communal area in northern Zimbabwe (Clarke, Cavendish and Coote,1996; Birgham, Chihongo and Chidumayo, 1996).

FodderThe most important fodder species used in Zimbabwe are shown in the table below.

Table 1. Important fodder species from southern Zimbabwe

Acacia tortilisAfzelia quanzensisBauhinia thoningiiBrachystegia spiciformisCombretum apiculatum

Cussonia arboreaDichrostachys cinereaFicus sycomorusJulbemardia globifloraJ. paniculata

Kigelia africana

Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifoliaSteganotaenia araliaceaStrychnos spinosaZahana africana

important to all livestock heavily browsed by goatsflushes early, very palatable

eaten by cattle and goatsimportant early season browseflushes early in season and dryfallen leaves can also be eaten ifdampbrowse cut for cattle

eaten by cattle and goats lopped and fed to cattle in droughtseaten by cattle and goats

important early season browseyoung leaves important browse forcattle

can be stored; cut and added to flushes early in late dry season,maize stalks in the dry season when there is shortage of graze

and browse, branches are loppedto feed livestockgood browse

eaten by livestock good browsegood browsegood browse

Source: Clarke, Cavendish and Coote, 1996

186

Species Fruit/Pods Leaves

3.4.10 Zimbabwe (E)

INTRODUCTION


Animal products, such as bushmeat and insects, are the most important non-wood forest products (NWFP). Important vegetal NWFP are fodder, medicinal plants and edible fruits.

Other NWFP, on which documentation exists, are gum arabic, resins, and mushrooms.


Food

In total, there are more than 45 edible species from miombo woodlands Wild fruits are among the most important edible resources. They are mainly harvested from communal lands and consumed as snacks when cultivated food supplies dwindle and requirements for agricultural labour are at their lowest. Diospyros mespiliformis, Strychnos cocculoides and Azanza garckeana are the three most popular species. In the most severely deforested areas, residents have selectively maintained their favourite wild fruit species by incorporating them into their farming system (Falconer, 1990). For example, during the dry season after the 1981/82 drought, the fruits from Grewia flavescens represented nearly 25 percent of total food items in a remote communal area in northern Zimbabwe (Clarke, Cavendish and Coote, 1996; Birgham, Chihongo and Chidumayo, 1996).

Fodder

The most important fodder species used in Zimbabwe are shown in the table below.

Table 1. Important fodder species from southern Zimbabwe Species

Acacia tortilis Afzelia quanzensis Bauhinia thoningii Brachystegia spiciformis Combretum apiculatum

Cussonia arborea Dichrostachys cinerea Ficus sycomorus Ju/bernardia globiflora J. panicu/ata

Kigelia africana

Pseudo/achnostylis maprouneifolia Steganotaenia araliacea Strychnos spinosa Zahana africana

Fruit/Pods

important to all livestock

eaten by cattle and goats

eaten by cattle and goats eaten by cattle and goats

can be stored; cut and added to maize stalks in the dry season

eaten by livestock

Source: Clarke, Cavendish and Coote, 1996

186

Leaves

heavily browsed by goats flushes early, very palatable

important early season browse flushes early in season and dry fallen leaves can also be eaten if damp browse cut for cattle lopped and fed to cattle in droughts

important early season browse young leaves important browse for cattle flushes early in late dry season, when there is shortage of graze and browse, branches are lopped to feed livestock good browse good browse good browse good browse

MedicinesAround 10 percent of the country's flora is used by traditional healers (Birgham, Chihongoand Chidumayo, 1996). The ratio of traditional healers to total population is 1:234 in urbanareas while in rural areas it is 1:956 (Cunningham, 1997).

One of the most important medicinal plants is Walburgia salutaris. Due to high demand andlimited distribution (Mhangura Forest, Eastern Highlands) it has become expensive andendangered (Cunningham, 1997). Other medicinal plants in national trade, with limiteddistribution to the Eastern Highlands, are Spirostachys africana, Etythrophleum suaveolnsand Phyllanthus engler (Cunningham, 1993).

ANIMALS AND ANIMAL PRODUCTSMore than half of the forest land is managed for wildlife. Wildlife production in Zimbabwe isdominated (76 percent of national production) by the large-scale sector, only 14 percent isproduced by the small-scale sector. Wildlife producers in the large-scale sector includeindividual farmers, large companies, the Forestry Commission and the Department ofNational Parks and Wildlife Management (Campbell and Birgham, 1993).

Production of other wildlife products such as skins, meat and horns amounted to $Z1 millionin 1991/1992 (Muir, 1996).

BushmeatOn small-scale farming areas there is an extensive use of bushmeat (e.g. rodents, rabbits)for household food security. Most of the meat that is generated is sold locally at pricessignificantly lower than beef prices (Muir, Bojo and Cunliffe, 1996). Contrary to what happensin West Africa, bushmeat is not sold on the local markets, partly because trade in mostspecies is illegal. However, in the informal small-scale sector, mammals, birds and rodents(especially mice and Que/ea que/ea) are traded (Campbell and Birgham, 1993; Birgham,Chihongo and Chidumayo, 1996).

The consumption of larger mammals is almost exclusively confined to isolated communitieswith high wildlife and low human population. "Assuming that there are some 25 000households living in such areas, a rough estimate of the value to the nation of large mammalbushmeat is some Z$4 million per annum" (Muir, Bojö and Cunliffe, 1996).

Other edible animal productsInsects (termites, caterpillars) are collected and eaten by almost all households seasonallyand in low amounts. Fourteen species of edible caterpillars were consumed in the past, butavailability is reported to have diminished. Termites are considered food for the poor and theelderly (Clarke, Cavendish and Coote, 1996).

REFERENCESBirghann, T., Chihongo, A. & Chidumayo, E. 1996. Trade in woodland products from the

miombo region. In B. Campbell, ed. The miombo in transition: Woodlands and welfarein Africa. Bogor, CIFOR.

Campbell, B. &. Brigham, T. 1993. NWFP in Zimbabwe. In Commonwealth Science Council& FAO, eds. Non-wood forest products: A regional expert consultation for English-speaking African countries, 17-22 October 1993, Arusha, Tanzania.


187

Medicines Around 10 percent of the country's flora is used by traditional healers (Birgham, Chihongo and Chidumayo, 1996). The ratio of traditional healers to total population is 1 :234 in urban areas while in rural areas it is 1 :956 (Cunningham, 1997).

One of the most important medicinal plants is Walburgia salutaris. Due to high demand and limited distribution (Mhangura Forest, Eastern Highlands) it has become expensive and endangered (Cunningham, 1997). Other medicinal plants in national trade, with limited distribution to the Eastern Highlands, are Spirostachys africana, Erythrophleum suaveolns and Phyllanthus engler (Cunningham, 1993).


More than half of the forest land is managed for wildlife. Wildlife production in Zimbabwe is dominated (76 percent of national production) by the large-scale sector, only 14 percent is produced by the small-scale sector. Wildlife producers in the large-scale sector include individual farmers, large companies, the Forestry Commission and the Department of National Parks and Wildlife Management (Campbell and Birgham, 1993).

Production of other wildlife products such as skins, meat and horns amounted to $Z1 million in 1991/1992 (Muir, 1996).

Bushmeat

On small-scale farming areas there is an extensive use of bushmeat (e.g. rodents, rabbits) for household food security. Most of the meat that is generated is sold locally at prices significantly lower than beef prices (Muir, Boja and Cunliffe, 1996). Contrary to what happens in West Africa, bushmeat is not sold on the local markets, partly because trade in most species is illegal. However, in the informal small-scale sector, mammals, birds and rodents (especially mice and Que/ea quelea) are traded (Campbell and Birgham, 1993; Birgham, Chihongo and Chidumayo, 1996).

The consumption of larger mammals is almost exclusively confined to isolated communities with high wildlife and low human population. "Assuming that there are some 25 000 households living in such areas, a rough estimate of the value to the nation of large mammal bush meat is some Z$4 million per annum" (Muir, Boja and Cunliffe, 1996).


Insects (termites, caterpillars) are collected and eaten by almost all households seasonally and in low amounts. Fourteen species of edible caterpillars were consumed in the past, but availability is reported to have diminished. Termites are considered food for the poor and the elderly (Clarke, Cavendish and Coote, 1996).

REFERENCES

Birgham, T., Chihongo, A. & Chidumayo, E. 1996. Trade in woodland products from the miombo region. In B. Campbell, ed. The miombo in transition: Woodlands and welfare in Africa. Bogor, CIFOR.

Campbell, B. &. Brigham, T. 1993. NWFP in Zimbabwe. In Commonwealth Science Council & FAa, eds. Non-wood forest products: A regional expert consultation for Eng/ishspeaking African countries, 17-22 October 1993, Arusha, Tanzania.

Chikamai, B. 1997. Production, markets and quality control of gum arabic in Africa: Findings and recommendations from an FAa Project. In J.O. Mugah, B.N. Chikamai & E. Casadei, eds. Conservation, management and utilization of plant gums, resins and essential oils. Proceedings of a regional conference for Africa held in Nairobi, Kenya, 6-10 October 1997.

187

Clarke, J., Cavendish, W. & Coote, C. 1996. Rural households and miombo woodlands:Use, value and management. In B. Campbell, ed. The miombo in transition:Woodlands and welfare in Africa. Bogor, CIFOR.

Coppen, J.J.W. & Hone, G.A. 1995. Gum naval stores: Turpine and rosin from pine resin.Natural Resources Institute & FAO, eds. FAO Non-Wood Forest Product Series No.2. Rome.

Cunningham, A.B. 1993. African medicinal plants: Setting priorities at the interface betweenconservation and primary health care. People and Plants Working Paper 1. Paris,Unesco.


Falconer, J. 1990. "Hungry season" food from the forest. In Unasylva 41(160): 14-19.Muir, K., J. Bojii, J. & Cunliffe, R. 1996. Economic policy, wildlife, and land use in

Zimbabwe. In J. Bojö, ed. The economics of wildlife: Case studies from Ghana,Kenya, Namibia, and Zimbabwe. AFTES Working Paper No. 19. Washington, TheWorld Bank.

Nour, H.O.A. 1995. Quality control of gum arabic. Mission report. Karthoum


Additional information on NWFP in Zimbabwe would be appreciated and duly acknowledged.


The economic uses of forest lands include eco-tourism, based on wildlife viewing, and thisforest service has a great potential for expansion. The tourist industry is considered to be thethird highest generator of foreign currency after mining and agriculture (especially tobaccoand cotton) (Campbell and Birgham, 1993). In 1990/91 tourism earned about Z$731 million.equivalent to 2-5 percent of GDP and 20 percent of total export earnings (Muir, Bojö andCunliffe, 1996).

Among the large-scale wildlife industries, at the moment hunting is probably the mostlucrative forest service, as it requires less infrastructural development than other services.Hunting, together with safari and wildlife management, contributes Z$88 million to thenational economy (Muir, Bojö and Cunliffe, 1996).

188

Clarke, J., Cavendish, W. & Coote, C. 1996. Rural households and miombo woodlands: Use, value and management. In B. Campbell, ed. The miombo in transition: Woodlands and welfare in Africa. Bogor, CIFOR.

Coppen, J.J.W. & Hone, G.A. 1995. Gum naval stores: Turpine and rosin from pine resin. Natural Resources Institute & FAO, eds. FAO Non-Wood Forest Product Series No. 2. Rome.

Cunningham, A.B. 1993. African medicinal plants: Setting priorities at the interface between conservation and primary health care. People and Plants Working Paper 1. Paris, Unesco.


Falconer, J. 1990. "Hungry season" food from the forest. In Unasylva 41(160): 14-19. Muir, K., J. Boja, J. & Cunliffe, R. 1996. Economic policy, wildlife, and land use in

Zimbabwe. In J. Boja, ed. The economics of wildlife: Case studies from Ghana, Kenya, Namibia, and Zimbabwe. AFTES Working Paper No. 19. Washington, The World Bank.

Nour, H.O.A. 1995. Quality control of gum arabic. Mission report. Karthoum

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT


Additional information on NWFP in Zimbabwe would be appreciated and duly acknowledged.


The economic uses of forest lands include eco-tourism, based on wildlife viewing, and this forest service has a great potential for expansion. The tourist industry is considered to be the third highest generator of foreign currency after mining and agriculture (especially tobacco and cotton) (Campbell and Birgham, 1993). In 1990/91 tourism earned about Z$731 million. equivalent to 2-5 percent of GOP and 20 percent of total export earnings (Muir, Boja and Cunliffe, 1996).

Among the large-scale wildlife industries, at the moment hunting is probably the most lucrative forest service, as it requires less infrastructural development than other services. Hunting, together with safari and wildlife management, contributes Z$88 million to the national economy (Muir, Boja and Cunliffe, 1996).

188

QUANTITATIVE DATA ON NWFP OF ZIMBABWE



189




1, 2, 3 F, P, 0 W, C N, I

Plants and plant productsExudates 2 Gum arabic Acacia karoo,

Acacia spp.gu Annual production: less

than 30 t in 1988-94(Chikamai,1997)

-Natural exudates Nour, 1995;

Chikamai, 1997

Resin Pinus elliottii re Maximum annualproduction: 1000 t(Coppen and Hone, 1995)

Production isexpected to fall/stop

Coppen and Hone.1995

Animals and animal productsLiving animals 1 an Total earnings: Z$6.2

million in 1991/1992(Muir,Bojö and Cunliff, 1996)

Including wildlifemanagement services

Muir, Bojö andCunliff, 1996

Hides, skins 1 hides/skins,horns

Total earnings: Z$1 millionin 1991/1992 ( Muir, Bojöand Cunliff, 1996)

Muir, Bojö andCunliff, 1996

QUANTITATIVE DATA ON NWFP OF ZIMBABWE


I Remarks



Exudates 2 Gum arabic Acacia karoo, gu Annual production: less Natural exudates Acacia spp. than 30 t in 1988-94

(Chikamai,1997) Resin Pinus elliottii re Maximum annual Production is

production: 1000 t expected to fall/stop (Coppen and Hone, 1995)

I Animals and animal ~roducts Living animals 1

I I

an

I I I

Total earnings: Z$6.2 Including wildlife million in 1991/1992(Muir, management services Boja and Cunliff, 1996)

Hides, skins 1 hides/skins, Total earnings: Z$1 million horns in 1991/1992 (Muir, Boja

and Cunliff, 1996)

Importance: 1- high importance on the national level; 2 - high importance on the local/regionallevel; 3 -low importance Part used: an - entire animal; ba - bark; bw - beeswax; Ie - leaves; nu - nuts; fi - fibres; fI - flowers; fr - fruits; gu - gums; ho - honey;


la -latex; oi - oil; pl- entire plant; re - resins; ro - roots; sa - sap; se - seeds; st - stem; ta - tannins F - natural forest or other wooded lands; P - plantation; 0 - others: trees outside forests (e.g. agroforestry, homegardens) W - wild, C - cultivated N - national; I - international

189

I References

Nour, 1995; Chikamai, 1997

Coppen and Hone. 1995

Muir, Boja and Cunliff, 1996

Muir, Boja and Cunliff, 1996

3.5 Central Africa / Afrique Centrale

3.5.1 Burundi (F)

INTRODUCTION

Principaux Produits Forestiers Non LigneuxLes produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL) les plus importants au Burundi au niveau socio-économique sont le gibier, les animaux vivants et les plantes médicinales.

Des PFNL de moindre importance socio-économique sont les plantes comestibles (e.g.feuilles, écorces, sève, fruits, champignons), le miel et les parties d'animaux utilisées pourl'ornementation et la médecine traditionnelle.

Informations généralesLa plupart des données statistiques disponibles datent d'avant la crise socio-politique de1993.

La disponibilité des PFNL a diminué a cause de la dégradation de leurs habitats par les feuxde brousse et les défrichements, ainsi que de la surexploitation de certaines espèces. Deplus, on a remarqué une accélération de la destruction de la biodiversité en général pendantla crise socio-politique de 1993 (FAO, 1999).

La FAO (1999) énumère 19 plantes (e.g. Prunus africana), 50 mammifères (e.g. Pantherapardus), 26 oiseaux (e.g. Francolinus afer) et 23 reptiles (e.g. Chamaeleo Johnston!)menacés d'extinction.


NourritureQuoique très limitées, les foréts burundaises renferment des produits végétaux comme desfruits, des champignons et des feuilles (e.g. Gardenia temifolia, Lannea schimperi) quicontribuent 6 l'alimentation de la population, surtout en période de soudure, et des éleveurspendant la période de transhumance.

Avec la crise socio-économique, beaucoup d'arbres fruitiers ont été décimés, ayant été utiliséssous forme de bois de feu surtout dans la région de Buyenzi (Ngozi) qui a connu un affluxmassif de réfugiés Rwandais en 1994 (FAO, 1999).

Au Burundi, plus de 50 espèces de champignons comestibles sont ramassées. Leschampignons les plus consommés sont du genre Cantharellus (Cantharellus congolensis, C.cibarius, C. cyanoxanthus, C. densifolius, C. rufopunctatus, C.cyanescens, C. splendens, C.symoensii, C. pseudocibarius, C. ruber). En 1995, plus de 1 000kg de chanterelles enprovenance des forêts de Rumonge ont été exportés vers l'Allemagne (FAO, 1999).

190

3.5 Central Africa I Afrique Centrale

3.5.1 Burundi (F)

INTRODUCTION


Les produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL) les plus importants au Burundi au niveau socioeconomique sont Ie gibier, les animaux vivants et les plantes medicinales.

Des PFNL de moindre importance socio-economique sont les plantes comestibles (e.g. feuilles, ecorces, seve, fruits, champignons), Ie miel et les parties d'animaux utilisees pour I'ornementation et la medecine traditionnelle.

Informations generales La plupart des donnees statistiques disponibles datent d'avant la crise socio-politique de 1993.

La disponibilite des PFNL a diminue a cause de la degradation de leurs habitats par les feux de brousse et les defrichements, ainsi que de la surexploitation de certaines especes. De plus, on a remarque une acceleration de la destruction de la biodiversite en general pendant la crise socio-politique de 1993 (FAO, 1999).

La FAO (1999) enumere 19 plantes (e.g. Prunus africana), 50 mammiferes (e.g. Panthera pardus), 26 oiseaux (e.g. Fran colin us afer) et 23 reptiles (e.g. Chamae/eo johnstont) menaces d'extinction.


Nourriture Quoique tres limitees, les forets burundaises renferment des produits vegetaux comme des fruits, des champignons et des feuilles (e.g. Gardenia ternifolia, Lannea schimpen) qui contribuent a I'alimentation de la population, surtout en periode de soudure, et des eleveurs pendant la periode de transhumance.

Avec la crise socio-economique, beaucoup d'arbres fruitiers ont ete decimes, ayant ete utilises sous forme de bois de feu surtout dans la region de Buyenzi (Ngozi) qui a connu un afflux massif de refugies Rwandais en 1994 (FAO, 1999).

Au Burundi, plus de 50 especes de champignons comestibles sont ramassees. Les champignons les plus consommes sont du genre Cantharellus (Cantharellus congolensis, C. cibarius, C. cyanoxanthus, C. densifolius, C. rufopunctatus, C.cyanescens, C. splendens, C. symoensii, C. pseudocibarius, C. ruber). En 1995, plus de 1 OOOkg de chanterelles en provenance des forets de Rumonge ont ete exportes vers l'Aliemagne (FAO, 1999).

190

Tableau No 1. Les arbres fruitiers au BurundiHabitat

Foréts claires

Galerie forestière

For-61 périguinéenneFoitt de montagne

Foréts claires et divers types de savanes

Bosquet xérophileSource: FAO (1999)* Fruits commercialisés sur les marchés locaux

EspècesUapaca nitida

Uapaca kirkianaUapaca zanzibarica

Uvira angolensisLandolphia

Leptactinia benguellensisPhoenix reclinata

Syzygium guineenseLandolphia owariensisMyrianthus arboreus

Myrianthus holstiiAnisophillea boehmiiAnnona senegalensis

Garcinia huillensisParinari curatellifollia

Strychnos spinosaStrychnos cocculoides

Vitex mombassaeVitex donniana

Tamarindus indica

FourrageAu Burundi, on distingue des arbres et arbustes fourragers naturels et introduits. La FAO (1999)énumère 62 espèces utilisées en tant que plantes fourragères au Burundi. Les partiesgénéralement consommées par le cheptel sont les feuilles et les graines. Des plantesfourragères exotiques incluent Leucaena sp., Calandra calothyrsus, Sesbania sp, Gliricidiasepium et Codariocalyx gyrordes.

Tableau No. 2. Les plantes fourragères naturelles du Burundi

191

Nom vernaculaire Nom botanique Nom vernaculaire Nom botanic:we1 Agakomakoma Grewia platyclada 32. Umunyankuru Cletudendrum

schweinfutthii2. Igifumbe Pffiostigma thonningii 33. Umunyari Euphorbia tirucalli3. Igihungere Protea madiensis 34. Umurinzi Erythrina abyssinica4. Igikororombe Grewia pubescens 35. Umusagamba Hymnocardia acida5. Igitovu Acanthus pubescens 36. Umusagara1 Rhus longipes6. Umuryohera Galiniera coffeoides 37. Umusagara2 Rhus natalensis7. Inganigani Dracaena afromontana 38. Umusagara3 Rhus vulgaris8. Umubirizi Vemonia amygdalina 39. Umusange Entada abyssinica9. Unnubogere Erythrococea bongensis 40. Umusaranda Triumfetta cordifolia10. Umubundankwavu Pseudosabicea arborea 41. Umusasa1 Dodonea viscosa11.Umubwirwa Securinega virosa 42. Umusasa2 Sapium effipticum12. Umufunnbegete Rumex usambarensis 43. umusebeyi Albizzia gummifera13. Umugano Arundinaria alpina 44. Ushayishayi Harun gana

madagascarensis14. Umugenge Acacia gerrardii 45. Umushiha1 Kostchya

aeschynomenoides15. Umugimbu Bridelia brideffifolia 46. Umushiha2 Kostchya africana16. Unnugirigiri Balanites aegyptiaca 47. Umushiha3 Kostchya strigoza17. Umugoti Syzygium cordatum 48. Umushonge Dissotis trothae18. Umugunguma Maytenus arbutifolia 49. Umusororo lndigofera arrecta19.Umugururansheshi Maerua angolensis 50. Umusunu Oxythenantera abyssinica20. Umurwampore Trema orientalis 51. Umutinti Etythrococca trichorocca21. Umuhangahanga Maesa lanceo/ata 52. Umutobotobo Solanum aculeastrum22. Umukarakara Embelia schimperi 53. Umuturuka Phyllanthus ovalifolius

Tableau No 1. Les arbres fruitiers au Burundi Habitat

Fon3ts claires

Galerie forestiere

Foret periguineenne Foret de montagne

Especes Uapaca nitida

Uapaca kirkiana Uapaca zanzibarica

Uvira ango/ensis Lando/phia kirkii

Leptactinia benguellensis Phoenix reclinata

Syzygium guineense Lando/phia owariensis Myrianthus arboreus

Myrianthus ho/stii Forets claires et divers types de savanes Anisophillea boehmii

Annona senega/ensis Garcinia huillensis

Parinari curatellifollia Strychnos spinosa

Strychnos coccu/oiaes Vitex mombassae

Vitex donniana Bosquet xerophile Tamarindus indica

Source: FAO (1999) * Fruits commercialises sur les marches locaux

Fourrage

Au Burundi, on distingue des arbres et arbustes fourragers naturels et introduits. La FAO (1999) enumere 62 especes utilisees en tant que plantes fourrageres au Burundi. Les parties generalement consommees par Ie cheptel sont les feuilles et les graines. Des plantes fourrageres exotiques incluent Leucaena sp., Calliandra ca/othyrsus, Sesbania sp, G/iricidia sepium et Codarioca/yx gyroiaes.

Tableau No.2. Les lantes fourra eres naturelles du Burundi Nom vernaculaire Nom botanique Nom vernaculaire Nom botanique

1. Agakomakoma Grewia platyclada 32. Umunyankuru Clerodendrum schweinfurlhii

2.lgifumbe Pi/iostigma thonningii 33. Umunyari Euphorbia tirucalli 3. Igihungere Protea madiensis 34. Umurinzi Erythrina abyssinica 4. Igikororombe Grewia pubescens 35. Umusagamba Hymnocardia acida 5.lgitovu Acanthus pubescens 36. Umusagara1 Rhus longipes 6. Umuryohera Galiniera coffeoides 37. Umusagara2 Rhus natalensis 7.lnganigani Dracaena afromontana 38. Umusagara3 Rhus vulgaris 8. Umubirizi Vemonia amygdalin a 39. Umusange Entada abyssinica 9. Umubogere Erythrococea bongensis 40. Umusaranda Triumfetta cordifolia 10. Umubundankwavu Pseudosabicea arborea 41. Umusasa1 Dodonea viscosa 11.Umubwirwa Securinega virosa 42. Umusasa2 Sapium ellipticum 12 . Umufumbegete Rumex usambarensis 43. umusebeyi Albizzia gummifera 13. Umugano Arundinaria alpina 44. Ushayishayi Harungana

madagascarensis 14. Umugenge Acacia gerrardii 45. Umushiha1 Kostchya

aeschynomenoides 15. Umugimbu Bridelia brideliifolia 46. Umushiha2 Kostchya africana 16. Umugirigiri Balanites aegyptiaca 47. Umushiha3 Kostchya strigoza 17. Umugoti Syzygium corda tum 48. Umushonge Dissotis trothae 18. Umugunguma Maytenus arbutifolia 49. Umusororo Indigofera arrecta 19.Umugururansheshi Maerua angolensis 50. Umusunu Oxythenantera abyssinica 20. Umurwampore Trema orientalis 51. Umutinti Erythrococcatrichorocca 21. Umuhangahanga Maesa lanceolata 52. Umutobotobo Solanum aculeastrum 22. Umukarakara Embelia schimperi 53. Umuturuka Phyllanthus ovalifolius

191

192

23. Umukizikizi Virectaria major 54. Umutwenzi Croton macrostachyus24. Umukoma Grewia bicolor 55. Umuvuma Vemonia lasiopus25 . Umukoni Synadenium grantii 56. Umuvumereza Lindackeria kivuensis26. Umukubarwa Psorospermum febrifugum 57. Umuvyiru Vitex doniana27. Umukungwa Dombeya baggshawei 58. Umuyogoro Milletia dura28. Umumanda Ficus thonningii 59. Umwayi Canthium venosum29. Umunazi Parinari curatellifolia 60. Umwerangabo Anthocleista schweinfurthii30. Umunyagasozi Securidaca

longepedunculata61. Uruhago Acacia sieberana

31. Umunyamabuye Pavetta temifolia 62. Urukoko Brillantaisia cicatricosa

Source: FAO (1999), citant le Rapport du Séminaire National d'Agroforesterie au Burundi(1985)

MédecineAu Burundi, la grande majorité de la population recourt à la pharmacopée traditionnelle. Letravail des tradipraticiens est reconnu par le Ministère de l'Intérieur et de la Sécurité Publique,qui a agité les Associations des Tradipraticiens du Burundi (ATRAPRABU).

Surtout dans la plaine d'Imbo, il existe une multitude de plantes médicinales. Plus de 90% desplantes médicinales proviennent des foitts naturelles (commentaire personnel de S.Ndabirorere, 1999). Selon la FAO (1999), les families botaniques les plus riches en espècesmédicinales sont les Asteraceae, les Fabaceae, les Euphorbiaceae, les Rubiaceae, lesLaminiaceae et les Solanaceae.

Les guérisseurs utilisent plus les feuilles (74%) que d'autres parties (tiges feuilles 7.8%, écorcede la tige 7.2%, racines 6.7%, tiges 3.3%, écorce de la racine 1.6%, graines 1.2%, fleurs 0.8%,fruits 0.4%, plante entière 0.2%).

Les principales maladies traitées par ce centre sont: maladies hépatiques, amibes, zona,hypertension, rhumatisme, jaunisse, 1-1épatite B virale, Candidose asphargelle, le manqued'appétit (FAO, 1999).


Animaux vivantsBeaucoup d'animaux vivants sont exportés du Burundi, y compris des reptiles, des oiseauxet des mammifères. Les principaux pays de destination sont la Belgique, les Etats-Unis, l'exURSS, le Japon, la Grande-Bretagne et la France (commentaire personnel de S. Ndabirorere,1999).

Concernant les reptiles, les serpents sont les animaux les plus exportés du Burundi. Lechameleon Chamaeleo johnstoni, ramassé dans les forêts de montagne, est l'espèce la plusexploitée (1991: 6 368 unités; 1992: 4 490 unités).

Les oiseaux préférés pour l'exportation sont les familles des Psittacidae, des Perroquets(exportations 1991: 34 unités) et Agapomis pu//aria. Les oiseaux exportés proviennent engrande partie des foréts claires et des savanes boisées de l'Est du pays.

Les mammifères vivants exportés comprennent des rongeurs (exportation de 448 unités en1992), des insectivores (exportation de 100 unités en 1992), des Chérophtères (exportationde 14 unités en 1992) et Panthera pardus (exportation de 2 unités en 1991) (FAO, 1999).

23. Umukizikizi 24. Umukoma 25. Umukoni 26. Umukubarwa 27. Umukungwa 28. Umumanda 29. Umunazi 30. Umunyagasozi

Virectaria major Grewia bicolor Synadenium grantii Psorospermum febrifugum Dombeya baggshawei Ficus thonningii Parinari curatellifolia Securidaca longepedunculata

54. Umutwenzi 55. Umuvuma 56. Umuvumereza 57. Umuvyiru 58. Umuyogoro 59. Umwayi 60. Umwerangabo 61. Uruhago

31. Umunyamabuye Pavetta ternifolia 62. Urukoko

Croton macrostachyus Vernonia lasiopus Undackeria kivuensis Vitex doniana Mil/etia dura Canthium venosum Anthocleista schweinfurlhii Acacia sieberana

Brillantaisia cicatricosa

Source: FAO (1999), citant Ie Rapport du Seminaire (1985)

National d'Agroforesterie au Burundi

Medecine

Au Burundi, la grande majorite de la population recourt a la pharmacopee traditionnelle. Le travail des tradipraticiens est reconnu par Ie Ministere de l'lnterieur et de la Securite Publique, qui a agree les Associations des Tradipraticiens du Burundi (ATRAPRABU).

Surtout dans la plaine d'imbo, il existe une multitude de plantes medicinales. Plus de 90% des plantes medicinales proviennent des forets naturelles (commentaire personnel de S. Ndabirorere, 1999). Selon la FAO (1999), les families botaniques les plus riches en especes medicinales sont les Asteraceae, les Fabaceae, les Euphorbiaceae, les Rubiaceae, les Laminiaceae et les Solanaceae.

Les guerisseurs utilisent plus les feuilles (74%) que d'autres parties (tiges feuilles 7.8%, ecorce de la tige 7.2%, racines 6.7%, tiges 3.3%, ecorce de la racine 1.6%, graines 1.2%, fleurs 0.8%, fruits 0.4%, plante entiere 0.2%).

Les principales maladies traitees par ce centre sont: maladies hepatiques, amibes, zona, hypertension, rhumatisme, jaunisse, Hepatite B virale, Candidose asphargelle, Ie manque d'appetit (FAO, 1999).


Animaux vivants

Beaucoup d'animaux vivants sont exportes du Burundi, y compris des reptiles, des oiseaux et des mammiferes. Les principaux pays de destination sont la Belgique, les Etats-Unis, I'ex URSS, Ie Japon, la Grande-Bretagne et la France (commentaire personnel de S. Ndabirorere, 1999).

Concernant les reptiles, les serpents sont les animaux les plus exportes du Burundi. Le chameleon Chamae/eo johnstoni, ramasse dans les forets de montagne, est I'espece la plus exploitee (1991: 6368 unites; 1992: 4 490 unites).

Les oiseaux preferes pour I'exportation sont les families des Psittacidae, des Perroquets (exportations 1991: 34 unites) et Agapornis pullaria. Les oiseaux exportes proviennent en grande partie des forets claires et des savanes boisees de l'Est du pays.

Les mammiferes vivants exportes comprennent des rongeurs (exportation de 448 unites en 1992), des insectivores (exportation de 100 unites en 1992), des Cherophteres (exportation de 14 unites en 1992) et Panthera pardus (exportation de 2 unites en 1991) (FAO, 1999).

192

Tableau No. 3. Exportations d'animaux vivants du Burundi

GibierLe gibier est une source de protéines animales importante. Malgré l'interdiction de la chasse etdu piégeage, la population locale riveraine consomme les mammifères, les herbivores, lesreptiles, ainsi que des animaux minuscules (FAO, 1999).

La chasse non contrôlée des animaux, notamment des Ongulés et des Suidae, est la raisonprincipale de l'extinction de ces families (FAO, 1999).

Tableau No. 4: Les espèces animales les plus consommées au BurundiFamille

Herbivores Tragelaphus

Suidae

Felidae

CricetomidaeMuridaeOiseaux

Reptiles

Termites

Source: FAO (1999)

MédecineLes animaux jouent un rôle important en médecine traditionnelle. Les produits animaux sousforme de peaux de mammifères, de cornes de diverses espèces d'antilopes, de têtes et decorps complets d'oiseaux et des termites se rencontrent sur presque tous les marchés du pays.Ce r6le curatif des animaux contribue énormément 6 leur disparition par la chasse ou la capture(FAO, 1999).

Autres produits animaux non comestiblesEn 1991, 7 511 kg de dents d'Hippoptamus amphibius ont été exportés (FAO, 1999).

REFERENCESFAO. 1992a. Formation Forestière et Agroforestière A ITAB. Projet PNUD-FAO BDI1871007.

Karuzi, Burundi.FAO. 1992b. Plan d'Utilisation des Terres et de Gestion des Systèmes Agroforestiers au

Domaine de l'I.T.A.B a Karuzi, Karuzi, BurundiFAO. 1993. Séminaire sur les Statistiques Forestières en Afrique. Thiès, Sénégal.FAO. 1999. Données statistiques des PFNL du Burundi. par S. Ndabirorere. Programme de

Partenariat CE-FAO, GCP/INT/679/EC, Rome

Genre EspècesTragelaphus scriptusT. spekeiSylvicarpa geimmia

Potamochoerus

Leptailurus LeporidaeLepus

CricetomysTrachyoryetes

193

Potamochoerus poreusP.aethiopicusLeptailurus servalLepus WhyteiLepus CrashayiCricetomys gambianusTrachyotyetes splendeusLagonostrita sene golaNumida moleagris etcPiythos sabaeBills gabonicaCrocodilus niloticusVaranus niloticus sp

Zone écologiquePlaine de limbo, Moso,Buyogonna (Cankuzo)

Imbo,Moso

Parc National de la Ruvubu,Parc National de la Kibira

Moso, Buragane,Buyogoma,Plateaux centraux

Famille Quantité (unites)1991 1992

ReptilesOiseauxMammifères

17 20338

2

13 780105562

Source: FAO, 1999

Tableau No.3. Exportations d'animaux vivants du Burundi Famille Quantite (unites)

Reptiles Oiseaux Mammiferes Source: FAO, 1999

Gibier

1991 17203

38 2

1992 13780

105 562

Le gibier est une source de proteines animales importante. Malgre I'interdiction de la chasse et du piegeage, la population locale riveraine consomme les mammiferes, les herbivores, les reptiles, ainsi que des animaux minuscules (FAO, 1999).

La chasse non controlee des animaux, notamment des Ongules et des Suidae, est la raison principale de I'extinction de ces families (FAO, 1999).

Tableau No.4: Les especes animales les plus consommees au Burundi Famille Genre Especes

Herbivores Tragelaphus Tragelaphus scriptus T. spekei

Suidae

Felidae

Crieetomidae Muridae Oiseaux

Reptiles

Termites

Source: FAO (1999)

Medecine

Potamochoerus

Leptailurus Leporidae Lepus

Cricetomys Trachyoryetes

Sylvicarpa geimmia

Potamochoerus poreus P.aethiopicus Leptailurus serval Lepus Whytei Lepus Crashayi Cricetomys gambianus Trachyoryetes splendeus Lagonostrita senegola Numida moleagris etc Piythos sabae Bitis gabonica Crocodilus niloticus Varanus niloticus sp

Zone ecologique Plaine de I'lmbo, Moso, Buyogoma (Cankuzo)

Imbo,Moso

Pare National de la Ruvubu, Pare National de la Kibira

Moso, Buragane, Buyogoma, Plateaux eentraux

Les animaux jouent un role important en medecine traditionnelle. Les produits animaux sous forme de peaux de mammiferes, de cornes de diverses especes d'antilopes, de tetes et de corps complets d'oiseaux et des termites se rencontrent sur presque tous les marches du pays. Ce role curatif des animaux contribue enormement a leur disparition par la chasse ou la capture (FAO, 1999).

Autres produits animaux non comestibles

En 1991,7511 kg de dents d'Hippoptamus amphibius ont ete exportes (FAO, 1999).

REFERENCES FAO. 1992a. Formation Forestiere et Agroforestiere a ITAB. Projet PNUO-FAO B01/87/007.

Karuzi, Burundi. FAO. 1992b. Plan d'Utilisation des Terres et de Gestion des Systemes Agroforestiers au

Oomaine de I'I.T.A.B a Karuzi, Karuzi, Burundi FAO. 1993. Seminaire sur les Statistiques Forestieres en Afrique. Thies, Senegal. FAO. 1999. Donnees statistiques des PFNL du Burundi. par S. Ndabirorere. Programme de

Partenariat CE-FAO, GCPIINT/679/EC, Rome

193

REMERCIEMENTSCe rapport a été réalisé grAce au financement du Programme de Partenariat CE-FAO«Collecte et analyse des données pour un aménagement durable de la Forèt dans les paysA.C.P.». Le contenu est basé sur l'information accessible au siège central de la FAO ARome, ainsi que sur l'information fournie par S. Ndabirorere, Consultant.

Des informations supplémentaires sur les PFNL au Burundi seraient bienvenues etreconnues en bonne et due forme.

194

REMERCIEMENTS Ce rapport a ete realise grace au financement du Programme de Partenariat CE-FAO «Collecte et analyse des donnees pour un amenagement durable de la Foret dans les pays A.C.P.». Le contenu est base sur I'information accessible au siege central de la FAO a Rome, ainsi que sur I'information fournie par S. Ndabirorere, Consultant.

Des informations supplementaires sur les PFNL au Burundi seraient bienvenues et reconnues en bonne et due forme.

194

DONNEES QUANTITATIVES SUR LES PFNL DU BURUNDI

195


tanceNom

commercialNom

vernaculaire




1, 2, 3 F, P, H S, C N, I

Plantes et produits végétauxNourriture 2 Cham-

pignonsCantharellus spp. pl F S I Exportation de 1 000kg vers

l'Allemagne en 1995FAO, 1999

I Animaux et produits animauxAnimauxvivants

1 Reptiles Athens nitchei, Bitisgabonica, Bitismesicomis, Boaedonbineatus, Boaedon spDasypeltis scabra,Dasypettis atra,Dasypeltis sp, Caususresimus, Atractaspissp, Theolotomis sp,Dispholidus typus,Phylotamnus sp,Dendroaspisjamensoni, Najamelanoleuca, Pythonsebae ,Kinixys bel/lana,Chamaeleojohnstoni,Chamaeleo delepis,Chamaeleo ellioti,Caranus nilotiens

an F S I Exportation de 17 203unités en 1991

Exportation de 13 780unités en 1992

FAO, 1999

Oiseaux Agapomis pu//aria an F S I Exportation de 4 unités en1991

FAO, 1999

Perroquets an F S I Exportation de 34 unités en1991

FAO, 1999

Espèce nondéterminée

an F S I

en 1992

Exportation de 38 unitésen 1991;

Exportation de 105 unités

FAO, 1999

DONNEES QUANTITATIVES SUR LES PFNL DU BURUNDI

Produit Ressource Valeur economique

Categorie Impor- Nom Especes Partie Habitat Source Oesti- Quantite, valeur Remarques References tance commercial utilisee nation

Nom vernaculaire

1,2,3 F,P, H S,C N, I

I Plantes et ~roduits vegetaux I I Nourriture

I 2 I Cham- II Cantharellus spp.

I pi

I F

I S

I I Exportation de 1 OOOkg vers I I FAO,1999

I . ~Ignons l'Aliemagne en 1995

I Animaux et produits animaux I Animaux 1 Reptiles Atheris nitchei, Bitis an F S I • Exportation de 17 203 FAO, 1999 vivants gabonica, Bitis unites en 1991

mesicomis, Boaedon • Exportation de 13 780 bineatus, Boaedon sp, , unites en 1992 Oasypeltis scabra, Oasypertis atra, Oasypeltis sp, Causus resimus, Atractaspis sp, Theolotomis sp, Oispho/idus typus, Phylotamnus sp, Oendroaspis jamensoni, Naja melanoleuca, Python sebae ,Kinixys belliana, Chamaeleo johnstoni, Chamaeleo delepis, Chamaeleo ellioti, Caranus nilotiens

Oiseaux Agapornis pullaria an F S I Exportation de 4 unites en FAO,1999 1991

Perroquets an F S I Exportation de 34 unites en FAO,1999 1991

Espece non an F S I • Exportation de 38 unites FAO,1999 determinee en 1991;

• Exportation de 105 unites en 1992

195

196

Animauxvivants

Mamrnifères Panthera pardus an F S I Exportation de deux unitesen 1991

FAO, 1999

Rongeurs an F S I Exportation de 448 unitesen 1992

FAO, 1999

Insectivores an F S I Exportation de 100 unitesen 1992

FAO, 1999

Chéropthères an F S I Exportation de 14 unites en1992

FAO, 1999

Autresproduitsanimaux noncomestibles

Hippoptamusamphibius

dents S I Exportation de 7 511kgen 1991

FAO, 1999

Importance: 1- grande importance au niveau national; 2 grande importance au niveau local/régional; 3 importance limitéePartie utilisée: an animal entier; ec écorce; ci cire; fe feuilles; no noix; fi fibres; fl fleurs; fr fruits; go gommes; mi miel;

se seve; la latex; hu huile; pl plante entière; re résines; ra racine; gr graines; ti tige; ta tannins;Habitat: F for-et naturelle et autres terres boisées; P - plantation; A Autres: Arbres hors de la foret (e.g. agroforesterie, jardins

privés)Source: S - sauvage, C - cultivéDestination: N - national; I international

Animaux Mammiferes Panthera pardus an F S I Exportation de deux unites

vivants en 1991

Rongeurs an F S I Exportation de 448 unites en 1992

Insectivores an F S I Exportation de 100 unites en 1992

Cheroptheres an F S I Exportation de 14 unites en 1992

Autres Hippoptamus dents S I Exportation de 7 511 kg produits amphibius en 1991 animaux non comestibles


se - seve; la - latex; hu - huile; pi - plante entiere; re - resines; ra - racine; gr - graines; ti - tige; ta - tannins; Habitat: F - foret naturelle et autres terres boisees; P - plantation; A - Autres: Arbres hors de la foret (e.g. agroforesterie, jardins

prives) Source: S - sauvage, C - cultive Destination: N - national; I - international

196

FAO,1999

FAO,1999

FAO,1999

FAO,1999

FAO,1999

3.5.2 Cameroun (F)

INTRODUCTION

Principaux Produits Forestiers Non LigneuxLes PFNL les plus importants du Cameroun sur le plan socio-économique sont les plantesalimentaires comme les fruits (e.g. Irvingia gabonensis), les noix (e.g. Cola spp.) et lescondiments (e.g. Ricinodendron heudelotii); ainsi que les plantes médicinales (e.g. Prunusafricana), les rotins (e.g. Laccosperma secundiflorum) et le gibier.

Les PFNL moins importants dans le pays sont les plantes fourragères, les huiles essentielleset autres produits cosmétiques, les colorants, les ustensiles et matériaux de construction, lesplantes médicinales et des produits animaux utilisés dans la médecine traditionnelle.

Informations généralesLa plupart des informations présentées sur les PFNL au Cameroun sont basées sur desétudes réalisées dans les régions des foréts humides tropicales qui se trouvent au sud dupays et qui sont habitées par 45% de la population totale (Ndoye et al., 1999).

Différentes études au Cameroun ont identifié plusieurs centaines d'espèces de PFNL,utilisées soit au niveau local soit au niveau national et international. Papadopolus (1997) parexemple a identifié 300 PFNL utilisés dans la région du Mont Cameroun.

Au Cameroun, la disponibilité des PFNL est en train de diminuer à cause des défrichementseffectués pour accroitre les terres arables (Burnley, 1999). SeIon Clark & Tchamou (1998),beaucoup d'espèces sont de plus en plus menacées du fait

de la disparition de leur habitat;des méthodes de récoltes destructives et excessives qui contribuent à réduire lespopulations sauvages en-dessous du seuil de régénération (voir ci-dessous, p.e. Elaeisguineensis, Prunus africana);d'une domestication insuffisante des PFNL.

Les PFNL au Cameroun sont autoconsommés ainsi que commercialisés. SeIon les résultatsde Ndoye et al. (1999) qui ont évalué le marché local de quatre PFNL importants (Irvingia.spp., Cola acuminata, Garcinia lucida, Garcinia kola, voir ci-dessous)47- les marchés desPFNL sont très instables. Cette instabilité des quantités vendues ainsi que des prixdemandés est causée par la fluctuation de la production et l'incertitude del'approvisionnement soumis à la pression dus aux récoltes, aux sécheresses et aux autreschangements climatiques qui influencent la période de floraison et fructification.

Les autres PFNL exportés incluent les rotins, la gomme arabique (exportation annuelle de413 t entre 1988 et 1993), les feuilles légumes et les plantes médicinales.

Des informations détaillées figurent dans des études de cas, réalisées dans le Parc Nationalde Korup, la région Bipindi-Akom II dans la Province Sud et Nyangong.

Le Parc National de Korup48Dans le parc national de Korup qui se trouve dans la province sud-ouest, les PFNL sontconsidérés comme une des sources de revenu les plus importantes pour la population

47 La valeur totale de ces PFNL était de 499 000 dollars E.-U. en 1996 (Ndoye etal., 1999).48 Les informations sont tirées d'Amadi (1993) et Malleson (1999).

197

3.5.2 Cameroun (F)

INTRODUCTION

Prineipaux Produits Forestiers Non ligneux

Les PFNL les plus importants du Cameroun sur Ie plan socio-economique sont les plantes alimentaires comme les fruits (e.g. Irvingia gabonensis) , les noix (e.g. Cola spp.) et les condiments (e.g. Ricinodendron heudelotil); ainsi que les plantes medicinales (e.g. Prunus africana), les rotins (e.g. Laccosperma secundifforum) et Ie gibier.

Les PFNL moins importants dans Ie pays sont les plantes fourrageres, les huiles essentielles et autres produits cosmetiques, les colorants, les ustensiles et materiaux de construction, les plantes medicinales et des produits animaux utilises dans la medecine traditionnelle.


La plupart des informations presentees sur les PFNL au Cameroun sont basees sur des etudes realisees dans les regions des fOrE3tS humides tropicales qui se trouvent au sud du pays et qui sont habitees par 45% de la population totale (Ndoye et al., 1999).

Differentes etudes au Cameroun ont identifie plusieurs centaines d'especes de PFNL, utilisees so it au niveau local soit au niveau national et international. Papadopolus (1997) par exemple a identifie 300 PFNL utilises dans la region du Mont Cameroun.

Au Cameroun, la disponibilite des PFNL est en train de diminuer a cause des defrichements effectuespour accroitre les terres arables (Burnley, 1999). Selon Clark & Tchamou (1998), beaucoup d'especes sont de plus en plus menacees du fait II de la disparition de leur habitat; II des methodes de recoltes destructives et excessives qui contribuent a reduire les

populations sauvages en-dessous du seuil de regeneration (voir ci-dessous, p.e. Elaeis guineensis, Prunus africana);

II d'une domestication insuffisante des PFNL.

Les PFNL au Cameroun sont autoconsommes ainsi que commercialises. Selon les resultats de Ndoye et al. (1999) - qui ont evalue Ie marche local de quatre PFNL importants (/rvingia. spp., Cola acuminata, Garcinia lucida, Garcinia kola, voir ci-dessousf7- les marches des PFNL sont tres instables. Cette instabilite des quantites vendues ainsi que des prix demandes est causee par la fluctuation de la production et I'incertitude de I'approvisionnement soumis a la pression dus aux recoltes, aux secheresses et aux autres changements climatiques qui influencent la periode de floraison et fructification.

Les autres PFNL exportes incluent les rotins, la gomme arabique (exportation annuelle de 413 t entre 1988 et 1993), les feuilles legumes et les plantes medicinales.

Des informations detaillees figurent dans des etudes de cas, realisees dans Ie Parc National de Korup, la region Bipindi-Akom II dans la Province Sud et Nyangong.

Le Pare National de Korup48

Dans Ie parc national de Korup qui se trouve dans la province sud-ouest, les PFNL sont consideres comme une des sources de revenu les plus importantes pour la population

47 La valeur totale de ces PFNL atait de 499 000 dollars E.-U. en 1996 (Ndoye et a/., 1999). 48 Les informations sont tiraes d'Amadi (1993) et Malleson (1999).

197

locale. Une étude socio-économique qui a été menée dans tous les villages à l'intérieur etaux alentours du Parc National Korup, a montré que les activités les plus importantes enterme de contribution à l'économie villageoise sont la chasse, la récolte et le traitement desPFNL végétaux:

Pour les hommes, la chasse du gibier est la source de revenu la plus importante. Lachasse représente jusqu'à la moitié des revenus familiaux.Pour les femmes, c'est la vente des fruits/condiments d'Irvingia spp., Ricinodendronheudelotti et Afrostyrax lepidophyllus (oignon de campagne) qui a une importanceparticulière. La vente représente entre 25 et 50% des revenus totaux des villagesconcernés.

Autres sources importantes de revenu sont les noix de cajou (Tetracarpidium conophorum),le rotin, le poivre de Piper guineense, les huiles et les 135tonnets à mAcher, utilisés pour sebrosser les dents et fabriqués à partir de Garcinia spp. et de Massularia acuminata.

Les bâtonnets à mAcher de Massularia acuminata et Garcina spp. sont aussi exportés auNigeria. «Bien que des quantités considérables de bâtonnets à mâcher sont exportées, lapopulation locale reçoit très peu de revenu de cette commercialisation. La raison principaleest que les chefs de village acceptent normalement un petit paiement par les intermédiaires,soit sous forme de quelques bouteilles d'afofo (vin de palmier), soit en espèces, pourpermettre la collecte des quantités illimitées de bâtonnets à mAcher dans leurs forélscommunautaires» (Malleson, 1999:112-113). Au contraire, au Nigeria, lescollecteurs/intermédiaires doivent payer des taxes en fonction de la quantité récoltée. Parconséquent, l'exploitation est moins intensive et plus avantageuse au Nigeria, tandis qu'auCameroun les ressources sont exploitées intensivement sans que les communes localespuissent profiter de leurs ressources naturelles (Wilkie, 1999).

Les sources de protéine les plus importantes sont le gibier et le poisson. Autres PFNLutilisés dans la région sont les plantes comestibles comme les feuilles légumes (Heinsiacrinita, Gnetum spp.), les condiments (Afrostyrax lepidophyllus), les épaississeurs de soupe(Ricinodendron heudelotii), les fruits (Cola lepidota), les noix (Coula edulis, Poga oleosa), leshuiles comestibles (Baillonella toxisperma), les matériaux de construction (raphia, rotin) etles nattes (Pandanus candellabrum).

La for-61 a également une importance culturelle: les noix de kola sont offertes en guise debienvenue aux invités ainsi que dans de nombreuses autres occasions et le poivre provenantde Afromomum melegueta est utilisé pour éloigner les esprits maléfiques.

La region Bipindi-Akom II dans la Province Sud49La végétation dans cette région change progressivement, à partir d'une forêt sempervirentede Lophira alata à basse altitude à une for& riche en Caesalpiniaceae de moyenne altitude.Les paysans y pratiquent la culture itinérante, la culture commerciale de cacaotiers, lachasse et la cueillette.

Une enquéle socio-économique détaillée a été menée et a établi les conclusions suivantes:La commercialisation des PFNL est presque aussi importante pour le revenu des foyersque la vente des produits agricoles. Cependant, la vente des PFNL est essentiellementlimitée au niveau du village et repose à 75% sur la commercialisation du gibier.Les PFNL de 23 espèces sont commercialisés, mais seulement quatre de ces espècescontribuent d'une manière significative au revenu des families: Irvin& gabonensis,Strophantus gratus, Coula edulis et Dacryodes macrophyfia.

49 Les informations sont tirées de Van Dijk (1995).

198

locale. Une etude socio-economique qui a ete menee dans tous les villages a I'interieur et aux alentours du Parc National Korup, a montre que les activites les plus importantes en terme de contribution a I'economie villageoise sont la chasse, la recolte et Ie traitement des PFNL vegetaux: III Pour les hommes, la chasse du gibier est la source de revenu la plus importante. La

chasse represente jusqu'a la moitie des revenus familiaux. III Pour les femmes, c'est la vente des fruits/condiments d'lrvingia spp., Ricinodendron

heude/otti et Afrostyrax lepidophyl/us (oignon de campagne) qui a une importance particuliere. La vente represente entre 25 et 50% des revenus totaux des villages concernes.

Autres sources importantes de revenu sont les noix de cajou (Tetracarpidium conophorum), Ie rotin, Ie poivre de Piper guineense, les huiles et les batonnets a macher, utilises pour se brosser les dents et fabriques a partir de Garcinia spp. et de Massularia acuminata.

Les baton nets a macher de Massularia acuminata et Garcina spp. sont aussi exportes au Nigeria. «Bien que des quantites considerables de batonnets a macher sont exportees, la population locale reyoit tres peu de revenu de cette commercialisation. La raison principale est que les chefs de village acceptent normalement un petit paiement par les intermediaires, so it so us forme de quelques bouteilles d'afofo (vin de palmier), soit en especes, pour permettre la collecte des quantites illimitees de baton nets a macher dans leurs fon3ts communautaires» (Malleson, 1999:112-113). Au contraire, au Nigeria, les collecteurs/intermediaires doivent payer des taxes en fonction de la quantite recoltee. Par consequent, I'exploitation est moins intensive et plus avantageuse au Nigeria, tandis qu'au Cameroun les ressources sont exploitees intensivement sans que les communes locales puissent profiter de leurs ressources naturelles (Wilkie, 1999).

Les sources de proteine les plus importantes sont Ie gibier et Ie poisson. Autres PFNL utilises dans la region sont les plantes comestibles comme les feuilles legumes (Heinsia crinita, Gnetum spp.), les condiments (Afrostyrax lepidophyl/us), les epaississeurs de soupe (Ricinodendron heudelotii), les fruits (Cola lepidota), les noix (Coula edulis, Poga oleosa), les huiles comestibles (Baillonel/a toxisperma) , les materiaux de construction (raphia, rotin) et les nattes (Pandanus candel/abrum).

La foret a egalement une importance culturelle: les noix de kola sont offertes en guise de bienvenue aux invites ainsi que dans de nombreuses autres occasions et Ie poivre provenant de Afromomum melegueta est utilise pour eloigner les esprits malMiques.

La region Bipindi-Akom II dans la Province Sud49

La vegetation dans cette region change progressivement, a partir d'une foret sempervirente de Lophira alata a basse altitude a une foret riche en Gaesalpiniaceae de moyenne altitude. Les paysans y pratiquent la culture itinerante, la culture commerciale de cacaotiers, la chasse et la cueillette.

Une enquete socio-economique detaillee a ete menee et a etabli les conclusions suivantes: III La commercialisation des PFNL est presque aussi importante pour Ie revenu des foyers

que la vente des produits agricoles. Cependant, la vente des PFNL est essentiellement limitee au niveau du village et repose a 75% sur la commercialisation du gibier.

III Les PFNL de 23 especes sont commercialises, mais seulement quatre de ces especes contribuent d'une maniere significative au revenu des families: Irvingia gabonensis, Strophantus gratus, Goula edulis et Oacryodes macrophyl/a.

49 Les informations sont tirees de Van Dijk (1995).

198

Bien que la zone d'étude comprenne seulement 200 000 ha, on a remarqué une grandedifférence dans l'abondance et la distribution des espèces, d'où un accès aux ressourcesnon équitable.La densité de la plupart des espèces des PFNL ayant une valeur commerciale est faibleou moyenne. De nombreuses espèces ont moins d'un arbre productif par hectare, ce quiimplique des contraintes importantes pour la disponibilité des ressources et pour ledéveloppement d'une récolte efficace dans la forét naturelle.L'exemple de l'impact de la cueillette sur les arbres de Garcinia lucida démontre que lespeuplements d'arbres à densité élevée, ayant une valeur commerciale et dont l'accès estlibre, sont particulièrement exposés aux risques d'une cueillette trop intensive.

Nyangong, Sud Cameroun"Les résultats de cette étude, effectuée dans le cadre du Programme de RechercheTropenbos, montrent que 24 espèces d'arbres sont considérées très importantes pour laproduction de PFNL. Ces produits peuvent être recueillis dans la forét ou en dehors. Sixdifférents types de végétation ont été identifiés comme source de PFNL: la forét (primaire etsecondaire), les terres en jachères, les plantations de cultures vivrières, les plantations decacaotiers, les jardins privés et les terres marécageuses. Quelques espèces se retrouventdans plusieurs types de végétation, alors que d'autres poussent dans un type de végétationseulement.

En général, les espèces comme les raphias, la mangue de brousse et les feuillesd'emballage se trouvent dans les terrains mis en jachère. La mangue de brousse (Irvingiagabonensis) se trouve également dans les plantations de cacaotier, tandis que les raphia(Raphia montbuttorum) poussent aussi dans les zones marécageuses. Dans la forét viergeon trouve les espèces suivantes: essock (Garcinia lucida), olon (Scorodophloeus zenker0,komen (Cou/a edulis), ezezan (Ricinodendron heudilotii), et adjap (Baillonella toxisperma).Les noix de cola (Cola nitida, Garcinia kola) se trouvent dans les plantations de cacaotier,alors que les bambous poussent dans les zones marécageuses. Les champignons et lesplantes médicinales se trouvent généralement dans tous les types de végétation.

Aussi bien les hommes que les femmes participent à la récolte des PFNL. En général, leshommes s'intéressent aux produits qui ont une valeur économique, alors que les femmessont principalement orientées vers les produits consommés au niveau du ménage. En plus,les femmes préfèrent les espèces situées près du village, alors que les hommes peuventparcourir des distances plus grandes en forêt.

En ce qui concerne le régime foncier on peut distinguer trois catégories: propriété commune,propriété privée et libre accès. Les droits aux arbres et à la terre appartiennent aux familiesou aux individus dans les families. La propriété d'un arbre spécifique ne donne pasautomatiquement le droit de propriété de la terre où l'arbre pousse; ceci vaut surtout pour lamangue de brousse. Cependant, dans les nouvelles terres cultivées, on note la tendanceconsidérer que la propriété de l'arbre implique automatiquement la propriété de la terre oùl'arbre se trouve, et vice versa. Pour les arbres de la for-61 vierge l'accès est libre. Enrevanche, les arbres qui se trouvent dans les terrains mis en jachère, les plantations decacaotier, les jardins et zones marécageuses sont de propriété commune ou privée. Seulesles plantes médicinales peuvent être cueillies librement, indépendamment des droits depropriété et des types de végétation dans lesquels on les trouve.

50 Les informations sont tirées de Ntamag (1997)

199

• Bien que la zone d'etude comprenne seulement 200 000 ha, on a remarque une grande difference dans I'abondance et la distribution des especes, d'ou un acces aux ressources non equitable.

II La densite de la plupart des especes des PFNL ayant une valeur commerciale est faible ou moyenne. De nombreuses especes ont moins d'un arbre productif par hectare, ce qui implique des contraintes importantes pour la disponibilite des ressources et pour Ie developpement d'une recolte efficace dans la foret naturelle.

II L'exemple de I'impact de la cueillette sur les arbres de Garcinia lucida demontre que les peuplements d'arbres a densite elevee, ayant une valeur commerciale et dont I'acces est libre, sont particulierement exposes aux risques d'une cueillette trop intensive.

Nyangong, Sud Cameroun50

Les resultats de cette etude, effectuee dans Ie cadre du Programme de Recherche Tropenbos, montrent que 24 especes d'arbres sont considerees tres importantes pour la production de PFNL. Ges produits peuvent etre recueillis dans la foret ou en dehors. Six differents types de vegetation ont ete identifies comme source de PFNL: la foret (primaire et secondaire), les terres en jacheres, les plantations de cultures vivrieres, les plantations de cacaotiers, les jardins prives et les terres marecageuses. Quelques especes se retrouvent dans plusieurs types de vegetation, alors que d'autres poussent dans un type de vegetation seulement.

En general, les especes comme les raphias, la mangue de brousse et les feuilles d'emballage se trouvent dans les terrains mis en jachere. La mangue de brousse (Irvingia gabonensis) se trouve egalement dans les plantations de cacaotier, tandis que les raphia (Raphia montbuttorum) poussent aussi dans les zones marecageuses. Dans la foret vierge on trouve les especes suivantes: essock (Garcinia lucida), olon (Scorodophloeus zenkeri) , komen (Goula' edulis), ezezan (Ricinodendron heudilotii) , et adjap (Baillonella toxisperma). Les noix de cola (Cola nitida, Garcinia kola) se trouvent dans les plantations de cacaotier, alors que les bambous poussent dans les zones marecageuses. Les champignons et les plantes medicinales se trouvent generalement dans tous les types de vegetation.

Aussi bien les hommes que les femmes participent a la recolte des PFNL. En general, les hommes s'interessent aux produits qui ont une valeur economique, alors que les femmes sont principalement orientees vers les produits consommes au niveau du menage. En plus, les femmes preferent les especes situees pres du village, alors que les hommes peuvent parcourir des distances plus grandes en foret.

En ce qui concerne Ie regime foncier on peut distinguer trois categories: propriete commune, propriete privee et libre acces. Les droits aux arbres et a la terre appartiennent aux families ou aux individus dans les families. La propriete d'un arbre specifique ne donne pas automatiquement Ie droit de propriete de la terre ou I'arbre pousse; ceci vaut surtout pour la mangue de brousse. Gependant, dans les nouvelles terres cultivees, on note la tendance a considerer que la propriete de I'arbre implique automatiquement la propriete de la terre ou I'arbre se trouve, et vice versa. Pour les arbres de la foret vierge I'acces est libre. En revanche, les arbres qui se trouvent dans les terrains mis en jachere, les plantations de cacaotier, les jardins et zones marecageuses sont de propriete commune ou privee. Seules les plantes medicinales peuvent etre cueillies librement, independamment des droits de propriete et des types de vegetation dans lesquels on les trouve.

50 Les informations sont tirees de Ntamag (1997)

199


NourritureLes plantes forestières comestibles (fruits, noix, feuilles legumes, condiments, boissons) sontparmi les PFNL les plus importants au Cameroun. Les plantes comestibles importantesconsommées à l'état brut incluent

les bourgeons de Pennisetum purpureum;les feuilles de Balanites aegyptiaca (consommées dans les savanes du Nord), Gnetumafricanum (consommées dans toutes les regions forestières), Aframommum spp,Ocimum spp.;les écorces de Scorodophleus zenkeri, Aphrardisia spp. et Garcinia spp.;les rhizomes de Zingiber officinales;les tubercules de Dioscorea sp. (igname sauvage);les racines des Rubiacées;les fruits d'Annonidium mannii, Elaeis guineensis, Tamarindus indica Sclerocarya birrea,Cola acuminata, C. nitida, C. verticillata, lrvingia gabonensis, Baillonella toxisperma,Ricindendron heudelotii, Coula edulis, Tricosypha arborea, T. acuminata, T.ferrugine,Xylopia aethiopica, Aframomum spp., Antrocaryon klaineanum, Piper guineensis, Uapacaheudelotii, Tetra pleura tetratera;les graines de Monodora myristica, Bucholzia macrophylla, Garcinia kola;les champignons comme Terminalia superba et Berlinia spp..

Les produits consommés à l'état transformé incluentl'huile extraite des graines de Baillonella toxisperma, Butyrospermum parkii, Autranellacon golensis, Omphalocarpom spp. et communément appelée huile de Karité;la pâte à base d'amandes des graines d'Irvingia gabonensis;l'huile extraite à partir des graines d'Allanblackia floribunda;les différentes espèces de Champignons consommés secs (FAO, 1999).

Tableau No. 1. Des PFNL vendus sur les marches locaux camerounais

200

Espèce Partie utilisée Unite Prix (F CFA)Gnetum africanum Feuilles hachées/non

hachéesPaquet 100

Aframommum spp., Ocimumbasilicum, Ocimum sp.

Feuilles Paquet 100

Tige 10Garcinia cola, Scorodophleuszenkeri

Ecorce Morceaux 100 -250

Zingiber officinale Rhizome Tas 100Elaeis guineenis Fruits Tas 100

Pulpe 500g 500Cola acuminata, C. nitida Fruit Pièce 10 - 100lrvingia gabonensis Fruit Pièce 10 - 50

PAte 500 g 1 000Ricinodendron heudelotii Amande Verre de 25 cl 150 - 300Coula edulis Amande Pièce 10 - 50Tricoscypha arborea, T. acuminata,T. ferrugine

Fruits Pièce 10 - 25

Xylopia aethiopica, Aframomummeleguetta, Afromomum sp.

Fruits Pièce 10 - 100

Antrocaryon klaineanum Fruits Pièce 10

Piper guineensis Fruits Tas 50Etat écrasé Paquet de 200 g 150

Paquet de 250g 500Paquet de 500 g 1 000


Nourriture

Les plantes forestieres comestibles (fruits, no ix, feuilles legumes, condiments, boissons) sont parmi les PFNL les plus importants au Cameroun. Les plantes comestibles importantes consommees a I'etat brut incluent • les bourgeons de Pennisetum purpureum; e les feuilles de Balanites aegyptiaca (consommees dans les savanes du Nord), Gnetum

africanum (consommees dans to utes les regions forestieres), Aframommum spp, Ocimum spp.;

It les ecorces de Scorodophleus zenkeri, Aphrardisia spp. et Garcinia spp.; fI les rhizomes de Zingiber officina/es; • les tubercules de Dioscorea sp. (igname sauvage); • les racines des Rubiacees; • les fruits d'Annonidium mannii, Elaeis guineensis, Tamarindus indica Sclerocarya birrea,

Cola acuminata, C. nitida, C. verticil/a fa, Irvingia gabonensis, Baillonel/a toxisperma, Ricindendron heudelotii, Coula edulis, Tricosypha arborea, T. acuminata, T.ferrugine, Xylopia aethiopica, Aframomum spp., Antrocaryon klaineanum, Piper guineensis, Uapaca heudelotii, Tetrapleura tetratera;

II les graines de Monodora myristica, Bucholzia macrophyl/a, Garcinia kola; II les champignons comme Terminalia superba et Berlinia spp ..

Les produits consommes a I'etat transforme incluent : 4) I'huile extraite des graines de Baillonel/a toxisperma, Butyrospermum parkii, Autranel/a

congolensis, Omphalocarpom spp. et communement appelee huile de Karite; • la pate a base d'amandes des graines d'lrvingia gabonensis; • I'huile extraite a partir des graines d'Al/anblackia floribunda; 4) les differentes especes de Champignons consommes secs (FAO, 1999).

Tableau No.1. Des PFNL vendus sur les marches locaux camerounais Espece Partie utili see Unite Prix (F CFA)

Gnetum africanum Feuilles hachees/non Paquet 100 hachees

Aframommum spp., Ocimum Feuilles Paquet 100 basilicum, Ocimum sp.

Tige 10 Garcinia cola, Scorodophleus Ecorce Morceaux 100 -250 zenkeri Zingiber officinale Rhizome Tas 100 Elaeis guineenis Fruits Tas 100

Pulpe 500g 500 Cola acuminata, C. nitida Fruit Piece 10 - 100 Irvingia gabonensis Fruit Piece 10 - 50

Pate 500 9 1000 Ricinodendron heudelotii Amande Verre de 25 cI 150 - 300 Coula edulis Amande Piece 10 - 50 Tricoscypha arborea, T. acuminata, Fruits Piece 10 - 25 T. ferrugine Xylopia aethiopica, Aframomum Fruits Piece 10 - 100 meleguetta, Afromomum sp. Antrocaryon klaineanum Fruits Piece 10 Piper guineensis Fruits Tas 50

Etat ecrase Paquet de 200 9 150 Paquet de 250 9 500 Paquet de 500 9 1 000

200

Source: FAO (1999)

Une vingtaine de plantes comestibles sont exportées en Europe ainsi qu'aux Etats-Unis, auGabon, en République Centrafricaine, en Guinée équatoriale, et au Nigeria. Le Camerounest le seul pays en Afrique Centrale qui exporte des PFNL pour le «marché vert» des«produits organiques/biologiques» (Tabuna, 1999).

Tableau No. 2. PFNL ex ortés du Cameroun

201

Tetrapleura tetraptera Gousse Pièce 50 - 200Rubiacées lianescentes Racine Paquet 100Monodora myristica Graine Pièce 10 - 25Bucholzia macrophylla Graine Cuillère rapée et

mélangée avec ducitron vert et du

piment

50 - 100

Garcinia kola Graine Pièce 10 - 50Baillonella toxisperma,Butyrospermum parkii, Autranellacon golensis, Omphalocarpom spp.

Graine 1 litre d'huile 1 500-2 500

Allanblackia floribunda Huile Litre 1 000 - 1 500Champignons ("Mbel messil enBeti')

Tige 350 - 1 500

Espèce Nom decommerce

Systèmede

production

Partie vendue

Destination: EuropeAfrostyrax lepidophyllus Mildbraed omi spontané écorceAframomum spp. maniguette spontané fruits secs/fraisAnanas comosus (L.) Merr. ananas mixte fruitsCola nitida A. Chev. kola mixte grainesDacryodes edulis (G. Don) Lam. safou mixte fruitsElaeis guinensis Jacq noix de palme mixte fruits, huiles,

boissonsGarcinia kola Haeckel petit cola spontané grainesGnetum spp. fumbua spontané feuillesHua gabonii Pierre omi spontané fruits secslryingia gabonensis Baillon sioko, mango spontané grainesLandolphia sp. malombo spontané fruitsLippia adoensis Hochst bulukutu spontané feuilles sèchesMonodora miristica, M.tenuifolia pepe spontané grainesRicinodendron heudelotii (Baill) djansan spontané grainesTetra pleura tetraptera Tauba caroube spontané feuillesVemonia amygdalina ndolé cultivé tuberculeXanthosoma sagittifolia Schott macabo cultivé grainesXylopia aethiopica A. Rich ekolababa spontané fruitsDestination: non-connueAutranella con golensis huiles extraites

des grainesBaillonella toxisperma huiles extraites

des grainesButryospermum parkii huiles extraites

des grainesChampignons secsCola acuminata fruits

Tetrapleura tetraptera Gousse Piece 50 - 200 Rubiacees lianescentes Racine Paquet 100 Monodora myristica Graine Piece 10 - 25 Bucholzia macrophylla Graine Cuiliere rapee et 50 - 100

melangee avec du citron vert et du

piment Garcinia kola Graine Piece 10 - 50 Baillonella toxisperma, Graine 1 litre d'huile 1 500-2500 Butyrospermum parkii, Autranella congolensis, Omphalocarpom spp. Allanblackia f10ribunda Huile Litre 1 000 - 1 500 Champignons ("Mbel messil en Tige 350 - 1 500 Beti'? Source: FAO (1999)

Une vingtaine de plantes comestibles sont exportees en Europe ainsi qu'aux Etats-Unis, au Gabon, en Republique Centrafricaine, en Guinee equatoriale, et au Nigeria. Le Cameroun est Ie seul pays en Afrique Centrale qui exporte des PFNL pour Ie «marche verb> des «produits organiques/biologiques» (Tabuna, 1999).

T bl a eau N 2 PFNL o. expo rt' d C es u ameroun Espece Nom de Systeme Partie vendue

commerce de production

Destination: Europe Afrostyrax lepidophyllus Mildbraed omi spontane ecorce Aframomum spp. maniguette spontane fruits secs/frais Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. ananas mixte fruits Cola nitida A. Chev. kola mixte graines Oacryodes edulis (G. Don) Lam. safou mixte fruits Elaeis guinensis Jacq noix de palme mixte fruits, huiles,

boissons Garcinia kola Haeckel petit cola spontane graines Gnetum spp. fumbua spontane feuilles Hua gabonii Pierre omi spontane fruits secs Irvingia gabonensis Baillon sioko, mango spontane graines Landolphia sp. malombo spontane fruits Lippia adoensis Hochst bulukutu spontane feuilles seches Monodora miristica, M.tenuifolia pepe spontane graines Ricinodendron heudelotii (Baill) djansan spontane graines retrapleura tetraptera Tauba caroube spontane feuilles Vernonia amygdalina ndole cultive tubercule Xanthosoma sagittifolia Schott macabo cultive graines Xylopia aethiopica A. Rich ekolababa spontane fruits Destination: non-connue Autranella congolensis huiles extraites

des graines Baillonella toxisperma huiles extraites

des graines Butryospermum parkii huiles extraites

des graines Champignons sees Cola acuminata fruits

201

Source: modifié selon Tabuna (1999) et FAO (1999)

Les fruits d'Irvingia gabonensis (mangue de brousse) et de Dacryodes edulis (safou) sonttrès populaires et offrent un grand potentiel pour l'accroissement des sources de revenugrAce à la commercialisation des excédents de récoltes (Burnley, 1999).

Deux composantes d'Irvingia gabonensis sont utilisées: les fruits et les amandes. Le fruit, quicontient beaucoup de fibres, est consommé frais. La partie la plus importante est l'amande,utilisée pour l'assaisonnement des soupes et qui constitue une source de revenu importantepour les paysans de la zone de la forét humide du Cameroun.

SeIon Ndoye et al. (1999), les marchés d'Ebolowa, d'Abang Minko (frontière entre leCameroun et le Gabon) et de Kye-Ossi (frontière entre Cameroun et Guinée équatoriale) ontreprésenté 41% de la quantité totale commercialisée en 1995. Dans cette région, les fruits etamandes d'Irvingia gabonensis (ainsi que Cola acuminata) sont les PFNL ayant la plusgrande valeur sur les marchés camerounais des zones de la forèt humide au sud de pays.Les projections de vente sur les marchés de PFNL pour toute la zone des forèts humide dusud de pays estimaient que :

en 1995, une quantité de 111 000 kg a été vendue pour une valeur deCFAl25 237 00051;en 1996, une quantité de 107 100 kg a été vendue pour une valeur de CFA147 769 00

Les fruits de Coula edulis sont cueillis essentiellement pour l'autoconsommation. lis sontdifficilement commercialisés du fait de leur poids. Généralement, les gens cueillent juste lesquantités nécessaires à leur subsistance, ou bien les mangent directement dans les champsen guise de coupe-faim. Le bois, renommé pour sa longévité, est utilisé comme matériau deconstruction. Ces arbres se trouvent dans la forêt vierge et, tits rarement, dans lesplantations de cacaotier. La période de ramassage des fruits se situe entre aoCat etseptembre; les arbres ne produisent qu'après un cycle de deux ans. Les noix sontgénéralement cueillies par les enfants, mais également par quelques hommes et femmes.

Les noix de kola de Cola acuminata sont les plus précieux parmi les PFNL du Cameroun.Le marché de ces noix est estimé à 20 400 t. En 1983, les revenus procurés par les noix dekola dans certains foyers du Sud-Ouest du Cameroun étaient plus élevés que ceux du café,et la vente des noix de kola a fourni entre 5 et 37% des revenus monétaires des families. Lesprojections de vente sur les marchés de PFNL pour toute la zone des foréts humides du sudde Cameroun estimaient que:

en 1995, une quantité de 509 000 kg a été vendue pour une valeur de CFA 221 990 000;en 1996, une quantité de 127 400 kg a été vendue pour une valeur de CFA 94 656 000(Ndoye et al. 1999).

Tits souvent, C. acuminata est plantée par des paysans, surtout dans les plantations decacao (Ndoye etal. 1999)

Les noix d'Elaeis guineensis (le palmier à huile) peuvent étre utilisées fraTches ou traitéespour la production de l'huile de palmier. Les deux produits, noix et huile, sont principalement

511 000 Francs CFA = 1.63 dollar E.-U. en 1999 (taux de change moyen de l'année 1999)

202

Coula edulis amandesOmphalocarpom spp. huiles extraites

des grainesPiper guineensis fruitsScorodophleus zenkeri écorcesZingiber officinales rhizomes

Goula edulis amandes Omphalocarpom spp. huiles extraites

des graines Piper guineensis fruits Scorodophleus zenkeri ecorces Zingiber officinales rhizomes .. , Source: modlfle selon Tabuna (1999) et FAO (1999)

Les fruits d'/rvingia gabonensis (mangue de brousse) et de Oacryodes edulis (safou) sont tres populaires et offrent un grand potentiel pour I'accroissement des sources de revenu grace a la commercialisation des excedents de recoltes (Burnley, 1999).

Deux composantes d'/rvingia gabonensis sont utilisees: les fruits et les amandes. Le fruit, qui contient beaucoup de fibres, est consomme frais. La partie la plus importante est I'amande, utilisee pour I'assaisonnement des soupes et qui constitue une source de revenu importante pour les paysans de la zone de la foret humide du Cameroun.

Selon Ndoye et al. (1999), les marches d'Ebolowa, d'Abang Minko (frontiere entre Ie Cameroun et Ie Gabon) et de Kye-Ossi (frontiere entre Cameroun et Guinee equatoriale) ont represente 41 % de la quantite totale commercialisee en 1995. Dans cette region, les fruits et amandes d'/rvingia gabonensis (ainsi que Gola acuminata) sont les PFNL ayant la plus grande valeur sur les marches camerounais des zones de la foret humide au sud de pays. Les projections de vente sur les marches de PFNL pour toute la zone des forets hum ide du sud de pays estimaient que: • en 1995, une quantite de 111 000 kg a ete vendue pour une valeur de

CFA125 237 00051;

• en 1996, une quantite de 107 100 kg a ete vendue pour une valeur de CFA147 769 00

Les fruits de Goula edulis sont cueillis essentiellement pour I'autoconsommation. lis sont difficilement commercialises du fait de leur poids. Generalement, les gens cueillent juste les quantites necessaires a leur subsistance, ou bien les mangent directement dans les champs en guise de coupe-faim. Le bois, renomme pour sa longevite, est utilise comme materiau de construction. Ces arbres se trouvent dans la foret vierge et, tres rarement, dans les plantations de cacaotier. La periode de ramassage des fruits se situe entre aoOt et septembre; les arbres ne produisent qu'apres un cycle de deux ans. Les noix sont generalement cueillies par les enfants, mais egalement par quelques hommes et femmes.

Les noix de kola de Gola acuminata sont les plus precieux parmi les PFNL du Cameroun. Le marche de ces noix est estime a 20 400 t. En 1983, les revenus procures par les noix de kola dans certains foyers du Sud-Ouest du Cameroun etaient plus eleves que ceux du cafe, et la vente des noix de kola a fourni entre 5 et 37% des revenus monetaires des families. Les projections de vente sur les marches de PFNL pour toute la zone des forets humides du sud de Cameroun estimaient que: • en 1995, une quantite de 509 000 kg a ete vendue pour une valeur de CFA 221 990 000; • en 1996, une quantite de 127400 kg a ete vendue pour une valeur de CFA 94 656 000

(Ndoye et al. 1999).

Tres souvent, G. acuminata est plantee par des paysans, surtout dans les plantations de cacao (Ndoye et al. 1999)

Les noix d'Elaeis guineensis ~e palmier a huile) peuvent etre utilisees fraTches ou traitees pour la production de I'huile de palmier. Les deux produits, noix et huile, sont principalement

51 1000 Francs CFA = 1.63 dollar E.-U. en 1999 (taux de change moyen de I'annee 1999)

202

utilisés pour la cuisson des repas. Quand les noix sont cueillies en grandes quantités, ellessont vendues pour garantir un revenu. Les noix sont utilisées pour produire une huile noiretraditionnellement utilisée en médecine, comme onguent pour la peau.

Les noix sont également utilisées lors de l'extraction du vin de palmier. Le vin est budirectement ou bien commercialisé. On peut également s'en servir pour produire une boissonalcoolique très forte, l'"odontol", qui est aussi une importante source de revenu. AuNyangong, le commerce de vin de palmier rapporte de 30 000 à CFA100 000 par an aquelques paysans (Ntamag, 1997).

Les palmiers se trouvent généralement dans les terres mises en jachère, dans lesplantations de cacao, et dans les plantations de cultures vivrières. Même si les produits despalmiers peuvent étre récoltés pendant toute l'année, la période de haute productivité sesitue pendant la saison sèche, c'est-a-dire de décembre à mars et de juin a juillet. Lacueillette des noix de palmier est considérée comme une activité assez dangereuse parcequ'elle nécessite de grimper sur les arbres pour y recueillir les noix. Pour cette raison,l'activité est normalement limitée aux hommes. L'huile de palmier est en revanche produitepar les femmes, alors que la production de vin de palmier est gérée par les hommes. Enprincipe, la distillation du vin pour produire l'odontol est faite par les femmes, mais parfoisquelques hommes s'en chargent aussi

Ndoye et al. (1999) notent que 58% des palmiers (Elaeis guineensis) incisés par un groupede paysans dans les environs de Mbalmayo (zone des for-61s humides du Cameroun) ont étédétruits. Les coOts pour la société liés à la dégradation des ressources pourraient atteindrede 70 000 a CFAl29 000 pour chaque palmier détruit. La méthode utilisée par les paysansde Mom, un village dans la province centrale du Cameroun, pour l'incision des palmiers étaitsur le point de détruire ces arbres. Oyono (1997, cité par Ndoye et al. 1999) a découvert que1 000 palmiers (Raphia hooker!) sont morts après avoir été incisés à Ekom, dans le Sud-Estdu pays.

Les noix de Poga oleosa s'utilisent fratches pour les sauces en cuisine. Bien que ces arbressoient situés pour la plupart dans la forèt vierge et dans les zones marécageuses, on peutégalement les trouver dans les terres mises en jachère. Les noix abondent de juin à aoCit etde janvier à mars, avec un cycle de deux ans. Les noix sont récoltées autant par les femmesque par les hommes.

L'écorce de Garcinia lucida et Garcinia kola sont des condiments importants pour laproduction des vins palmiers. Après la dévaluation du CFA qui a causé une augmentationdes prix de la bière ainsi que du whisky, la consommation des alcools locaux (vins depalmier, whisky local) et, en conséquence, l'exploitation de l'écorce a augmenté. Cetteexploitation met en danger les espèces concernées, car l'écor9age affaiblit ou tue l'arbre(Ndoye et al. 1999).

La récolte des produits du Garcinia lucida a lieu tout au long de l'année, bien qu'il soit plusfacile d'extraire l'écorce pendant la saison des pluies, c'est-a-dire entre aoCit et septembre etentre avril et juin. L'écorce est enlevée sur l'ensemble de l'arbre provoquant sa mort.

Ndoye et a/. (1999) ont estimé les quantités vendues ainsi que le valeur de l'écorce deGarcinia lucida et G. kola au sud du Cameroun en 1995 et 1996 selon le Tableau 3 ci-après.

203

utilises pour la cuisson des repas. Quand les noix sont cueillies en grandes quantites, elles sont vendues pour garantir un revenu. Les noix sont utilisees pour produire une huile noire traditionnellement utilisee en medecine, comme onguent pour la peau.

Les noix sont egalement utilisees lors de I'extraction du yin de palmier. Le yin est bu directement ou bien commercialise. On peut egalement s'en servir pour produire une boisson alcoolique tres forte, I"'odontol", qui est aussi une importante source de revenu. Au Nyangong, Ie commerce de yin de palmier rapporte de 30 000 a CFA100 000 par an a quelques paysans (Ntamag, 1997).

Les palmiers se trouvent generalement dans les terres mises en jachere, dans les plantations de cacao, et dans les plantations de cultures vivrieres. Meme si les produits des palmiers peuvent etre recoltes pendant to ute I'annee, la periode de haute productivite se situe pendant la saison seche, c'est-a-dire de decembre a mars et de juin a juillet. La cueillette des noix de palmier est consideree comme une activite assez dangereuse parce qu'elle necessite de grim per sur les arbres pour y recueillir les noix. Pour cette raison, I'activite est normalement limitee aux hommes. L'huile de palmier est en revanche produite par les femmes, alors que la production de yin de palmier est geree par les hommes. En principe, la distillation du yin pour produire I'odontol est faite par les femmes, mais parfois quelques hommes s'en chargent aussi .

Ndoye et al. (1999) notent que 58% des palmiers (Elaeis guineensis) incises par un groupe de paysans dans les environs de Mbalmayo (zone des forets humides du Cameroun) ont ete detruits. Les coOts pour la societe lies a la degradation des ressources pourraient atteindre de 70 000 a CFA129 000 pour chaque palmier detruit. La methode utilisee par les paysans de Mom, un village dans la province centrale du Cameroun, pour I'incision des palmiers etait sur Ie point de detruire ces arbres. Oyono (1997, cite par Ndoye et al. 1999) a decouvert que 1 000 palmiers (Raphia hooken) sont morts apres avoir ete incises a Ekom, dans Ie Sud-Est du pays.

Les noix de Poga oleosa s'utilisent frafches pour les sauces en cuisine. Bien que ces arbres soient situes pour la plupart dans la foret vierge et dans les zones marecageuses, on peut egalement les trouver dans les terres mises en jachere. Les noix abondent de juin a aoOt et de janvier a mars, avec un cycle de deux ans. Les noix sont recoltees autant par les femmes que par les hommes.

L'ecorce de Garcinia lucida et Garcinia kola sont des condiments importants pour la production des vins palmiers. Apres la devaluation du CFA qui a cause une augmentation des prix de la biere ainsi que du whisky, la consommation des alcools locaux (vins de palmier, whisky local) et, en consequence, I'exploitation de I'ecorce a augmente. Cette exploitation met en danger les especes concernees, car I'ecoryage affaiblit ou tue I'arbre (Ndoye et al. 1999).

La recolte des produits du Garcinia lucida a lieu tout au long de I'annee, bien qu'il so it plus facile d'extraire I'ecorce pendant la saison des pluies, c'est-a-dire entre aoOt et septembre et entre avril et juin. L'ecorce est enlevee sur I'ensemble de I'arbre provoquant sa mort.

Ndoye et al. (1999) ont estime les quantites vendues ainsi que Ie valeur de I'ecorce de Garcinia lucida et G. kola au sud du Cameroun en 1995 et 1996 selon Ie Tableau 3 ci-apres.

203

Tableau 3. Vente projetée sur tous les marchés de la zone de la forét humide, 1995 et 1996

Source: modifié selon Ndoye etal. (1999)

L'écorce de Cola nitida peut étre utilisée pour la fermentation des vins de palme et de raphia,méme si les gens normalement préfèrent l'écorce du Garcinia lucida. Les noix de Cola nitidasont utilisées pour l'autoconsommation et le commerce. Les arbres sont situés surtout dansles plantations de cacaotier et sont pour la plupart cultivés. Les arbres sauvages, dont lesfruits sont d'une qualité moins bonne, se trouvent également dans la forét vierge. Certainsarbres dans les plantations de cacaotier ont été plantés, les autres poussant naturellement,sont protégés et bien entretenus.

Les noix de Ricinodendron heudelotii servent comme épice pour la cuisine. Ces arbrespoussent en grand nombre dans les terres mises en jachère ainsi qu'en forét vierge; parfoison les trouve dans les plantations de cacaotier. Certains arbres ont été gardés près desmaisons. Comme les autres arbres fruitiers sauvages, le Ricinodendron heudelotii estsaisonnier. La période présentant des fruits se situe entre juillet et aoCit, avec un cyclealterné de deux ans. Normalement la récolte, le traitement et la commercialisation de cesnoix reviennent aux femmes.

Les feuilles legumes de Gnetum africanum et Gnetum buchholzianum sont des PFNLimportants au Cameroun. Elles sont commercialisées au niveau local, régional, national etinternational. La quantité d'exportation a augmenté d'une façon significative vers le Gabon etles Etats-Unis pendant les dernières années. Les feuilles sont exportées principalement pardeux villes, Idenau et Campo. A ldenau, environ 600 t de feuilles pour une valeur deCFA1 800 000 000 sont exportées annuellement au Nigeria. La vente des feuilles légumesest donc une activité ayant une grande valeur économique qui offre des revenus deCFA450 000 par mois pour un intermédiaire (travaillant à plein temps).

Considérant cette valeur considérable, des méthodes de récolte non adaptées et des pertesde surfaces forestières font que la ressource est sérieusement en danger. Pour résoudre ceproblème, un programme de domestication du Genetum africanum et G. buchholzianum aété développé et réalisé. Les résultats ont démontré que les espèces sont facilesdomestiquer et qu'il existe un potentiel pour l'intégration de ces espèces dans les systèmesagroforestiers (Shiembo, 1999).

FourrageDix espèces des plantes fourragères sont utilisées dans la partie septentrionale du pays:Acacia albida, A. hockii, A. senegal, A. seyal, Ano geissus leiocarpus, Balanites aegyptiaca,Cadaba farinosa, Combretum aculeatum, C. glutinosum, Dichrostachys cinerea (FAO, 1999).

204

Projection des yentes sur tous les marches des PFNL

Espèces Quantité (Kg) Valeur Francs CFA

1995 1996 1995 1996

Garcinia lucida 40 600 27 300 10 360 000 9 867 000

Garcinia kola 16 200 9 900 3 971 000 2 110 000

Total 56 800 37 200 14 331 000 11 977 000

T bl a eau 3 V t en e pro . t' t h' d I e ee sur ous es marc es e a zone d I f At h 'd 1995 t 1996 e a ore uml e, e Projection des ventes sur tous les marches des PFNL

Especes Quantite (Kg) Valeur Francs CFA

1995 1996 1995 1996

Garcinia lucida 40 600 27300 10 360 000 9867 000

Garcinia kola 16200 9900 3971 000 2 110 000

Total 56800 37200 14331 000 11 977000 ..

Source: modlfle selon Ndoye et al. (1999)

L'ecorce de Cola nitida peut etre utilisee pour la fermentation des vins de palme et de raphia, meme si les gens normalement preterent I'ecorce du Garcinia lucida. Les noix de Cola nitida sont utilisees pour I'autoconsommation et Ie commerce. Les arbres sont situes surtout dans les plantations de cacaotier et sont pour la plupart cultives. Les arbres sauvages, dont les fruits sont d'une qualite moins bonne, se trouvent egalement dans la foret vierge. Certains arbres dans les plantations de cacaotier ont ete plantes, les autres poussant naturellement, sont proteges et bien entretenus.

Les noix de Ricinodendron heude/otii servent comme epice pour la cuisine. Ces arbres poussent en grand nombre dans les terres mises en jachere ainsi qu'en foret vierge; parfois on les trouve dans les plantations de cacaotier. Certains arbres ont ete gardes pres des maisons. Comme les autres arbres fruitiers sauvages, Ie Ricinodendron heude/otii est saisonnier. La periode presentant des fruits se situe entre juillet et aoOt, avec un cycle alterne de deux ans. Normalement la recolte, Ie traitement et la commercialisation de ces noix reviennent aux femmes.

Les feuilles legumes de Gnetum africanum et Gnetum buchholzianum sont des PFNL importants au Cameroun. Elles sont commercialisees au niveau local, regional, national et international. La quantite d'exportation a aug mente d'une fagon significative vers Ie Gabon et les Etats-Unis pendant les dernieres annees. Les feuilles sont exportees principalement par deux villes, Idenau et Campo. A Idenau, environ 600 t de feuilles pour une valeur de CFA 1 800 000 000 sont exportees annuellement au Nigeria. La vente des feuilles legumes est donc une activite ayant une grande valeur economique qui offre des revenus de CFA450 000 par mois pour un intermediaire (travaillant a plein temps).

Considerant cette valeur considerable, des methodes de recolte non adaptees et des pertes de surfaces forestieres font que la ressource est serieusement en danger. Pour resoudre ce probleme, un programme de domestication du Genetum africanum et G. buchholzianum a ete developpe et realise. Les resultats ont demontre que les especes sont faciles a domestiquer et qu'il existe un potentiel pour I'integration de ces especes dans les systemes agroforestiers (Shiembo, 1999).

Fourrage Dix especes des plantes fourrageres sont utili sees dans la partie septentrionale du pays: Acacia alb ida, A. hockii, A. senegal, A. seyal, Anogeissus leiocarpus, Balanites aegyptiaca, Cadaba farinosa, Combretum aculeatum, C. glutinosum, Dichrostachys cinerea (FAO, 1999).

204

MédecineLes plantes médicinales camerounaises font partie du système de santé traditionnel et d'uncommerce international. La FAO (1999) mentionne plus de 500 espèces inventoriées quisont utilisées dans la pharmacopée camerounaise. Parmi les 35 arbres les plus importants,exploités pour leur bois précieux, 23 (66 percent) sont également utilises dans lapharmacopée traditionnelle (Laird, 1999). Dans la région du Mont Cameroun, 88 percent dela population recueille des plantes médicinales.

Les plantes médicinales exportées du Cameroun incluent: Prunus africana, Pausinystaliajohimbe, Voacanga africana, Strophantus gratus et Physostigma venenosum (Nkuinkeu,1999).

Prunus africana est probablement la plante médicinale ayant la plus grande valeuréconomique exploitée au Cameroun. Son écorce est utilisée en Europe pour la fabricationdes medicaments contre les maladies prostatiques. En plus, l'écorce et les feuilles sontcouramment utilisées dans la pharmacopée traditionnelle ainsi que pour la production de labière locale (Cunningham & Mbenkum, 1993).

L'exploitation commerciale de l'écorce de Prunus africana au Cameroun a commencé en1972. Aujourd'hui, le Cameroun est l'exportateur mondial No. 1 de cette plante médicinale:72 percent du commerce mondial de Prunus africana, d'une valeur annuelle totale de150 millions de dollars E.-U. (Cunningham, 1993) à 220 millions de dollars E.-U. (Cunnighamet aL, 1997). Entre 1986 et 1991, un total de 11 537t d'écorce de Prunus africana a étécommercialisé. SeIon Cunningham et al. (1997) :

18 percent du commerce mondial est couvert par l'exportation de l'écorce brute. De 600920 t d'écorce ont été exportées du Cameroun en 1994/95;

54 percent du commerce mondial est couvert par l'exportation de l'extrait, obtenu par latransformation de l'écorce. II est estimé que le Cameroun exporte 8 990 kg de cet extraitpar an, ce qui correspond à 1 116 à 3 900 t d'écorce brute par an entre 1985 et 1994;une intensification de l'exploitation a eu lieu pendant les dernières 12 années.

L'acteur principal du commerce de Prunus africana camerounais est le «Groupe Fournier».Celui-ci gére toute la filière de l'exploitation, la commercialisation et la transformation avecses compagnies Laboratoires Fournier et Plantecam.52 Le produit final (médicament) venduen France s'appelle Tadena.

La plupart des écorces sont exploitées dans la region du Mont Cameroun et sur les hautesterres de Bamenda (Cunningham et a/., 1997). Des récolteurs professionnels, embauchéspar Plantecam, ainsi que la population locale, exploitent cette ressource:

Jusqu'en 1987, Plantecam a été le seul détenteur d'un permis d'exploitation. Cetteentreprise a embauché et entraIné des récolteurs pour garantir une exploitation durablede la ressource en enlevant uniquement les deux quarts opposés de l'écorce. L'intentionétait d'exploiter les autres deux quarts d'écorce 4-5 ans après. Cunningham et aL (1997)constatent que cette forme d'exploitation a pu garantir la durabilité (écologique) del'utilisation de ces ressources.Durant les dernières années, plus de 50 autres entrepreneurs ont re9u un permisd'exploitation de l'écorce de Prunus africana. Par conséquent, l'exploitation s'étaitintensifiée a cause de la concurrence entre les différentes entreprises. En plus, quelquesrécolteurs ont commencé à abattre et écorcer la totalité de l'arbre provoquant de ce faitsa mort (Cunningham et al., 1997).

52 , -L ecorce de Prunus africana a été également exportée du Cameroun à Madagascar (600 t en 1995)(Walter, 1995) et en Italie (Cunningham etal., 1997).

205

Medecine

Les plantes medicinales camerounaises font partie du systeme de sante traditionnel et d'un commerce international. La FAO (1999) mentionne plus de 500 especes inventoriees qui sont utilisees dans la pharmacopee camerounaise. Parmi les 35 arbres les plus importants, exploites pour leur bois precieux, 23 (66 percent) sont egalement utilises dans la pharmacopee traditionnelle (Laird, 1999). Dans la region du Mont Cameroun, 88 percent de la population recueille des plantes medicinales.

Les plantes medicinales exportees du Cameroun incluent: Prunus africana, Pausinysta/ia johimbe, Voacanga africana, Strophantus gratus et Physostigma venenosum (Nkuinkeu, 1999).

Prunus africana est probablement la plante medicinale ayant la plus grande valeur economique exploitee au Cameroun. Son ecorce est utilisee en Europe pour la fabrication des medicaments contre les maladies prostatiques. En plus, I'ecorce et les feuilles sont couramment utilisees dans la pharmacopee traditionnelle ainsi que pour la production de la biere locale (Cunningham & Mbenkum, 1993).

L'exploitation commerciale de I'ecorce de Prunus africana au Cameroun a commence en 1972. Aujourd'hui, Ie Cameroun est I'exportateur mondial No. 1 de cette plante medicinale: 72 percent du commerce mondial de Prunus africana, d'une valeur annuelle totale de 150 millions de dollars E.-U. (Cunningham, 1993) a 220 millions de dollars E.-U. (Cunnigham et al., 1997). Entre 1986 et 1991, un total de 11 537t d'ecorce de Prunus africana a ete commercialise. Selon Cunningham et al. (1997) : 8 18 percent du commerce mondial est couvert par I'exportation de I'ecorce brute. De 600

a 920 t d'ecorce ont ete exportees du Cameroun en 1994/95; 8 54 percent du commerce mondial est couvert par I'exportation de I'extrait, obtenu par la

transformation de I'ecorce. II est estime que Ie Cameroun exporte 8 990 kg de cet extrait par an, ce qui correspond a 1 116 a 3 900 t d'ecorce brute par an entre 1985 et 1994;

8 une intensification de I'exploitation a eu lieu pendant les dernieres 12 annees.

L'acteur principal du commerce de Prunus africana camerounais est Ie «Groupe Fournier». Celui-ci gere to ute la filiere de I'exploitation, la commercialisation et la transformation avec ses compagnies Laboratoires Fournier et Plantecam.52 Le produit final (medicament) vendu en France s'appelle Tadena.

La plupart des ecorces sont exploitees dans la region du Mont Cameroun et sur les hautes terres de Bamenda (Cunningham et al., 1997). Des recolteurs professionnels, embauches par Plantecam, ainsi que la population locale, exploitent cette ressource: 8 Jusqu'en 1987, Plantecam a ete Ie seul detenteur d'un perm is d'exploitation. Cette

entreprise a embauche et entraine des recolteurs pour garantir une exploitation durable de la ressource en enlevant uniquement les deux quarts opposes de I'ecorce. L'intention etait d'exploiter les autres deux quarts d'ecorce 4-5 ans apres. Cunningham et al. (1997) constatent que cette forme d'exploitation a pu garantir la durabilite (ecologique) de I'utilisation de ces ressources.

• Durant les dernieres annees, plus de 50 autres entrepreneurs ont re9u un perm is d'exploitation de I'ecorce de Prunus africana. Par consequent, I'exploitation s'etait intensifiee a cause de la concurrence entre les differentes entreprises. En plus, quelques recolteurs ont commence a abattre et ecorcer la totalite de I'arbre provoquant de ce fait sa mort (Cunningham et al., 1997).

52 L'ecorce de Prunus africana a ete egalement exportee du Cameroun a Madagascar (600 t en 1995) (Walter, 1995) et en Italie (Cunningham et a/., 1997).

205

Bien que 14 percent des foyers participent à l'exploitation de Prunus africana aux alentoursdu Mont Cameroun (Ndoye et aL, 1999), Cunningham et aL (1997) constatent qu'uneparticipation des communautés locales n'a jamais été obtenue. Beaucoup de récolteursviennent de l'extérieur53 et les intermédiaires profitent plus du commerce de l'écorce que lesrécolteurs: au Cameroun, les récolteurs vendent l'écorce à CFA30-70 par kg auxintermédiaires qui, eux-mémes, vendent l'écorce selon les qualités à CFA104-270 par kg .6l'exportateur.

La surexploitation des ressources de Prunus africana au Cameroun et ailleurs (e.g.Madagascar et au Kenya) due au commerce international est démontrée par le fait que,depuis 1994, Prunus africana se trouve sur l'Annexe II de la Convention sur le commerceinternational des espèces de la faune et de la flore sauvages menacées d'extinction(CITES).54

Entre 1986 et 1991, en moyenne 1 923t d'écorce de Prunus africana ont été transformées auCameroun, ce qui correspond .6 35 000 arbres écorcés et/ou abattus par an, influençant auminimum 6 300 ha des foréts montagneuses camerounaises (Ndoye etal., 1999).

Les effets destructifs de ['exploitation de la population de P. africana en combinaison avec lavaleur considérable de la ressource ont inspiré quelques initiatives, menées par desentreprises et des paysans, notamment celle de cultiver cette essence.

L'écorce de Pausinystalia johimbe est utilisée dans la pharmacopée traditionnelle ainsi quepour la fabrication des médicaments occidentaux pour traiter l'impotence. Le Cameroun estle seul pays où cette plante est exploitée et exportée commercialement. Quatre-vingt-dix-huitpour cent des arbres exploités proviennent d'espèces à l'état nature!. Au sud du Cameroun,les populations de Pausinystalia johimbe sont déjé gravement surexploitées (Tchoundjeu etaL, 1999).

Normalement, les récolteurs devraient avoir une licence pour l'exploitation, maisgénéralement l'écorce est exploitée illégalement par la population locale. Cette dernièrevend l'écorce aux intermédiaires pour CFA50-150 par kg. Les intermédiaires, eux, vendentl'écorce à l'exportateur pour CFA150-280 par kg. «C'est clair que le profit des propriétairesd'un permis d'exploitation est grand et que la population locale ne reçoit pas le prix justepour son travail» (Sunderland et al., 1999).

Car la demande d'écorce au niveau international ne va pas diminuer dans le moyen terme.Sunderland etal. (1999) proposent la domestication de cette espèce.

Plus de 400 t de graines de Voacanga spp. sont exploitées au Cameroun par les paysans etexportées vers l'Europe. Une grande partie des graines est commercialisées illégalement(FAO, 1999).

53 "II (l'ex iplo tant) est venu et a payé un peu de monnaie à quelques personnes. Le résultat était unedestruction importante de la forét, notre heritage culturel. S'il revient dans cette région, il ne sera pasbienvenu" (traduit après Cunningham & Mbenkum, 1993).2. L'Annexe II comprend (a) toutes les espèces qui, bien que n'étant pas nécessairement menacéesactuellement d'extinction, pourraient le devenir si le commerce des spécimens de ces espèces n'étaitpas soumis à une réglementation stricte ayant pour but d'éviter une exploitation incompatible avec leursurvie; (b) certaines espèces doivent faire l'objet d'une réglementation, afin de rendre efficace lecontrôle du commerce des spécimens d'espèces inscrites à l'Annexe II en application de l'alinéa a)(Article 2 de la Convention).

206

Bien que 14 percent des foyers participent a I'exploitation de Prunus africana aux alentours du Mont Cameroun (Ndoye et a/., 1999), Cunningham et at. (1997) constatent qu'une participation des communautes locales n'a jamais ete obtenue. Beaucoup de recolteurs viennent de l'exterieur53 et les intermediaires profitent plus du commerce de I'ecorce que les recolteurs: au Cameroun, les recolteurs vendent I'ecorce a CFA30-70 par kg aux intermediaires qui, eux-memes, vendent I'ecorce selon les qualites a CFA 104-270 par kg a I'exportateur.

La surexploitation des ressources de Prunus africana au Cameroun et ailleurs (e.g. a Madagascar et au Kenya) due au commerce international est demontree par Ie fait que, depuis 1994, Prunus africana se trouve sur l'Annexe II de la Convention sur Ie commerce international des especes de la faune et de la flore sauvages menacees d'extinction (CITES).54

Entre 1986 et 1991, en moyenne 1 923t d'ecorce de Prunus africana ont ete transformees au Cameroun, ce qui correspond a 35 000 arbres ecorces et/ou abattus par an, influengant au minimum 6 300 ha des forets montagneuses camerounaises (Ndoye et a/., 1999).

Les effets destructifs de I'exploitation de la population de P. africana en combinaison avec la valeur considerable de la ressource ont inspire quelques initiatives, menees par des entreprises et des paysans, notamment celie de cultiver cette essence.

L'ecorce de Pausinystalia johimbe est utilisee dans la pharmacopee traditionnelle ainsi que pour la fabrication des medicaments occidentaux pour traiter I'impotence. Le Cameroun est Ie seul pays ou cette plante est exploitee et exportee commercialement. Quatre-vingt-dix-huit pour cent des arbres exploites proviennent d'especes a I'etat naturel. Au sud du Cameroun, les populations de Pausinystalia johimbe sont deja gravement surexploitees (Tchoundjeu et a/., 1999).

Normalement, les recolteurs devraient avoir une licence pour I'exploitation, mais generalement I'ecorce est exploitee illegalement par la population locale. Cette derniere vend I'ecorce aux intermediaires pour CFA50-150 par kg. Les intermediaires, eux, vendent I'ecorce a I'exportateur pour CFA 150-280 par kg. «C'est clair que Ie profit des proprietaires d'un perm is d'exploitation est grand et que la population locale ne regoit pas Ie prix juste pour son travail» (Sunderland et a/., 1999).

Car la demande d'ecorce au niveau international ne va pas diminuer dans Ie moyen terme. Sunderland et at. (1999) proposent la domestication de cette espece.

Plus de 400 t de graines de Voacanga spp. sont exploitees au Cameroun par les paysans et exportees vers l'Europe. Une grande partie des graines est commercialisees illegalement (FAO, 1999).

53 "II (I'exploitant) est venu et a paye un peu de monnaie a quelques personnes. Le resultat etait une destruction importante de la foret, notre heritage culturel. S'il revient dans cette region, il ne sera pas bienvenu" (traduit apres Cunningham & Mbenkum, 1993). 2. L'Annexe II comprend (a) toutes les especes qui, bien que n'etant pas necessairement menacees actuellement d'extinction, pourraient Ie devenir si Ie commerce des specimens de ces especes n'etait pas soumis a une reglementation stricte ayant pour but d'eviter une exploitation incompatible avec leur survie; (b) certaines especes doivent faire I'objet d'une reglementation, afin de rendre efficace Ie controle du commerce des specimens d'especes inscrites a l'Annexe II en application de I'alinea a) (Article 2 de la Convention).

206

Parfums et cosmétiquesLes produits cosmétiques utilisés au Cameroun incluent les huiles essentielles de Monodoramyristica et Xylopia aethiopica. L'huile de moabi (Baillonella toxisperma) et l'huile de karité(Butyrospermum parkii), sont utilisées pour la fabrication du savon et des laits de beauté.L'huile de palmiste Elaeis guineensis est également utilisée en cosmétique (FAO, 1999).

Colorants et tanninsLes racines de Pterocarpus soyauxii sont utilisées pour la préparation d'une poudrecolorante utilisée pour les cérémonies de mariage.

De nombreuses espèces sont utilisées pour le tatouage, comme Lophira alata, Afzeliabipindensis, Gnetum africanum, Diospyros crassiflora et Funtumia elastica (FAO, 1999).

Ustensiles, artisanat et matériaux de constructionLes rotins font partie des PFNL les plus importants au Cameroun. Parmi les 16 espèces quipoussent en Afrique de l'Ouest et en Afrique centrale, Laccosperma secundiflorum etEremospatha macrocarpa sont les deux espèces ayant la plus grande valeur économique.Les deux espèces sont utilisées pour l'autoconsommation ainsi que pour lacommercialisation (Sunderland, 1999).

A partir de différentes espèces de rotin, on peut obtenir une grande variété de paniers,d'outils et de matériaux de construction. Le rotin est également utilisé pour lier la partie hautedes palmiers et des raphia lors de l'extraction du vin de ces arbres. Pour certainespersonnes, et notamment les producteurs de paniers, le rotin est une source de revenuimportante, car les paniers sont en grande partie destinés à la vente. On trouve le rotin dansla forél vierge et parfois dans les terres mises en jachère, mais dans ce cas il est de qualitéinférieure. Le rotin est présent toute l'année.

Une étude menée dans la région de Yaoundé a pu démontrer que l'exploitation du rotin estfaite par 35 percent des foyers de la région d'étude. Les récolteurs consacrent 13 jours/moiset reçoivent 37 percent des sources de revenu (transformation du rotin: 21 percent; vente: 16percent) pour l'exploitation et la commercialisation du rotin (Defo, 1999).

L'exploitation est généralement faite ainsi que la chasse - par des hommes. C'est pourquoil'exploitation du rotin est assez souvent liée avec la chasse du gibier (Defo, 1999)55.

Autres PFNL utilisés comme outils sont les écorces de Piliostigma reticulatum (cordes), lesfruits de Lagenaria siceraria (instruments de musique traditionnels), les tiges d'Anthonotamacrophylla (construction des murs), les rachis et pétioles de Raphia spp. et d'Elaeisguineensis (séchoirs de cacao, paniers, etc.), les palmes de Phoenix reclinata (vannerie) etles feuilles des Sellaginelles (décoration intérieure) (FAO, 1999).

Plantes ornementalesEn tant que plantes ornementales on utilise couramment des espèces des familles desMarantacées, Zingibéracées et des fougères (FAO, 1999).

55 Dans un questionnaire de Defo (1999), 43 percent des réponses ont confirmé la déclaration que "lachasse et le rotin sont complémentaires, les deux étant des sources de revenu".

207


Les produits cosmetiques utilises au Cameroun incluent les huiles essentielles de Monodora myristica et Xylopia aethiopica. L'huile de moabi (Baillonella toxisperma) et I'huile de karite (Butyrospermum parkil) , sont utilisees pour la fabrication du savon et des laits de beaute. L'huile de palmiste Elaeis guineensis est egalement utilisee en cosmetique (FAO, 1999).


Les racines de Pterocarpus soyauxii sont utilisees pour la preparation d'une poudre colorante utilisee pour les ceremonies de mariage.

De nombreuses especes sont utilisees pour Ie tatouage, comme Lophira alata, Afzelia bipindensis, Gnetum africanum, Diospyros crassiflora et Funtumia elastica (FAO, 1999).

Ustensiles, artisanat et materiaux de construction Les rotins font partie des PFNL les plus importants au Cameroun. Parmi les 16 especes qui poussent en Afrique de l'Ouest et en Afrique centrale, Laccosperma secundiflorum et Eremospatha macrocarpa sont les deux especes ayant la plus grande valeur economique. Les deux especes sont utilisees pour I'autoconsommation ainsi que pour la commercialisation (Sunderland, 1999).

A partir de differentes especes de rotin, on peut obtenir une grande variete de paniers, d'outils et de materiaux de construction. Le rotin est egalement utilise pour lier la partie haute des palmiers et des raphia lors de I'extraction du vin de ces arbres. Pour certaines personnes, et notamment les producteurs de paniers, Ie rotin est une source de revenu importante, car les paniers sont en grande partie destines a la vente. On trouve Ie rotin dans la foret vierge et parfois dans les terres mises en jachere, mais dans ce cas iI est de qualite inferieure. Le rotin est present toute I'annee.

Une etude menee dans la region de Yaounde a pu demontrer que I'exploitation du rotin est faite par 35 percent des foyers de la region d'etude. Les recolteurs consacrent 13 jours/mois et reyoivent 37 percent des sources de revenu (transformation du rotin: 21 percent; vente: 16 percent) pour I'exploitation et la commercialisation du rotin (Defo, 1999).

L'exploitation est generalement faite - ainsi que la chasse - par des hommes. C'est pourquoi I'exploitation du rotin est assez souvent liee avec la chasse du gibier (Defo, 1999)55.

Autres PFNL utilises comme outils sont les ecorces de Piliostigma reticula tum (cordes), les fruits de Lagenaria siceraria (instruments de musique traditionnels), les tiges d'Anthonota macrophylla (construction des murs), les rachis et petioles de Raphia spp. et d'Elaeis guineensis (sechoirs de cacao, paniers, etc.), les palmes de Phoenix rec/inata (vannerie) et les feuilles des Sellaginelles (decoration interieure) (FAO, 1999).

Plantes ornementales

En tant que plantes ornementales on utilise couramment des especes des families des Marantacees, Zingiberacees et des fougeres (FAO, 1999).

55 Dans un questionnaire de Defo (1999), 43 percent des reponses ont confirme la declaration que "Ia chasse et Ie rotin sont complementaires, les deux etant des sources de revenu".

207


GibierLe gibier joue un rôle important dans l'équilibre d'un régime alimentaire sain pour lespopulations de la forét. En 1981, les Camerounais consommaient en moyenne 9 g de viandede brousse par jour et par habitant. Dans les zones forestières, le gibier intervient pour 70 à80 percent dans l'apport en protéines animales (FAO, 1999). Koppert et aL (1993) ont menédes enquétes sur la consommation alimentaire de trois peuples des forêts dans le sud duCameroun. Ils ont mis en évidence que leur régime alimentaire était riche en protéinesanimales de haute qualité. En effet, à peu près trois quarts des repas contiennent desproduits d'origine animale. Pour certaines population (e.g. Pygmées), le gibier constitue100% des apports en protéines animales (FAO, 1999).

Le gibier est également l'objet d'un commerce florissant vers les grandes villes. Vendu soit àl'état frais, soit à l'état boucané, le prix par kilogramme varie entre

CFA254 dans les villages et CFA1 492 à Yaoundé pour un kilogramme de gibier frais(toutes espèces confondues);CFA287 dans les villages et CFA1 499 à Yaoundé pour un kilogramme de viandeboucanée.

Parmi les reptiles consommés, les crocodiles, les varans, les vipères et les tortues sontcommercialisés (FAO, 1999).

Tableau No. 4. Prix d'achat en CFA de quelques espèces de gibier dans divers endroits duCameroun

Source: FAO (1999), citant Debroux & Dethier, 1993).

Malleson (1999) a constaté que, dans la région du Parc National de Korup, le gibier est lasource de revenu principale pour la plupart des hommes. Très souvent la chasse de gibierest liée avec l'exploitation du rotin.

208

Produit MalenPetit village de la

RFD

SomalomoChef-lieu

d'Arrondisse-ment

AkonolingaChef- lieu deDépartment

YaoundéChef-lieu de

Province

Céphalophe bleuentier frais

500 500 800 2 500-4 500

Athérure fratche 500 500 1 000-2 000 3 000 -7 500Pangolin frais 600-700 700-1000-2000 1 500-3 000 2 500-6 000Singe Moustacfrais

1 000 1 000 2 000-3 000 4 000-5 000

Crocodile frais 1 500-4 000 2 000-5 000 5 000-10 000 15 000-18 000Gigot deCéphalophe frais

500 1 500 1 500-2 000 2 000-2 500

Gigot dePotamochère frais

1 000 1 000 1 500 6000-10 000

Céphalophe bleuentier boucané

500 500 600-1 000 2 000-2 500

Gigot deCéphalopheboucané

500-600 600-800 800-1 000 2 000-2 500

Gigot dePotamochèreboucané

600-700 800-1500 1500-2 500 4 000-6 000


Gibier Le gibier joue un role important dans I'equilibre d'un regime alimentaire sain pour les populations de la foret. En 1981, les Camerounais consommaient en moyenne 9 9 de viande de brousse par jour et par habitant. Dans les zones forestieres, Ie gibier intervient pour 70 a 80 percent dans I'apport en proteines animales (FAO, 1999). Koppert et al. (1993) ont mene des enquetes sur la consommation alimentaire de trois peuples des forets dans Ie sud du Cameroun. lis ont mis en evidence que leur regime alimentaire eta it riche en proteines animales de haute qualite. En effet, a peu pres trois quarts des repas contiennent des produits d'origine animale. Pour certaines population (e.g. Pygmees), Ie gibier constitue 100% des apports en proteines animales (FAO, 1999).

Le gibier est egalement I'objet d'un commerce florissant vers les grandes villes. Vendu soit a I'etat frais, soit a I'etat boucane, Ie prix par kilogramme varie entre It CFA254 dans les villages et CFA1 492 a Yaounde pour un kilogramme de gibier frais

(to utes especes confondues); It CFA287 dans les villages et CFA1 499 a Yaounde pour un kilogramme de viande

boucanee.

Parmi les reptiles consommes, les crocodiles, les varans, les viperes et les tortues sont commercialises (FAO, 1999).

Tableau No.4. Prix d'achat en CFA de quelques especes de gibier dans divers endroits du Cameroun

Produit Malen Somalomo Akonolinga Yaounde Petit village de la Chef-lieu Chef- lieu de Chef-lieu de

RFD d' Arrondisse- Department Province ment

Cephalophe bleu 500 500 SOO 2500-4500 entier frais Atherure fraiche 500 500 1 000-2000 3000 -7 500 Pangolin frais 600-700 700-1000-2000 1 500-3000 2500-6000 Singe Moustac 1 000 1000 2000-3000 4000-5000 frais Crocodile frais 1 500-4000 2000-5000 5000-10000 15 000-1S 000 Gigot de 500 1 500 1 500-2000 2000-2500 Cephalophe frais Gigot de 1 000 1 000 1 500 6000-10000 Potamochere frais Cephalophe bleu 500 500 600-1 000 2000-2500 entier boucane Gigot de 500-600 600-S00 SOO-1 000 2000-2500 Cephalophe boucane Gigot de 600-700 SOO-1500 1500-2500 4000-6000 Potamochere boucane Source: FAO (1999), cltant Debroux & Dethler, 1993).

Malleson (1999) a constate que, dans la region du Parc National de Korup, Ie gibier est la source de revenu principale pour la plupart des hommes. Tres souvent la chasse de gibier est liee avec I'exploitation du rotin.

208

11/1édecine

De nombreux produits animaux sont utilisés dans la médecine traditionnelle, comme lesserpents (peau, dents), les tortues, les mollusques (coquilles), les oiseaux et les rhinocéros(corne) (FAO, 1999).

REFERENCES

Amadi, R. 1993. Harmony and Conflict between the Use and Conservation in Korup NationalPark. Rural Development Forestry Network Paper 15c. London, ODI.

Burnley, G.E, 1999. The role of women in the promotion of forest products. In: Sunderland,T.C.H., L.E. Clark, P. Vantomme (eds.). The NWFP of Central Africa: Currentresearch issues and prospects for conservation and development. FAO. Rome

Clark, L. & Tchamou, N. 1998. La Recherche sur les Produits Forestiers Non Ligneux enAfrique Centrale: La situation du Secteur. Compte rendu préparé pour: LeProgramme Régional de L'Afrique Centrale pour l'Environnement (CARPE).

FA0.1995. Gums, resins and latexes of plant origin. Par J.J.W. Coppen, Non-Wood ForestProducts 6. Rome,

FAO. 1999. Les données statistiques sur les PFNL au Cameroun. Par Dr Mbolo. CE-FAOProgramme Partenariat, Projet GCP/INT/679/EC. Rome

Cunningham A.B. 1993. African Medicinal Plants: Setting Priorities at the interface betweenConservation and Primary Health Care. People and Plants Working paper 1, Paris,UNESCO.

Cunningham, A.B. & F.T. Mbenkum. 1993. Sustainability of Harvesting Prunus africanaÉcorce in Cameroon: A Medicinal Plant in International Trade. People and Plantsworking paper 2, Paris, UNESCO.

Cunningham, M., A.B. Cunningham, U. Schippniann. 1997. Trade in Prunus africana andthe implementation of CITES. German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation.Bonn

De Garine, I. 1995. Food Resources and Preferences in the Cameroonian Forest TropicalForests, Trees and People: Biocultural Interactions and Applications to Development.Man and the Biosphere Series, Volume 13, UNESCO, Paris.

Defo, L. 1999. Rattan or procupine: Benefits and limitations of a high-value NWFP forconservation in the Yaounde region of Cameroon. In: Sunderland, T.C.H., L.E. Clark,P. Vantomme (eds.). The NWFP of Central Africa: Current research issues andprospects for conservation and development. FAO. Rome

Dijk, J.F.W. van. 1995. Assessment of NTFP resources in view of the development ofsustainable commercial extraction. Wageningen Agricultural University

FAO. 1997. Medicinal Plants for Forest Conservation and Health Care. Non-Wood ForestProducts 11. Rome, FAO.

Froment, A., G. Koppert, J. Loung. 1995. "Eat Well, Live Well": Nutritional Status andHealth of Forest Populations in Southern Cameroon. Tropical Forests, Trees andPeople: Biocultural Interactions and Applications to Development. Man and theBiosphere Series, Volume 13, UNESCO, Paris.

Koppert, G.J.A., E. Dounias, A. Froment, P. Pasquet. 1993. Food Consumption in ThreeForest Populations of the Southern Coastal Area of Cameroon: Yassa - Mvae -Bakola. In: Hladik, C.M.; Hladik, A. & Linares, 0.F. (eds.) Tropical Forest Peoples andFood: Biocultural Interactions and Applications to Development. Man and theBiosphere series, vol.13, UNESCO, Paris.

Ladipo, D.O. 1999. The development of quality control standards for ogbono (Irvingiagabonensis and Irvingia wombolu) kernels: Efforts towards encouraging organizedand further international trade in NWFP of West and Central Africa. In: Sunderland,T.C.H., L.E. Clark, P. Vantomme (eds.). The NWFP of Central Africa: Currentresearch issues and prospects for conservation and development FAO. Rome

209

Medecine

De nombreux produits animaux sont utilises dans la medecine tradition nelle, comme les serpents (peau, dents), les tortues, les mollusques (coquilles), les oiseaux et les rhinoceros (corne) (FAO, 1999).

REFERENCES

Amadi, R. 1993. Harmony and Conflict between the Use and Conservation in Korup National Park. Rural Development Forestry Network Paper 15c. London, 001.

Burnley, G.E, 1999. The role of women in the promotion of forest products. In: Sunderland, T.C.H., L.E. Clark, P. Vantomme (eds.). The NWFP of Central Africa: Current research issues and prospects for conservation and development. FAO. Rome

Clark, L. & Tchamou, N. 1998. La Recherche sur les Produits Forestiers Non Ligneux en Afrique Centrale: La situation du Secteur. Compte rendu prepare pour: Le Programme Regional de L'Afrique Centrale pour l'Environnement (CARPE).

FAO.1995. Gums, resins and latexes of plant origin. Par J.J.W. Coppen, Non-Wood Forest Products 6. Rome,

FAO. 1999. Les donnees statistiques sur les PFNL au Cameroun. Par Dr Mbolo. CE-FAO Programme Partenariat, Projet GCP/INT/679/EC. Rome

Cunningham A.B. 1993. African Medicinal Plants: Setting Priorities at the interface between Conservation and Primary Health Care. People and Plants Working paper 1, Paris, UNESCO.

Cunningham, A.B. & F.T. Mbenkum. 1993. Sustainability of Harvesting Prunus africana Ecorce in Cameroon: A Medicinal Plant in International Trade. People and Plants working paper 2, Paris, UNESCO.

Cunningham, M., A.B. Cunningham, U. Schippmann. 1997. Trade in Prunus africana and the implementation of CITES. German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation. Bonn

De Garine, I. 1995. Food Resources and Preferences in the Cameroonian Forest. Tropical Forests, Trees and People: Bioculturallnteractions and Applications to Development. Man and the Biosphere Series, Volume 13, UNESCO, Paris.

Defo, L. 1999. Rattan or procupine: Benefits and limitations of a high-value NWFP for conservation in the Yaounde region of Cameroon. In: Sunderland, T.C.H., L.E. Clark, P. Vantomme (eds.). The NWFP of Central Africa: Current research issues and prospects for conservation and development. FAO. Rome

Dijk, J.F.W. van. 1995. Assessment of NTFP resources in view of the development of sustainable commercial extraction. Wageningen Agricultural University

FAO. 1997. Medicinal Plants for Forest Conservation and Health Care. Non-Wood Forest Products 11. Rome, FAO.

Froment, A., G. Koppert, J. Loung. 1995. "Eat Well, Live Well": Nutritional Status and Health of Forest Populations in Southern Cameroon. Tropical Forests, Trees and People: Bioculturallnteractions and Applications to Development. Man and the Biosphere Series, Volume 13, UNESCO, Paris.

Koppert, G.J.A., E. Dounias, A. Froment, P. Pasquet. 1993. Food Consumption in Three Forest Populations of the Southern Coastal Area of Cameroon: Yassa - Mvae -Bakola. In: Hladik, C.M.; Hladik, A. & Linares, O.F. (eds.) Tropical Forest Peoples and Food: Bioculturallnteractions and Applications to Development. Man and the Biosphere series, vo1.13, UNESCO, Paris.

Ladipo, D.O. 1999. The development of quality control standards for ogbono (Irvingia gabonensis and Irvingia wombolu) kernels: Efforts towards encouraging organized and further international trade in NWFP of West and Central Africa. In: Sunderland, T.C.H., L.E. Clark, P. Vantomme (eds.). The NWFP of Central Africa: Current research issues and prospects for conservation and development. FAO. Rome

209

Laird, S.A. 1999. The management of forests for timber and NWFP in Central Africa. In:Sunderland, T.C.H., L.E. Clark, P. Vantomme (eds.). The NWFP of Central Africa:Current research issues and prospects for conservation and development. FAO.Rome

Malleson, R. 1999. Community management of non-wood forest resources: A case studyfrom the Korup forest, Cameroon. In: Sunderland, T.C.H., L.E. Clark, P. Vantomme(eds.). The NWFP of Central Africa: Current research issues and prospects forconservation and development FAO. Rome

Mbai Nkwanyou, V. 1998. Prunus africana-Pygeum: the Brown Gold of Mount Cameroon.Prunus, Bulletin Annuel d'information de Plantecam, 7.

Ndoye, O., M. Ruiz-Perez, A. Eyebe. 1999. NTFP Markets and Potential Forest ResourceDegradation in Central Africa. The Role of Research for a Balance Between WelfareImprovement and Forest Conservation. In: Sunderland, T.C.H., L.E. Clark, P.Vantomme (eds.). The NWFP of Central Africa: Current research issues andprospects for conservation and development FAO. Rome

Nkuinkeu, R. 1999. Medicinal plants and forest exploitation. In: Sunderland, T.C.H., L.E.Clark, P. Vantomme (eds.). The NWFP of Central Africa: Current research issues andprospects for conservation and development FAO. Rome

Ntamag, C.N. 1997. Spatial distribution of NTFP collection. A case study of southCameroon. Wageningen Agricultural University. Wageningen. MSc Thesis

Papadopulos, V., with Gordon, A. 1997. Non-Timber Tree Products: A Partial Inventory ofProducts Available in the Mount Cameroon Area, NRI Socio-economic series 11,Chatham, UK, Natural Resources Institute.

Shiembo, P.N. 1999. The sustainability of eru (Gnetum africanum and Gnetumbuchholzianum): Over-exploited NWFP from the forests of Central Africa. In:Sunderland, T.C.H., L.E. Clark, P. Vantomme (eds.). The NWFP of Central Africa:Current research issues and prospects for conservation and development. FAO.Rome

Sunderland, T.C.H. 1997. The abundance and distribution of rattan palms in the CampoFaunal Reserve, Cameroon, and an estimate of market value, African RattanResearch Programme, Technical Note No.2.

Sunderland, T.C.H. 1999. Recent research into African rattans (Palmae) : A valuable NWFPfrom the forests of Central Africa. In: Sunderland, T.C.H., L.E. Clark, P. Vantomme(eds.). The NWFP of Central Africa: Current research issues and prospects forconservation and development FAO. Rome

Sunderland, T.C.H., M.L. Ngo-Mpeck, Z. Tchoundjeu, A. Akoa. 1999. The ecology andsustainability of Pausinystalia johimbe : an over-exploited medicinal plant of theforests of Central Africa. In: Sunderland, T.C.H., L.E. Clark, P. Vantomme (eds.). TheNWFP of Central Africa: Current research issues and prospects for conservation anddevelopment FAO. Rome

Tabuna, H. 1999. The markets for Central African NWFP in Europe. In: Sunderland, T.C.H.,L.E. Clark, P. Vantomme (eds.). The NWFP of Central Africa: Current research issuesand prospects for conservation and development. FAO. Rome

Tchoundjeu, Z., B. Duguma, M.L. Tiencheu, M.L. Ngo-Mpeck. 1999. The domestication ofindigenous agroforestry trees: ICRAF's strategy in the humid tropics of West andCentral Africa. In: Sunderland, T.C.H., L.E. Clark, P. Vantomme (eds.). The NWFP ofCentral Africa: Current research issues and prospects for conservation anddevelopment. FAO. Rome

Thomas, D.W., M.F. Tobias. 1987. Medicinal and Food Plants from Cameroon's Forests:Development and Conservation. UNDP/FAO Forestry Sector Review of Cameroon.CMR/861003. Interagency Joint Mission to Cameroon, 1987.

Tshiamala-Tshibangu, N., E.P. Essimbi, J.D. Ndjigba. 1997. Nature et Faune. Volume 13,n.2, Bureau Regional de la FAO pour l'Afrique, Accra.

210

Laird, S.A. 1999. The management of forests for timber and NWFP in Central Africa. In: Sunderland, T.C.H., L.E. Clark, P. Vantomme (eds.). The NWFP of Central Africa: Current research issues and prospects for conservation and development. FAO. Rome

Malleson, R. 1999. Community management of non-wood forest resources: A case study from the Korup forest, Cameroon. In: Sunderland, T.C.H., L.E. Clark, P. Vantomme (eds.). The NWFP of Central Africa: Current research issues and prospects for conservation and development. FAO. Rome

Mbai Nkwanyou, V. 1998. Prunus africana-Pygeum: the Brown Gold of Mount Cameroon. Prunus, Bulletin Annuel d'information de Plantecam, 7.

Ndoye, 0., M. Ruiz-Perez, A. Eyebe. 1999. NTFP Markets and Potential Forest Resource Degradation in Central Africa. The Role of Research for a Balance Between Welfare Improvement and Forest Conservation. In: Sunderland, T.C.H., L.E. Clark, P. Vantomme (eds.). The NWFP of Central Africa: Current research issues and prospects for conservation and development. FAO. Rome

Nkuinkeu, R. 1999. Medicinal plants and forest exploitation. In: Sunderland, T.C.H., L.E. Clark, P. Vantomme (eds.). The NWFP of Central Africa: Current research issues and prospects for conservation and development. FAO. Rome

Ntamag, C.N. 1997. Spatial distribution of NTFP collection. A case study of south Cameroon. Wageningen Agricultural University. Wageningen. MSc Thesis

Papadopulos, V., with Gordon, A. 1997. Non-Timber Tree Products: A Partial Inventory of Products Available in the Mount Cameroon Area, NRI Socio-economic series 11, Chatham, UK, Natural Resources Institute.

Shiembo, P.N. 1999. The sustainability of eru (Gnetum africanum and Gnetum buchholzianum): Over-exploited NWFP from the forests of Central Africa. In: Sunderland, T.C.H., L.E. Clark, P. Vantomme (eds.). The NWFP of Central Africa: Current research issues and prospects for conservation and development. FAO. Rome

Sunderland, T.C.H. 1997. The abundance and distribution of rattan palms in the Campo Faunal Reserve, Cameroon, and an estimate of market value, African Rattan Research Programme, Technical Note No.2.

Sunderland, T.C.H. 1999. Recent research into African rattans (Palmae) : A valuable NWFP from the forests of Central Africa. In: Sunderland, T.C.H., L.E. Clark, P. Vantomme (eds.). The NWFP of Central Africa: Current research issues and prospects for conservation and development. FAO. Rome

Sunderland, T.C.H., M.L. Ngo-Mpeck, Z. Tchoundjeu, A. Akoa. 1999. The ecology and sustainability of Pausinystalia johimbe : an over-exploited medicinal plant of the forests of Central Africa. In: Sunderland, T.C.H., L.E. Clark, P. Vantomme (eds.). The NWFP of Central Africa: Current research issues and prospects for conservation and development. FAO. Rome

Tabuna, H. 1999. The markets for Central African NWFP in Europe. In: Sunderland, T.C.H., L.E. Clark, P. Vantomme (eds.). The NWFP of Central Africa: Current research issues and prospects for conservation and development. FAO. Rome

Tchoundjeu, Z., B. Duguma, M.L. Tiencheu, M.L. Ngo-Mpeck. 1999. The domestication of indigenous agroforestry trees: ICRAF's strategy in the humid tropics of West and Central Africa. In: Sunderland, T.C.H., L.E. Clark, P. Vantomme (eds.). The NWFP of Central Africa: Current research issues and prospects for conservation and development. FAO. Rome

Thomas, D.W., M.F. Tobias. 1987. Medicinal and Food Plants from Cameroon's Forests: Development and Conservation. UNDP/FAO Forestry Sector Review of Cameroon. CMRl86/003. Interagency Joint Mission to Cameroon, 1987.

Tshiamala-Tshibangu, N., E.P. Essimbi, J.D. Ndjigba. 1997. Nature et Faune. Volume 13, n.2, Bureau Regional de la FAO pour l'Afrique, Accra.

210

Walter, S., J.C.R. Rakotonirina. 1995. L'exploitation de Prunus africana 6 Madagascar.Rapport élaboré pour la Direction des Eaux et Faitls et le Projet de Conservation etDéveloppment Intégré de Zahamena. Antananarivo, Fénérive-Est

Wilkie, D. 1999. CARPE and NWFP. In: Sunderland, T.C.H., L.E. Clark, P. Vantomme(eds.). The NWFP of Central Africa: Current research issues and prospects forconservation and development. FAO. Rome

REMERCIEMENTS

Ce rapport a été réalisé grâce au financement du Programme de Partenariat CE-FAO«Collecte et analyse des données pour un aménagement durable de la Forêt dans les paysA.C.P.». Le contenu est basé sur l'information accessible au siège central de la FAO ARome, ainsi que sur l'information fournie par Dr Mbolo de l'Université de Yaoundé I,Département de Biologie et Physiologie Végétales.

Des informations supplémentaires sur les PFNL au Cameroun seraient appréciées etreconnues en bonne et due forme.

211

Walter,S., J.C.R. Rakotonirina. 1995. L'exploitation de Prunus africana a Madagascar. Rapport elabore pour la Direction des Eaux et Forets et Ie Projet de Conservation et Developpment Integre de Zahamena. Antananarivo, Fenerive-Est

Wilkie, D. 1999. CARPE and NWFP. In: Sunderland, T.C.H., L.E. Clark, P. Vantomme (eds.). The NWFP of Central Africa: Current research issues and prospects for conservation and development. FAO. Rome

REMERCIEMENTS

Ce rapport a ete realise grace au financement du Programme de Partenariat CE-FAO «Collecte et analyse des donnees pour un amenagement durable de la Foret dans les pays A.C.P.». Le contenu est base sur I'information accessible au siege central de la FAO a Rome, ainsi que sur I'information fournie par Dr Mbolo de l'Universite de Yaounde I, Departement de Biologie et Physiologie Vegetales.

Des informations supplementaires sur les PFNL au Cameroun seraient appreciees et reconnues en bonne et due forme.

211

DONNEES QUANTITATIVES SUR LES PFNL DU CAMEROUN

212


tanceNom

commercialNom

vernaculaire




1, 2, 3 F, P, H S, C N, I

Plantes et produits végétauxNourriture 1 Mangue de

brousseIrvingia gabonensis fr P, H S, C N 107.000 kg commercialisés

en 1996 pour une valeur deCFA147 769 000

Ndoye et al., 1999

Cola acuminata Noix F, H S, C N, I 127 000 kg commercialisésen 1996 pour une valeur deCFA94 656 000 (Ndoye etal. 1999)

Taille estimée dumarché au Cameroun:20.400 t (Ndoye 1999)

Ndoye et al., 1999UNESCO, 1995Ndoye 1999

Elaeis guineensis Noix P C N Vin de palmier: rendementannuel pour le paysan:CFA30 000 à 100 000

Ntamag, 1997

Garcinia lucida Ecorce,graines

F S N 27.300 kg commercialisésen 1996 pour une valeur deCFA9 867 000

Ndoye et al. 1999

Garcinia kola Ecorce F, A S, C N, I 9.900 kg commercialisés en1996 pour une valeur deCFA2 110 000 (Ndoye et al.1999)

Exportation en Guinéeéquatoriale (Laird 1999)

Ndoye et al. 1999Laird 1999

Eru Gnetum africanum,Gnetumbuchholzianum

feuilles F, A S N, I Exportation annuelle de600 t (uniquement viaIdenau) avec une valeur deCFA1 800 000 000

Augmentationsignificative desexportations pendantles dernières années

Shiembo 1999

DONNEES QUANTITATIVES SUR LES PFNL DU CAMEROUN

I Produit II Ressource II Valeur economique II I

Categorie Impor- Nom Especes Partie Habitat Source Oesti- Quantite, valeur Remarques References I

tance commercial utilisee nation Nom I

vernaculaire 1,2,3 F, P, H S,C N, I i

I Plantes et ~roduits vegetaux Nourriture 1 Mangue de Irvingia gabonensis fr P,H S,C N 107.000 kg commercialises Ndoye et aI., 1999

brousse en 1996 pour une valeur de CFA147 769 000

Cola acuminata Noix F,H S,C N, I 127000 kg commercialises Taille estimee du Ndoye et aI., 1999 en 1996 pour une valeur de marche au Cameroun: UNESCO, 1995 CFA94 656 000 (Ndoye et 20.400 t (Ndoye 1999) Ndoye 1999 al. 1999)

Elaeis guineensis Noix P C N Vin de palmier: rendement Ntamag,1997 annuel pour Ie paysan: CFA30 000 a 100 000

Garcinia lucida Ecorce, F S N 27.300 kg commercialises Ndoye et al. 1999 graines en 1996 pour une valeur de

CFA9 867 000 Garcinia kola Ecorce F,A S,C N, I 9.900 kg commercialises en Exportation en Guinee Ndoye et al. 1999

1996 pour une valeur de equatoriale (Laird 1999) Laird 1999 CFA2 110 000 (Ndoye et al. 1999)

Eru Gnetum africanum, feuilles F,A S N, I Exportation annuelle de Augmentation Shiembo 1999 Gnetum 600 t (uniquement via significative des buchholzianum Idenau) avec une valeur de exportations pendant

CFA1 800000000 les demieres annees

212


se sève; la latex; hu huile; pl plante entière; re résines; ra racine; gr graines; ti tige; ta tannins;Habitat: F forél naturelle et autres terres boisées; P - plantation; A Autres: Arbres hors de la forét (p.e. agroforesterie, jardins privés)Source: S - sauvage, C - cultivéDestination: N - national; I international

213

Médecine 1 Prunus africana Ecorce F, C S, C N, I e Exportation annuelle de8.990 kg d'extrait(Cunningham et al. 1997)

Exploitation annuelle de1.116 3900 t d'écorce(Cunningham et al. 1997)o Commercialisation de11.537 t d'écorce en 19861991.(Cunningham, 1993b)

3.190 t importées enFrance en 1995 (FAO,1997)

Mis sur Annexe II deCITES en 1994

Cunningham et al.1997; Cunninghamet Mbenkum, 1993b;FAO, 1997;Mbai Nkwanyou,1998

Pausinystaliajohimbe

Ecorce F S N, I 229 t exportées en 1984-85 (Thomas, 1987)

286 t exportées pendant1985-91 (FAO, 1997)

L'espèce est gravementsurexploitée au sud duCameroun (Tchoundjeuet al. 1999)

Cunningham etMbenkum, 1993b;Thomas et Tobias,1987; FAO, 1997,Tchoundjeu et al.1999

Voacanga africana RacinesEcorceG

raines

F S N, I 30.5 t exportées en 1984-85 (Thomas, 1987)575 t exportées en Franceen 1989 (Cunningham,1993b)

Thomas et Tobias,1987; Cunnigham,1993a

Strophantus gratus Fruit N, I 1.1 t importée en Belgiqueet au Luxembourg en 1985-86

FAO, 1997


1 Rotin Laccospermasecundiforma

Tige F S N, I Revenu potentiel: 76 dollarsE.-U./ha

Sunderland, 1997

Exsudats Gommearabique

Acacia senegal Tige F S, C N, I Exportation moyenne de413 t/an entre 1988 et 1993

FAO, 1995

-- --

Medecine 1 Prunus africana Ecorce F,C S,C N, I • Exportation annuelle de Mis sur Annexe II de Cunningham et al. I

8.990 kg d'extrait CITES en 1994 1997; Cunningham (Cunningham et al. 1997) et Mbenkum, 1993b; • Exploitation annuelle de FAO,1997; 1.116 - 3900 t d'ecorce Mbai Nkwanyou, (Cunningham et al. 1997) 1998

• Commercialisation de 11.537 t d'ecorce en 1986 -1991. (Cunningham, 1993b) • 3.190 t importees en France en 1995 (FAO, 1997)

Pausinystalia Ecorce F S N, I • 229 t exportees en 1984- L'espece est gravement Cunningham et johimbe 85 (Thomas, 1987) surexploitee au sud du Mbenkum, 1993b;

• 286 t exportees pendant Cameroun (Tchoundjeu Thomas et Tobias, 1985-91 (FAO, 1997) et al. 1999) 1987; FAO, 1997,

Tchoundjeu et al. 1999

Voacanga africana Racines F S N, I 30.5 t exportees en 1984- Thomas et Tobias, EcorceG 85 (Thomas, 1987) 1987; Cunnigham,

raines 575 t exportees en France 1993a en 1989 (Cunningham, 1993b)

Strophantus gratus Fruit N, I 1.1 t importee en Belgique FAO,1997 et au Luxembourg en 1985-86

Ustensiles, 1 Rotin Laccosperma Tige F S N, I Revenu potentiel: 76 dollars Sunderland, 1997 artisanat et secundiforma E.-U'/ha materiaux de construction Exsudats Gomme Acacia senegal Tige F S,C N, I Exportation moyenne de FAO,1995

arabique 413 tlan entre 1988 et 1993 ---



213

3.5.3 Gabon (F)

INTRODUCTION

Principaux Produits Forestiers Non LigneuxLes principaux produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL) du Gabon sont les plantes alimentaires(e.g. lrvingia gabonensis, Scyphocephalium ochocoa, Panda oleosa, Detariummacrocarpum, Pentadiplandra brazzeana), les rotins (e.g. Laccosperma secundiflorum,Eremospatha macrocarpa) et le gibier (e.g. Cephalophus monticola, Cephalophulus dorsalis,Cercopithecus nictitans, Cercopithecus pogonias, Atherurus africanus, Varanus niloticus);

Les PFNL de moindre importance au plan socio-économique sont le miel et les plantesmédicinales (e.g. Prunus africana);

Informations généralesLe Gabon est un exemple d'un pays relativement riche où la demande en PFNL est toujoursgrande de la part de la population (Wilkie, 1999). Cette demande est satisfaite parl'exploitation des km-61s gabonaises ainsi que par l'importation des PFNL provenant de paysvoisins. Une exemple est l'importation de l'écorce de Garcinia kola et Garcinia lucida ainsique des graines d'Irvingia spp. du Cameroun (Ndoye etal., 1999).

Maneambet (2000) a identifié au Gabon 58 families botaniques qui contiennent des espècesutilisées comme plantes alimentaires (41 families), plantes médicinales (29 familles) etcomme plantes à usage technique (e.g. exsudats, 15 familles). Les familles les plus utiliséessont les Annonacées (e.g. Xylophia aethiopica), Burséracées (e.g. Dacryodes spp.),Césalpiniacées, Euphorbiacées et Rubiacées. La méme source a sélectionné 19 espèces«couramment utilisées et commercialisées au Gabon» (Maneambet, 2000:36, voir tableauNo. 1). Les rotins, Gnetum africanum et Garcinia klaineana sont les PFNL les pluscommercialisés.

Tableau No. 1. Les PFNL couramment utilisés et commercialisés au Gabon

214

Nomsscientifiques

Nomscommuns Families Parties utilisées Utilisations

Aframomum sp Adzôm oumaniguette

Zingibéracées Fruits, feuilles Alimentaire,médicinale

Afrostyraxlepidophillus

Arbre à ail styracacées Graines, écorces Condiments

Antrocaryonklaineanum

Ondzabili Anacardiacées Fruits, écorces Alimentaire,médicinale

Co u/a edulis Noisette olacacées Fruits, écorces Alimentaire,médicinale

Dacryodes buetneri Ozigo Burseracées Fruits, écorces Alimentaire,médicinale

Dacryodes edulis Safou burseracées Fruits AlimentaireGarcinia klaineana Bois amer Guttiféracées Ecorces Médicinale,

distillantGnetum africanum Kunnbu Gnétacées Feuilles Alimentaire

Gulbourtiatessmannii

Kevazingo cesalpiniacées Ecorces Médicinale

Irvingia gabonensis Odika Irvingiacées Fruits, annandes,écorces.

Alimentaire,médicinale

Megaphrinium Feuilles de Maranthacées Feuilles Emballage dumacrostachyum marantacées manioc et autres

denréesalimentaires

Monodora Muscadier ou Annonacées Graines Condiments etmyristica Nding médicinale

Panda oleosa Muvoga Pandacées Graines alimentaire

3.5.3 Gabon (F)

INTRODUCTION


Les principaux produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL) du Gabon sont les plantes alimentaires (e.g. Irvingia gabonensis, Scyphocephalium ochocoa, Panda o/eosa, Detarium macrocarpum, Pentadiplandra brazzeana), les rotins (e.g. Laccosperma secundiflorum, Eremospatha macrocarpa) et Ie gibier (e.g. Cepha/ophus montico/a, Cepha/ophulus dorsalis, Cercopithecus nictitans, Cercopithecus pogonias, Atherurus africanus, Varanus niloticus);

Les PFNL de moindre importance au plan socio-economique sont Ie miel et les plantes medicinales (e.g. Prunus africana);


Le Gabon est un exemple d'un pays relativement riche ou la demande en PFNL est toujours grande de la part de la population (Wilkie, 1999). Cette demande est satisfaite par I'exploitation des forats gabonaises ainsi que par I'importation des PFNL provenant de pays voisins. Une exemple est I'importation de I'ecorce de Garcinia kola et Garcinia lucida ainsi que des graines d'lrvingia spp. du Cameroun (Ndoye et a/., 1999).

Maneambet (2000) a identifie au Gabon 58 families botaniques qui contiennent des especes utilisees comme plantes alimentaires (41 families), plantes medicinales (29 families) et comme plantes a usage technique (e.g. exsudats, 15 families). Les families les plus utilisees sont les Annonacees (e.g. Xylophia aethiopica) , Burseracees (e.g. Dacryodes spp.), Cesalpiniacees, Euphorbiacees et Rubiacees. La mame source a selectionne 19 especes «couramment utilisees et commercialisees au Gabon» (Maneambet, 2000:36, voir tableau No.1). Les rotins, Gnetum africanum et Garcinia klaineana sont les PFNL les plus commercialises.

Tableau NO.1. Les PFNL couramment utilises et commercialises au Gabon Noms Noms

Families Parties utili sees Utilisations scientifiques communs Aframomum sp Adz6m ou Zingiberacees Fruits, feuilles Alimentaire,

maniguette medicinale Afrostyrax Arbre a ail styracacees Graines, ecorces Condiments

lepidophillus Antrocaryon Ondzabili Anacardiacees Fruits, ecorces Alimentaire, klaineanum medicinale Coula edulis Noisette olacacees Fruits, ecorces Alimentaire,

medicinale Oacryodes buetneri Ozigo Burseracees Fruits, ecorces Alimentaire,

medicinale Oacryodes edulis Safou burseracees Fruits Alimentaire

Garcinia klaineana Bois amer Guttiferacees Ecorces Medicinale, distillant

Gnetum africanum Kumbu Gnetacees Feuilles Alimentaire Guibouriia Kevazingo cesalpiniacees Ecorces Medicinale tessmannii

Irvingia gabonensis Odika Irvingiacees Fruits, amandes, Alimentaire, ecorces. medicinale

Megaphrinium Feuilles de Maranthacees Feuilles Emballage du macrostachyum marantacees manioc et autres

denrees alimentaires

Monodora Muscadier ou Annonacees Graines Condiments et myristica Nding medicinale

Panda oleosa Muvoga Pandacees Graines alimentaire

214

Source: Maneambet (2000)

Yembi (1999) a évalué la commercialisation des PFNL sur les marchés principaux deLibreville (Mont Bouet, Nkemboo, Akebé) et a identifié les 12 espèces les plus vendues surces marchés. Une grande partie de ces espèces est menacée d'extinction à cause d'unedemande accrue.

Tableau No. 2. Liste des PFNL les plus vendues sur les marchés de Libreville

Source: Yembi (1999)


NourritureLes fruits les plus consommés au Nord-Est du Gabon sont Irvin& gabonensis,Scyphocephalium ochocoa, Panda oleosa, Gambe ya lacourtiana, Pseudospondias long/foliaet Trichoscypha acuminata. Les fruits de Cou/a edulis sont partout très appréciés par lapopulation rurale.

La commercialisation des fruits est documentée pour les espèces suivantes: Aframomumsp., Antrocaryon klaineanum Coula edulis, Dacryodes buetneri, Dacryodes edulis, Gambe yalacourtiana et Trychoscypha acuminata. Les fruits d'Irvingia gabonensis, de Dacryodesbuetneri et de Dacryodes edulis sont également exportés.

La plupart des arbres fruitiers poussent spontanément (e.g. Aframomum sp dans les forétssecondaires ou les vieilles jachères agricoles) tandis que autres sont cultivés (e.g.Antrocaryon klaineanum, Dacryodes edulis) (Maneambet, 2000).

215

Nom scientifique Nom vernaculaire(en Fang, s' n'y a

pas d'autresremarques)

Partie utilisée Utilisation

lrvingia gabonensis andok Graines CondimentMegaphtyniummacro stachyum

ngungu Feuilles Emballage

Gnetum africanum nkumu Feuilles LégunnesGarcinia klainiana wali or bitter wood Ecorce Vin de palmier ingrédient

Cola spp. Fruits StimulantEnantia chlorantha nfoo Ecorce MédecineAframomum spp. esson, ndonq Graines Condiment/MédecineScorodophloeus

zenkeripas identifié

arbre a ail

pas identifié

Ecorce, graines

Chewing stick

Condiment

Hygiène oraleElaeis guineensis palmier d'huile Fruit, sève, cceur Huile, vin, nourriture

Duboscia macrocarpa akac Fruit Médecine (magie)Ricinodendron

heudelotiiessessanq Ecorce, racines,

grainesCondiment ; protectioncontre la spiritualité des

démonsmughele (Bapounou)

Pseudospondiaslongifolia

Offos Anacardiacées Fruits, écorces Alimentaire,médicinale

Pteridium Pousses de Ptéridophytes Frondes Alimentaire etaquilinium fougères médicinaleRaphia sp Raphia ou Bambou Arecacées Feuilles, fruits,

sève...Usages multiples

Ricinodeudroneudelotti

Essessang Euphorbiacées Graines, écorces Condiments,médicinale

Tetrapleuratetraptera.

Kwagsa Mimosacées Gousses, écorces Alimentairemédicinale

Ttychoscyphaacuminata

Raison du Gabon Anacardiacées Fruits Alinnentaire

Pseudospondias Offos Anacardiacees Fruits, ecorces Alimentaire, longifolia medicinale Pteridium Pousses de Pteridophytes Frondes Alimentaire et aquilinium fougeres medicinale Raphia sp Raphia ou Bambou Arecacees Feuilles, fruits, Usages multiples

seve ... Ricinodeudron Essessang Euphorbiacees Graines, ecorces Condiments,

eudelotti medicinale Tetrapleura Kwagsa Mimosacees Gousses, ecorces Alimentaire tetraptera. medicinale

Trychoscypha Raison du Gabon Anacardiacees Fruits Alimentaire acuminata

Source: Maneambet (2000)

Yembi (1999) a evalue la commercialisation des PFNL sur les marches principaux de Libreville (Mont Bouet, Nkemboo, Akebe) et a identifie les 12 especes les plus vendues sur ces marches. Une grande partie de ces especes est menacee d'extinction a cause d'une demande accrue.

Tableau No.2. Liste des PFNL les plus vendues sur les marches de Libreville Nom scientifique Nom vernaculaire Partie utilisee Utilisation

(en Fang, s' il n'y a

IlVingia gabonensis Megaphrynium macrostachyum

Gnetum africanum Garcinia klainiana

Cola spp. Enantia chlorantha Aframomum spp. Scorodophloeus

zenkeri pas identifie

Elaeis guineensis Duboscia macrocarpa

Ricinodendron heudelotii

pas d'autres remarques)

nkumu wali or bitter wood

nfoo esson, ndong

arbre a ail

pas identifie palmier d'huile

akac essessang

mughele (Bapounou)

Source: Yembi (1999)


Nourriture

Graines Feuilles

Feuilles Ecorce Fruits

Ecorce Graines

Ecorce, graines

Chewing stick Fruit, seve, creur

Fruit Ecorce, racines,

graines

Condiment Emballage

Legumes Vin de palmier ingredient

Stimulant Medecine

CondimentlMedecine Condiment

Hygiene orale Huile, vin, nourriture Medecine (magie)

Condiment; protection contre la spiritualite des

demons

Les fruits les plus consommes au Nord-Est du Gabon sont Irvingia gabonensis, Scyphocephalium ochocoa, Panda oleosa, Gambeya lacourtiana, Pseudospondias longifolia et Trichoscypha acuminata. Les fruits de Coula edulis sont partout tres apprecies par la population rurale.

La commercialisation des fruits est documentee pour les especes suivantes: Aframomum sp., Antrocaryon klaineanum Coula edulis, Oacryodes buetneri, Oacryodes edulis, Gambeya lacourtiana et Trychoscypha acuminata. Les fruits d'lrvingia gabonensis, de Oacryodes buetneri et de Oacryodes edulis sont egalement exportes.

La plupart des arbres fruitiers poussent spontanement (e.g. Aframomum sp dans les forets secondaires ou les vieilles jacheres agricoles) tandis que autres sont cultives (e.g. Antrocaryon klaineanum, Oacryodes edulis) (Maneambet, 2000).

215

Les fruits et les amandes d'Irvingia gabonensis sont commercialisés sur chacun desterritoires gabonais. Ils sont également exportés en France et en Belgique. Au Gabon, on aréalisé des essais sur la domestication. Les paysans ont décidé d'abandonner lesprogrammes de domestication à cause de la longue période pour la première fructification(Maneambet, 2000).

Les feuilles légumes de Gnetum africanum font partie des PFNL les plus importants duGabon. A cause d'une collecte et utilisation intensives, cette espèce, qui se trouve dans lesforèts denses, est surexploitée. Les essais de domestication n'ont pas encore abouti auxrésultats espérés. La filière commerciale de cette espèce est très porteuse (Maneambet,2000).

L'écorce de Garcinia klaineana est beaucoup utilisée dans la distillation des boissonsalcoolisées à base de vin de palme. L'arbre se trouve dans la forèt naturelle (Maneambet,2000).

MédecineGuibourtia tessmannii est une plante médicinale très utilisée et commercialisée au Gabon.Elle est également utilisée dans les cérémonies rituelles. Cette espèce ne peut pas 6tredomestiquée.

En plus, toutes les parties d'Aframomum giganteum et A. melegueta sont utilisées dans lapharmacopée traditionnelle pour soigner les maladies telles que la grippe, la toux et ladiarrhée (Maneambet, 2000).

Ustensiles, artisanat et matériaux de constructionAu Gabon, les deux espèces dominantes de rotin sont

Laccosperma secundiflorum, un rotin de gros diamètre (constituant essentiel des pontsde liane par exemple); etEremospatha macrocaropa, un rotin plus fin, qui est celui le plus utilisé au Gabon. Dansles villages, le rotin est utilisé de diverses fawns telles que la fabrication des balais, despaniers, des corbeilles, des habits, des liens etc.. II fournit également des légumesappelés "asperges".

Le rotin est un produit qui fait l'objet d'une intense activité commerciale génératrice d'emploipour les différents acteurs de la filière comme les cueilleurs, les transporteurs, lescommer9ants, les artisans, les vendeurs du produit fini et, enfin, le consommateur quidépensera moins que pour l'achat d'un meuble importé. Aujourd'hui, l'exploitation du rotin estdevenue presque industrielle depuis que de nombreux ateliers de fabrication de meubles enrotin se sont installés au Gabon, et notamment à Libreville et Port-Gentil.

Le rotin provient de presque toutes les régions forestières du Gabon. La cueillette la plusintensive s'observe dans la Province de l'Estuaire à cause de sa proximité de Libreville. Eneffet, plus de la moitié de la population du Gabon vit dans la capitale et ses environs.CENACO (1996) a évalué le degré de ces prélèvements lors de ses missions de terrain dansla province de l'Estuaire et plus précisément à Ayeme Agoula, sur la route de Médouneu.Les habitants de ce village ont posé clairement le problème du rythme de coupe du rotin auxalentours de leur terroir par des cueilleurs, qui, pour la plupart, sont des ressortissants depays africains limitrophes. Devant le manque de réaction des autorités des Eaux et Forèts,les villageois on décidé de se défendre seuls en exigeant 10 000 è 20 000 Francs CFA56 parvéhicule chargé de rotin partant de leur terroir villageois. Cette réaction, commune

56 1 000 Francs CFA = 1.95 dollars E.-U. en 1996 (taux de change moyen de l'année 1996)

216

Les fruits et les amandes d'lrvingia gabonensis sont commercialises sur chacun des territoires gabonais. lis sont egalement exportes en France et en Belgique. Au Gabon, on a realise des essais sur la domestication. Les paysans ont decide d'abandonner les programmes de domestication a cause de la longue periode pour la premiere fructification (Maneambet, 2000).

Les feuilles legumes de Gnetum africanum font partie des PFNL les plus importants du Gabon. A cause d'une collecte et utilisation intensives, ceUe espece, qui se trouve dans les fon§ts denses, est surexploitee. Les essais de domestication n'ont pas encore abouti aux resultats esperes. La filiere commerciale de cette espece est tres porteuse (Maneambet, 2000).

L'ecorce de Garcinia klaineana est beaucoup utilisee dans la distillation des boissons alcoolisees a base de vin de palme. L'arbre se trouve dans la foret naturelle (Maneambet, 2000).

Medecine

Guibourtia tessmannii est une plante medicinale tres utilisee et commercialisee au Gabon. Elle est egalement utilisee dans les ceremonies rituelles. Cette espece ne peut pas etre domestiquee.

En plus, to utes les parties d'Aframomum giganteum et A. melegueta sont utilisees dans la pharmacopee traditionnelle pour soigner les maladies telles que la grippe, la toux et la diarrhee (Maneambet, 2000).

Ustensiles, artisan at et materiaux de construction Au Gabon, les deux especes dominantes de rotin sont • Laccosperma secundiflorum, un rotin de gros diametre (constituant essentiel des ponts

de liane par exemple); et • Eremospatha macrocaropa, un rotin plus fin, qui est celui Ie plus utilise au Gabon. Dans

les villages, Ie rotin est utilise de diverses fac;ons telles que la fabrication des balais, des paniers, des corbeilles, des habits, des liens etc.. II fournit egalement des legumes appeles "asperges".

Le rotin est un produit qui fait I'objet d'une intense activite commerciale generatrice d'emploi pour les differents acteurs de la filiere comme les cueilleurs, les transporteurs, les commerc;ants, les artisans, les vendeurs du produit fini et, enfin, Ie consommateur qui depensera moins que pour I'achat d'un meuble importe. Aujourd'hui, I'exploitation du rotin est devenue presque industrielle depuis que de nombreux ateliers de fabrication de meubles en rotin se sont installes au Gabon, et notamment a Libreville et Port-Genti!.

Le rotin provient de presque toutes les regions forestieres du Gabon. La cueillette la plus intensive s'observe dans la Province de l'Estuaire a cause de sa proximite de Libreville. En effet, plus de la moitie de la population du Gabon vit dans la capitale et ses environs. CENACO (1996) a evalue Ie degre de ces prelevements lors de ses missions de terrain dans la province de l'Estuaire et plus precisement a Ayeme Agoula, sur la route de Medouneu. Les habitants de ce village ont pose clairement Ie probleme du rythme de coupe du rotin aux alentours de leur terroir par des cueilleurs, qui, pour la plupart, sont des ressortissants de pays africains limitrophes. Devant Ie manque de reaction des autorites des Eaux et Forets, les villageois on decide de se defendre seuls en exigeant 10 000 a 20 000 Francs CFA56 par vehicule charge de rotin partant de leur terroir villageois. Cette reaction, commune a

56 1 000 Francs CFA = 1.95 dollars E.-U. en 1996 (taux de change moyen de I'annee 1996)

216

beaucoup de villages de la région est destinée, d'après les villageois eux-mèrnes, à protégerla forbt proche du village et à encaisser une partie des revenus issus de son exploitation.

En prenant en considération le rythme avec lequel ces ateliers sont ravitaillés en matièrepremière, CENACO (1996) conclut que le rotin est actuellement menacé au Gabon et quel'épuisement de la ressource entraTnera l'obligation d'investir dans d'importants programmesde plantation. En plus, CENACO (1996), Profizi (1999) et Sunderland (1999) constatent queles cueilleurs se déplacent de plus en plus loin de Libreville pour la collecte des rotins, ce quisemble à indiquer que la ressource n'est plus disponible dans les anciennes zonesd'exploitation. Dans ces *ions de plus en plus reculées, les communautés locales ont desdroits de possession commune de leurs foréts. Ces communautés peuvent profiter del'exploitation du rotin en suivant et en évaluant la récolte du rotin et en recevant des taxes.

Les feuilles de Megaphrinium macrostachyum sont très utilisées par les femmes au Gaboncomme emballage lors de la cuisson de certains aliments. L'écologie est connue, ce sontsurtout des plantes de marécages qui sont utilisées; elles sont spontanées et leurreproduction ou multiplication est très facile. Ses feuilles sont beaucoup commercialisées(Maneambet, 2000).


GibierLa chasse a toujours été une source de protéines pour la population rurale au Gabon, qui nepossède pas de tradition d'élevage. Avec la concentration urbaine et l'engouement pour la"viande de brousse", le gibier est devenu un produit de luxe, pour lequel un commerce àgrande échelle s'est développé. Quoique illégales, les pratiques consistent à prélever lemaximum de gibier pour le revendre aux restaurateurs ou sur les marchés de villes, quis'amplifient dangereusement. La législation reste souvent inefficace par manque de moyensde contrôle, de stratégie, et du fait de l'implication de notables dans cette activité. Lesprélèvements en gibier se font anarchiquement, jusqu'à épuisement du milieu, par unemyriade de chasseurs travaillant à leur compte ou pour un "patron." Compte tenu desméthodes employées (ratissage systématique) qui ne tiennent compte ni de l'importance dela population animale existante, ni du ratio mâles/femelles, ni de l'époque quelquefoisdélicate (reproduction, mise bas) ou de l'âge des individus abattus, il est à craindre quecertaines espèces seront menacées de disparition à brève échéance, comme le porc-épic etle potamochère (Rapport National sur l'Environnement 1992).

REFERENCESBourobou, H., P. Posso. 1995. Un aper9u sur ['Importance des arbres fruitiers sauvages

dans le Nord-Est du Gabon. In: Nature et Faune, Vol.11 no.3.CENACO (Cellule Nationale de Coordination du PAFT-Gabon). 1996. Les rotins au

Gabon. PAFT- GABON, Informations, N° 6 Octobre 1996, Libreville.Clark, L., N. Tchamou. 1998. La recherche sur les produits forestiers non ligneux en Afrique

Centrale: La situation du secteur. Préparé pour CARPE.Lahm, S. 1995. Utilization of Forest Resources and Local Variation of Wildlife Populations in

North-Eastem Gabon. Tropical Forests People and Food: Biocultural Interactions andApplications to Development. Man and the Biosphere Series, Volume 13, UNESCO,Paris.

Manembet, S.M. 2000. Synthèse bibliographique sur les Produits Forestiers Non Ligneux enAfrique Centrale. Rapport de Stage, Association pour le Dévelopement del'Information Environnementale. Libreville.

Ndoye, O.; M. Ruiz-Perez; A. Eyebe. 1999. NWFP markets and potential degradation of theforest resource in Central Africa. In: Sunderland, T.C.H., L.E. Clark, P. Vantomme

217

beaucoup de villages de la region est destinee, d'apres les villageois eux-memes, a proteger la foret proche du village et a encaisser une partie des revenus issus de son exploitation.

En prenant en consideration Ie rythme avec lequel ces ateliers sont ravitailles en matiere premiere, CENACO (1996) conclut que Ie rotin est actuellement menace au Gabon et que I'epuisement de la ressource entrainera I'obligation d'investir dans d'importants programmes de plantation. En plus, CENACO (1996), Profizi (1999) et Sunderland (1999) constatent que les cueilleurs se deplacent de plus en plus loin de Libreville pour la collecte des rotins, ce qui semble a indiquer que la ressource n'est plus disponible dans les anciennes zones d'exploitation. Dans ces regions de plus en plus reculees, les communautes locales ont des droits de possession commune de leurs forets. Ces communautes peuvent profiter de I'exploitation du rotin en suivant et en evaluant la recolte du rotin et en recevant des taxes.

Les feuilles de Megaphrinium macrostachyum sont tres utilisees par les femmes au Gabon comme emballage lors de la cuisson de certains aliments. L'ecologie est connue, ce sont surtout des plantes de marecages qui sont utilisees; elles sont spontanees et leur reproduction ou multiplication est tres facile. Ses feuilles sont beaucoup commercialisees (Maneambet, 2000).


Gibier La chasse a toujours ete une source de proteines pour la population rurale au Gabon, qui ne possede pas de tradition d'elevage. Avec la concentration urbaine et I'engouement pour la "viande de brousse", Ie gibier est devenu un produit de luxe, pour lequel un commerce a grande echelle s'est developpe. Quoique illegales, les pratiques consistent a prelever Ie maximum de gibier pour Ie revendre aux restaurateurs ou sur les marches de villes, qui s'amplifient dangereusement. La legislation reste souvent inefficace par manque de moyens de controle, de strategie, et du fait de I'implication de notables dans cette activite. Les prelevements en gibier se font anarchiquement, jusqu'a epuisement du milieu, par une myriade de chasseurs travaillant a leur compte ou pour un "patron." Compte tenu des methodes employees (ratissage systematique) qui ne tiennent compte ni de I'importance de la population animale existante, ni du ratio males/femelles, ni de I'epoque quelquefois delicate (reproduction, mise bas) ou de I'age des individus abattus, il est a craindre que certaines especes seront menacees de disparition a breve echeance, comme Ie porc-epic et Ie potamochere (Rapport National sur l'Environnement 1992).

REFERENCES Bourobou, H., P. Posso. 1995. Un apergu sur l'lmportance des arbres fruitiers sauvages

dans Ie Nord-Est du Gabon. In: Nature et Faune, Vol.11 no.3. CENACO (Cellule Nationale de Coordination du PAFT-Gabon). 1996. Les rotins au

Gabon. PAFT- GABON, Informations, N° 6 Octobre 1996, Libreville. Clark, L., N. Tchamou. 1998. La recherche sur les produits forestiers non ligneux en Afrique

Centrale: La situation du secteur. Prepare pour CARPE. Lahm, S. 1995. Utilization of Forest Resources and Local Variation of Wildlife Populations in

North-Eastern Gabon. Tropical Forests People and Food: Bioculturallnteractions and Applications to Development. Man and the Biosphere Series, Volume 13, UNESCO, Paris.

Manembet, S.M. 2000. Synthese bibliographique sur les Produits Forestiers Non Ligneux en Afrique Centrale. Rapport de Stage, Association pour Ie Developement de l'lnformation Environnementale. Libreville.

Ndoye, 0.; M. Ruiz-Perez; A. Eyebe. 1999. NWFP markets and potential degradation of the forest resource in Central Africa. In: Sunderland, T.C.H., L.E. Clark, P. Vantomme

217

(eds.). The NWFP of Central Africa: Current research issues and prospects forconservation and development. FAO, Rome

Profizi, J.-P. 1999. The management of forest resources by local people and the state inGabon. In: Sunderland, T.C.H., L.E. Clark, P. Vantomme (eds.). The NWFP ofCentral Africa: Current research issues and prospects for conservation anddevelopment. FAO. Rome

Rapport National sur l'Environnement. République Gabonaise. 1991. ConférenceInternationale sur l'Environnement, Brésil, 1992.

Sunderland, T.C. 1999. Recent research into african rattans (palmae): a valuable non-woodforest product from the forests of Central Africa. In: Sunderland, T.C.H., L.E. Clark, P.Vantomme (eds.). The NWFP of Central Africa: Current research issues andprospects for conservation and development. FAO. Rome

Wilkie, D. 1999. CARPE and NWFP. Dans: Sunderland, T.C.H., L.E. Clark, P. Vantomme(eds.). The NWFP of Central Africa: Current research issues and prospects forconservation and development. FAO. Rome

REMERCIEMENTS

Ce rapport a été réalisé grâce au financement du Programme de Partenariat CE-FAO«Collecte et analyse des données pour un aménagement durable de la Forét dans les paysA.C.P.». Le contenu est basé sur l'information accessible au siège central de la FAO.

Des informations supplémentaires sur les PFNL au Gabon seraient bienvenues et reconnuesen bonne et due forme.

218

(eds.). The NWFP of Central Africa: Current research issues and prospects for conservation and development. FAO, Rome

Profizi, J.-P. 1999. The management of forest resources by local people and the state in Gabon. In: Sunderland, T.C.H., L.E. Clark, P. Vantomme (eds.). The NWFP of Central Africa: Current research issues and prospects for conservation and development. FAO. Rome

Rapport National sur l'Environnement. Republique Gabonaise. 1991. Conference Internationale sur l'Environnement, Bresil, 1992.

Sunderland, T.C. 1999. Recent research into african rattans (palmae): a valuable non-wood forest product from the forests of Central Africa. In: Sunderland, T.C.H., L.E. Clark, P. Vantomme (eds.). The NWFP of Central Africa: Current research issues and prospects for conservation and development. FAO. Rome

Wilkie, D. 1999. CARPE and NWFP. Dans: Sunderland, T.C.H., L.E. Clark, P. Vantomme (eds.). The NWFP of Central Africa: Current research issues and prospects for conservation and development. FAO. Rome

REMERCIEMENTS

Ce rapport a ete realise grace au financement du Programme de Partenariat CE-FAO «Collecte et analyse des donnees pour un amenagement durable de la Foret dans les pays A.C.P.». Le contenu est base sur I'information accessible au siege central de la FAO.

Des informations supplementaires sur les PFNL au Gabon seraient bienvenues et reconnues en bonne et due forme.

218

3.5.4 Guinée équatoriale (F)

INTRODUCTION

Principaux Produits Forestiers Non LigneuxLes produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL) les plus importants au niveau socio-économiquesont les plantes médicinales (e.g. Prunus africana, Garcinia kola, Garcinia lucidaAframomum spp., Enantia chlorantha,), les condiments (e.g. Irvingia gabonensis, Piperguineensis, Ricinodendron heudelotii, Monodora myristica, Afrostyax spp., Xylopiaaethiopica, Tetra pleura tetraptera), les rotins (Laccosperma secundiflorum et Eremospathamacrocarpa) et le gibier.

Autres PFNL de moindre importance sont les fruits comestibles (e.g. Dacryodes edulis,Mangifera indica, Cola spp.), les feuilles légumes (e.g. Amaranthus hispidus, Portulacagrandiflora, Xanthoxylem spp., Gnetum africanum), les vins de palmier (e.g. Elaeisguineensis, Raphia vinifera, Raphia hooker') et les feuilles d'emballage (e.g. Megaphryniummacrostachyum et Marantochloa purpurea).

Informations généralesEn Guinée équatoriale, la plupart des PFNL vendus sur les marchés nationaux sontimportés, bien qu'ils soient disponibles également dans le pays (Sunderland & Obama,2000). Parmi les exceptions figurent les PFNL exportées (Prunus africana, Piper guineensis,lrvingia gabonensis), ainsi que autres PFNL précieux ou périssables récoltés dans les forétsguinéo-équatoriennes (rotin, quelques plantes médicinales, feuilles de Marantaceae) .

SeIon Sunderland & Obama (2000) (citant Lopez (1946), Serrano (1997) et Liniger-Goumaz(1998)), la population de la Guinée équatoriale n'a plus la notion de l'utilisation de la forêt engénéral et des PFNL en particulier. Les causes de ce phénomène ont été "les troublespolitiques très sérieux qui ont suivi l'indépendance et ont bouleversé le pays à tous lesniveaux, affectant tous les aspects de la vie quotidienne, comme la connaissance etl'aménagement des ressources naturelles" (Sunderland & Obama 2000:231).


NourritureLes fruits comestibles les plus communs sont Dacryodes edulis (prune de brousse) etMangifera indica (vraie mangue). Les deux espèces sont généralement plantées hors de laforêt. La prune de brousse, lorsque c'est la saison, vient à la fois du Cameroun et des jardinslocaux. Cependant, la majorité de celles qui sont vendues sur les marchés sont cultivéeslocalement ces fruits se conservent mal et ils doivent être livrés au marché dans un Maid'un ou deux jours après leur cueillette (Sunderland, 1998a).

A la différence des marchés comparables au Cameroun, les marchés de Bata et Rio Muni neproposent que quelques légumes feuilles au consommateur. Ils sont tous de provenancelocale et sont cultivés par des femmes dans des jardins privés ou dans les exploitationsd'agriculture intensive proches des villages. Toutes ces plantes sont disponibles tout au longde l'année. Le légume le plus communément vendu est Amaranthus hispidus, suivi par la«feuille aquatique» (Portulaca grandiflora) et les jeunes feuilles du taro comestible(Xanthoxylem spp.). On trouve aussi beaucoup de jeunes feuilles de BaseIla alba, une plantegrimpante qui est largement cultivée et qui pousse souvent d'une manière semi-spontanéedans les jardins privés (Sunderland, 1998a).

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3.5.4 Guinee equatoriale (F)

INTRODUCTION

Principaux Produits Forestiers Non Ligneux Les produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL) les plus importants au niveau socio-economique sont les plantes medicinales (e.g. Prunus africana, Garcinia kola, Garcinia lucida Aframomum spp., Enantia chlorantha,), les condiments (e.g. Irvingia gabonensis, Piper guineensis, Ricinodendron heude/otii, Monodora myristica, Afrostyax spp., Xylopia aethiopica, Tetrapleura tetraptera), les rotins (Laccosperma secundiflorum et Eremospatha macrocarpa) et Ie gibier.

Autres PFNL de moindre importance sont les fruits comestibles (e.g. Oacryodes edulis, Mangifera indica, Cola spp.), les feuilles legumes (e.g. Amaranthus hispidus, Portulaca grandiflora, Xanthoxylem spp., Gnetum africanum) , les vins de palmier (e.g. Elaeis guineensis, Raphia vinifera, Raphia hooken) et les feuilles d'emballage (e.g. Megaphrynium macrostachyum et Marantochloa purpurea).


En Guinee equatoriale, la plupart des PFNL vendus sur les marches nationaux sont importes, bien qu'ils soient disponibles egalement dans Ie pays (Sunderland & Obama, 2000). Parmi les exceptions figurent les PFNL exportees (Prunus africana, Piper gUineensis, Irvingia gabonensis), ainsi que autres PFNL precieux ou perissables recoltes dans les forets guineo-equatoriennes (rotin, quelques plantes medicinales, feuilles de Marantaceae) .

Selon Sunderland & Obama (2000) (citant Lopez (1946), Serrano (1997) et Liniger-Goumaz (1998)), la population de la Guinee equatoriale n'a plus la notion de I'utilisation de la foret en general et des PFNL en particulier. Les causes de ce phenomane ont ete "Ies troubles politiques tras serieux qui ont suivi I'independance et ont bouleverse Ie pays a tous les niveaux, affectant tous les aspects de la vie quotidienne, comme la connaissance et I'amenagement des ressources naturelles" (Sunderland & Obama 2000:231).


Nourriture Les fruits comestibles les plus communs sont Oacryodes edulis (prune de brousse) et Mangifera indica (vraie mangue). Les deux espaces sont generalement plantees hors de la foret. La prune de brousse, lorsque c'est la saison, vient a la fois du Cameroun et des jardins locaux. Cependant, la majorite de celles qui sont vendues sur les marches sont cultivees localement - ces fruits se conservent mal et ils doivent etre livres au marche dans un delai d'un ou deux jours apras leur cueillette (Sunderland, 1998a).

A la difference des marches com parables au Cameroun, les marches de Bata et Rio Muni ne proposent que quelques legumes feuilles au consommateur. lis sont tous de provenance locale et sont cultives par des femmes dans des jardins prives ou dans les exploitations d'agriculture intensive proches des villages. Toutes ces plantes sont disponibles tout au long de I'annee. Le legume Ie plus communement vendu est Amaranthus hispidus, suivi par la «feuille aquatique» (Portulaca grandiflora) et les jeunes feuilles du taro comestible (Xanthoxylem spp.). On trouve aussi beaucoup de jeunes feuilles de Basella alba, une plante grimpante qui est largement cultivee et qui pousse souvent d'une maniare semi-spontanee dans les jardins prives (Sunderland, 1998a).

219

Quant aux boissons, on trouve - comme c'est le cas dans toute cette région d'Afrique - levin de palme. A Bata et à Mbini, deux types de vin de palme sont disponibles:

le «vin du bas», récolté à partir de pousses terminales d'Elaeis guineensis abattues; etle «vin du haut» provenant de l'inflorescence de Raphia vinifera sur pied.

Une autre boisson régulièrement commercialisée est produite à partir des tiges de canne àsucre écrasées (Saccharum officinarum). Cet alcool est renforcé par l'adjonction de graineset parfois de bois de Garcinia kola qui rend la boisson tits amère (Sunderland, 1998a).

L'huile de palme est un autre PFNL local produit par Elaeis guineensis, une composantetypique de la for-61 secondaire, des jardins privés, des jachères agricoles ainsi que desplantations. L'huile extraite des amandes est également utilisée comme adoucissant pour lapeau en l'absence de toute autre huile (Sunderland, 1998a).

Les condiments font également partie des PFNL très importants en Guinée équatoriale.Néanmoins, la plupart de ces condiments, vendus et utilisés en Guinée équatoriale, vient duCameroun. Les condiments les plus importants sont Irvingia gabonensis (mangue debrousse) et Piper guineensis (piment de brousse).

Les graines d'Irvingia gabonensis sont le produit forestier le plus largement vendu en Guinéeéquatoriale. La forte saisonnalité de ce produit a une incidence significative sur sa vente etsur son prix: pendant la saison des pluies (juin à septembre), lorsque la mangue de brousseest facile à trouver, son prix est de 100 Francs CFA57 pour 40 graines; pendant la saisonsèche (septembre à décembre), le prix est de CFA100 pour 20 graines seulement(Sunderland, 1998a). SeIon l'endroit, les graines d'Irvingia gabonensis vendues sur lemarché de Bata (nord-ouest de la Guinée équatoriale) sont importées du Cameroun, tandisque les graines vendues sur le marché du Mbini (sud-ouest du pays) et récoltées dans larégion de Rio Muni (sud-ouest du pays) sont plutôt destinées à l'exportation vers le Gabon(Sunderland & Obama, 2000).

Le piment de brousse (Piper guineensis) est utilisé au niveau local. De plus, environ 150tonnes par an sont exportées au Nigeria (Sunderland & Obama 1999).

Autres condiments utilisés en Guinée équatoriale sont les graines de Monodora myristica,Ricinodendron heudelottii, Afrostyrax kamerunensis et Mucuna sloanei, l'écorce deScorodophleus zenkeri ainsi que les feuilles de Strychnos spp. Quelques condiments commeAbelmoschus esculentus, Solanum annuum Longum et Cucurbita pepo sont mèrne cultivésdans des systèmes agricoles de petite échelle (Sunderland & Obama, 2000).

MédecineEn Guinée équatoriale, la plupart de la population dépend toujours - en raison de l'absencede systèmes de soins de type occidental de la pharmacopée traditionnelle. Les plantesmédicinales sont généralement exploitées et vendues par des spécialistes. Contrairementaux marchés camerounais et nigérians, ils vendent des plantes médicinales nontransformées (e.g. fruits, graines, écorce). Sur les marchés de Bata et Mbini par exemple,Sunderland & Obama (2000) ont identifié au moins 17 plantes médicinales vendues.

Une plante médicinale importante sur le niveau national est Prunus africana. Son écorce estcommercialisée aussi bien au niveau national qu'international. L'écorce, qui est utilisée dansla pharmacopée traditionnelle, est soit vendue sur le marché de Bioko (rile de Bioko estsituée à 30 km de la côte camerounaise) ; soit elle est exportée vers l'Europe, où des

57 1 000 Francs CFA = 1.63 dollar des Etats-Unis en 1999 (taux de change moyen de l'année 1999)

220

Quant aux boissons, on trouve - comme c'est Ie cas dans toute cette region d'Afrique - Ie yin de palme. A Bata et a Mbini, deux types de yin de palme sont disponibles: .. Ie «vin du bas», recolte a partir de pousses terminales d'Elaeis guineensis abattues; et e Ie «vin du haul» provenant de I'inflorescence de Raphia vinifera sur pied.

Une autre boisson regulierement commercialisee est produite a partir des tiges de canne a sucre ecrasees (Saccharum officinarum). Cet alcool est renforce par I'adjonction de graines et parfois de bois de Garcinia kola qui rend la boisson tres amere (Sunderland, 1998a).

L'huile de palme est un autre PFNL local produit par Elaeis guineensis, une composante typique de la foret secondaire, des jardins prives, des jacheres agricoles ainsi que des plantations. L'huile extraite des amandes est egalement utilisee comme adoucissant pour la peau en I'absence de toute autre huile (Sunderland, 1998a).

Les condiments font egalement partie des PFNL tres importants en Guinee equatoriale. Neanmoins, la plupart de ces condiments, vendus et utilises en Guinee equatoriale, vient du Cameroun. Les condiments les plus importants sont Irvingia gabonensis (mangue de brousse) et Piper guineensis (piment de brousse).

Les graines d'lrvingia gabonensis sont Ie produit forestier Ie plus largement vendu en Guinee equatoriale. La forte saisonnalite de ce produit a une incidence significative sur sa vente et sur son prix: pendant la saison des pluies Uuin a septembre), lorsque la mangue de brousse est facile a trouver, son prix est de 100 Francs CFA57 pour 40 graines; pendant la saison seche (septembre a decembre), Ie prix est de CFA100 pour 20 graines seulement (Sunderland, 1998a). Selon I'endroit, les graines d'lrvingia gabonensis vendues sur Ie marche de Bata (nord-ouest de la Guinee equatoriale) sont importees du Cameroun, tandis que les graines vendues sur Ie marche du Mbini (sud-ouest du pays) et recoltees dans la region de Rio Muni (sud-ouest du pays) sont plutot destinees a I'exportation vers Ie Gabon (Sunderland & Obama, 2000).

Le piment de brousse (Piper guineensis) est utilise au niveau local. De plus, environ 150 tonnes par an sont exportees au Nigeria (Sunderland & Obama 1999).

Autres condiments utilises en Guinee equatoriale sont les graines de Monodora myristica, Ricinodendron heudelottii, Afrostyrax kamerunensis et Mucuna sloanei, I'ecorce de Scorodophleus zenkeri ainsi que les feuilles de Strychnos spp. Quelques condiments comme Abelmoschus esculentus, Solanum annuum Longum et Cucurbita pepo sont meme cultives dans des systemes agricoles de petite echelle (Sunderland & Obama, 2000).

Medecine

En. Guinee equatoriale, la plupart de la population depend toujours - en raison de I'absence de systemes de soins de type occidental - de la pharmacopee traditionnelle. Les plantes medicinales sont generalement exploitees et vendues par des specialistes. Contrairement aux marches camerounais et nigerians, ils vendent des plantes medicinales non transformees (e.g. fruits, graines, ecorce). Sur les marches de Bata et Mbini par exemple, Sunderland & Obama (2000) ont identifie au moins 17 plantes medicinales vendues.

Une plante medicinale importante sur Ie niveau national est Prunus africana. Son ecorce est commercialisee aussi bien au niveau national qu'international. L'ecorce, qui est utilisee dans la pharmacopee tradition nelle, est so it vendue sur Ie marche de Bioko (I'lle de Bioko est situee a 30 km de la cote camerounaise); soit elle est exportee vers l'Europe, ou des

57 1 000 Francs CFA = 1.63 dollar des Etats-Unis en 1999 (taux de change moyen de I'annee 1999)

220

compagnies pharmaceutiques utilisent des ingrédients de l'écorce pour la production demédicaments contre la maladie de la prostate.

Entre 1992 et 1998, en moyenne 210 t d'écorce de Prunus africana ont été exportées deBioko vers l'Espagne (Suderland & Tako, 1999). Le mode d'exploitation des ressources dePrunus africana sur rile de Bioko est considéré par Sunderland & Tako (1999) comnne nondurable.

Tableau 1. Ex ortations de l'écorce de Prunus africana de de Bioko

* Estimation;** 10 Francs Français (FF) = 1.7 dollar E.-U.. en 1998 (taux de change moyen de l'année 1998)Source: Sunderland & Tako (1999)

Ustensiles, artisanat et matériaux de constructionLe commerce du rotin en Guinée équatoriale semble étre à la fois moins complexe qu'auCameroun et paradoxalement plus avancé, du fait qu'il y a des ateliers et des entreprisesartisanales tandis que, au Cameroun et au Nigeria en particulier, les activités se situentessentiellement le long des routes. Bata est approvisionné par des ramasseursindépendants (tous des hommes) qui fournissent des tiges provenant de la province duLittoral. II n'y a pas d'intermédiaires et les tiges sont acheminées de la brousse vers lemarché ou l'usine. II y a deux types principaux qui sont commercialisés et utilisés à l'échelleindustrielle:

Laccosperma secundiflorum (20 cannes par botte, chaque canne faisant 3 m de long,acheté directement à des ramasseurs CFA2 000 la botte); etEremospatha macrocarpa (60 cannes par botte, chaque botte faisant 5 m de long, achetéCFA3 000 la botte) (Sunderland, 1998a).


GibierLe gibier est la nourriture de base dans la région intérieure du pays. Pour les villes de Baraet Malabo, Sunderland & Obama (2000:231) ont observé «un important commerce» du gibierqui satisfait les besoins/préférences de la population urbaine.

REFERENCESCunningham, M.; A.B. Cunningham; U. Schippmann. 1997. Trade in Prunus africana and

the implementation of CITES. German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation.Bonn

Sunderland, T. 1998a. Enquéte de Marché Preliminaire sur les Produits Forestiers NonLigneux du Rio Muni, Guinée Equatoriale. Étude réalisée pour The Central AfricanRegional Program for the Environment (CARPE).

Sunderland, T. 1998b. The Rattans of Rio Muni, Equatorial Guinea: Utilisation, Biology andDistribution, A Report for the Proyecto Conservación y Utilización Forestales deGuinea Ecuatorial (CUREF) and the Ministerio de Pesca y Forestal, GuineaEcuatorial

221

Année Quantité k Prix / k FF

1992* 200 000 430 000 2.151993* 200 000 430 000 2.151994* 200 000 430 000 2.151995 97 830 195 517 2.151996 177 930 374 519 2.151997 266 683 1 044 832 4.01998* 120 000 480 000 4.0

compagnies pharmaceutiques utilisent des ingredients de I'ecorce pour la production de medicaments contre la maladie de la prostate.

Entre 1992 et 1998, en moyenne 210 t d'ecorce de Prunus africana ont ete exportees de Bioko vers l'Espagne (Suderland & Tako, 1999). Le mode d'exploitation des ressources de Prunus africana sur I'Tle de Bioko est considere par Sunderland & Tako (1999) comme non durable.

T bl a eau 1 E rt r d I" d P xpo a Ions e ecorce e d n d B' ko runus a ncana e lee 10

Annee Quantite (kg) Valeur (FF**) Prix I kg (FFl 1992* 200 000 430 000 2.15 1993* 200 000 430 000 2.15 1994* 200 000 430 000 2.15 1995 97830 195517 2.15 1996 177930 374519 2.15 1997 266683 1 044832 4.0 1998* 120 000 480 000 4.0

* Estimation; ** 10 Francs Frangais (FF) = 1.7 dollar E.-U .. en 1998 (taux de change moyen de I'annee 1998) Source: Sunderland & Tako (1999)

Ustensiles, artisanat et materiaux de construction Le commerce du rotin en Guinee equatoriale semble etre a la fois moins complexe qu'au Cameroun et paradoxalement plus avance, du fait qu'il y a des ateliers et des entreprises artisanales tandis que, au Cameroun et au Nigeria en particulier, les activites se situent essentiellement Ie long des routes. Bata est approvisionne par des ramasseurs independants (tous des hommes) qui fournissent des tiges provenant de la province du Littoral. II n'y a pas d'intermediaires et les tiges sont acheminees de la brousse vers Ie marche ou I'usine. II y a deux types principaux qui sont commercialises et utilises a I'echelle industrielle: III Laccosperma secundiflorum (20 cannes par botte, chaque canne faisant 3 m de long,

achete directement a des ramasseurs CFA2 000 la botte); et III Eremospatha macrocarpa (60 cannes par botte, chaque botte faisant 5 m de long, achete

CFA3 000 la botte) (Sunderland, 1998a).


Gibier

Le gibier est la nourriture de base dans la region interieure du pays. Pour les villes de Bara et Malabo, Sunderland & Obama (2000:231) ont observe «un important commerce» du gibier qui satisfait les besoins/preferences de la population urbaine.

REFERENCES Cunningham, M.; A.B. Cunningham; U. Schippmann. 1997. Trade in Prunus africana and

the implementation of CITES. German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation. Bonn

Sunderland, T. 1998a. Enquete de Marche Preliminaire sur les Produits Forestiers Non Ligneux du Rio Muni, Guinee Equatoriale. Etude realisee pour The Central African Regional Program for the Environment (CARPE).

Sunderland, T. 1998b. The Rattans of Rio Muni, Equatorial Guinea: Utilisation, Biology and Distribution, A Report for the Proyecto Conservaci6n y Utilizaci6n Forestales de Guinea Ecuatorial (CUREF) and the Ministerio de Pesca y Forestal, Guinea Ecuatorial

221

Sunderland, T. & C. Obama. 2000. Etude préliminaire de marché sur les PFNL en GuinéeEquatoriale. Dans: Sunderland, T.C.H., L.E. Clark, P. Vantomme (eds.). Recherchesactuelles et perspectives pour la conservation et le développement. Rome

Sunderland, T. & C.T. Tako. 1999. The exploitation of Prunus africana on the island ofBioko, Equatorial Guinea. Report for the People and Plants Initiative, WWF-Germanyand the IUCN/SSC Medicinal Plant Specialist Group. In: Internethttp://vvvvw.qqcq.st/bioko/bioko prunus.htm (consulté le 8/8/00)

REMERCIEMENTSCe rapport a été réalisé grâce au financement du Programme de Partenariat CE-FAO«Collecte et analyse des données pour un aménagement durable de la Forél dans les paysA.C.P.». Le contenu est basé sur l'information accessible au siège central de la FAO àRome.

Des informations supplémentaires sur les PFNL en Guinée équatoriale seraient bienvenueset reconnues en bonne et due forme.

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Sunderland, T. & C. Obama. 2000. Etude preliminaire de marche sur les PFNL en Guinee Equatoriale. Dans: Sunderland, T.C.H., L.E. Clark, P. Vantomme (eds.). Recherches actuelles et perspectives pour la conservation et Ie developpement. Rome

Sunderland, T. & C.T. Tako. 1999. The exploitation of Prunus africana on the island of Bioko, Equatorial Guinea. Report for the People and Plants Initiative, WWF-Germany and the IUCN/SSC Medicinal Plant Specialist Group. In: Internet http://www.ggcg.stlbioko/biokoprunus.htm (consulte Ie 8/8/00)

REMERCIEMENTS


Des informations supplementaires sur les PFNL en Guinee equatoriale seraient bienvenues et reconnues en bonne et due forme.

222

DONNEES QUANTITATIVES SUR LES PFNL DE LA GUINEE EQUATORIALE


se sève; la latex; hu huile; pl plante entière; re résines; ra racine; gr graines; ti tige; ta tannins;Habitat: F forêt naturelle et autres terres boisées; P - plantation; A Autres: Arbres hors de la forét (e.g. agroforesterie, jardins privés)Source: S - sauvage, C - cultivéDestination: N - national; I international

223


tanceNom

commercialNom

vernaculaire




1, 2, 3 F, P, H S, C N, I

Plantes et produits végétauxNourriture 1 Piment de

broussePiper guineense N, I Exportation de 150 t par an

vers le NigeriaSunderland &Obana, 1999

Médecine 1 Bihasa Prunus africana ec F S N, I Exportation moyenne de210 t/an entre 1992 et 1998pour une valeur moyennede FF484 000 par an.

P. africana se trouve 6l'Annexe de CITES

Sunderland &

Talco, 1999

DONNEES QUANTITATIVES SUR LES PFNL DE LA GUINEE EQUATORIALE

Produit Ressource Valeur economique Categorie Impor- Nom Especes Partie Habitat Source Oesti- Quantite, valeur Remarques References



I Plantes et produits vegetaux Nourriture 1 Piment de Piper guineense N, I Exportation de 150 t par an Sunderland &

brousse vers Ie Nigeria Obana,1999 Medecine 1 Bihasa Prunus africana ec F S N, I Exportation moyenne de P. africana se trouve a Sunderland &

210 tlan entre 1992 et 1998 pour une valeur moyenne

l'Annexe de CITES Tako, 1999

de FF484 000 par an.

Importance: 1- grande importance au niveau national; 2 - grande importance au niveau local/regional; 3 - importance Iimitee Partie utilisee: an - animal entier; ec - ecorce; ci - eire; fe - feuilles; no - noix; fi - fibres; fl - fleurs; fr - fruits; go - gommes; mi - miel;


223

3.5.5 République centrafricaine (F)

INTRODUCTION

Principaux Produits Forestiers Non LigneuxLes principaux produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL) de la République centrafricaine sont legibier, les plantes comestibles (e.g. feuilles, fruits, écorces, champignons) et les plantesmédicinales.

Autres PFNL de moindre importance socio-économique comprennent les exsudats (lagomme arabique), les ustensiles, les plantes artisanales (e.g. rotin, Raphia. spp.), leschenilles, le miel et la cire d'abeille.

Informations généralesLe plus souvent, l'exploitation des PFNL en République centrafricaine se fait dans la zoneguinéenne forestière qui se trouve au sud du pays. En zones soudano-oubanguienne etsoudano-guinéenne, les récoltes sont plutôt orientées sur les espèces à racine, comme parexemple Rauvolfia vomitoria et Kilinga erecta. En général on peut constater que

le miel, la cire et l'huile de karité (Butyrospermum parkii) proviennent du Nord du pays;les rotins sont récoltés dans les galeries forestières au Sud du pays;Rauvolfia vomitoria, Xylopia aethiopica et Kilinga erecta sont produits A l'Est du pays;les fruits du Parkia biglobosa (soumbara en malinké) sont récoltés A l'Ouest du pays(FAO, 1999).

La disponibilité des PFNL importants en République centrafricaine est indiquée dansTableau No. 1.

Tableau No. 1: Dis onibilité des PFNL en Ré ubli ue centrafricaine

224

Produit/Espèce Partie utilisée MoisJan Fév Mars Avril Mai Juin Juil Aoat Sep Oct Nov Déc

1. Plantes comestibles

Gnetum buchholzianum feuilles x x x x x x x x x x x x

Hilarla latifolia feuilles x x x x x x x

Maranthacée feuilles x x x x x x x x x x x x

Dioscorea sp. tubercule X x x x x x

Butyrospemum parkii fruits (huile) x x x x

Aframomum sp. fruits x x x x x x

Canarium schweinfurtii fruits x x x x x

lrvingia excelsa fruits x x x x x

Piper guineense fruits x x x x

Treculia africana fruits x x x

Xylopia aethiopica fruits x x x x x

Kilinga erecta racines x x x x x x x

Champignons x x x x x x x

2. Plantes artisanales

3.5.5 Republique centrafricaine (F)

INTRODUCTION


Les principaux produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL) de la Republique centrafricaine sont Ie gibier, les plantes comestibles (e.g. feuilles, fruits, ecorces, cham pig nons) et les plantes medicinales.

Autres PFNL de moindre importance soclo-economique comprennent les exsudats (Ia gomme arabique), les ustensiles, les plantes artisanales (e.g. rotin, Raphia. spp.), les chenilles, Ie miel et la cire d'abeille.


Le plus souvent, I'exploitation des PFNL en Republique centrafricaine se fait dans la zone guineenne forestiere qui se trouve au sud du pays. En zones soudano-oubanguienne et soudano-guineenne, les recoltes sont plutot orientees sur les especes a racine, comme par exemple Rauvolfia vomitoria et Kilinga ereeta. En general on peut constater que • Ie miel, la eire et I'huile de karite (Butyrospermum parkit) proviennent du Nord du pays; • les rotins sont recoltes dans les galeries forestieres au Sud du pays; • Rauvolfia vomitoria, Xylopia aethiopiea et Kilinga ereeta sont produits a l'Est du pays; • les fruits du Parkia biglobosa (soumbara en malinke) sont recoltes a l'Ouest du pays

(FAO, 1999).

La disponibilite des PFNL importants en Republique centrafricaine est indiquee dans Tableau No.1.

T bl a eau N 1 D' 'bTt'd PFNL R' bl' t f' o. ISPOnJ lIe es en epu Ique cen ra ncalne Produit/Espece Partie utilisee Mois

Jan FEw Mars Avril Mai Juin Juil AoOt Sep Oct Nov

1. Plantes comestibles

Gnetum buchholzianum feuilles x x x x x x x x x x x

Hilaria latifolia feuilles x x x x x x x

Maranthacee feuilles x x x x x x x x x x x

Dioscorea sp. tubercule X x x x x x

Butyrospemum parkii fruits (huile) x x x x

Aframomum sp. fruits x x x x x

Canarium schweinfurtii fruits x x x x x

Irvingia excelsa fruits x x x x x

Piper guineense fruits x x x

Treculia africana fruits x x x

Xylopia aethiopica fruits x x x x x

Kilinga erecta racines x x x x x x

Champignons x x x x x x

2. Plantes artisanales

224

Dec

x

x

x

x

x

x

Source: modifié selon FAO (1999)

L'exportation des PFNL est documentée pour les plantes comestibles (les épices Piperguineense, Xylopia aethiopica, Kilinga erecta, Aframomum sp.; les feuilles de Gnetum spp.,les fruits d'Ananas comosus et Dacryodes edulis (safou); les graines de Cola nitida (kola); etl'huile de karité de Butyrospermum parkii), la plante médicinale Rauvolfia vomitoria, le rotin,la gomme arabique et la cire des abeilles. Les destinations principales de l'exportation sont

les pays limitrophes (Tchad, Soudan, Cameroun, Nigeria) concernant les épices;l'Italie (Rauvolfia vomitoria);la France, l'Allemagne, les Etats-Unis et Tchad (rotin);['Union Européenne (gomme arabique, cire d'abeille); etle Japon (cire d'abeille) (FAO, 1999; Tabuna, 1999).

Des chiffres fiables concernant les quantités et les valeurs d'exportation n'existent pas. Atitre indicatif, quelques chiffres disponibles sont inclus dans le tableau sur les donnéesquantitatives des PFNL de la République centrafricaine (voir ci-dessous). Le Tableau No. 2donne un aper9u général concernant la valeur économique des différents PFNL.

Tableau No. 2 : Exportations des différents produits agricoles en 1994

225

581 000 Francs CFA = 1.84 dollar des E.-U. en 1994 (taux de change moyen de l'année 1994)

Raphia spp. feuilles x x x x x x x x x x x x

Rotins tiges x x x x x x x x x x x x

3. Plantes médicinales

Rauvolphia vomitora racines x x x x x x x x

4. Exsudats

Gomme arabique x x x x x x

5. Produits animaux

Miel x x x x x x x x x x x x

Cire d'abeille x x x x x

Chenilles x x x x x

Escargots x x x x x

Termites x x x x x x

Produit Valeur (CFA)58 Poids net (kg)Bois, charbon de bois et ouvrages en boisPlantes indigènes et graines oléagineusesGommes, résines et autres sucs et extraitsvégétauxCire d'abeilleEcorces d'autres plantesCafé, théCaoutchouc et matières en caoutchoucPoivres non broyés ni pulvérisésRotinVannerie en matières végétales

22 98417952

1595321

406547441

808000600250898090

90

595500300

000000048700000000000

24

7

963809299

7912

5159

41

211969665

040000360497400273123

Source: FAO (1999), citant DSEE. 1995. Le Commerce extérieur de la RépubliqueCentrafricaine 1994.

Raphia spp. feuilles x x x x x x x x x x x x

Rotins tiges x x x x x x x x x x x x

3. Plantes medicinales

Rauvolphia vomitora racines x x x x x x x x

4. Exsudats

Gomme arabique x x x x x x

5. Produits animaux

Miel x x x x x x x x x x x x

Cire d'abeille x x x x x

Chenilles x x x x x

Escargots x x x x x

Termites x x x x x x ..

Source: modlfH3 selon FAO (1999)

L'exportation des PFNL est documentee pour les plantes comestibles (Ies epices Piper guineense, Xylopia aethiopica, Kilinga erecta, Aframomum sp.; les feuilles de Gnetum spp., les fruits d'Ananas comosus et Oacryodes edulis (safou); les graines de Cola nitida (kola); et I'huile de karite de Butyrospermum parkii), la plante medieinale Rauvolfia vomitoria, Ie rotin, la gomme arabique et la cire des abeilles. Les destinations prineipales de I'exportation sont 41 les pays limitrophes (Tchad, Soudan, Cameroun, Nigeria) concernant les epices; • l'Italie (Rauvolfia vomitoria); II la France, I'Aliemagne, les Etats-Unis et Tchad (rotin); CD l'Union Europeenne (gomme arabique, cire d'abeille); et II Ie Japon (eire d'abeille) (FAO, 1999; Tabuna, 1999).

Des chiffres fiables concernant les quantites et les valeurs d'exportation n'existent pas. A titre indicatif, quelques chiffres disponibles sont inclus dans Ie tableau sur les donnees quantitatives des PFNL de la Republique centrafricaine (voir ci-dessous). Le Tableau No.2 donne un aper9u general concernant la valeur economique des differents PFNL.

Tableau No.2: Exportations des differents produits agricoles en 1994 Produit Valeur (CFA)58

Bois, charbon de bois et ouvrages en bois 22 984 406 595 Plantes indigenes et graines oleagineuses 179547500 Gommes, resines et autres sucs et extraits 52 441 300 vegetaux

Po ids net (kg) 24963211

809969 299665

Cire d'abeille 15 808 000 79 040 Ecorces d'autres plantes 9 000 000 12 000 Cafe, the 5 600 048 7 515 360 Caoutchouc et matieres en caoutchouc 3 250 700 9 497 Poivres non broyes ni pulverises 2 898 000 41 400 Rotin 1 090 000 273 Vannerie en matieres vegetales 90 000 123 Source: FAO (1999), eitant OSEE. 1995. Le Commerce exterieur de la Republique Centrafricaine 1994.

58 1 000 Francs CFA = 1.84 dollar des E.-U. en 1994 (taux de change moyen de I'annee 1994)

225

Au niveau de la commercialisation, les groupes qui interviennent sont les collecteurs enforêt, les grossistes qui viennent acheter au village, les détaillants sur les places des marchélocaux et les consommateurs qui achètent quotidiennement en fonction de la taille de leurménage. L'étude de Piri (1997) réalisée à Ngotto, préfecture de la Lobaye, montre le rapportexistant entre les prix au récolteur par rapport au prix au consommateur. Cette étudeconcerne exclusivement les PFNL de consommation courante.

Tableau No. 3. Prix des différents PFNL de la forêt jusqu'au consommateur (Lieu: Ngotto)Produits Collecteurs Grossistes DétaiHants Consom- Quotient

mateurs Collecteur/Consommateur

s.Gnetum sp. CFA10-25 par CFA1 000 par CFA2 000 par CFA175 par 1:9

botte de 250g cuvette de 30 I cuvette de 30 I botte de 250 gDioscorea sp. CFA75-100 par CFA500 par tube CFA600 par tube 1:8

tube de 2 kg de 2 kg de 2 kgFeuifies de CFA50 par unité CFA100 par 1:2Raphia unitéEremospatha sp. CFA10 par unité CFA25-50 par CFA250 par 1:25

unité uniteFeuffles CFA10 par 20 CFA25 par 20 CFA75 par 20 CFA100 par 20 1:10Maranthacées feuilles feuilles feuilles feuillesSource: FAO (1999), citant Piri, D. 1997. Analyse de la filière des sous-produits forestiers dela zone d'intervention du projet ECOFAC-RAC dans une perspective de valorisation et depromotion (cas du Gnetum sp. et autres)


NourritureLa FAO (1999) décrit l'utilisation des tubercules, des feuilles, des fruits et des écorces pourl'alimentation de la population.

Les tubercules d'ignames Dioscorea sp. constituent l'aliment de base chez les Pygmées.Un genre Dioscorea sp. (ndombi en banda yanguéré) identifié en forêt du sud de laRépublique centrafricaine, donne des grosses tubercules et peut pénétrer dans le sol ê plusde 1,5 m.

Les feuilles de Gnetum spp., d'Hileria latifolia et de Dorstenia sp. sont comestibles etsouvent commercialisées au niveau national. A cause de la rareté de Gnetum buchholzium(koko), ces plantes sont en train d'être substituées par Gnetum africanum (kali).

Les fruits variés comme Gambeya africana, Treculia africana, Canarium schweinfurthii,Afrostyrax lepidophyllus, Irvingia excelsa, Butyrospermum parkii (huile et fruit de karité trèsconsommés par les habitants du nord de la République centrafricaine), Parkia biglobosa (lesgraines fermentées sont consommées sous forme de boulettes noires et très parfumées auxarômes de 'camembert'), sont recherchés pour leurs usages divers, pour leur apport dansl'alimentation et pour leur gait. Le genre poivre Piper guineense, Xylopia aethiopica etAframomum sp. sont très recherchés pour l'exportation.

Les écorces de Khaya senegalensis et de Garcinia cola, sont utilisées comme ferment dansles boissons (vin de palme).

226

Au niveau de la commercialisation, les groupes qui interviennent sont les collecteurs en foret, les grossistes qui viennent acheter au village, les detaillants sur les places des marche locaux et les consommateurs qui achetent quotidiennementen fonction de la taille de leur menage. L'etude de Piri (1997) realisee a Ngotto, prefecture de la Lobaye, montre Ie rapport existant entre les prix au recolteur par rapport au prix au consommateur. Cette etude concerne exclusivement les PFNL de consommation courante.

Tableau NO.3. Prix des differents PFNL de la foret jusqu'au consommateur (Lieu: Ngotto) Produits Collecteurs Grossistes Detaillants Consom- Quotient

mateurs Collecteurl

Gnetum sp.

Dioscorea sp.

Feuilles Raphia

CFA10-25 par botte de 250g CFA75-100 par tube de 2 kg

de CFA50 par unite

Eremospatfla sp. CFA10 par unite

CFA1 000 par cuvette de 30 I CFA500 par tube de 2 kg

CFA2 000 par CFA175 par cuvette de 30 I botte de 250 g

CFA600 par tube de 2 kg CFA100 par unite

CFA25-50 par CFA250 par unite unite

Feuilles CFA10 par 20 CFA25 par 20 CFA75 par 20 CFA100 par 20 Maranthacees feuilles feuilles feuilles feuilles

Consommateur s. 1:9

1 :8

1 :2

1:25

1 :10

Source: FAO (1999), citant Piri, D. 1997. Analyse de la filiere des sous-produits forestiers de la zone d'intervention clu projet ECOFAC-RAC dans une perspective de valorisation et de promotion (cas du Gnetum sp. et autres)


Nourriture La FAO (1999) decrit I'utilisation des tubercules, des feuilles, des fruits et des ecorces pour I'alimentation de la population.

Les tubercules d'ignames Dioscorea sp. constituent I'aliment de base chez les Pygmees. Un genre Dioscorea sp. (ndombi en banda yanguere) identifie en foret du sud de la Republique centrafricaine, donne des grosses tubercules et peut penetrer dans Ie sol a plus de 1,5 m.

Les feuilles de Gnetum spp., d'Hileria laUfolia et de Dorstenia sp. sont comestibles et souvent commercialisees au niveau national. A cause de la rarete de Gnetum buchholzium (koko), ces plantes sont en train d'etre substituees par Gnetum africanum (kali).

Les fruits varies comme Gambeya africana, Treculia africana, Canarium schweinfurthii, Afrostyrax lepidophyllus, Irvingia excelsa, Butyrospermum parkii (huile et fruit de karite tres consommes par les habitants du nord de la Republique centrafricaine), Parkia biglobosa ~es graines fermentees sont consommees sous forme de boulettes noires et tres parfumees aux aromes de 'camembert'), sont recherches pour leurs usages divers, pour leur apport dans I'alimentation et pour leur goat. Le genre poivre Piper guineense, Xylopia aethiopica et Aframomum sp. sont tres recherches pour I'exportation.

Les ecorces de Khaya senegalensis et de Garcinia cola, sont utilisees comme ferment dans les boissons (vin de palme).

226

MédecineLes plantes médicinales ne sont pas encore très vendues sur les marchés centrafricains,mais elles sont très utilisées bien que pas encore quantifiées (FAO 1993b).

Les racines de Rauvolfia vomitoria et de Parinari excelsa par exemple sont utilisées commemédicament et font l'objet d'un trafic mondial à cause des matières actives qu'ellescontiennent. Ces deux espèces sont exploitées dans toutes les zones agro-climatiques de laRépublique centrafricaine (FAO, 1999).

Ustensiles, artisanat et matériaux de constructionLes fibres végétales, les rotins (e.g. Maranthaceae, Eremospatha sp.), les branches etfeuilles de raphia (Raphia spp.) et les feuilles de r6nier (Borassus aethiopium) sont utiliséesdans l'artisanat traditionnel et font aussi objet d'un trafic important avec les autres pays de lasous-région. Elles rapportent des revenus non négligeables aux ménages (FAO, 1999).

ExsudatsLes chiffres disponibles concernant la gomme arabique indiquent une exploitation de 300400 t par an entre 1996 et 1999 enregistrée dans la partie nord de Bangui et de 98 texportée en 1999 par une société Centrafricaine. Néanmoins, la gomme arabique estconsidérée comme un produit transissant qui provient du Soudan (FAO, 1999).


Miel et cireLa récolte du miel en abattant l'arbre est très répandue dans les zones forestières et surtoutpratiquée par des Pygmées (FAO, 1999).

La cire d'abeille a fait l'objet d'exportation jusqu'à 350 t par an avant les années 1980 (FAO,1993a). En 1994, 79 t ont été exportées pour une valeur de CFA15 808 000 (FAO, 1999).

GibierEn République centrafricaine, la faune est avant tout considérée comme une sourced'alimentation par la population locale. II est estimé que 30 à 40 pour cent de la viandeconsommée provient du gibier. Cette quantité peut passer du simple au double en zonerurale. La seule ville de Bangui consomme à peu pits deux tonnes de viande de brousse parjour.

L'utilisation des produits animaux représente près de 25 pour cent du PNB. En 1988-89, 19sociétés privées ont rapporté CFA40 millions à l'état. En plus, l'état reçoit quelque 92 millionsde Francs CFA au titre de taxes et droits divers (FAO, 1993b).

Autres produits animaux comestiblesLes chenilles comestibles sont tits consommées par les centrafricains et récoltées en zonede savane comme en zone forestière. D'après une estimation de biomasse de chenille faiteen Basse Lobaye, au moins 2 kg de chenilles sont récoltables par hectare de forét, soit 200kg/km2. Le ramassage des chenilles en forêt n'affecte guère leur reconstitution annuelle, carun seul papillon sorti de sa chrysalide ira pondre des milliers d'oraufs. On peut égalementconstater que la richesse des 'arbres h6tes' dans la végétation centrafricaine constitue unerichesse pour le renouvellement des chenilles. D'après quelques études réalisées par A.Seredamazoui (1994. Valorisation des sous-produits de la for& de Ngotto: Etude de cas deschenilles comestibles. Mémoire de fin de cycle BTS) sur les chenilles, on note actuellement25 espèces qui produisent 12 types comestibles (FAO, 1999).

227

Medecine

Les plantes medicinales ne sont pas encore tres vendues sur les marches centrafricains, mais elles sont tres utilisees bien que pas encore quantifiees (FAO 1993b).

Les racines de Rauvolfia vomitoria et de Parinari excelsa par exemple sont utilisees comme medicament et font I'objet d'un trafic mondial a cause des matieres actives qu'elles contiennent. Ces deux especes sont exploitees dans to utes les zones agro-climatiques de la Republique centrafricaine (FAO, 1999).

Ustensiles, artisanat et materiaux de construction Les fibres vegetales, les rotins (e.g. Maranthaceae, Eremospatha sp.), les branches et feuilles de raphia (Raphia spp.) et les feuilles de ranier (Borassus aethiopium) sont utilisees dans I'artisanat traditionnel et font aussi objet d'un trafic important avec les autres pays de la sous-region. Elles rapportent des revenus non negligeables aux menages (FAO, 1999).

Exsudats Les chiffres disponibles concernant la gomme arabique indiquent une exploitation de 300 -400 t par an entre 1996 et 1999 enregistree dans la partie nord de Bangui et de 98 t exportee en 1999 par une societe Centrafricaine. Neanmoins, la gomme arabique est consideree comme un produit transissant qui provient du Soudan (FAO, 1999).


Miel et cire La recolte du miel en abattant I'arbre est tres repandue dans les zones forestieres et surtout pratiquee par des Pygmees (FAO, 1999).

La cire d'abeille a fait I'objet d'exportation jusqu'a 350 t par an avant les annees 1980 (FAO, 1993a). En 1994, 79 t ont ete exportees pour une valeur de CFA 15808000 (FAO, 1999).

Gibier En Republique centrafricaine, la faune est avant tout consideree comme une source d'alimentation par la population locale. II est estime que 30 a 40 pour cent de la viande consommee provient du gibier. Cette quantite peut passer du simple au double en zone rurale. La seule ville de Bangui consomme a peu pres deux tonnes de viande de brousse par jour.

L'utilisation des produits animaux represente pres de 25 pour cent du PNB. En 1988-89, 19 societes privees ont rapporte CFA40 millions a I'etat. En plus, I'etat rec;;oit quelque 92 millions de Francs CFA au titre de taxes et droits divers (FAO, 1993b).

Autres produits animaux comestibles Les chenilles comestibles sont tres consommees par les centrafricains et recoltees en zone de savane comme en zone forestiere. D'apres une estimation de biomasse de chenille faite en Basse Lobaye, au moins 2 kg de chenilles sont recoltables par hectare de foret, soit 200 kg/km2. Le ramassage des chenilles en foret n'affecte guere leur reconstitution annuelle, car un seul papillon sorti de sa chrysalide ira pondre des milliers d'ooufs. On peut egalement constater que la richesse des 'arbres hates' dans la vegetation centrafricaine constitue une richesse pour Ie renouvellement des chenilles. D'apres quelques etudes realisees par A. Seredamazoui (1994. Valorisation des sous-produits de la foret de Ngotto: Etude de cas des chenilles comestibles. Memoire de fin de cycle BTS) sur les chenilles, on note actuellement 25 especes qui produisent 12 types comestibles (FAO, 1999).

227

REFERENCES

FAO. 1993a. International trade in NWFP: An overview, par M. lqbal. Working PaperMISC/93/11. Rome

FAO. 1993b. Republique centrafricaine. Séminaire sur les Statistiques Forestières enAfrique. FAO. Thies, Senegal.

FAO. 1999. Données statistiques sur les PFNL en République centrafricaine, par M.Bonannée. CE-FAO Programme de Partenariat, Projet GCP/INT/679/EC, Rome

Motte-Florac, E., S. Bahuchet, M.C. Thomas. 1995. The Ro/e of Food in the Therapeuticsof the Aka Pygmies of the Central African Republic, Tropical Forests, People andFood: Biocultural Interactions and Applications to Development. Man and theBiosphere Series, Volume 13,UNESCO, Paris.

Tabuna, H. 1999. The markets for Central African Non-wood forest products in Europe. In:Sunderland, T.C.H., L.E. Clark, P. Vantomme (eds.). The NWFP of Central Africa:Current research issues and prospects for conservation and development. FAO.Rome

UNESCO. 1995. Tropical Forests, People and Food: Biocultural Interactions andApplications to Development Man and the Biosphere Series, Volume 13.

REMERCIEMENTS

Ce rapport a été realise grâce au financement du Programme de Partenariat CE-FAO«Collecte et analyse des données pour un aménagement durable de la foret dans les paysA..C.P.». Le contenu est base sur l'information accessible au siege central de la FAORome, ainsi que sur !Information fournie par Mr M. Bonannée, Ingenieur des Eaux et Forets,Ministère de l'Environnement, des Eaux, Forets, Chasses et Peches de la RepubliqueCentrafricaine.

Des informations supplémentaires sur les PFNL de la Republique centrafricaine seraientbienvenues et reconnues en bonne et due forme.

228

REFERENCES

FAO. 1993a. International trade in NWFP: An overview, par M. Iqbal. Working Paper MISC/93/11. Rome

FAO. 1993b. Republique centrafricaine. Seminaire sur les Statistiques Forestieres en Afrique. FAO. Thies, Senegal.

FAO. 1999. Donnees statistiques sur les PFNL en Republique centrafricaine, par M. Bonannee. CE-FAO Programme de Partenariat, Projet GCP/INT/679/EC, Rome

Motte-Florae, E., S. Bahuehet, M.C. Thomas. 1995. The Role of Food in the Therapeutics of the Aka Pygmies of the Central African Republic. Tropical Forests, People and Food: Biocultural Interactions and Applications to Development. Man and the Biosphere Series, Volume 13,UNESCO, Paris.

Tabuna, H. 1999. The markets for Central African Non-wood forest products in Europe. In: Sunderland, T.C.H., L.E. Clark, P. Vantomme (eds.). The NWFP of Central Africa: Current research issues and prospects for conservation and development. FAO. Rome

UNESCO. 1995. Tropical Forests, People and Food: Biocultural Interactions and Applications to Development. Man and the Biosphere Series, Volume 13.

REMERCIEMENTS

Ce rapport a ete realise grace au financement du Programme de Partenariat CE-FAO «Collecte et analyse des donnees pour un amenagement durable de la foret dans les pays A .. C.P.». Le contenu est base sur I'information accessible au siege central de la FAO a Rome, ainsi que sur l'information fournie par Mr M. Bonannee, Ingenieur des Eaux et Forets, Ministere de l'Environnement, des Eaux, Forets, Chasses et Peches de la Republique Centrafricaine.

Des informations supplementaires sur les PFNL de la Republique centrafricaine seraient bienvenues et reconnues en bonne et due forme.

228

DONNEES QUANTITATIVES SUR LES PFNL DE LA REPUBLIQUE CENTRAFRICAINE


se sève; la latex; hu huile; pl plante entière; re résines; ra racine; gr graines; ti tige; ta tannins;Habitat: F forét naturelle et autres terres boisées; P - plantation; A Autres: Arbres hors de la forét (e.g. agroforesterie, jardins privés)Source: S - sauvage, C - cultivéDestination: N - national; I international

229

Produit Ressource Valeur économiqueCatégorie Innpor-

tanceNom

commercialNom

vernaculaire




1, 2, 3 F, P, H 5,0 N, I

Plantes et produits végétauxNourriture 1 Piper guinese gr Exportation de 2 585 kg en

1999FAO, 1999

Xylopia aethiopica Exportation de 560 kg en1999

FAO, 1999

Kilinga erecta Exportation de 200 kg en1999

FAO, 1999

Médecine Rauvoffia vomitoria ec I Exportation de 5 100 kg en1998

FAO, 1999


1 Rotin ti F S I Exportation de 60 kg en1999

Exportation de 273 kgpour une valeur deCFA1 090 000 en 1994

FAO, 1999

Exsudats 2 Gommearabique

go I Valeur d'exportation deCFA206 000 en 1995

Exportation de 98t en1999 par la société CAFESTAR

La plupart de la gommeest produite au Soudan

FAO, 1999

Animaux et produits anirnauxMiel, cire 2 F, P, H S, C N, I Exportation annuelle de

350 t de cire avant lesannées 80 (FAO 1993b)

Exportation de 79 t pourune valeur deCFA15 808 000 en 1994(FAO, 1999)

FAO 1993b;FAO, 1999

DONNEES QUANTITATIVES SUR LES PFNL DE LA REPUBUQUE CENTRAFRICAINE

I P rod uit II Ressource II Valeur economique II I Categorie Impor- Nom Especes Partie Habitat Source Oesti- Quantite, valeur Remarques References


vernaculaire 1,2,3 F, P,H S,C N, I

I Plantes et produits vegetaux I Nourriture 1 Piper guinese gr Exportation de 2 585 kg en

1999 FAO,1999

Xylopia aethiopica Exportation de 560 kg en 1999

FAO,1999

Kilinga erecta Exportation de 200 kg en FAO,1999 1999

Medecine Rauvolfia vomitoria ec I Exportation de 5 100 kg en FAO,1999 1998

Ustensiles, 1 Rotin ti F S I -Exportation de 60 kg en FAO,1999 artisan at et 1999

materiaux de • Exportation de 273 kg

construction pour une valeur de CFA1 090000 en 1994

Exsudats 2 Gomme go I .Valeur d'exportation de La plupart de la gomme FAO,1999 arabique CFA206 000 en 1995 est produite au Soudan

• Exportation de 98t en 1999 par la societe CAFE STAR

Animaux et produits animaux Miel, cire 2 F,P,H S,C N, I • Exportation annuelle de FAO 1993b;

350 t de eire avant les FAO,1999 annees 80 (FAO 1993b) • Exportation de 79 t pour une valeur de CFA15 808 000 en 1994 (FAO,1999)

Importance: 1- grande importance au niveau national; 2 - grande importance au niveau local/regional; 3 - importance Iimitee Partie utilisee: an - animal entier; ec - ecorce; ci - cire; fe - feuilles; no - noix; fi - fibres; fl - fleurs; fr - fruits; go - gommes; mi - miel;


229

3.5.6 République Démocaratique du Congo (F)

INTRODUCTION

Principaux Produits Forestiers Non LigneuxLes produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL) les plus importants de la RépubliqueDémocratique du Congo au niveau socio-économique sont les plantes alimentaires (e.g.lrvingia gabonensis, Arachis hypogaea, Voandzeia subterranea, Vigna unguiculata, Gnetumafricanum, Elaeis guineensis, Dioscorea spp., Canarium schweinfurthii) et le gibier.

Informations généralesPeu de données sont disponibles regardant les PFNL de la République Démocratique duCongo. SeIon la FAO (1993:228) «contrairement aux produits forestiers ligneux, les PFNLfont rarement l'objet d'études et d'enquétes ... Faute de moyens, la Direction de la Gestiondes Ressources NatureIles n'est pas en mesure de vérifier les quantités déclarées(lorsqu'elles le sont) par ceux qui récoltent les produits forestiers non ligneux. En ce quiconcerne les exportations de certains PFNL, on peut trouver des statistiques auprès desintervenants dans le circuit d'exportation. On peut aussi recourir à celles relatives àl'exportation de Rauvolfia.»

Une étude de cas concernant la commercialisation des PFNL sur les marchés de Kisanganiet Beni (Bauma, 1999) a identifié 11 PFNL principaux. II s'agit des

plantes alimentaires (feuilles légumes. condiments, fruits, boissons);plantes médicinales qui sont ramassées et vendues par les tradipraticiens; etmatériaux de construction et d'emballage.

Tableau No. 1.

Source: Bauma (1999)

Les PFNL les plus importants vendus sur les marchés de Kisangani et Beni

230

Espèce Nom local Partie utilisée Utilisation MarcheAframomum spp ndehe (Nonde) Fruits et graines Fruits, médicine Beni et

Kisanganitondolo (Swahili)soso (Topoke)

Cola acuminate ngongoka Graines Aphrodisiaque,médicine

Beni etKisangani(Nonde)

libelu (Topoke)qbongbolia(Swahili)

Elaeis guineensis nganzi (Swahili) Noix, sève Huile/vin depalmier

Beni etKisangani

Fungi buyoka (Swahili) Nourriture Beni etKisangani

Garcinia cola bobale (Topoke) Graines Aphrodisiaque,médicinal

Kisanganiolale (Lokele)

Gnetum africanum fumbwa (Kikongo) Feuilles Légume KisanganiPentadiplandrabrazzeana

qeene (Topoke) Racines Médecine Kisanganietekele (Lokele)

Piper guineensis bokanqo (Nonde) Fruits Médecine,condiment

Beni etKisanganitoketu (Lokele)

Raphia spp mabondo Sève Vin de palmier Beni et(Swahili) Kisangani

Scorodophloeuszenkeri

bumba (Topoke) Ecorce Condiment Kisangani

Thaumatococcusdanielii

lonqodo Feuilles Emballage,construction (toit)

Beni etKisangani(Ngelema)

mangonqo(Swahili)

3.5.6 Republique Democaratique du Congo (F)

INTRODUCTION


Les produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL) les plus importants de la Republique Democratique du Congo au niveau socio-economique sont les plantes alimentaires (e.g. Irvingia gabonensis, Arachis hypogaea, Voandzeia subterranea, Vigna unguiculata, Gnetum africanum, Elaeis guineensis, Dioscorea spp., Canarium schweinfurthii) et Ie gibier.


Peu de donnees sont disponibles regardant les PFNL de la Republique Democratique du Congo. Selon la FAa (1993:228) «contrairement aux produits forestiers ligneux, les PFNL font rarement I'objet d'etudes et d'enquetes ... Faute de moyens, la Direction de la Gestion des Ressources Naturelles n'est pas en mesure de verifier les quantites deciarees (Iorsqu'elles Ie sont) par ceux qui recoltent les produits forestiers non ligneux. En ce qui concerne les exportations de certains PFNL, on peut trouver des statistiques aupres des intervenants dans Ie circuit d'exportation. On peut aussi recourir a celles relatives a I'exportation de Rauvolfia.»

Une etude de cas concernant la commercialisation des PFNL sur les marches de Kisangani et Beni (Bauma, 1999) a identifie 11 PFNL principaux. II s'agit des e plantes alimentaires (feuilles legumes. condiments, fruits, boissons); e plantes medicinales qui sont ramassees et vendues par les tradipraticiens; et • materiaux de construction et d'emballage.

Tableau NO.1. Les PFNL les I2lus iml20rtants vendus sur les marches de Kisangani et Beni Espece Nom local Partie utilisee Utilisation Marche Aframomum spp ndehe (Nonde) Fruits et graines Fruits, medicine Beni et

tondolo (Swahili) Kisangani soso (Topoke)

Cola acuminata ngongoka Graines Aphrodisiaque, Beni et (Nonde) medicine Kisangani libelu (Topoke) gbongbolia (Swahili)

Elaeis guineensis nganzi (Swahili) Noix, seve Huile/vin de Beni et palmier Kisangani

Fungi buyoka (Swahili) Nourriture Beni et Kisangani

Garcinia cola bobale (Topoke) Graines Aphrodisiaque, Kisangani olale (Lokele) medicinal

Gnetum africanum fumbwa (Kikongo) Feuilles Legume Kisangani Pentadiplandra geene (Topoke) Racines Medecine Kisangani brazzeana etekele (Lokele) Piper guineensis bokango (Nonde) Fruits Medecine, Beni et

toketu (Lokele) condiment Kisangani Raphia spp mabondo Seve Vin de palmier Beni et

(Swahili) Kisangani Scorodophloeus bumba (Topoke) Ecorce Condiment Kisangani zenkeri Thaumatococcus longodo Feuilles Emballage, Beni et danielii (Ngelema) construction (toit) Kisangani

mangongo {Swahili}

Source: Bauma (1999)

230


NourritureKukwikila et al (1995) ont étudié le rôle des plantes alimentaires dans les villages deKwango-Kwilu. Dans cette region qui se trouve au sud-ouest du pays, le manioc est leproduit de base. La composante lipide de l'alimentation est essentiellement donnée parl'huile des noix de Elaeis guineensis.

La nourriture obtenue grâce à la cueillette, qui accompagne les produits de base, estsaisonnière. Certains fruits et feuilles sauvages sont disponibles toute l'année, tandis que lesfeuilles des forèts sont principalement disponibles pendant la saison des pluies. Ceux-cicommencent à devenir rares à cause de la grave deforestation causée par la conversion desforéts en terres agricoles pour nourrir la population croissante. Par exemple, le Gnetumafricanum, qui autrefois était tits commun, est devenu difficile à trouver.

En étudiant les traditions alimentaires des Mbuti, Ichikawa (1995) constate que pendant lapériode pointe de production des fruits, plus de 24 percent de l'alimentation des Mbuti estcomposée par les grains de Gilbertiodendron. Les autres plantes alimentaires sauvagesimportantes sont: Dioscorea spp. Canarium schweinfurthii, lrvingia sp. et Elaeis guineensis.Ces espèces, prises ensemble, composent plus de 80% de la nourriture obtenue à partir deplantes sauvages.

L'importance des PFNL comestibles est aussi confirmée par l'étude de Bauma (1999) sur lesmarchés de Kisangani et Beni. Parmi les onze espèces les plus importantes sur les marchesconcernés, sept ont des fonctions alimentaires (voir tableau 1).

GibierLes protéines sont fournies par le gibier, les poissons et les insectes (surtout les chenilles etles sauterelles). Concernant la chasse faite par les Mbuti, seulement un nombre réduitd'espèces fournissent la plus grosse part de viande dans leur alimentation: Plus de 90percent de la prise avec le filet est composée de duikers de la forét ainsi que de chevrotains.En outre, les Mbuti chassent les singes, (parfois les chiens) et les sangliers (Ichikawa, 1995).

REFERENCESBauma, I.L. 1999. A preliminary market survey of the NWFP of the Democratic Republic of

Congo: The Beni and Kisangani markets. In: Sunderland, T.C.H., L.E. Clark, P.Vantomme (eds.). The NWFP of Central Africa: Current research issues andprospects for conservation and development FAO. Rome

FAO. 1993. Séminaire sur les statistiques forestières en Afrique. Thies, Senegal.Ichikawa, M. 1995. Diversity and Selectivity in the Food of the Mbuti Hunter-Gatherers in

Zaire. In: Tropical Forests, People and Food: Biocultural Interactions and Applicationsto Development. Man and the Biosphere Series, Volume 13., UNESCO. Paris.

Kukiwikila, L., M. Mashako, F. Kwilu, A. Abraham, F. Mbemba. 1995. Seasonal Variationin Diet and Nutritional Status of Young Children in Villages of Kwango-Kwilu (Zaire).In: Tropical Forests, People and Food: Biocultural Interactions and Applications toDevelopment. Man and the Biosphere Series, Volume 13., UNESCO, Paris.

Pagezy, H. 1995. The Importance of Natural Resources in the Diet of the Young Child in aFlooded Tropical Forest in the Zaire. In: Tropical Forests, People and Food:Biocultural Interactions and Applications to Development. Man and the BiosphereSeries, Volume 13., UNESCO, Paris.

Takeda, J., H. Sato. 1995. Multiple Subsistence Strategies and Protein Resources ofHorticulturalists in the Zaire Basin: the Ngandu and the Boyella. In: Tropical Forests,People and Food: Biocultural Interactions and Applications to Development. Man andthe Biosphere Series, Volume 13., UNESCO, Paris.

231


Nourriture Kukwikila et al (1995) ont etudie Ie role des plantes alimentaires dans les villages de Kwango-Kwilu. Dans cette region qui se trouve au sud-ouest du pays, Ie manioc est Ie produit de base. La composante lipide de I'alimentation est essentiellement don nee par I'huile des noix de Elaeis guineensis.

La nourriture obtenue grace a la cueillette, qui accompagne les produits de base, est saisonniere. Certains fruits et feuilles sauvages sont disponibles to ute I'annee, tandis que les feuilles des forets sont principalement disponibles pendant la saison des pluies. Ceux-ci commencent a devenir rares a cause de la grave deforestation causee par la conversion des forets en terres agricoles pour nourrir la population croissante. Par exemple, Ie Gnetum africanum, qui autrefois eta it tres commun, est devenu difficile a trouver.

En etudiant les traditions alimentaires des Mbuti, Ichikawa (1995) constate que pendant la periode pointe de production des fruits, plus de 24 percent de I'alimentation des Mbuti est composee par les grains de Gilbertiodendron. Les autres plantes alimentaires sauvages importantes sont: Dioscorea spp. Canarium schweinfurthii, Irvingia sp. et Elaeis guineensis. Ces especes, prises ensemble, composent plus de 80% de la nourriture obtenue a partir de plantes sauvages.

L'importance des PFNL comestibles est aussi confirmee par I'etude de Bauma (1999) sur les marches de Kisangani et Beni. Parmi les onze especes les plus importantes sur les marches concernes, sept ont des fonctions alimentaires (voir tableau 1).

Gibier

Les proteines sont fournies par Ie gibier, les poissons et les insectes (surtout les chenilles et les sauterelles). Concernant la chasse faite par les Mbuti, seulement un nombre reduit d'especes fournissent la plus grosse part de viande dans leur alimentation: Plus de 90 percent de la prise avec Ie filet est composee de duikers de la foret ainsi que de chevrotains. En outre, les Mbuti chassent les singes, (parfois les chiens) et les sangliers (Ichikawa, 1995).

REFERENCES Bauma, I.L. 1999. A preliminary market survey of the NWFP of the Democratic Republic of

Congo: The Beni and Kisangani markets. In: Sunderland, T.C.H., L.E. Clark, P. Vantomme (eds.). The NWFP of Central Africa: Current research issues and prospects for conservation and development. FAO. Rome

FAO. 1993. Seminaire sur les statistiques forestieres en Afrique. Thies, Senegal. Ichikawa, M. 1995. Diversity and Selectivity in the Food of the Mbuti Hunter-Gatherers in

Zaire. In: Tropical Forests, People and Food: Bioculturallnteractions and Applications to Development. Man and the Biosphere Series, Volume 13., UNESCO. Paris.

Kukiwikila, L., M. Mashako, F. Kwilu, A. Abraham, F. Mbemba. 1995. Seasonal Variation in Diet and Nutritional Status of Young Children in Villages of Kwango-Kwilu (Zaire). In: Tropical Forests, People and Food: Bioculturallnteractions and Applications to Development. Man and the Biosphere Series, Volume 13., UNESCO, Paris.

Pagezy, H. 1995. The Importance of Natural Resources in the Diet of the Young Child in a Flooded Tropical Forest in the Zaire. In: Tropical Forests, People and Food: Bioculturallnteractions and Applications to Development. Man and the Biosphere Series, Volume 13., UNESCO, Paris.

Takeda, J., H. Sato. 1995. Multiple Subsistence Strategies and Protein Resources of Horticulturalists in the Zaire Basin: the Ngandu and the Boyella. In: Tropical Forests, People and Food: Bioculturallnteractions and Applications to Development. Man and the Biosphere Series, Volume 13., UNESCO, Paris.

231

REMERCIEMENTS

Ce rapport a été réalisé grAce au financement du Programme de Partenariat CE-FAO«Collecte et analyse des données pour un aménagement durable de la Forét dans les paysA.C.P.». Le contenu est basé sur l'information accessible au siège central de la FAO éRome.

Des informations supplémentaires sur les PFNL à la République Démocratique du Congoseraient bienvenues et reconnues en bonne et due forme.

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REMERCIEMENTS

Ce rapport a ete realise grace au financement du Programme de Partenariat CE-FAO «Collecte et analyse des donnees pour un amenagement durable de la Foret dans les pays A.C.P.}}. Le contenu est base sur I'information accessible au siege central de la FAO a Rome.

Des informations supplementaires sur les PFNL a la Republique Democratique du Congo seraient bienvenues et reconnues en bonne et due forme.

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3.5.7 République du Congo (F)

INTRODUCTION

Principaux Produits Forestiers Non LigneuxLes principaux produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL) de la République du Congo sont lesplantes comestibles (notamment les fruits, les champignons, les légumes sauvages), lesplantes médicinales, le miel, le gibier et les matériaux de construction et artisanaux (e.g.rotin, feuilles de raphia et de Maranthaceae).

Des PFNL de moindre importance au niveau socio-économique contiennent les exsudats(gommes et résines).

Informations généralesL'exploitation des PFNL est considérée comme une activité économique secondaire despopulations locales, dont la principale occupation repose sur l'agriculture et la Oche.Seulement dans certaines régions giboyeuses, notamment dans les régions forestières, lachasse constitue une activité commerciale importante (FAO, 1999).

La surexploitation de certaines espèces d'un côté et la destruction de la forét de l'autre,contribuent à la raréfaction de certains PFNL, notamment des fruits sauvages et des plantesmédicinales.

Les PFNL déjà commercialisés depuis longtemps comprennent les fruits, les légumessauvages, les Hanes et les feuilles de Maranthaceae (FAO, 1999; Tabuna, 1999)

Kimpouni (1999) a identifié plus de 100 espèces vendues sur le marché de Pointe-Noire,situé au sud-ouest du pays. Les PFNL les plus importants commercialisés sur ce marchésont les

fruits (Dacryodes edulis);légumes feuilles (Gnetum africanum, G. buchholzianum, Base/la alba);condiments (Piper guineensis, Xylopia aethiopica);boissons (Elaeis guineensis, Raphia vinifera, Lippia adoensis);plantes médicinales et plantes utilisées pour les rituels;fibres (Elaeis guineensis, Cocos nucifera); etfeuilles utilisées pour l'emballage de la nourriture (Megaphyrynium spp., Sarcophryniumspp., Marantochloa).

Kimpouni conclut que le potentiel de la commercialisation locale et internationale des résinesdes Burseraceae ainsi que des graines de Xylopia aethiopica, Ricinodendron heudelotii,Irvingia et Panda oleosa n'est pas encore exploité suffisamment.


NourritureLe PAFT (1993) montre que le nombre d'espèces utilisées pour la nourriture est de 166,appartenant à 55 families.

Les plantes alimentaires les plus utilisées sontles fruits (35.7%);les fruits ou graines oléagineux (9.2%) ou condiments (5.4%);

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3.5.7 Republique du Congo (F)

INTRODUCTION


Les principaux produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL) de la Republique du Congo sont les plantes comestibles (notamment les fruits, les champignons, les legumes sauvages), les plantes medicinales, Ie miel, Ie gibier et les materiaux de construction et artisanaux (e.g. rotin, feuilles de raphia et de Maranthaceae).

Des PFNL de moindre importance au niveau socio-economique contiennent les exsudats (gommes et resines).


L'exploitation des PFNL est consideree comme une activite economique secondaire des populations locales, dont la principale occupation repose sur I'agriculture et la peche. Seulement dans certaines regions giboyeuses, notamment dans les regions forestieres, la chasse constitue une activite commerciale importante (FAO, 1999).

La surexploitation de certaines especes d'un cote et la destruction de la foret de I'autre, contribuent a la rarefaction de certains PFNL, notamment des fruits sauvages et des plantes medicinales.

Les PFNL deja commercialises depuis longtemps comprennent les fruits, les legumes sauvages, les lianes et les feuilles de Maranthaceae (FAO, 1999; Tabuna, 1999)

Kimpouni (1999) a identifie plus de 100 especes vendues sur Ie marche de Pointe-Noire, situe au sud-ouest du pays. Les PFNL les plus importants commercialises sur ce marche sont les CI fruits (Oacryodes edulis); GI legumes feuilles (Gnetum africanum, G. buchholzianum, Basella alba); CI condiments (Piper guineensis, Xylopia aethiopica); CI boissons (Elaeis guineensis, Raphia vinifera, Lippia adoensis); CI plantes medicinales et plantes utilisees pour les rituels; CI fibres (Elaeis guineensis, Cocos nucifera); et II feuilles utilisees pour I'emballage de la nourriture (Megaphyrynium spp., Sarcophrynium

spp., Marantochloa).

Kimpouni conclut que Ie potentiel de la commercialisation locale et internationale des resines des Burseraceae ainsi que des graines de Xylopia aethiopica, Ricinodendron heudelotii, Irvingia et Panda oleosa n'est pas encore exploite suffisamment.


Nourriture

Le PAFT (1993) montre que Ie nombre d'especes utilisees pour la nourriture est de 166, appartenant a 55 families.

Les plantes alimentaires les plus utilisees sont II les fruits (35.7%); CI les fruits ou graines oleagineux (9.2%) ou condiments (5.4%);

233

les graines et amandes (11.4%), grillées pour se nourrir (10%) ou comme stimulants(1.4%);les feuilles légumes consommées le plus souvent cuites (15.9%);les tiges (16.4%) sous forme d'axes aériens entiers ou épluchés (5,4%), de méristèmes(1.4%), de tubercules souterrains (2,5%), de condiments obtenus ê partir de l'appareilvégétatif (2.5%);la sève (4.6%) consommée comme vin de palme (4.2%) ou de jus désaltérant (PAFT,1993).

Parmi les espèces de feuilles légunnes, les plus cueillies, transportées, commercialisées etconsommées sont Gnetum africanum et Trilepisium madagascariensis. Ces feuilles sontcoupées en lanières transversales et sont utilisées dans les préparations culinaires en tantqu'ingrédient de l'aliment de base (le manioc, la viande ou le poisson). Les feuilles légumessont tits nutritives et tits utilisées. Ce succès fait que les deux espèces les plus appréciéesont pratiquement disparu des écosystèmes proches des principales villes congolaises(PAFT, 1993).

Les seves et les vins des "lianes à eau" (Cissus dinklagei, Tetracera podotricha) sont bienutilisés durant la chasse. Un danger de disparition des espèces par des coupes trop intensesest observé à proximité des villes et des principales voies de communication. La moelle deCostus ligularis est également consommée dans le même but sur l'ensemble du pays. Lesvins, surtout tirés de plusieurs espèces de palmiers, sont partout mis à contribution, surtoutle palmier à huile (Elaeis guineensis) et les divers Raphia.

En ce qui concerne Elaeis guineensis, la sève est le plus souvent recueillie dans unecalebasse (ou autre récipient) insérée sur un axe d'inflorescence mêle sectionné et dontl'entaille est "rajeunie" à chaque transvasement du contenu. Les quantités récoltées sontplus faibles que celles obtenues par d'autres techniques, mais cette technique a l'avantaged'être compatible avec la production de fruits par le même palmier. Le vin est consommérapidement, le degré alcoolique augmentant progressivement sous l'action de micro-organismes.

Pour les Raphia, cette technique est remplacée par la "mise en perce" du palmier. Justeavant que le palmier ne fleurisse (les Raphia produisent des fruits une seule fois, puismeurent) le malfoutier dégage les feuilles puis creuse une excavation allongée jusqu'àatteindre le bourgeon terminal. II pose alors une canule destinée à drainer la sève vers unrécipient attaché en dessous. A chaque prélèvement (le matin et le soir) l'entaille estrafratchie tandis que la canule et le récipient sont remis en place. Cette technique estdestructive, mais il suffit que l'exploitant laisse fructifier en place quelques individus pour quela population de Raphia ne soit pas déséquilibrée. De plus, les immenses raphias de la forêtinondée sont situés dans une région où la pression humaine est très faible.

Les grands consommateurs de tous les vins de palme habitent dans les villes et le long desvoies de communication (pistes, voies ferrées, rivières et le fleuve Congo), mais il n'y ajamais de transport ê longue distance puisque le vin ne se conserve pas plus de deux jours.Tous les essais de mise en bouteille n'ont jamais été couronnés de succès, ni au Cameroundans les années 1970 ni plus récemment au Congo. En vue de l'état actuel (1993) de lacommercialisation exclusive à courte distance, il semble que la production de vin de palmen'ait pas d'impact important sur les plantations villageoises, sauf, peut-ètre, à proximité desgrandes villes comme Dolisie, Pointe-Noire et Brazzaville (PAFT, 1993).

Les huiles et matières oléagineuses sont principalement fournies au Congo par le palmierhuile (Elaeis guineensis). Les autres espèces qui produisent des huiles sont Raphia,

Allanblackia floribunda et Baillonella toxisperma. Bien que souvent cultivée, Elaeisguineensis pousse naturellement partout dans le pays, le plus souvent au bord des cours

234

GI les graines et amandes (11.4%), grillees pour se nourrir (10%) ou comme stimulants (1.4%);

• les feuilles legumes consommees Ie plus souvent cuites (15.9%); • les tiges (16.4%) sous forme d'axes aeriens entiers ou epluches (5,4%), de meristemes

(1.4%), de tubercules souterrains (2,5%), de condiments obtenus a partir de I'appareil vegetatif (2.5%);

e la seve (4.6%) consommee comme yin de palme (4.2%) ou de jus desalterant (PAFT, 1993).

Parmi les especes de feuilles legumes, les plus cueillies, transportees, commercialisees et consommees sont Gnetum africanum et Trilepisium madagascariensis. Ces feuilles sont coupees en lanieres transversales et sont utilisees dans les preparations culinaires en tant qu'ingredient de I'aliment de base (Ie manioc, la viande ou Ie poisson). Les feuilles legumes sont tres nutritives et tres utilisees. Ce succes fait que les deux especes les plus appreciees ont pratiquement disparu des ecosystemes proches des principales villes congolaises (PAFT, 1993).

Les seves et les vins des "Iianes a eau" (Cissus dinklagei, Tetracera podotricha) sont bien utilises durant la chasse. Un danger de disparition des especes par des coupes trop intenses est observe a proximite des villes et des principales voies de communication. La moelle de Costus ligularis est egalement consommee dans Ie meme but sur I'ensemble du pays. Les vins, surtout tires de plusieurs especes de palmiers, sont partout mis a contribution, surtout Ie palmier a huile (Elaeis guineensis) et les divers Raphia.

En ce qui concerne Elaeis guineensis, la seve est Ie plus souvent recueillie dans une calebasse (ou autre recipient) inseree sur un axe d'inflorescence male sectionne et dont I'entaille est "rajeunie" a chaque transvasement du contenu. Les quantites recoltees sont plus faibles que celles obtenues par d'autres techniques, mais cette technique a I'avantage d'etre compatible avec la production de fruits par Ie meme palmier. Le yin est consomme rapidement, Ie degre alcoolique augmentant progressivement sous I'action de microorganismes.

Pour les Raphia, cette technique est remplacee par la "mise en perce" du palmier. Juste avant que Ie palmier ne fleurisse (Ies Raphia produisent des fruits une seule fois, puis meurent) Ie malfoutier degage les feuilles puis creuse une excavation allongee jusqu'a atteindre Ie bourgeon terminal. II pose alors une canule destinee a drainer la seve vers un recipient attache en dessous. A chaque prelevement (Ie matin et Ie soir) I'entaille est rafraichie tandis que la canule et Ie recipient sont remis en place. Cette technique est destructive, mais iI suffit que I'exploitant laisse fructifier en place quelques individus pour que la population de Raphia ne soit pas desequilibree. De plus, les immenses raphias de la foret inondee sont situes dans une region ou la pression humaine est tres faible.

Les grands consommateurs de tous les vins de palme habitent dans les vi lies et Ie long des voies de communication (pistes, voies ferrees, rivieres et Ie fleuve Congo), mais iI n'y a jamais de transport a longue distance puisque Ie vin ne se conserve pas plus de deux jours. Tous les essais de mise en bouteille n'ont jamais ete couronnes de succes, ni au Cameroun dans les annees 1970 ni plus recemment au Congo. En vue de I'etat actuel (1993) de la commercialisation exclusive a courte distance, iI semble que la production de vin de palme n'ait pas d'impact important sur les plantations villageoises, sauf, peut-etre, a proximite des grandes villes comme Dolisie, Pointe-Noire et Brazzaville (PAFT, 1993).

Les huiles et matieres oleagineuses sont principalement fournies au Congo par Ie palmier a huile (Elaeis guineensis). Les autres especes qui produisent des huiles sont Raphia, Allanblackia floribunda et Baillonella toxisperma. Bien que souvent cultivee, Elaeis guineensis pousse naturellement partout dans Ie pays, Ie plus souvent au bard des cours

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d'eau, dans les jachères ou dans les villages et campements abandonnés. Hormis le palmierhuile, les principales espèces spontanées aux propriétés oléagineuses en forél

marécageuse sont deux espèces du genre Raphia, Raphia laurentii et Raphia sp.. Elles sontutilisées soit après l'extraction de l'huile ou, comme l'arachide, sous forme de grainesgrillées. Elles constituent la base d'une sauce accompagnant le manioc ou la viande. Cesespèces pourraient étre aisément développées et permettraient aux populations des forétsmarécageuses de briser leur marginalisation économique (PAFT, 1993, FAO, 1999).

Les fruits les plus consommés en République du Congo sont Afromomum spp, Landolphiasp. (malombo), Gambeya africana et Daryodes edulis. (safou) (FAO, 1999). Les autres fruitsimportants sont Coula edulis, Grewia coriacea, Mammea africana, Treculia africana, Treculiaobovoidea et Tetracarpidium conophorum.

Les fruits de la plus grande potentialité économique sont, grâce à leur richesse en élémentsnutritifs et leurs potentialités de domestication, Treculia africana, Tetracarpidiumconophorum, Treculia obovoidea et Coula edulis. Les fruits les plus rares, qui atteignentdonc des prix élevés sur les marchés, sont Heinsia crinita et Trichoscypha spp. (FAO, 1999).

Les graines de Cola spp. sont très populaires et utilisées par la population comme excitantet dans les pratiques fétichistes. La plus grande production du cola a lieu dans la région dela Likouala (FAO, 1999).

Les condiments utilisés dans le pays incluent Afrostyrax lepidophyllus, Huagabonii sp.,Scorodophloeus zenkeri, lrvingia grandifolia et Ricinodendron heudelotii (PAFT, 1993).

Les plantes comestibles vont continuer à jouer un rôle important dans l'alimentation despopulations, notamment pour les populations locales qui ont toujours vécu des produitsalimentaires de la forét. L'importance de ces produits ne va pas décroitre tant que laproduction des espèces végétales cultivées n'atteindra pas un niveau d'autosuffisance,notamment en ce qui concerne les fruits. Concernant la commercialisation des plantescomestibles, les produits tits consommés, tels que Gnetum sp., Landolphia sp. et l'huile deRaphia sp., continueront à représenter un marché important (FAO, 1999).

MédecineAu minimum 800 plantes médicinales (e.g. Acridocarpus congolensis, Cola nitida, Mondiawhitei, Pausinystalis yohimbe, Anchomanes difformis, Gardenia temifolia, Hua gabonii,Nauclea latifolia) sont utilisées dans la République du Congo par des tradipraticiens dansplus de 1 500 médicaments (FAO, 1999).

Diafouka & Bitsindou (1993) ont identifié 51 plantes médicinales vendues sur les marchés duBrazzaville. Soixante-huit pour cent de ces plantes médicinales poussent spontanément, soitdans la forêt (41 percent), soit dans le savane (27 percent). Vingt-six pour cent des plantesmédicinales sont cultivées; elles sont également consommées régulièrement en tant queplantes alinnentaires. Pour 70 percent des plantes médicinales, ce sont les racines et l'écorcequi sont exploitées et utilisées.

Les plantes médicinales vont garder leur importance dans la République du Congo,notamment pour la population à faibles revenus, à cause des coûts élevés des produitspharmaceutiques. Elles ont un grand potentiel de développement, bien que leur cueillettecommence à poser de graves problèmes aux formations végétales périurbaines (FAO,1999).

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d'eau, dans les jacheres ou dans les villages et campements abandonnes. Hormis Ie palmier a huile, les principales especes spontanees aux proprietes oleagineuses en foret marecageuse sont deux especes du genre Raphia, Raphia laurentii et Raphia sp .. Elles sont utilisees soit apres I'extraction de I'huile ou, comme I'arachide, sous forme de graines grillees. Elles constituent la base d'une sauce accompagnant Ie manioc ou la viande. Ces especes pourraient etre aisement developpees et permettraient aux populations des forets marecageuses de briser leur marginalisation economique (PAFT, 1993, FAO, 1999).

Les fruits les plus consommes en Republique du Congo sont Afromomum spp, Landolphia sp. (malombo), Gambeya africana et Oaryodes edulis. (safou) (FAO, 1999). Les autres fruits importants sont Coula edulis, Grewia eoriacea, Mammea africana, Treculia africana, Treculia obovoidea et Tetracarpidium conophorum.

Les fruits de la plus grande potentialite economique sont, grace a leur richesse en elements nutritifs et leurs potentialites de domestication, TrecI,Jlia afrieana, Tetracarpidium conophorum, Treculia obovoidea et Coula edulis. Les fruits les plus rares, qui atteignent done des prix eleves sur les marches, sont Heinsia crinita et Triehoscypha spp. (FAO, 1999).

Les graines de Cola spp. sont tres populaires et utilisees par la population comme excitant et dans les pratiques fetichistes. La plus grande production du cola a lieu dans la region de la Likouala (FAO, 1999).

Les condiments utilises dans Ie pays incluent Afrostyrax lepidophyl/us, Huagabonii sp., Scorodophloeus zenkeri, Irvingia grandifolia et Ricinodendron heude/otii (PAFT, 1993).

Les plantes comestibles vont continuer a jouer un role important dans I'alimentation des populations, notamment pour les populations locales qui ont toujours vecu des produits alimentaires de la foret. L'importance de ces produits ne va pas decroltre tant que la production des especes vegetales cultivees n'atteindra pas un niveau d'autosuffisance, notamment en ce qui concerne les fruits. Concernant la commercialisation des plantes comestibles, les produits tres consommes, tels que Gnetum sp., Landolphia sp. et I'huile de Raphia sp., continueront a representer un marche important (FAO, 1999).

Medecine

Au minimum 800 plantes medicinales (e.g. Acridocarpus congolensis, Cola nitida, Mondia whitei, Pausinystalis yohimbe, Anehomanes difformis, Gardenia ternifolia, Hua gabonii, Nauclea laUfolia) sont utilisees dans la Republique du Congo par des tradipraticiens dans plus de 1 500 medicaments (FAO, 1999).

Diafouka & Bitsindou (1993) ont identifie 51 plantes medicinales vendues sur les marches du Brazzaville. Soixante-huit pour cent de ces plantes medicinales poussent spontanement, so it dans la foret (41 percent), so it dans Ie savane (27 percent). Vingt-six pour cent des plantes medicinales sont cultivees; elles sont egalement consommees regulierement en tant que plantes alimentaires. Pour 70 percent des plantes medicinales, ce sont les racines et I'ecorce qui sont exploitees et utilisees.

Les plantes medicinales vont garder leur importance dans la Republique du Congo, notamment pour la population a faibles revenus, a cause des couts eleves des produits pharmaceutiques. Elles ont un grand potentiel de developpement, bien que leur cueillette commence a poser de graves problemes aux formations vegetales periurbaines (FAO, 1999).

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Ustensiles, artisanat et matériaux de constructionEn région forestière, les rotins sont utilisés quotidiennement. Les plus gros rotins(Laccosperma seccundiflorum) forment les axes rigides des meubles et des paniersmout&tes, ou ils sont divisés fondus pour constituer des liens plus fins mais très solides. Laliane typique (Eremospatha macrocarpa) est, d'autre part, utilisée comme cannage demeubles, fabrication de pièges et de nasses, dans la fabrication des murs des habitationsvillageoises et pour la fabrication des ponts (PAFT, 1993, FAO, 1999).

L'importance de l'artisanat des meubles en rotin, et sans doute aussi la déforestation due al'agriculture, ont fait disparare les populations de palmiers des foréls les plus proches desvilles. Devant cette situation, on a mis en place un commerce avec d'autres régions de paysriches en cette ressource. Ainsi, a Brazzaville, de grandes quantités de rotins arrivent trèsfréquemment des foréts marécageuses du Nord du pays par la voie fluviale.

Une dizaine d'espèces fournissent des feuilles destinées à couvrir les toitures(particulièrement des palmiers comme Elaeis guineensis, Raphia spp., Sclerosperma spp. etdes herbacées comme Zingiberaceae, Aframomum giganteum), certaines ayant donnénaissance à une activité intense de fabrication de "tuiles végétales" par tressage deslongues folioles de feuilles composées de plusieurs espèces de Raphia. Dans d'autres cas,les feuilles sont disposées sans préparation sur les toitures, l'épaisseur constituant uneétanchéité souvent précaire.

L'emballage des aliments (manioc, poisson etc.) est surtout réalisé dans de grandes feuilleslimbe relativement solide afin que la protection du produit soit parfaite. II est réalisé grâce

plusieurs espèces de Marantaceae et de Commelinaceae.

Les autres utilisations des feuilles sont la fabrication de chapeaux, de hottes, de nattes, detapis et de balais. Les rachis des feuilles composées des Raphia servent à confectionner lescloisons, des pièces d'ameublement, des enclos et palissades. Les feuilles du parasolier(Musanga cecropioides) servent comme papier le plus fin pour le polissage de l'ivoire, alorsque celles de Ficus exasperata remplacent le papier de verre pour le bois et le métal. Cellesdu papayer (Carica papaya) servent à faire la lessive, tandis que celles du Selaginella sontutilisées pour le nettoyage des ustensiles de cuisine.

Certains fruits sont utilisés pour la chasse et la Oche comme poison (e.g. Anthoclesita spp.,Pentaclethra macrophylla, Tetraptera sp.). Les fruits peuvent également avoir une utilisationdomestique: insecticide contre les poux (Odyendyea gabonensis), colorants pour les natteset les paniers en rotins (Penianthus longifolius, Plagiostyles africana), péricarpe transforméen maracas et grelots (Alstonia spp., Hexalobus crispiflorus) pour amuser les enfants (PAFT,1993, FAO, 1999).

Les fibres servent à la fabrication des cordes, des ficelles, des pièges, des filets de chasseet de [Ache, de nasses et de tissus (FAO, 1999).

Avec le développement du pays, l'utilisation des matériaux de construction et de quelquesmatériaux d'artisanat et de !Ache va décroTtre. Leur utilisation se limitera dans les villagesles plus reculés, dans les villages pygmées et les campements de Oche. Cependant['utilisation du rotin connara un essor, notamment dans la fabrication des meubles. II en estde même pour les feuilles de Maranthaceae, utilisées pour l'emballage du pain de manioc,bien que la consommation du pain de farine reste en augmentation depuis quelques années(FAO, 1999).

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Ustensiles, artisanat et materiaux de construction En region forestiere, les rotins sont utilises quotidiennement. Les plus gros rotins (Laccosperma seccundiflorum) forment les axes rig ides des meubles et des paniers moutetes, ou ils sont divises fondus pour constituer des liens plus fins mais tres solides. La liane typique (Eremospatha macrocarpa) est, d'autre part, utilisee comme cannage de meubles, fabrication de pieges et de nasses, dans la fabrication des murs des habitations villageoises et pour la fabrication des ponts (PAFT, 1993, FAO, 1999).

L'importance de I'artisanat des meubles en rotin, et sans doute aussi la detorestation due a I'agriculture, ont fait disparaitre les populations de palmiers des forets les plus proches des villes. Devant cette situation, on a mis en place un commerce avec d'autres regions de pays riches en cette ressource. Ainsi, a Brazzaville, de grandes quantites de rotins arrivent tres frequemment des forets marecageuses du Nord du pays par la voie fluviale.

Une dizaine d'especes fournissent des feuilles destinees a couvrir les toitures (particulierement des palmiers comme Elaeis guineensis, Raphia spp., Sclerosperma spp. et des herbacees comme Zingiberaceae, Aframomum giganteum) , certaines ayant donne naissance a une activite intense de fabrication de "tuiles vegetales" par tressage des longues folioles de feuilles composees de plusieurs especes de Raphia. Dans d'autres cas, les feuilles sont disposees sans preparation sur les toitures, I'epaisseur constituant une etancheite souvent precaire.

L'emballage des aliments (manioc, poisson etc.) est surtout realise dans de grandes feuilles a limbe relativement solide afin que la protection du produit soit parfaite. II est realise grace a plusieurs especes de Marantaceae et de Commelinaceae.

Les autres utilisations des feuilles sont la fabrication de chapeaux, de hottes, de nattes, de tapis et de balais. Les rachis des feuilles composees des Raphia servent a confectionner les cloisons, des pieces d'ameublement, des enclos et palissades. Les feuilles du parasolier (Musanga cecropioides) servent comme papier Ie plus fin pour Ie polissage de I'ivoire, alors que celles de Ficus exasperata remplacent Ie papier de verre pour Ie bois et Ie metal. Celles du papayer (Carica papaya) servent a faire la lessive, tandis que celles du Selaginella sont utilisees pour Ie nettoyage des ustensiles de cuisine.

Certains fruits sont utilises pour la chasse et la peche comme poison (e.g. Anthoclesita spp., Pentaclethra macrophylla, Tetraptera sp.). Les fruits peuvent egalement avoir une utilisation domestique: insecticide c~ntre les poux (Odyendyea gabonensis) , colorants pour les nattes et les paniers en rotins (Penianthus longifolius, Plagiostyles africana) , pericarpe transforme en maracas et grelots (Alstonia spp., Hexalobus crispiflorus) pour am user les enfants (PAFT, 1993, FAO, 1999).

Les fibres servent a la fabrication des cordes, des ficelles, des pieges, des filets de chasse et de peche, de nasses et de tissus (FAO, 1999).

Avec Ie developpement du pays, I'utilisation des materiaux de construction et de quelques materiaux d'artisanat et de peche va decroitre. Leur utilisation se limitera dans les villages les plus recules, dans les villages pygmees et les campements de peche. Cependant I'utilisation du rotin connaitra un ess~r, notamment dans la fabrication des meubles. II en est de meme pour les feuilles de Maranthaceae, utilisees pour I'emballage du pain de manioc, bien que la consommation du pain de farine reste en augmentation depuis quelques annees (FAO, 1999).

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ExsudatsLes exsudats ont connu de nombreuses utilisations dans le passé (Landolphia sp. dans laproduction du caoutchouc, Aucouméa klainea sur la confection des allume-feux et destorches, Ficus thonningii comme la glu pour la capture des oiseaux). Aujourd'hui, leurutilisation est négligeable (FAO, 1999).


Miel et cireLe miel est récolté généralement par les pygmées. La production la plus importante provientdes régions de la Likoula et de la Sangha. Le miel est commercialisé dans les grandes villesdu pays (FAO, 1999).

GibierLe gibier (e.g. cibissi, porc-épic, gazelles, singes, sanglier, renard, chat sauvage, antilopes)est une source de protéines importantes, et est consommé dans tout le pays, notammentdans les régions forestières, où il constitue le principal repas. En dépit de l'existence destextes législatifs et réglementaires sur son exploitation, la faune fait l'objet d'un braconnageintense.

Dans la région du Kouilou, les animaux les plus consommés appartiennent aux familles deBovidae, Tragilidae, Suidae, Cercopithècidae, Critidae, Tryonomydae, Viverridae etHystricidae (FAO, 1999).

Autres produits d'animaux comestiblesLes chenilles sont ramassées sur le sapelli (Entandrophragma sp.) dans le Nord (notammentdans le Likoula) et sur Milletia laurentii dans le Sud du pays. La récolte a lieu pendant lespremiers mois de la saison des pluies pendant le rajeunissement du feuillage (FAO, 1999).

REFERENCES

Diafouka, A., Bitsindou, M. 1993. Medicinal Plants Sold in Brazzaville Markets (Congo).First World Congress on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants for Human Welfare, ActaHorticulture, Number 332, August 1993.

FAO. 1985. Rapport Final en Sociologie Rurale. Projet 80/005, Développement ForestierSud-Congo, Loubomo.

FAO. 1999. Données sur les PFNL en République du Congo. par G. Nkeoua et G.C.Boundzanga. Programme de Partenariat CE-FAO, GCP/INT/679/EC. Rome.

Kimpouni, V. 1999. A preliminary market survey of NWFP traded in the Pointe-Noiremarkets (Congo-Brazzaville). In: Sunderland, T.C.H., L.E. Clark, P. Vantomme (eds.).The NWFP of Central Africa: Current research issues and prospects for conservationand development FAO. Rome

Plan d'Action Forestier Tropical du Congo (PAFT). 1993. Ressources végétales nonligneuses des foréts du Congo, Brazzaville.

Shiembo, P.N. 1999. The sustainability of eru (Gnetum africanum and Gnetumbuchholzianum: over-exploited NWFP from the forests of Central Africa. In:Sunderland, T.C.H., L.E. Clark, P. Vantomme (eds.). The NWFP of Central Africa:Current research issues and prospects for conservation and development. FAO.Rome

Tabuna, H. 1999. Le marché des Produits Forestiers Non Ligneux en France et en Belgique.CIFOR Occasional Paper No. 19

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Exsudats

Les exsudats ont connu de nombreuses utilisations dans Ie passe (Landolphia sp. dans la production du caoutchouc, Aucoumea klainea sur la confection des allume-feux et des torches, Ficus thonningii comme la glu pour la capture des oiseaux). Aujourd'hui, leur utilisation est negligeable (FAO, 1999).


Miel et cire Le miel est recolte generalement par les pygmees. La production la plus importante provient des regions de la Likoula et de la Sangha. Le miel est commercialise dans les grandes vi lies du pays (FAO, 1999).

Gibier

Le gibier (e.g. cibissi, porc-epic, gazelles, singes, sanglier, renard, chat sauvage, anti lopes) est une source de proteines importantes, et est consomme dans tout Ie pays, notamment dans les regions forestieres, ou il constitue Ie principal repas. En depit de I'existence des textes legislatifs et reglementaires sur son exploitation, la faune fait I'objet d'un braconnage intense.

Dans la region du Kouilou, les animaux les plus consommes appartiennent aux families de Bovidae, Tragilidae, Suidae, Cercopithecidae, Critidae, Tryonomydae, Viverridae et Hystricidae (FAO, 1999).

Autres produits d'animaux comestibles Les chenilles sont ramassees sur Ie sapelli (Entandrophragma sp.) dans Ie Nord (notamment dans Ie Likoula) et sur Millelia laurentii dans Ie Sud du pays. La recolte a lieu pendant les premiers mois de la saison des pluies pendant Ie rajeunissement du feuillage (FAO, 1999).

REFERENCES Diafouka, A., Bitsindou, M. 1993. Medicinal Plants Sold in Brazzaville Markets (Congo).

First World Congress on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants for Human Welfare, Acta Horticulture, Number 332, August 1993.

FAO. 1985. Rapport Final en Sociologie Rurale. Projet 801005, Developpement Forestier Sud-Congo, Loubomo.

FAO. 1999. Donnees sur les PFNL en Repub/ique du Congo. par G. Nkeoua et G.C. Boundzanga. Programme de Partenariat CE-FAO, GCP/INT/679/EC. Rome.

Kimpouni, V. 1999. A preliminary market survey of NWFP traded in the Pointe-Noire markets (Congo-Brazzaville). In: Sunderland, T.C.H., L.E. Clark, P. Vantomme (eds.). The NWFP of Central Africa: Current research issues and prospects for conservation and development. FAO. Rome

Plan d'Action Forestier Tropical du Congo (PAFT). 1993. Ressources vegetales non /igneuses des forets du Congo, Brazzaville.

Shiembo, P.N. 1999. The sustainability of eru (Gnetum africanum and Gnetum buchholzianum: over-exploited NWFP from the forests of Central Africa. In: Sunderland, T.C.H., L.E. Clark, P. Vantomme (eds.). The NWFP of Central Africa: Current research issues and prospects for conservation and development. FAO. Rome

Tabuna, H. 1999. Le marche des Produits Forestiers Non Ugneux en France et en Belgique. CIFOR Occasional Paper No. 19

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REMERCIEMENTS

Ce rapport a été réalisé grAce au financement du Programme de Partenariat CE-FAO«Collecte et analyse des données pour un aménagement durable de la Forét dans les paysA.C.P.». Le contenu est basé sur l'information accessible au siège central de la FAO 6Rome, ainsi que sur l'information fournie par Mr. G. Nkeoua, Ingénieur en Chef des Eaux etForéts et Mr G. C. Boundzanga, Ingénieur des Eaux et Foréts.

Des informations supplémentaires sur les PFNL en République du Congo seraientbienvenues et reconnues en bonne et due forme.

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REMERCIEMENTS

Ce rapport a ete realise grace au financement du Programme de Partenariat CE-FAO «Collecte et analyse des donnees pour un amenagement durable de la Foret dans les pays A.C.P.». Le contenu est base sur I'information accessible au siege central de la FAO a Rome, ainsi que sur I'information fournie par Mr. G. Nkeoua, Ingenieur en Chef des Eaux et Forets et Mr G. C. Boundzanga, Ingenieur des Eaux et Forets.

Des informations supplementaires sur les PFNL en Republique du Congo seraient bienvenues et reconnues en bonne et due forme.

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15.8 Rwanda (

INTRODUCTION

Principaux Produits Forestiers Non LigneuxLes produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL) les plus importants au Rwanda au plan socio-économique sont les plantes comestibles (notamment les fruits), les plantes médicinales, lemiel et les animaux vivants.

Autres PFNL de moindre importance sont les plantes ornementales, les plantes fourragères,les outils, la cire, les trophées et les produits de la chasse.

Informations généralesLa plupart des PFNI_ sont consommés par la population; seuls quelques fleurs et fruits sontexportés. L'habitat le plus important des PFNL est la forét naturelle. Quelques espèces,notamment les plantes fruitières, fourragères et mellifères sont déjé cultivées et intégréesdans les systèmes agroforestiers (FAO, 1999).


NourritureLes fruits et champignons sauvages sont surtout consommés par la population pauvre et lesenfants.

La quantité de fruits sauvages collectée n'est pas connue. Par contre, la production de fruitsdans les systèmes agroforestiers a atteint 58 759 t en 1989 (FAO, 1999).

La production de champignons a augmenté pour satisfaire la demande croissante de lapopulation urbaine et rurale. Les champignons les plus cultivés sont Pleurotes florida etPleurotes pulminarius, avec une production de 6t en 1991 (production mondiale: 5 millions ten 1995) (FAO, 1999).

FourrageLes plantes fourragères sont utilisées pour l'alimentation des animaux domestiques. Dans lazone des savanes de l'Est, quelques espèces fourragères sont menacées d'extinctioncause du surpéturage et des feux de brousse (FAO, 1999).

Méclecine

Les plantes médicinales sont utilisées dans la médecine traditionnelle humaine et vétérinaire(FAO, 1999).

Les plantes médicinales sont très importantes au Rwanda. Celles-ci sont utilisées etrecherchées par les guérisseurs. II n'y a donc pas de marché pour ces produits.

Des études ethnobotaniques ont identifiées pour des centaines de plantes médicinalesutilisées au Rwanda (Lewis, 1992). La FAO (1999) énumère 59 plantes médicinales qui sontles plus utilisées en médecine traditionnelle humaine au Rwanda (voir annexe deux).Généralement la pharmacopée est composée de plantes que l'on trouve dans le voisinage,dans les for-61s naturelles et dans les jachères, mais certains guérisseurs peuvent parcourir,

l'occasion, de grandes distances (aller en Tanzanie ou en République Démocratique duCongo s'il le faut) pour trouver une plante recherchée.

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3.5.8 Rwanda (F)

INTRODUCTION


Les produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL) les plus importants au Rwanda au plan soeioeconomique sont les plantes comestibles (notamment les fruits), les plantes medieinales, Ie miel et les animaux vivants.

Autres PFNL de moindre importance sont les plantes ornementales, les plantes fourrageres, les outils, la eire, les trophees et les produits de la chasse.


La plupart des PFNL sont consommes par la population; seuls quelques fleurs et fruits sont exportes. L'habitat Ie plus important des PFNL est la foret naturelle. Quelques especes, notamment les plantes fruitieres, fourrageres et melliferes sont deja cultivees et integrees dans les systemes agroforestiers (FAO, 1999).


Nourriture

Les fruits et champignons sauvages sont surtout consommes par la population pauvre et les enfants.

La quantite de fruits sauvages collectee n'est pas connue. Par contre, la production de fruits dans les systemes agroforestiers a atteint 58 759 t en 1989 (FAO, 1999).

La production de cham pig nons a augmente pour satisfaire la demande croissante de la population urbaine et rurale. Les cham pig nons les plus cultives sont Pleurotes florida et Pleurotes pulminarius, avec une production de 6t en 1991 (production mondiale: 5 millions t en 1995) (FAO, 1999).

Fourrage

Les plantes fourrageres sont utilisees pour I'alimentation des animaux domestiques. Dans la zone des savanes de l'Est, quelques especes fourrageres sont menacees d'extinction a cause du surpaturage et des feux de brousse (FAO, 1999).

Medecine

Les plantes medieinales sont utilisees dans la medeeine traditionnelle humaine et veterinaire (FAO, 1999).

Les plantes medicinales sont tres importantes au Rwanda. Celles-ci sont utilisees et recherchees par les guerisseurs. II n'y a donc pas de marche pour ces produits.

Des etudes ethnobotaniques ont identifiees pour des centaines de plantes medicinales utilisees au Rwanda (Lewis, 1992). La FAO (1999) enumere 59 plantes medicinales qui sont les plus utilisees en medeeine traditionnelle humaine au Rwanda (voir annexe deux). Generalement la pharmacopee est composee de plantes que I'on trouve dans Ie voisinage, dans les forets naturelles et dans les jacheres, mais certains guerisseurs peuvent parcourir, a I'occasion, de grandes distances (aller en Tanzanie ou en Republique Democratique du Congo s'il Ie faut) pour trouver une plante recherchee.

239

L'Institut de Recherche Scientifique et Technologique (IRST) extraie les huiles essentiellesde certaines plantes pour la production de médicaments (FAO, 1999).

Les plantes médicinales incluent des espèces ligneuses (e.g. Erythrina abyssinica, Hageniaabyssinica) ainsi que des herbes (e.g. Thalyctrum rynchocarpum, Ranunculus multifidus). Enplus, elles se retrouvent dans d'autres milieux hors de la forét et peuvent être cultivées (p.e.Afflum sativum, Clematis hirsuta).

A cause de la tradition pastorale millénaire du Rwanda, la médecine traditionnelle vétérinaireest aussi importante que la médecine humaine. Les 39 espèces les plus utilisées enrnédecine vétérinaire sont énumérées en annexe deux. En 1991, 536 guérisseurs ontpratiqué la médecine traditionnelle vétérinaire dans sept des onze Préfectures (FAO, 1999).


Miel et cireLe Rwanda a produit annuellement de 441 365 kg à 23 000 kg de miel entre 1986 et 1998.La production a fortement chuté depuis la guerre de 1990 - 1994 à cause de la disparitiondes apiculteurs pendant le génocide et la destruction des ruches et d'autres matérielsapicoles (FAO, 1999).

Tableau 1. La production annuelle de miel au Rwanda

Source: FAO (1999)

Le miel est principalement destiné à l'autoconsommation et utilisé pour l'alimentationhumaine, la fermentation de la bière de sorgho et du vin de banane.

La production annuelle d'une ruche traditionnelle va de 4 à 12 kg de miel brut, en une à troisrécoltes. Avec une ruche améliorée, la production pourrait passer de 20 à 40 kg de miel brut,en 2 ou 3 récoltes annuelles. Le miel brut se vend à environ 180 Francs Ruandais (FR) parkg59 'Landis que les bocaux de miel (500g) pour la consommation se vendent au Mail dansles centres urbains (comme Kigali ou Butare ) pour environ FR300. En outre, il y a aussi despetits marchés pour la cire (Lewis, 1992; FAO, 1999).

Lewis (1992) conclut que «les perspectives pour l'apiculture ne sont pas énormes puisque lademande à FR300 est assez limitée».

59 320 Francs Ruandais (FR) = 1 dollars E.-U. (taux de change de Février 1999)

240

ANNEE NOMBRED'APICULTEURS

PRODUCTION (kg)

1986 54 956 172 8551987 46 965 368 5441988 57 014 163 4381989 53 755 441 3651990 62 077 266 2251996 - 28 0001997 - 36 0001998 23 000

L'lnstitut de Recherche Scientifique et Technologique (IRST) extraie les huiles essentielles de certaines plantes pour la production de medicaments (FAO, 1999).

Les plantes medieinales incluent des especes ligneuses (e.g. Erythrina abyssinica, Hagenia abyssinica) ainsi que des herbes (e.g. Thalyctrum rynchocarpum, Ranunculus multifidus). En plus, elles se retrouvent dans d'autres milieux hors de la foret et peuvent etre cultivees (p.e. Allium sativum, Clematis hirsuta).

A cause de la tradition pastorale millenaire du Rwanda, la medeeine traditionnelle veterinaire est aussi importante que la medeeine humaine. Les 39 especes les plus utilisees en medeeine veterinaire sont enumerees en annexe deux. En 1991, 536 guerisseurs ont pratique la medeeine traditionnelle veterinaire dans sept des onze Prefectures (FAO, 1999).


Miel et eire Le Rwanda a produit annuellement de 441 365 kg a 23 000 kg de miel entre 1986 et 1998. La production a fortement chute depuis la guerre de 1990 - 1994 a cause de la disparition des apiculteurs pendant Ie genocide et la destruction des ruches et d'autres materiels apicoles (FAO, 1999).

Tableau 1. La production annuelle de miel au Rwanda ANNEE NOMBRE PRODUCTION (kg)

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1996 1997 1998

Source: FAO (1999)

D'APICUL TEURS

54956 46965 57 014 53755 62 077

172855 368544 163438 441 365 266225 28 000 36 000 23 000

Le miel est prineipalement destine a I'autoconsommation et utilise pour I'alimentation humaine, la fermentation de la biere de sorgho et du vin de banane.

La production annuelle d'une ruche traditionnelle va de 4 a 12 kg de miel brut, en une a trois recoltes. Avec une ruche amelioree, la production pourrait passer de 20 a 40 kg de miel brut, en 2 ou 3 recoltes annuelles. Le miel brut se vend a environ 180 Francs Ruandais (FR) par kg 59 tandis que les bocaux de miel (500g) pour la consommation se vendent au detail dans les centres urbains (comme Kigali ou Butare ) pour environ FR300. En outre, il ya aussi des petits marches pour la eire (Lewis, 1992; FAO, 1999).

Lewis (1992) conclut que <des perspectives pour I'apiculture ne sont pas enormes puisque la demande a FR300 est assez limitee».

59 320 Francs Ruandais (FR) = 1 dollars E.-U. (taux de change de Fevrier 1999)

240

GibierLes produits de la chasse sont devenus rares à cause de la dégradation des habitats desanimaux, l'épuisement des ressources animales et l'établissement des réserves naturellesforestières. A titre d'exemple, les animaux les plus chassés dans le Parc National desVolcans sont énumérés dans le Tableau 2.

Tableau 2. Les animaux les plus chassés dans le Parc National des VolcansNOM COURANT

Céphalophe à front noirGuib harnaché

BufflePorc-épicHyloch ère

Source: FAO (1999)

REFERENCESFAO. 1999. Les données statistiques sur les PFNL au Rwanda. Par A. Murekezi. CE-FAO

Programme Partenariat, Projet GCP/INT/679/EC. RomeLewis, J. 1992. Etude sur l'Utilisation des Produits Forestiers Non Ligneux, PAFT, Rwanda,

FAO.

REMERCIEMENTSCe rapport a été réalisé grAce au financement du Programme de Partenariat CE-FAO«Collecte et analyse des données pour un aménagement durable de la Forét dans les paysA.C.P.». Le contenu est basé sur ['information accessible au siège central de la FAO àRome, ainsi que sur l'information fournie par Mr A. Murekezi.

Des informations supplémentaires sur les PFNL au Rwanda seraient appréciées etreconnues en bonne et due forme.

ANNEXE 1: SERVICES DE LA FORETL'écotourisme est un PFNL d'une grande importance au Rwanda. Non seulement pour lesrevenus qu'il procure au pays mais aussi à cause de l'engagement qui lui est associé deprotéger et de conserver précieusement le patrimoine environnemental (FAO, 1999).

NOM SCIENTIFIQUECephalophus nigrifonsTragelaphus scriptus

Syncer caffer

Hylochoeurusmeinertzhageni

NOM KINYARWANDAImpereniImpongoI mbogo

lkinyogoteIngurube y'ishyamba

241

Gibier

Les produits de la chasse sont devenus rares a cause de la degradation des habitats des animaux, I'epuisement des ressources animales et I'etablissement des reserves naturelles forestieres. A titre d'exemple, les animaux les plus chasses dans Ie Pare National des Volcans sont enumeres dans Ie Tableau 2.

Tableau 2. Les animaux les plus chasses dans Ie Pare National des Volcans NOM COURANT NOM SCIENTIFIQUE NOM KINYARWANDA

Cephalophe a front noir Guib harnache

Suffle Pore-epic Hylochere

Source: FAO (1999)

REFERENCES

Cepha/ophus nigrifons Trage/aphus scriptus

Syncer caffer

Hy/ochoeurus meinertzhageni

Impereri Impongo Imbogo

Ikinyogote Ingurube y'ishyamba

FAO. 1999. Les donnees statistiques sur les PFNL au Rwanda. Par A Murekezi. CE-FAO Programme Partenariat, Projet GCP/INT/679/EC. Rome

Lewis, J. 1992. Etude sur l'Utilisation des Produits Forestiers Non Ligneux, PAFT, Rwanda, FAO.

REMERCIEMENTS

Ce rapport a ete realise grace au financement du Programme de Partenariat CE-FAO «Collecte et analyse des donnees pour un amenagement durable de la Foret dans les pays AC.P.». Le contenu est base sur I'information accessible au siege central de la FAO a Rome, ainsi que sur I'information fournie par Mr A Murekezi.

Des informations supplementaires sur les PFNL au Rwanda seraient appreciees et reconnues en bonne et due forme.

ANNEXE 1: SERVICES DE LA FORET L'ecotourisme est un PFNL d'une grande importance au Rwanda. Non seulement pour les revenus qu'iI procure au pays mais aussi a cause de I'engagement qui lui est associe de proteger et de conserver precieusement Ie patrimoine environnemental (FAO, 1999).

241

Tableau 3. Categories de recettes touristiques de l'Office Rwandais du Tourisme et desParcs Nationaux ORTPN en 1989

Source: FAO (1999)

242

ZONE TOURISTIQUE NIVEAU DEPERCEPTION DES

RECETTES

CATEGORIES DERECETTES

MONTANT(FR)

1. Parc National del'Akagera

1.1 AdministrationCentrale de l'ORTPN

7 627 657

1.2 Sur le terrain Recettes-entrées au Parc 27 176 775Recettes-permis de chasse 468 000Taxes d'abattage 900 000Vente de viande de chasse 7 118 319Vente de trophées 297 438Ventes de la boutique 99 780Recettes camping 1 501 100

Sous-total 45 189 0692. Parc National des 2.1 Administration 13 049 746Volcans Centrale de l'ORTPN

2.2 Sur le terrain Recettes-entrées au Parc 12 459 600Recettes-visite des gorilles 9 000 029Droits de filmage desgorilles

216 000

Location camping 177 000Sous-total 34 902 375Total général - - 80 091 444

Tableau 3. Categories de recettes touristiques de l'Office Rwandais du Tourisme et des Parcs Nationaux (ORTPN) en 1989

ZONE TOURISTIQUE NIVEAU DE CATEGORIES DE MONTANT PERCEPTION DES RECETTES (FR)

RECETTES 1. Parc National de 1.1 Administration 7627657 l'Akagera Centrale de I'ORTPN

1.2 Sur Ie terrain Recettes-entrees au Parc 27176775 ReceUes-permis de chasse 468 000 Taxes d'abaUage 900 000 Vente de viande de chasse 7118319 Vente de trophees 297438 Ventes de la boutique 99780 ReceUes camping 1 501 100

Sous-total 45189069 2. Parc National des 2.1 Administration 13 049 746 Volcans Centrale de I'ORTPN

2.2 Sur Ie terrain ReceUes-entrees au Parc 12459600 ReceUes-visite des gorilles 9 000 029 Droits de filmage des 216 000 Igorilles Location camping 177 000

Sous-total 34902375 Total general - - 80091444 Source: FAO (1999)

242

ANNEXE 2: PLANTES MEDICINALES DANS LA PHARMACOPEE HUMAINETABLEAU 4. Les plantes médicinales les plus utilisées en médecine traditionnelle humaine au Rwanda

NOM SCIENTIFIQUE FAMILLE NOMVERNACULAIRE

S.F. MALADIES TRAITEES

1. Rhamnus prinoides Rhamnaceae Umunanira F Folie

2. Phytolacca dodecandra Phytolaccaceae Umuko Sa Folie, prolapsus anal, otite, brOlures, gale, foulure,avortements

3. Erythrina abyssinica Fabaceae Umuko Sa

Sa

Méningite, gastrite (ulcères), dysenterie, prolapsus anal, plaie,

Asthme, hépatite, hépato-splenornégalie, toux

4. Euphorbia candelabrum Euphorbiaceae Unnuduha Sa Hydrocoèle, helminthiase, plaies, avortements

5. Senecio manii Asteraceae Umutagara A Folie, hydrocoèle (excès d'eau dans les cavités)

6. Macaranga mildbraediana Euphorbiaceae Umusekera F Folie

7. Vemonia amygdalina Asteraceae Umubilizi Sa Amibes, hépatite, coliques néphrétiques ou vésicales(douleurs intenses du rein ou de la vessie), fébrifuge (diminuela température),Antipaludique, anti-ulcéreux

8. Maesa lanceo/ata Myrsinaceae Umuhanga F Epilepsie, coqueluche, dysenterie, osène, dermatosesuintante,Délivrance, colique abdominale, torticolis

9. Solanum incanum Solanaceae Umucucu Sa Coqueluche, écoulement uréthral

10. Ricinus communis Euphorbiaceae lkibonobono A Menaces d'avortement, amibiase, prolapsus anal

11. Vemonia auriculifera Asteraceae lsagara F Menaces d'avortement, délivrance, dysenterie

12. Jaundea pinata Connaraceae Intamwa - Malaise de grossesse13. Hibiscus fuscus Malvaceae Umutozo Sa Menaces d'avortement, poliomyélite, toux, rhumatisme,

morsure de serpent14. Clerodendrum buchhorzii Verbenaceae Umukuzanyana Sa Folie, menaces d'avortement15. Clerodendrum myrcoides Verbenaceae Umukuzanyana Sa Arthralgie (douleurs articulaires)), névralgie, avortement,

poliomyélite, dysenterie16. Apodytes dimidiata Icacinaceae Umusibya Sa Avortement, prolapsus anal17. Solanum terminale Solanaceae Umuhanurankuba Sa Avortement18. Plectranthrus longipes Lamiaceae Icyegera Sa Avortement19. Mytragyna rubrostipulosa Rubiaceae Umuzibaziba Sa Avortement, plante ocytocique20. Rhus vulgaris Anacardiaceae Umumara Sa Plante ocytocique (contraction utérine), gale, lèpre,

ANNEXE 2: PLANTES MEDICINALES DANS LA PHARMACOPEE HUMAINE TABLEAU 4. Les olantes medicinales les olus utilisees en medecine traditionnelle h R d

NOM SCIENTIFIQUE FAMILLE NOM S.P. MALADIES TRAITEES VERNACULAIRE

1. Rhamnus prinoides Rhamnaceae Umunanira F Folie

2. Phytolacca dodecandra Phytolaccaceae Umuko Sa Folie, prolapsus anal, otite, brOlures, gale, foulure, avortements

3. Erythrina abyssinica Fabaceae Umuko Sa Memingite, gastrite (ulceres), dysenterie, prolapsus anal, plaie,

Sa Asthme, hepatite, hepato-splenomegalie, toux

4. Euphorbia candelabrum Euphorbiaceae Umuduha Sa Hydrocoele, helminthiase, plaies, avortements

5. Senecio manii Asteraceae Umutagara A Folie, hydrocoele (exces d'eau dans les cavites)

6. Macaranga mildbraediana Euphorbiaceae Umusekera F Folie

7. Vernonia amygdalina Asteraceae Umubilizi Sa Amibes, hepatite, coliques nephretiques ou vesicales (douleurs intenses du rein ou de la vessie), febrifuge (diminue la temperature), Antipaludique, anti-ulcereux

8. Maesa lanceolata Myrsinaceae Umuhanga F Epilepsie, coqueluche, dysenterie, osene, dermatose suintante, Delivrance, colique abdominale, torticolis

9. Solanum incanum Solanaceae Umucucu Sa Coqueluche, ecoulement urethral

10. Ricinus communis Euphorbiaceae Ikibonobono A Menaces d'avortement, amibiase, prolapsus anal

11. Vernonia auriculifera Asteraceae Isagara F Menaces d'avortement, delivrance, dysenterie

12. Jaundea pinata Connaraceae Intamwa - Malaise de grossesse 13. Hibiscus fuscus Malvaceae Umutozo Sa Menaces d'avortement, poliomyelite, toux, rhumatisme,

morsure de serpent 14. Clerodendrum buchhorzii Verbenaceae Umukuzanvana Sa Folie, menaces d'avortement 15. Clerodendrum myrcoides Verbenaceae Umukuzanyana Sa Arthralgie (douleurs articulaires)), nevralgie, avortement,

poliomyelite, dysenterie 16. Apodytes dimidiata Icacinaceae Umusibya Sa Avortement, prolapsus anal 17. Solanum terminale Solanaceae Umuhanurankuba Sa Avortement 18. Plectranthrus longipes Lamiaceae Icyegera Sa Avortement 19. Mytragyna rubrostipulosa Rubiaceae Umuzibaziba Sa Avortement, plante ocytocique 20. Rhus vulgaris Anacardiaceae Umumara Sa Plante ocytocique (contractionuterinekgale, lepre,

243

•

I

I

hémorroide21. Dracaena steudneri Agavaceae Umuhati A Flémorragie postpartum22. Rubia cordifolia Rubiaceae Umukarara F Coliques du rein et de la vessie, rhumatisme, otite23. Dracaena afromontana Agavaceae Umuhati A Coliques du rein et de la vessie, plaies24. Polycias fulva Araliaceae Umwungo F Arthralqie25. Chtysophylum

GorungosumSapotaceae Umubombwe F Poliomyélite

26. Acanthus pubescens Acanthaceae Igitovu Sa Poliomyélite, eczema, entorse27. Clausena anisata Rutaceae Umuno F Poliornyélite28. Clutia abyssinica Euphorbiaceae Umutalishonga F Elépatite, hépato-splénomégalie, écoulement uréthral,

rhumatisme,Gastrite

29. Vemonia thompsoniana Asteraceae Umukurazo F 1-1épatite, hépato-splénomégalie30. Vemonia las/opus Asteraceae lgiheriheri F Rhumatisme, ascaridiose, taeniasis, plaies, maux de ventre31. Rumex usambarensis Polygonaceae Umufumbeqeshi - Flépatite, hépato-splénomégalie32. Myrica kindtiana Myricaceae Isubyo Sa Folie, gastrite33. Acacia abyssinica Mimosaceae Umunyinya Sa Mastite (ifumbi)34. Pennisetum purpureum Poaceae Urubingo A Mastite, brOlures35. Ficus thoningii Moraceae Umuvumu A Mastite,cholera36.Crotalaria incana Fabaceae Umuyogera Sa Mastite, otite37. Crotalaria intermida Fabaceae Umuyogera Sa Bralures, gale38. Eucalyptus sp. Myrtaceae lnturusu P Coqueluche, toux, hémorroide, prolapsus, pneumonie,

bronchite39. Psidium guajava Myrtaceae lpera A Cholera, gastrite40. Lantana trifolia Verbenaceae Umuhengeri Sa Toux, morsure de serpent, mammite, verminoses41. Tetradenia riparia Lamiaceae Umuravumba A Toux, maux de fète, dartre,laryngite, hématurie42. Entada abyssinica Mimosaceae Umusange Sa Ecoulement uréthral, toux43. Ocimum suave Lamiaceae Unnwenya Sa Fébrifuge, antipaludique, pleuropneumonie, ascaridiose44. Acacia brevispica Mimosaceae Umugeyo Sa Fébrifuge, morsure de serpent, antipaludique, broncho-

pneumonie,45. lndigofera are cta Fabaceae Umusororo - Gastrite, helminthiases, ulcères, fistules, pistules

charbonneuses,Gale, épilepsie, torticolis

46. Cassia didymobottya Cesalpiniaceae Umubagabaga Sa Laxatif, purgatif, helnninthiases, hémorroides, prolapsus anal,Pneumonie, bronchites, pleurésie, toux, rhumatisme,Maladies des yeux, torticolis

47. Maesopsis eminii Rhamnaceae Umuhumura F Laxatif, purgatif

hemorroide 21. Dracaena steudneri Aqavaceae Umuhati A Hemorragie postpartum 22. Rubia cordifo/ia Rubiaceae Umukarara F Coliques du rein et de la vessie, rhumatisme, otite 23. Dracaena aframontana Aqavaceae Umuhati A Coliques du rein et de la vessie, plaies 24. Po/ycias fu/va Araliaceae Umwungo F Arthralgie 25. Chrysophy/um Sapotaceae Umubombwe F Poliomyelite

Gorunqosum 26. Acanthus f)ubescens Acanthaceae Igitovu Sa Poliomyelite, eczema, entorse 27. C/ausena anisata Rutaceae Umuno F Poliomvelite 28. C/utia abyssinica Euphorbiaceae Umutalishonga F Hepatite, hepato-splenomegalie, ecoulement urethral,

rhumatisme, Gastrite

29. Vernonia thomf)soniana Asteraceae Umukurazo F Hepatite, hepato-splenomeqalie 30. Vernonia /asiof)us Asteraceae Iqiheriheri F Rhumatisme, ascaridiose, taeniasis, plaies, maux de ventre 31. Rumex usambarensis Polygonaceae Umufumbegeshi - Hepatite, hepato-splenomeqalie 32. Myrica kindtiana Mvricaceae Isubyo Sa Folie, gastrite 33. Acacia abyssinica Mimosaceae Umunyinya Sa Mastite (ifumbi) 34. Pennisetum f)urpureum Poaceae Urubingo A Mastite, brOlures 35. Ficus thoninqii Moraceae Umuvumu A Mastite,cholera 36. Crota/aria incana Fabaceae Umuyogera Sa Mastite, otite 37. Crata/aria intermida Fabaceae Umuyoqera Sa BrOlures, gale 38. Euca/yptus sp. Myrtaceae Inturusu P Coqueluche, toux, hemorroide, prolapsus, pneumonie,

bronchite 39. Psidium guajava Mvrtaceae Ipera A Cholera, gastrite 40. Lantana trifolia Verbenaceae Umuhengeri Sa Toux, morsure de serpent, mammite, verminoses 41. Tetradenia riparia Lamiaceae Umuravumba A Toux, maux de tete, dartre,larvnqite, hematurie 42. Entada abyssinica Mimosaceae Umusange Sa Ecoulement urethral, toux 43. Ocimum suave Lamiaceae Umwenya Sa Febrifuge, antipaludiaue, pleurooneumonie, ascaridiose 44. Acacia brevispica Mimosaceae Umugeyo Sa Febrifuge, morsure de serpent, antipaludique, broncho-

I pneumonie, 45. /ndigofera arecta Fabaceae Umusororo - Gastrite, helminthiases, ulceres, fistules, pistules

charbonneuses, Gale, epilepsie, torticolis

46. Cassia didymobotrya Cesalpiniaceae Umubagabaga Sa Laxatif, purgatif, helminthiases, hemorroides, prolapsus anal, Pneumonie, bronchites, pleuresie, toux, rhumatisme, Maladies des yeux, torticolis

47. Maesopsis eminii Rhamnaceae Umuhumura F Laxatif, purgatif

244

Explications:S.P.= systènne de production; F= forêt naturelle; Sa= savanes arbustives; P= plantations forestières; A= autres (arbres hors des forét)

Source: FAO (1999)

ANNEXE 3: PLANTES MEDICINALES DANS LA PHARMACOPEE VETERINAIRETABLEAU 5. Les plantes rnédicinales les plus utilisées en médecine traditionnelle vétérinaire au Rwanda

245

48. Fadogia ancylata Rubiaceae Umutanoga Sa Laxatif, purgatif, ascaridiose, broncho-pneumonie, toux,hépatite

49. Cassia occidentalis Cesalpiniaceae Umuyoka Sa Entérite, ascaridiose, morsure de serpent50. Harun gana

MadagascariensisClusiaceae Umushayishayi F Ascaridiose, taeniasis

51. Markhamia lutea Bignoniaceae Umusave Sa Toux52. Ocimum americanum Lanniaceae Isonga - Toux, coeur, broncho-pneumonie53. Coleus sp. Lamiaceae lgicunshu Sa Toux, hémorroide, ascaridiose54. Psorospermum febrifugum Clusiaceae Ishangi - Flémorroide, prolapsus anal, broncho-pneumonie

Toux,gale, lèpre, ulcères, fistulas, dartres, hépatite55. Protea madiensis Proteaceae Igihungeri Sa Maux de tale, helminthiase, broncho-pneumonie56. 0/ea europa ssp. Africana Oleaceae Umunzenze Sa Broncho-pneumonie, toux, brOlures, maladies des yeux,

fébrifuges57. Synadenium grantii Euphorbiaceae Umukoni Sa Toux, bralures, lèpre, verrues, pian58. Aloe volkensii Liliaceae lgikakarubannba Sa Gastrite, hématurie59. Solanum abyssinicum Solanaceae Umutobotobo Sa Maladies des yeux, blennorragie

NOM SCIENTIFIQUE FAMILLE NOMVERNACULAIRE

S. P. MALADIES TRAITEES

1. Phytolacca dodecandra Phytolacaceae Unnuko Sa Theileriose, rétention placentaire, prolapsus, akanyaga,

Piroplasme, constipation, brucellose

2. Erythrina abyssinica Fabaceae Unnuko Sa Brucellose, maladie des yeux

3. Senecio manil Asteraceae Umutagara A Verminoses, retention placentaire4. Bythrococca bogensis Euphorbiaceae Umutinski Sa Théileriose

5. Maesa lanceo/ata Myrsinaceae Umuhanga F Rétention placentaire

6. Solanum incanum Solanaceae Umucucu Sa Verminoses, parasites a tiques

7. Ricinus communis Euphorbiaceae lkibonobono A Théileriose

48. Fadogia ancylata Rubiaceae Umutanoga Sa Laxatif, purgatif, ascaridiose, broncho-pneumonie, toux, hepatite

49. Cassia occidentalis Cesalpiniaceae Umuyoka Sa Enterite, ascaridiose, morsure de serpent 50. Harungana Clusiaceae Umushayishayi F Ascaridiose, taeniasis

Madagascariensis 51. Markhamia lutea Bignoniaceae Umusave Sa Toux 52. Ocimum americanum Lamiaceae Isonga - Toux, coeur, broncho-pneumonie 53. Coleus sp. Lamiaceae Igicunshu Sa Toux, hemorroide, ascaridiose 54. Psorospermum febrifugum Clusiaceae Ishangi - Hemorroide, prolapsus anal, broncho-pneumonie

Toux,gale, lepre, ulceres, fistules, dartres, hepatite 55. Protea madiensis Proteaceae Igihungeri Sa Maux de tete, helminthiase, broncho-pneumonie 56. Olea europa ssp. Africana Oleaceae Umunzenze Sa Broncho-pneumonie, toux, brGlures, maladies des yeux,

febrifuges 57. Synadenium grantii Euphorbiaceae Umukoni Sa Toux, brGlures, lepre, verrues, pian 58. Aloe volkensii Liliaceae Lgikakarubamba Sa Gastrite, hematurie 59. Solanum abyssinicum Solanaceae Umutobotobo Sa Maladies des yeux, blennorragie

Explications: S.P.= systeme de production; F= foret naturelle; Sa= savanes arbustives; P= plantations forestieres; A= autres (arbres hors des foret)

Source: FAO (1999)

ANNEXE 3: PLANTES MEDICINALES DANS LA PHARMACOPEE VETERINAIRE

TABLEAU 5. Les plantes medicir}§les les plus utilisees en medecine traditionnelle veterinaire au Rwanda NOM SCIENTIFIQUE FAMILLE NOM S. P. MALADIES TRAITEES

VERNACULAIRE 1. Phytolacca dodecandra Phytolacaceae Umuko Sa Theileriose, retention placentaire, prolapsus, akanyaga,

Piroplasme, constipation, brucellose

2. Erythrina abyssinica Fabaceae Umuko Sa Brucellose, maladie des yeux

3. Senecio manii Asteraceae Umutagara A Verminoses, retention placentaire 4. Erythrococca bogensis Euphorbiaceae Umutinski Sa Theileriose

5. Maesa lanceolata Myrsinaceae Umuhanga F Retention placentaire

6. Solanum incanum Solanaceae Umucucu Sa Verminoses, parasites a tiques

7. Ricinus communis Euphorbiaceae Ikibonobono A Theileriose

245

8. Senecio petitianus Asteraceae lcyegera Sa Bruce[lose

9. Dracaena steudneri Agavaceae Umuhati A Bruce!lose

10. Clerodendrumjohnstonii

Verbenaceae lkinyakurwe F Bruce!lose

11. Clerodendrummyrcoides

Verbenaceae Umukuzanyana Sa Diarrhée des veaux

12. Sesbania sesban Fabaceae Umunyegenyege A Inkubasi

13. Cinchona ladgeriana Rubiaceae lkinini P Théileriose, akanyaga

14. Dracaena afromontana Agavaceae Umuhati A Diarrhée

15. Acacia abyssinica Mimosaceae Umugenge Sa Morsure de serpents

16. Acacia hockii Mimosaceae Umunyinya Sa Morsure de serpents

17. Acanthus pubescens Acanthaceae Igitovu Sa Morsure de serpents

18. Clutia abyssinica Euphorbiaceae Unnutarishonga F Verminose, brucellose, mammites

19. Milletia dura Fabaceae Umuyogoro F Piroplasmose

20. Vemonia.kirungae Asteraceae Ikamannbogo F Piroplasmose

21. Vemonia pogosperma Asteraceae Ivumavuma Sa Bruce!lose, piroplasmose

22. Tetradenia riparia Lamiaceae Umuravumba A Verminoses, rétention placentaire, inkubasi, théileriose

23. Entada abyssinica Mimosaceae Umusange Sa Piroplasmose, inkubasi, brucellose, prolapsus

24. Indigofera are cta Fabaceae Umusororo Sa Théileriose, akanyaga

25. Dombeya goetzeni Sterculiaceae Umukore F Brucellose

26. HarunganaMadagascariensis

Clusiaceae Umushayishayi F Brucellose, diarrhée des veaux due

due aux verminoses

27. Microglossavolubilis

Asteraceae Umuhe F Théileriose

28. Bersama abyssinica Melianthaceae Umukaka F Brucellose, verminoses

29. Helinus mystacinus Rhamnaceae Umubimbafuro Sa Verminoses

30. Dodonea viscosa Sapindaceae Umusasa Sa Verminoses

31. Pavetta temifolia Rubiaceae Umumenannabuye F Verminoses

8. Senecio petitianus Asteraceae Icyegera Sa Brucellose

9. Dracaena steudneri Agavaceae Umuhati A Brucellose

10. Clerodendrum Verbenaceae Ikinyakurwe F Brucellose I iohnstonii 11. Clerodendrum Verbenaceae Umukuzanyana Sa Diarrhee des veaux myrcoides 12. Sesbania sesban Fabaceae Umunyegenyege A Inkubasi

13. Cinchona ladgeriana Rubiaceae Ikinini P Theileriose, akanyaga

14. Dracaena afromontana Agavaceae Umuhati A Diarrhee

15. Acacia abyssinica Mimosaceae Umugenge Sa Morsure de serpents

16; Acacia hockii Mimosaceae Umunyinya Sa Morsure de serpents

17. Acanthus pubescens Acanthaceae Igitovu Sa Morsure de serpents

18. Clutia abyssinica Euphorbiaceae Umutarishonga F Verminose, brucellose, mammites

19. Milletia dura Fabaceae Umuyogoro F Piroplasmose

20. Vernonia.kirungae Asteraceae Ikamambogo F Piroplasmose

21. Vernonia pogosperma Asteraceae Ivumavuma Sa Brucellose, piroplasmose

22. Tetradenia riparia Lamiaceae Umuravumba A Verminoses, retention placentaire, inkubasi, theileriose

23. Entada abyssinica Mimosaceae Umusange Sa Piroplasmose, inkubasi, brucellose, prolapsus

24. Indigofera arecta Fabaceae Umusororo Sa Theileriose, akanyaga

25. Dombeya goetzeni Sterculiaceae Umukore F Brucellose

26. Harungana Clusiaceae U m ushayishayi F Brucellose, diarrhee des veaux due

Madagascariensis due aux verminoses

27. Microglossa Asteraceae Umuhe F Theileriose volubilis 28. Bersama abyssinica Melianthaceae Umukaka F Brucellose, verminoses

29. Helinus mystacinus Rhamnaceae Umubimbafuro Sa Verminoses

30. Dodonea viscosa Sapindaceae Umusasa Sa Verminoses

31. Pavetta temifolia Rubiaceae Umumenamabuye F Verminoses

246

Explications:S.P.= système de production; F= forét naturelle; Sa= savanes arbustives; P= plantations forestières; A= autres (arbres hors des forét)

Source: FAO (1999)

247

32. Blepharispermum

Pubescens

Asteraceae Umunyuragisaka Sa Vernninoses

33. Vemoniaamygdalina

Asteraceae Umubilizi S Verminoses

34. Bridelia micrantha Euphorbiaceae Umugimbu F Verminoses

35. Ocimumamericanum

Lamiaceae Umwenya Sa Théileriose

36. Lantana trifolia Verbenaceae Unnuhengeri Sa Piroplasmose,mammites

37. Lobelia giberroa Lobeliaceae Intomvu F Théileriose

38. Euphorbia tirucalli Euphorbiaceae Unnuyenzi A Verminoses du chien

39. Solanum sp Solanaceae Umuhuha F Théileriose

32. Blepharispermum Asteraceae Umunyuragisaka Sa Verminoses

Pubescens

33. Vernonia Asteraceae Umubilizi S Verminoses amygdalina 34. Bridelia micrantha Euphorbiaceae Umugimbu F Verminoses

35.0cimum Lamiaceae Umwenya Sa Theileriose americanum 36. Lantana trifolia Verbenaceae Umuhengeri Sa Piroplasmose,mammites

37. Lobelia giberroa Lobeliaceae Intomvu F Theileriose

38. Euphorbia tiruca/li Euphorbiaceae Umuyenzi A Verminoses du chien

39. Solanum sp Solanaceae Umuhuha F Theileriose - - -

Explications: S.P.= systeme de production; F= foret naturelle; Sa= savanes arbustives; P= plantations forestieres; A= autres (arbres hors des foret)

Source: FAO (1999)

247

DONNEES QUANTITATIVES SUR LES PFNL DU RWANDA

248


tanceNom

commercialNom

vernaculaire




1, 2, 3 F, P, H S, C N,!Animaux et produits animauxMiel, cire 1 Production annuelle de

23 000 t de miel en 1998FAO, 1998


se sève; la latex; hu huile; pl plante entière; re résines; ra racine; gr graines; ti tige; ta tannins;Habitat: F forét naturelle et autres terres boisées; P - plantation; A Autres: Arbres hors de la forét (p.e. agroforesterie, jardins privés)Source: S - sauvage, C - cultivéDestination: N - national; I international

DONNEES QUANTITATIVES SUR LES PFNL DU RWANDA

Produit Ressouree II Valeur eeonomique Categorie Impor- Nom Especes Partie Habitat Source Oesti- Quantite, valeur Remarques References



Animaux et produits animaux .

Miel, eire 1 Production annuelle de FAO, 1998 23 000 t de miel en 1998


se - seve; la -latex; hu - huile; pi - plante entiere; re - resines; ra - racine; gr - graines; ti - tige; ta - tannins; Habitat: F - foret naturelle et autres terres boisees; P - plantation; A - Autres: Arbres horsde la foret (p.e. agroforesterie, jardins prives) Source: S - sauvage, C - cultive Destination: N - national; 1 - international

248

3.5.9 Sao Tomé et Principe (F)

INTRODUCTION

Principaux Produits Forestiers Non LigneuxLes plantes médicinales sont couramment utilisées à Sao Tomé-et-Principe.

L'utilisation d'autres produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL) 6 Sao Tomé-et-Principe n'est pasdocumentée.


MédecineUne étude éthnobotanique du Royal Botanic Gardens Kew a documenté l'utilisation de 93plantes médicinales 6 Sao Tomé-et-Principe (e.g. Chenopodium ambrosiodes, Bryophyllumpinnatum, Ocimum gratissimum). Environ deux tiers de ces plantes sont recueillies endehors de la for6t. Elles sont cultivées ou poussent spontanément à proximité des villagesou sur les terrains dégradés. Seulement un tiers des plantes médicinales documentées sontcollectées dans la for6t secondaire (e.g. Rauvolfia sp., Voacanga africana, Allophyllusafricanus). Des plantes médicinales de la for6t primaire ne sont connues que par lestradipraticiens et quelques personnes Agées (FAO, 1996).

REFERENCESFAO. 1996. Sao Tome and Principe. Non-Wood News No. 3. Rome

REMERCIEMENTS

Ce rapport a été réalisé gr5ce au financement du Programme de Partenariat CE-FAO«Collecte et analyse des données pour un aménagement durable de la Forét dans les paysA.C.P.». Le contenu est basé sur l'information accessible au siège central de la FAORome.

Des informations supplémentaires sur les PFNL de Sao Tomé-et-Principe seraientbienvenues et reconnues en bonne et due forme.

249

3.5.9 Sao Tome et Principe (F)

INTRODUCTION


Les plantes medicinales sont couramment utilisees a Sao Tome-et-Principe.

L'utilisation d'autres produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL) a Sao Tome-et-Principe n'est pas documentee.


Medecine

Une etude ethnobotanique du Royal Botanic Gardens Kew a documente I'utilisation de 93 plantes medicinales a Sao Tome-et-Principe (e.g. Chenopodium ambrosiodes, Bryophyllum pinna tum, Ocimum gratissimum). Environ deux tiers de ces plantes sont recueillies en dehors de la foret. Elles sont cultivees ou poussent spontanement a proximite des villages ou sur les terrains degrades. Seulement un tiers des plantes medicinales documentees sont collectees dans la foret secondaire (e.g. Rauvolfia sp., Voacanga africana, Allophyllus africanus). Des plantes medicinales de la foret primaire ne sont connues que par les tradipraticiens et quelques personnes agees (FAO, 1996).

REFERENCES FAO. 1996. Sao Tome and Principe. Non-Wood News NO.3. Rome


Des informations supplementaires sur les PFNL de Sao Tome-et-Principe seraient bienvenues et reconnues en bonne et due forme.

249

3.6 West Africa / Afrique de l'Ouest

3.6.1 Benin (F)

INTRODUCTION

Principaux Produits Forestiers Non LigneuxAu Bénin, les principaux produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL) comprennent les plantescomestibles (les fruits, le palmier à huile), les plantes médicinales, le miel, le gibier, lesobjets d'artisanat en rotin et les lianes.

Informations généralesLes PFNL qui sont commercialisés sont les plantes comestibles (e.g. le karité et le néré), lesplantes médicinales, le miel, les objets d'artisanat et les lianes (Ajademe, 1991).


NourritureLa population rurale du Bénin connaTt et exploite couramment les PFNL comestibles quicontribuent directement 6 la sécurité alimentaire des ménages. Les PFNL les plus utiliséssont récoltés dans les champs et les jachères plutôt que dans les savanes et les for-61s(Schreckenberg, 1996). 41 espèces forestières (e.g. Irvingia gabonensis, Parkia biglobosa)qui fournissent des produits comestibles ont été identifiées (FAO, 1981).

Les trois PFNL les plus importants dans la région Bassila à l'ouest de Bénin sont le karité(Vitellaria paradoxa), le néré (Parkia biglobosa) et le palmier 6 huile (Elaeis guineensis).

A part ces produits, huit autres PFNL sont d'une importance limitée : Blighia sapida,Adansonia digitata, Tamarindus indica, Borassus aethio pum, Vitex doniana, Diospyrosmespiliformis, Pemtadesma butyracea et Bombax costatum (Schreckenberg, 1996).

REFERENCES

Adjademe, A. F. 1991. Bénin. Séminaire sur les Statistiques Forestières en Afrique. FAO,Thiès, Sénégal.

FAO. 1981. Les Espèces Forestières 6 Produits Comestibles dans la République Populairedu Bénin. Projet FAO/PNUD BEN/81/003, Développement des RessourcesForestières.

Schreckenberg, K. 1996. Forests, fields and markets: A study of indigenous tree products inthe woody savannas of the Bassila region, Bénin. School of Oriental and AfricanStudies, University of London. Ph.D. Thesis

REMERCIEMENTS

Ce rapport a été réalisé grâce au financement du Programme de Partenariat CE-FAO«Collecte et analyse des données pour un aménagement durable de la fortt dans les paysA. .C.P.». Le contenu est basé sur l'information accessible au siège central de la FAO àRome.

Des informations supplémentaires sur les PFNL du Bénin seraient bienvenues et reconnuesen bonne et due forme.

250

3.6 West Africa I Afrique de l'Ouest

3.6.1 Benin (F)

INTRODUCTION


Au Benin, les principaux produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL) comprennent les plantes comestibles (Ies fruits, Ie palmier a huile), les plantes medicinales, Ie miel, Ie gibier, les objets d'artisanat en rotin et les lianes.


Les PFNL qui sont commercialises sont les plantes comestibles (e.g. Ie karite et Ie nere), les plantes medicinales, Ie miel, les objets d'artisanat et les lianes (Ajademe, 1991).


Nourriture

La population rurale du Benin connalt et exploite couramment les PFNL comestibles qui contribuent directement a la securite alimentaire des menages. Les PFNL les plus utilises sont recoltes dans les champs et les jacheres plut6t que dans les savanes et les forsts (Schreckenberg, 1996). 41 especes forestieres (e.g. Irvingia gabonensis, Parkia biglobosa) qui fournissent des produits comestibles ont ete identifiees (FAO, 1981).

Les trois PFNL les plus importants dans la region Bassila a I'ouest de Benin sont Ie karite (Vitel/aria paradoxa), Ie nere (Parkia biglobosa) et Ie palmier a huile (Elaeis guineensis).

A part ces produits, huit autres PFNL sont d'une importance limitee : B/ighia sapida, Adansonia digitata, Tamarindus indica, Borassus aethiopum, Vitex doniana, Diospyros mespiliformis, Perntadesma butyracea et Bombax costa tum (Schreckenberg, 1996).

REFERENCES

Adjademe, A. F. 1991. Benin. Seminaire sur les Statistiques Forestieres en Afrique. FAO, Thies, Senegal.

FAO. 1981. Les Especes Forestieres a Produits Comestibles dans la Repub/ique Populaire du Benin. Projet FAO/PNUD BEN/81/003, Developpement des Ressources Forestieres.

Schreckenberg, K. 1996. Forests, fields and markets: A study of indigenous tree products in the woody savannas of the Bassila region, Benin. School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. Ph.D. Thesis

REMERCIEMENTS Ce rapport a ete realise grace au financement du Programme de Partenariat CE-FAO «Collecte et analyse des donnees pour un amenagement durable de la forst dans les pays A .. C.P.». Le contenu est base sur I'information accessible au siege central de la FAO a Rome.

Des informations supplementaires sur les PFNL du Benin seraient bienvenues et reconnues en bonne et due forme.

250

3.6.2 Burkina Faso (F)

INTRODUCTION

Principaux Produits forestiers Non LigneuxLes principaux produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL) du Burkina Faso sont les produitscomestibles, notamment le karité (Vitefiaria paradoxa), le néré (Parkia biglobosa) et le gibier.

De plus, les PFNL comestibles comme Adansonia digitata (baobab), Tamarindus indica(tamarin), Bombax costatum, Balanites aegyptiaca, Detarium microcarpum, Ziziphusmauritiana, Sclerocarya birrea et Elaeis guineensis sont importants, de méme que lesfourrages (e.g. Acacia nilotica, Acacia senegal, Acacia raddiana, Acacia seyal et Prosopisjuliflora), les plantes médicinales et le miel.

Informations généralesUne étude de cas réalisée dans la région ouest du pays a identifié l'utilisation de trentePFNL. Les plus précieux (au niveau du prix) sont les PFNL comestibles, à savoir: Vitefiariaparadoxa (karité), Parkia biglobosa (néré), Bombax costatum et Adansonia digitata (baobab)(Lamien etal., 1996).

Autrefois la propriété des arbres de la savane revenait à la commune. Aujourd'hui, lesjachères et les parcs sont des propriétées privées, et seules les personnes qui cultivent cesterres, ainsi que leurs parents, peuvent récolter les produits provenant des arbres. Troissystèmes d'appropriation des produits ont été identifiés: la récolte provenant des arbres surles terres agricoles; celle provenant des arbres sur les jachères communales, et l'achat desPFNL auprès des fournisseurs.

Le prix des PFNL est déterminé en général par trois facteurs: la disponibilité; le lieu d'origineet le type de marché. Le tableau 1 ci-dessous montre que les méthodes d'acquisition (1.) ontun grand effet sur le prix. Les produits achetés auprès du fournisseur sont les plus chers.

La mème étude de cas a relevé que le prix des produits était également déterminé par lazone écologique d'origine (2.). Les marchés du Nord étaient plus chers que ceux du Sud, dufait que le Nord est plus sec et a une population plus dense. Ces deux facteurs font que lesproduits des arbres sont plus rares et donc plus chers.

Contrairement aux prévisions l'exception de l'amande de karité et du beurre de karité), lesprix des marchés villageois n'étaient pas beaucoup plus bas que ceux des marchésrégionaux (3.). Les prix étaient aussi influencés par la période de l'année et par ladisponibilité des produits.

251

3.6.2 Burkina Faso (F)

INTRODUCTION

Principaux Produits forestiers Non Ligneux

Les principaux produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL) du Burkina Faso sont les produits comestibles, notamment Ie karite (Vitel/aria paradoxa), Ie nere (Parkia biglobosa) et Ie gibier.

De plus, les PFNL comestibles comme Adansonia digitata (baobab), Tamarindus indica (tamarin), Bombax costatum, Balanites aegyptiaca, Detarium microcarpum, Ziziphus mauritiana, Sclerocarya birrea et Elaeis guineensis sont importants, de meme que les fourrages (e.g. Acacia nilotica, Acacia senegal, Acacia raddiana, Acacia seyal et Prosopis juliflora) , les plantes medicinales et Ie miel.


Une etude de cas realisee dans la region ouest du pays a identifie I'utilisation de trente PFNL. Les plus precieux (au niveau du prix) sont les PFNL comestibles, 8 savoir: Vitel/aria paradoxa (karite), Parkia biglobosa (nere), Bombax costatum et Adansonia digitata (baobab) (Lamien et al., 1996).

Autrefois la propriete des arbres de la savane revenait 8 la commune. Aujourd'hui, les jacheres et les parcs sont des proprietees privees, et seules les personnes qui cultivent ces terres, ainsi que leurs parents, peuvent recolter les produits provenant des arbres. Trois systemes d'appropriation des produits ont ete identifies: la recolte provenant des arbres sur les terres agricoles; celie provenant des arbres sur les jacheres communales, et I'achat des PFNL aupres des fournisseurs.

Le prix des PFNL est determine en general par trois facteurs: la disponibilite; Ie lieu d'origine et Ie type de marche. Le tableau 1 ci-dessous montre que les methodes d'acquisition (1.) ont un grand effet sur Ie prix. Les produits achetes aupres du fournisseur sont les plus chers.

La meme etude de cas a releve que Ie prix des produits etait egalement determine par la zone ecologique d'origine (2.). Les marches du Nord etaient plus chers que ceux du Sud, du fait que Ie Nord est plus sec et a une population plus dense. Ces deux facteurs font que les produits des arbres sont plus rares et donc plus chers.

Contrairement aux previsions (8 I'exception de I'amande de karite et du beurre de karite), les prix des marches villageois n'etaient pas beaucoup plus bas que ceux des marches regionaux (3.). Les prix etaient aussi influences par la periode de I'annee et par la disponibilite des produits.

251

Tableau 1. Prix moyen (Franc CFA/kg)6° de différents PFNL selon différents critères en1994/95.

Source: modifié selon Lamien et al. (1996)

PLANT'S ET PRODUTS VEGETAUX

NourritureLes PFNL comestibles, en particulier le karité (Vitellaria paradoxa) et le néré (Parkiabiglobosa), sont d'une grande importance au Burkina Faso. Des plantes comme Adansoniadigitata (baobab), Tamarindus indica (tamarin), Bombax costatum, Balanites aegyptiaca,Detarium microcarpum, Ziziphus mauritiana, Sclerocarya birrea et Elaeis guineensis sontégalement importantes sur le plan socio-économique.

Parmi les PFNL du Burkina Faso, le karité occupe une place de choix pour ses multiplesavantages au niveau de l'économie locale (fabrication de beurre de karité et de savon) etparce qu'il constitue un produit d'exportation depuis plus de 25 ans sous forme d'amande etde beurre de karité.

Le karité constitue une des principales sources de matière grasse d'origine végétale.Pendant près de deux mois, au moment de la soudure lorsque les réserves en vivres sontépuisées, la pulpe des fruits du karité constitue, pour certaines populations, la principalealimentation de substitution.

La partie la plus importante du fruit reste, néanmoins, la noix qui est traitée pour produire dubeurre et du savon. Pour obtenir le beurre de karité, les femmes ramassent d'abord les fruits,séparent la pulpe et font bouillir les noix pour les empächer de germer. Une fois bouillies, lesnoix sont mises à sécher au soleil pendant 2 ou 3 jours. Elles sont ensuite décortiquées,lavées et de nouveau mises à sécher pendant une journée. Les amandes bien sèches sontcassées une à une, grillées dans des grandes marmites et écrasées sur une meule de fagon

obtenir une p5te assez consistante. Cette päte de couleur rouge-brique est ensuite lavéepour la libérer les corps étrangers qui se sont introduits pendant les phases précédentes. Onobtient alors une pâte blanchatre. L'eau dans laquelle le beurre est lavé est répandue sur lestoits des maisons, les murs et les greniers pour les protéger de l'action des termites etempächer les murs de s'éroder avec les pluies. La dernière phase consiste à bouillir le

60 1 000 Francs CFA = 1.47 dollars E.U. (taux de change au 7 evil! 2000).

252

Produits 1. Les méthodes d'acquisition 2. Les zonesécologiques

3. Les types demarché

Arbresprivés

Arbrescom-

munaux

Fournis-seur

RégionNord

RégionSud

Marchésrégionaux

Marchésvillageois

Graines de Néré 83.1 141.5 161.1 151.1 83.0 100.7 103.8Sounnbala 369.3 351.3 437.6 602.8 330.9 386.9 414.1Farine de Néré 31.1 99.0 185.1 174.4 31.1 44.3 127.2Beurre 170.9 248.4 255.5 383.6 199.8 260.8 240.6Savon 367.5 233.1 287.4 214.7 259.0 227.8Amande de Karité 31.9 41.0 32.1 38.7 29.3Miel 249.0 373.0 187.0 280.0 187.0Feuilles de Baobab 98.0 103.1 105.9 60.0 80.4 117.2Fruit de Tamarin 139.8 201.1 243.8 208.8 34.0 195.1 212.6Fleurs de Bombax 268.3 377.7 389.2 194.7 309.5 383.2Autres 113.1 165.3 157.9 153.3 106.4 140.9 120.8

Tableau 1. Prix moyen (Franc CFAlkg)60 de differents PFNL selon differents criteres en 1994/95

Produits 1. Les methodes d'acquisition 2. Les zones 3. Les types de ecologiques marche

Arbres Arbres Fournis- Region Region Marches Marches prives com- seur Nord Sud regionaux villageois

munaux Graines de Nere II 83.1 141.5 161.1 151.1 83.0 100.7 Soumbala I 369.3 351.3 437.6 602.8 330.9 386.9 Farine de Nere 31.1 99.0 185.1 174.4 31.1 44.3 Beurre 170.9 248.4 255.5 383.6 199.8 260.8 Savon - 367.5 233.1 287.4 214.7 259.0 Amande de Karite 31.9 - 41.0 - 32.1 38.7 Miel 249.0 - - 373.0 187.0 280.0 Feuilles de Baobab 98.0 103.1 - 105.9 60.0 80.4 Fruit de Tamarin 139.8 201.1 243.8 208.8 34.0 195.1 Fleurs de Bombax 268.3 377.7 - 389.2 194.7 309.5 Autres 113.1 165.3 157.9 153.3 106.4 140.9 Source: modifie selon Lamien et al. (1996)

PLAr-.HES PRODUITS VEGETAUX

Nourriture

Les PFNL comestibles, en particulier Ie karite (Vitellaria paradoxa) et Ie nere (Parkia big/obosa), sont d'une grande importance au Burkina Faso. Des plantes comme Adansonia digitata (baobab), Tamarindus indica (tamarin), Bombax costa tum , Balanites aegyptiaca, Detarium micro carp um, Ziziphus mauritiana, Sclerocarya birrea et Elaeis guineensis sont egalement importantes sur Ie plan socio-economique.

Parmi les PFNL du Burkina Faso, Ie karite occupe une place de choix pour ses multiples avantages au niveau de I'economie locale (fabrication de beurre de karite et de savon) et parce qu'il constitue un produit d'exportation depuis plus de 25 ans sous forme d'amande et de beurre de karite.

Le karite constitue une des principales sources de matiere grasse d'origine vegetale. Pendant pres de deux mois, au moment de la soudure lorsque les reserves en vivres sont epuisees, la pulpe des fruits du karite constitue, pour certaines populations, la principale alimentation de substitution.

La partie la plus importante du fruit reste, neanmoins, la noix qui est traitee pour produire du beurre et du savon. Pour obtenir Ie beurre de karite, les femmes ram assent d'abord les fruits, separent la pulpe et font bouillir les noix pour les empecher de germer. Une fois bouillies, les noix sont mises a secher au solei I pendant 2 ou 3 jours. Elles sont ensuite decortiquees, lavees et de nouveau mises a secher pendant une journee. Les amandes bien seches sont cassees une a une, griliees dans des grandes marmites et ecrasees sur une meule de fagon a obtenir une pate assez consistante. Cette pate de couleur rouge-brique est ensuite lavee pour la liberer les corps etrangers qui se sont introduits pendant les phases precedentes. On obtient alors une pate blanchatre. L'eau dans laquelle Ie beurre est lave est repandue sur les toits des maisons, les murs et les greniers pour les proteger de I'action des termites et empecher les murs de s'eroder avec les pluies. La derniere phase consiste a bouillir Ie

60 1 000 Francs CFA = 1.47 dollars E.U. (taux de change au 7 avril 2000).

252

103.811 127.2 240.6 227.8

29.3 187.0 117.2 212.6 383.2 120.8

beurre jusqu'à que monte une huile qui est recueillie et laissée coaguler pour former leproduit final.

Le karité présente une importance économique considérable car, en plus de laconsommation locale, il constitue un des principaux produits d'exportation. Au niveau local,le ramassage des fruits de karité est une tâche exclusivement réservée aux femmes qui lesramassent, les traitent et les vendent pour accroTtre leur pouvoir d'achat (en produitsmanufacturés) et améliorer le niveau de vie de leurs familles.

La contribution de l'amande de karité au marché de ['exportation est aussi très importante.Sur les 30 provinces que compte le pays, 25 fournissent, par l'intermédiaire descommergants agréés, des amandes de karité 6 la Caisse de Stabilisation des Prix desProduits Agricoles (organisme d'Etat chargé entre autres de l'exportation de l'amande dekarité). De 1980 6 1990, la quantité moyenne annuelle exportée était de 24 988 tonnes.Pendant la même période, le prix moyen du marché international était de CFA113 par tonne(Gustave, 1993). Les importateurs sont essentiellement la Belgique, la France, le Danemark,le Japon, le Royaume-Uni, le Ghana et le Togo. SeIon le document intitulé "Balancecommerciale de 1984 A 1990" du Ministère du commerce, les résultats suivants ont étéenregistrés

Tableau 2. Ex ortation des amandes de karité

Zida & Kolongo (1991)

Le néré (Parkia biglobosa) détient une grande valeur alimentaire. Les principales utilisationsportent sur la pulpe et les grains des gousses meires tits riches en saccharose, en protéineset en lipides. Le fruit du néré est l'objet de transactions sur les marchés africains sousdiverses formes, notamment la "soumbala" (condiment de la pâte de maTs) qui est la pluscouramment utilisée.

En 1990 la production totale en volume de graines de néré était de 20 802 tonnes pour unevaleur de CFA5 852 000 000 (Coulibaly, 1993).

Le baobab (Adansonia digitata) est une espèce offrant une multitude de possibilitésd'utilisation. Les feuilles et les fruits constituent une source d'alimentation importante. Lesjeunes feuilles sont utilisées pour la préparation d'une sauce riche en protéines. Elles sontégalement moulues en farine. Le fruit ou "pain de singe" est mangé comme casse-crotle,mais il est aussi moulu en farine. La farine est mangée sans préparation ou versée dans labouillie pour lui donner un goOt aigre. Du point de vue nutritionnel, le fruit est tits riche encalcium, vitamine C et protéine.

En 1990 la production de feuilles de baobab était de 92 445 t pour une valeur deCFA8 782 000 000 (Coulibaly, 1993).

FourrageAu Burkina Faso, les fourrages tels que Acacia nilotica, Acacia senegal, Acacia raddiana,Acacia seyal et Prosopis juliflora sont importants.

253

An née 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990Quantité(tonnes)

54 730 11 245 8 079 4 240 3 686 3 072 14 354

Valeur(millionsde FCFA-FOB)

7 517 2 039 985 243 154 112 508

beurre jusqu'a que monte une huile qui est recueillie et laissee coaguler pour former Ie produit final.

Le karite presente une importance economique considerable car, en plus de la consommation locale, il constitue un des principaux produits d'exportation. Au niveau local, Ie ramassage des fruits de karite est une tache exclusivement reservee aux femmes qui les ramassent, les traitent et les vendent pour accroitre leur pouvoir d'achat (en produits manufactures) et ameliorer Ie niveau de vie de leurs families.

La contribution de I'amande de karite au marche de I'exportation est aussi tres importante. Sur les 30 provinces que compte Ie pays, 25 fournissent, par I'intermediaire des commer9ants agrees, des amandes de karite a la Caisse de Stabilisation des Prix des Produits Agricoles (organisme d'Etat charge entre autres de I'exportation de I'amande de karite). De 1980 a 1990, la quantite moyenne annuelle exportee etait de 24 988 tonnes. Pendant la meme periode, Ie prix moyen du marche international eta it de CFA113 par tonne (Gustave, 1993). Les importateurs sont essentiellement la Belgique, la France, Ie Danemark, Ie Japon, Ie Royaume-Uni, Ie Ghana et Ie Togo. Selon Ie document intitule "Balance commerciale de 1984 a 1990" du Ministere du commerce, les resultats suivants ont ete enregistres :

T bl a eau 2 E t f d xpor a Ion d d k "t' es aman es e an e Annee 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990

Quantite 54730 11 245 8079 4240 3686 3072 14354 _(tonnes) Valeur 7517 2039 985 243 154 112 508 (millions de FCFA-FOB)

Zida & Kolongo (1991)

Le nere (Parkia big/obosa) detient une grande valeur alimentaire. Les principales utilisations portent sur la pulpe et les grains des gousses mOres tres riches en saccharose, en proteines et en lipides. Le fruit du nere est I'objet de transactions sur les marches africains sous diverses formes, notamment la "soumbala" (condiment de la pate de mars) qui est la plus couramment utilisee.

En 1990 la production totale en volume de graines de nere etait de 20 802 tonnes pour une valeur de CFA5 852 000 000 (Coulibaly, 1993).

Le baobab (Adansonia digitata) est une espece offrant une multitude de possibilites d'utilisation. Les feuilles et les fruits constituent une source d'alimentation importante. Les jeunes feuilles sont utilisees pour la preparation d'une sauce riche en proteines. Elles sont egalement moulues en farine. Le fruit ou "pain de singe" est mange comme casse-croOte, mais il est aussi moulu en farine. La farine est mangee sans preparation ou versee dans la bouillie pour lui donner un goOt aigre. Du point de vue nutritionnel, Ie fruit est tres riche en calcium, vitamine C et proteine.

En 1990 la production de feuilles de baobab etait de 92 445 t pour une valeur de CFA8 782 000 000 (Coulibaly, 1993).

Fourrage

Au Burkina Faso, les fourrages tels que Acacia nilotica, Acacia senegal, Acacia raddiana, Acacia seya/ et Prosopis ju/iflora sont importants.

253

MédecinePits de 80 percent de la population burkinabé utilisent la pharmacopée traditionnelle. Lenombre des tradipraticiens enregistrés auprès du Ministère de la sante s'élève à près de300. Les données statistiques sur l'exploitation, l'application et la commercialisation desplantes médicinales ne sont pas disponibles (Zida & Kolongo, 1991).


GibierLes estimations de la valeur marchande de la production de gibier varient entre CFA600millions et 1,6 milliard. La quantité de viande sauvage consommee est estimée à 1 kg parpersonne/an (Plan d'Action Forestier Tropical (PAFT), 1990). Le projet d'élevage de gibier deNazinga, finance par l'ONG canadienne ADEFA, a pu démontrer les énormes possibilités dusecteur de la faune en termes de benefices provenant du tourisme, de la Oche et de laviande de gibier.

Miel et cireTrente-six espèces de plantes à haute valeur mellifère ont été identifiées au Burkina Faso,dont Mangifera indica, Parkia biglobosa, Vitellaria paradoxa et Ceiba pentandra qui sont lesespèces les plus fréquentes et dominantes. La plupart des plantes mellifères identifiées sontspontanées et largement repandues dans le domaine phytogéographique soudanien quicouvre les regions situées à peu près en-dessous du 13° latitude Nord, soit environ les deuxtiers du territoire burkinabé (Guinko et al., 1987).

REFERENCES

Coulibaly, B. 1993. Politique Forestière Cynégétique Halieutique du Burkina Faso. ProjetTCP/BKF/2357, Appui à la Preparation de la Reunion Sectorielle sur l'Environnement.FAO.

Guinko, S., Guenda, W., Millogo-Rasolodimby, J.,Tamini, Z., Zoungrana, L 1987. Étudedes Plantes Mellifères dans l'Ouest du Burkina Faso (Provinces du Houet, de laComoe et du Kenedougou). Projet TCP/BKF/4510, Développement de l'Apiculture,FAO.

Gustave, Y.T. 1993. L'Amande de Karité. Produit Forestier Non Ligneux: Utilisation etCommercialisation au Burkina Faso. FO: BKF/89/011. Aménagement des ForetsNatureIles pour la Sauvegarde de l'Environnement et la Production de Bois, FAO.

Lamien, N., Sidibe, A., Bayala, J. non date. Use and Commercialization of Non-TimberForest Products in Western Burkina Faso.

Plan d'Action Forestier Tropical (PAFT) du Burkina Faso. 1990. Ministère del'Environnement et du Tourisme, Direction Genérale des Eaux et Forets.

Troare, K. 1997. Mission de Consultation en Apiculture Améliorée. ProjetPNUD/BKF/93/003, Ouagadougou.

Zida, 0.B., Kolongo, S.L. 1991. Séminaire sur les Statistiques Forestières en Afrique. FAO.Thies, Senegal.

REMERCIEMENTS

Ce rapport a été realise grâce au financement du Programme de Partenariat CE- FAO«Collecte et analyse des données pour un aménagement durable de la foret dans les paysA.C.P.». Le contenu est base sur l'information accessible au siege central de la FAO àRome.

Des informations supplémentaires sur les PFNL du Burkina Faso seraient bienvenues etreconnues en bonne et due forme.

254

Medecine

Pres de 80 percent de la population burkinabe utilisent la pharmacopee traditionnelle. Le nombre des tradipraticiens enregistres aupres du Ministere de la sante s'eleve a pres de 300. Les donnees statistiques sur I'exploitation, I'application et la commercialisation des plantes medicinales ne sont pas disponibles (Zida & Kolongo, 1991).


Gibier

Les estimations de la valeur marchande de la production de gibier varient entre CFA600 millions et 1,6 milliard. La quantite de viande sauvage consommee est estimee a 1 kg par personne/an (Plan d'Action Forestier Tropical (PAFT), 1990). Le projet d'elevage de gibier de Nazinga, finance par I'ONG canadienne ADEFA, a pu demontrer les enormes possibilites du secteur de la faune en termes de benefices provenant du tourisme, de la peche et de la viande de gibier.

Miel et cire

Trente-six especes de plantes a haute valeur mellifere ont ete identifiees au Burkina Faso, dont Mangifera indica, Parkia biglobosa, Vitel/aria paradoxa et Ceiba pentandra qui sont les especes les plus frequentes et dominantes. La plupart des plantes melliferes identifiees sont spontanees et largement repandues dans Ie domaine phytogeographique soudanien qui couvre les regions situees a peu pres en-dessous du 13° latitude Nord, soit environ les deux tiers du territoire burkinabe (Guinko et a/., 1987).

REFERENCES

Coulibaly, B. 1993. Politique Forestiere Cynegetique Halieutique du Burkina Faso. Projet TCP/BKF/2357, Appui a la Preparation de la Reunion Sectorielle sur l'Environnement. FAO.

Guinko, S., Guenda, W., Millogo-Rasolodimby, J.,Tamini, Z., Zoungrana, I. 1987. Etude des Plantes Melliferes dans I'Ouest du Burkina Faso (Provinces du Houet, de la Comoe et du Kenedougou). Projet TCP/BKF/4510, Developpement de l'Apiculture, FAO.

Gustave, V.T. 1993. L'Amande de KariM. Produit Forestier Non Ligneux: Utilisation et Commercialisation au Burkina Faso. FO: BKF/89/011. Amenagement des Forets Naturelles pour la Sauvegarde de l'Environnement et la Production de Bois, FAO.

Lamien, N., Sidibe, A., Bayala, J. non date. Use and Commercialization of Non-Timber Forest Products in Western Burkina Faso.

Plan d'Action Forestier Tropical (PAFT) du Burkina Faso. 1990. Ministere de l'Environnement et du Tourisme, Direction Generale des Eaux et Forets.

Troare, K. 1997. Mission de Consultation en Apiculture Amelioree. Projet PNUD/BKF/93/003, Ouagadougou.

Zida, O.B., Kolongo, S.L. 1991. Seminaire sur les Statistiques Forestieres en Afrique. FAO. Thies, Senegal.

REMERCIEMENTS

Ce rapport a ete realise grace au financement du Programme de Partenariat CE- FAO «Collecte et analyse des donnees pour un amenagement durable de la foret dans les pays A.C.P.)}. Le contenu est base sur I'information accessible au siege central de la FAO a Rome.

Des informations supplementaires sur les PFNL du Burkina Faso seraient bienvenues et reconnues en bonne et due forme.

254

DONNEES QUANTITATIVES SUR LES PFNL DU BURKINA FASO

Importance: 1- grande importance au niveau national; 2 grande importance au niveau local/régional; 3 importance limitéePate utilisée: an animal enter; ec écorce; ci cire; fe feuilles; no noix; fi fibres; fl fleurs; fr fruits; go gommes; mi miel;

se sève; la latex; hu huile; pl plante entière; re résines; ra racine; gr graines; ti tige; ta tannins;Habitat: F for& naturelle et autres terres boisées; P - plantation; A Autres: Arbres hors de la forèt (e.g. agroforesterie, jardins du case)Source: S - sauvage, C - cultivéDestination: N - national; I international

255


tanceNom

commercialNom

vernaculaire




1, 2, 3 F, P, H S, C N, I

Plantes et produits végétauxNourriture 1 Karité Vitellaria paradoxa fr F, H S N, I Exportations moyennes de

14.200 tonnes de karitépour une valeur moyennede 1.651 millions de FrancsCFA entre 1984 1990

Zida & Kolongo1991

1 Néré Parkia biglobosa gr F, H S Production des graines de20.802 tonnes pour unevaleur de 5 852 000 000 F.CFA en 1990

Coulibaly 1993

Animaux et produits animauxGibier 1 La production varie entre

600 millions et 1.6 milliardde Francs CFA.La consommation estévaluée A 1 kg/personnepar an.

PAFT 1990

DONNEES QUANTITATIVES SUR LES PFNL DU BURKINA FASO Produit Ressource Valeur economique

Categorie Impor- Nom Especes Partie Habitat Source Desti- Quantite, valeur tance commercial utilisee nation

Nom vernaculaire

1,2,3 F,P,H S,C N, I

I Plantes et produits vegetaux

Nourriture 1 Karite Vitel/aria paradoxa fr F,H S N, I Exportations moyennes de 14.200 tonnes de karite pour une valeur moyenne de 1.651 millions de Francs CFA entre 1984 - 1990

1 Nere Parkia big/obosa gr F,H S Production des graines de 20.802 tonnes pour une valeur de 5 852 000 000 F. CFA en 1990

I Animaux et ~roduits animaux

1

mb

;"

I

Irnportance: Partie utilisee:


1

I I I I I I

La production varie entre 600 rnillions et 1.6 milliard de Francs CFA. La consommation est evaluee a 1 kg/personne par an.

1- grande importance au niveau national; 2 - grande importance au niveau locallregional; 3 - importance lirnitee an - animal entier; ec - ecorce; ci - eire; fe - feuilles; no - noix; fi - fibres; fI - fleurs; fr - fruits; go - gomrnes; rni - miel; se - seve; la - latex; hu - huile; pi - plante entiere; re - resines; ra - racine; gr - graines; ti - tige; ta - tannins; F - foret naturelle et autres terres boisees; P - plantation; A - Autres: Arbres hors de la foret (e.g. agroforesterie, jardins du case) S - sauvage, C - cultive N - national; I - international

255

Remarques References

I Zida & Kolongo 1991

Coulibaly 1993

I

I

I pm 1990

I

3.6.3 Cape Vert (F)

INTRODUCTION

Principaux Produits Forestiers Non LigneuxII existe très peu d'informations sur les principaux produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL) duCap-Vert.

Informations généralesLe Plan d'Action Forestier National (1994) déclare que des études régionales doivent élremenées sur l'existence et les possibilités de développement de PFNL comme le miel, lafaune, les tannins, la pharmacopée, etc.

La végétation ligneuse naturelle se trouve dans les zones arides et semi-arides de bassealtitude. Les formations végétales sont tits ouvertes et ne contiennent que quelquesespèces arborées ou arbustives dont les plus représentatives sont: Acacia nilotica,Faidherbia albida, Proso pis juliflora, Ziziphus mauritiana, Calotropis procera, Jatropha curcaet Tamarindus indica.

REFERENCES

Plan d'Action Forestier National. 1994. République du Cap-Vert. Programme d'ActionForestier Tropical. FAO/Ministère des Péches, Agriculture et Animation Rurale.

REMERCIEMENTS

Ce rapport a été réalisé grâce au financement du Programme de Partenariat CE-FAO«Collecte et analyse des données pour un aménagement durable de la forét dans les paysA.C.P.». Le contenu est basé sur l'information accessible au siège central de la FAORome.

Des informations supplémentaires sur les PFNL du Cap-Vert seraient bienvenues etreconnues en bonne et due forme.

256

3.6.3 Cape Vert (F)

INTRODUCTION


II existe tres peu d'informations sur les principaux produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL) du Cap-Vert.

Informations generales Le Plan d'Action Forestier National (1994) declare que des etudes regionales doivent etre menees sur I'existence et les possibilites de developpement de PFNL comme Ie miel, la faune, les tannins, la pharmacopee, etc.

La vegetation ligneuse naturelle se trouve dans les zones arides et semi-arides de basse altitude. Les formations vegetales sont tres ouvertes et ne contiennent que quelques especes arborees ou arbustives dont les plus representatives sont: Acacia nilotica, Faidherbia albida, Prosopis juliflora, Ziziphus mauritiana, Calotropis pro cera, Jatropha curca et Tamarindus indica.

REFERENCES

Plan d'Action Forestier National. 1994. Republique du Cap-Vert. Programme d'Action Forestier Tropical. FAO/Ministere des Peches, Agriculture et Animation Rurale.

REMERCIEMENTS

Ce rapport a ete realise grace au financement du Programme de Partenariat CE-FAO «Collecte et analyse des donnees pour un amenagement durable de la foret dans les pays A.C.P.». Le contenu est base sur I'information accessible au siege central de la FAO a Rome.

Des informations supplementaires sur les PFNL du Cap-Vert seraient bienvenues et reconnues en bonne et due forme.

256

3.6.4 Cote D'Ivoire (F)

INTRODUCTION

Principaux Produits Forestiers Non LigneuxLes informations contenues ci-dessous sont essentiellement basées sur le document de laFAO (1998) concernant les ressources génétiques forestières des savanes.

Les produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL) les plus importants sur le plan socio-économiquesont les plantes alimentaires, comme Adansonia digitata (baobab), Borassus aethiopium(rônier é fruits oranges), Parkia biglobosa (néré), Vitellaria paradoxa (karité), Detariummicrocarpum, Tamarindus indica (tamarin) et les matériaux de construction et produits del'artisanat du rotin (Laccosperma seccundiflorum), des lianes et des feuilles de palmierssauvages.

Parmi les autres PFNL moins importants, on peut citer les plantes fourragères (e.g. Afzeliaafricana, Khaya senegalensis, Pterocarpus erinaceus, Prosopis africana, Faidherbia albida,Ficus exasperata), la gomme arabique (Acacia senegal) et les plantes médicinales.


NourritureLes savanes de la moitié Nord de la Côte d'Ivoire regorgent d'espèces forestières fruitières. IIs'agit de plantes arbustives, arborées, lianescentes et sarmenteuses. Certains fruits sontconsommés é l'état frais (ex. Adansonia digitata, Borassus aethiopum, Detariummicrocarpum, Parkia biglobosa et Vitellaria Paradoxa); d'autres, par contre, font l'objet decuisson ou d'extraction pour l'huile, comme par exemple:

Parkia biglobosa pour la réalisation du soumbala;Vitellaria paradoxa pour la réalisation du beurre de karité;Carapa procera pour la fabrication du savon et de l'huile pharmacopée; etPentadesma butyraces pour la fabrication d' un excellent beurre alimentaire.

D'autres encore font l'objet d'une transformation industrielle:Tamarindus indica pour le jus de tamarin;Vitellaria paradoxa pour le beurre de karité; etParkia biglobosa pour la réalisation de plaquettes de graines de néré dans le cadre de laprévention contre le goitre (FAO, 1998).

Médecine«Le paludisme, l'ictère, la dysenterie sont des maladies très fréquentes dans la sous-région.Les essences utilisées pour guérir ces maladies font l'objet de forte pression au pointd'entrainer la disparition de certaines d'entre elles, surtout dans les zones périurbaines,notamment les essences dont les racines ou l'écorce sont utilisées; c'est le cas d'Entandaabyssinica, Lannca barteri, Terminalia glaucescens, Cochlospermum planchonii pour lessavanes guinéennes et sub-soudaniennes, et Cassia sieberiana, Combretum micranthum,Sarcocephalus latifolius, Pseudocedrella Kotchii; Khaya senegalensis et bien d'autres pourles savanes soudaniennes» (FAO, 1998).

257

3.6.4 Cote D'ivoire (F)

INTRODUCTION

Principaux Produits Forestiers Non Ligneux Les informations contenues ci-dessous sont essentiellement basees sur Ie document de la FAO (1998) concernant les ressources genetiques forestieres des savanes.

Les produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL) les plus importants sur Ie plan socio-economique sont les plantes alimentaires, comme Adansonia digitata (baobab), Borassus aethiopium (ronier a fruits oranges), Parkia big/obosa (nere), Vitel/aria paradoxa (karite), Detarium microcarpum, Tamarindus indica (tamarin) et les materiaux de construction et produits de I'artisanat du rotin (Laccosperma seccundiflorum), des lianes et des feuilles de palmiers sauvages.

Parmi les autres PFNL moins importants, on peut citer les plantes fourrageres (e.g. Afzelia africana, Khaya senega/ensis, Pterocarpus erinaceus, Prosopis africana, Faidherbia a/bida, Ficus exasperata), la gomme arabique (Acacia senegal) et les plantes medicinales.


Nourriture Les savanes de la moitie Nord de la Cote d'ivoire regorgent d'especes forestieres fruitieres. II s'agit de plantes arbustives, arborees, lianescentes et sarmenteuses. Certains fruits sont consommes a I'etat frais (ex. Adansonia digitata, Borassus aethiopum, Detarium microcarpum, Parkia big/obosa et Vitel/aria Paradoxa); d'autres, par contre, font I'objet de cuisson ou d'extraction pour I'huile, comme par exemple: • Parkia big/obosa pour la realisation du soumbala; .. Vitel/aria paradoxa pour la realisation du beurre de karite; CD Carapa procera pour la fabrication du savon et de I'huile pharmacopee; et • Pentadesma butyraces pour la fabrication d' un excellent beurre alimentaire.

O'autres encore font I'objet d'une transformation industrielle: CD Tamarindus indica pour Ie jus de tamarin; It Vitel/aria paradoxa pour Ie beurre de karite; et • Parkia big/obosa pour la realisation de plaqueUes de graines de nere dans Ie cadre de la

prevention contre Ie goitre (FAO, 1998).

Medecine «Le paludisme, I'ictere, la dysenterie sont des maladies tres frequentes dans la sous-region. Les essences utilisees pour guerir ces maladies font I'objet de forte pression au point d'entralner la disparition de certaines d'entre elles, surtout dans les zones periurbaines, notamment les essences dont les racines ou I'ecorce sont utilisees; c'est Ie cas d'Entanda abyssinica, Lannca barteri, Terminalia g/aucescens, Coch/ospermum p/anchonii pour les savanes guineennes et sub-soudaniennes, et Cassia sieberiana, Combretum micranthum, Sarcocepha/us /atifolius, Pseudocedrel/a Kotchii; Khaya senega/ensis et bien d'autres pour les savanes soudaniennes» (FAO, 1998).

257

Les autres plantes médicinales importantes comprennent :Entada abyssinia, Lannea barteri, Termina/ja glaucescens, Cassia siberiana, Combretummicranthum, Kaya senegalensis, Pseudocedrella kotichii) dans la zone des savanes; etGarcinia afzeffi, Garcinia lucida, Allanblackia floribunda, Vocanga africana, Grifoniasimplicifolia dans la région forestière du sud.

REFERENCESCunnigham A.B. 1993. African Medicinal Plants: Setting Priorities at the interface between

Conservation and Primary Health Care. People and Plants Working paper 1, Paris,UNESCO.

FAO. 1993. International Trade in Non-Wood Forest Products: An Overview. par M. lqbal,FO:Misc/93/11, Working paper, Rome.

FAO. 1998. Rapport National Côte d'Ivoire (Zone de savanes). Préparé en vue du Colloquerégional sur les R.G.F. , par N. Ouattara, Ouagadougou

REMERCIEMENTS

Ce rapport a été réalisé grâce au financement du Programme de Partenariat CE-FAO«Collecte et analyse des données pour un aménagement durable de la forét dans les paysA.C.P.». Le contenu est basé sur l'information accessible au siège central de la FAO 6Rome.

Des informations supplémentaires sur les PFNL de la Côte d'Ivoire seraient bienvenues etreconnues en bonne et due forme.

258

Les autres plantes medicinales importantes comprennent : • Entada abyssinia, Lannea barteri, Terminalia glaucescens, Cassia siberiana, Combretum

micranthum, Kaya senega/ensis, Pseudocedrella kotichii} dans la zone des savanes; et • Garcinia afzelli, Garcinia lucida, Allanblackia f/oribunda, Vocanga africana, Grifonia

simplicifolia dans la region forestiere du sud.

REFERENCES

Cunnigham A.B. 1993. African Medicinal Plants: Setting Priorities at the interface between Conservation and Primary Health Care. People and Plants Working paper 1, Paris, UNESCO.

FAO. 1993. International Trade in Non-Wood Forest Products: An Overview. par M. Iqbal, FO:Misc/93/11, Working paper, Rome.

FAO. 1998. Rapport National Cote d'lvoire (Zone de savanes). Prepare en vue du Colloque regional sur les R.G.F. , par N. Ouattara, Ouagadougou

REMERCIEMENTS


Des informations supplementaires sur les PFNL de la Cote d'ivoire seraient bienvenues et reconnues en bonne et due forme.

258

3.6.5 Gambia (E)

INTRODUCTION

Main Non-Wood Forest ProductsHoney, bushmeat, medicinal plants, fruits and edible roots are the most important non-woodforest products (NWFP) exploited in Gambia.

Other NWPF that are found in the country are fodder (Pterocarpus erinaceus), bamboo(Oxytenanthera abyssinica), rattan (Calamus deeratus), fibres (Borassus aethiopum) anddyes.

General InformationNWFP in their various forms and quantities can be found in many places across the country,either for direct consumption or for sale. Their value and demand are incresasing all over thecountry. The bulk of these products are consumed and traded locally. In a few isolated casesthere is some cross-border trade along the border with Senegal (FAO, 1999).


FoodWild plants in the forest are important sources of food security for many Gambians especiallyfor those living in the countryside. Fruits from trees, roots and tubers, fresh nuts, seeds andtender leaves represent an essential part of the diet. They serve as vegetables and enrichmeals prepared from the main staples rice, corn or millet. Fruits and nuts are importantcommodities on the local market. Teas, prepared from dry leaves and fruits that are normallycollected by children, constitute additional food. Spices and sauces prepared with palm oiland peppers are part of nearly every meal.

Fruits are important components in the population's diet. Important fruits include Anacardiumoccidentale, Adansonia digitata, Annona senegalensis, Balamites aegyptiaca, Borassusaethiopium, Ficus gnaphalocarpa, Parinari excelsa, Parkia biglobosa, Parinari macrophylia,Sclerocarya birrea, Spondias mombin, Tamarindus indica, Ziziphus mauritiana, Detariumsenegalensis and Dialium guineensis. Some are eaten raw or dried while others are used indifferent dishes. For instance, the fruits of Ficus gnaphalocarpa are cooked in soups and thefruits of Parinari excelsa are pounded and cooked as porridge. Beverages are made from thepulp of some fruits (Balanites aegyptiaca, Borassus aethiopium, Parkia biglobosa, Ziziphusmauritiana, Detarium senegalensis).

Palm wine is obtained from the base of the fruit or terminal bud of Elaesis guinensis. Itsseeds are eaten raw or used in the production of palm oil, which is extracted from the seed(palm kernel oil).

Young fresh leaves from Adansonia digitata are cooked as a vegetable. Its leaves, when dry,are pounded to get a powder which is used in soups and also mixed with sorghum. They arealso use in sauces. The tender leaves and the young flowers of both Bombax costatum andCeiba penlandra can be dried and pounded. The leaves of Ceiba penlandra are also cookedand used as soup. The tender fresh leaves of Dialium guinensis are chewed.

Though an exotic species, Moringa oleifera is widely planted in Gambia. Its leaves arecooked for soups while the young leaves and fruits are prepared as vegetables.

259

3.6.5 Gambia (E)

INTRODUCTION


Honey, bushmeat, medicinal plants, fruits and edible roots are the most important non-wood forest products (NWFP) exploited in Gambia.

Other NWPF that are found in the country are fodder (Pterocarpus erinaceus), bamboo (Oxytenanthera abyssinica) , rattan (Calamus deeratus), fibres (Borassus aethiopum) and dyes.

General Information

NWFP in their various forms and quantities can be found in many places across the country, either for direct consumption or for sale. Their value and demand are incresasing all over the country. The bulk of these products are consumed and traded locally. In a few isolated cases there is some cross-border trade along the border with Senegal (FAO, 1999).


Food

Wild plants in the forest are important sources of food security for many Gambians especially for those living in the countryside. Fruits from trees, roots and tubers, fresh nuts, seeds and tender leaves represent an essential part of the diet. They serve as vegetables and enrich meals prepared from the main staples rice, corn or millet. Fruits and nuts are important commodities on the local market. Teas, prepared from dry leaves and fruits that are normally collected by children, constitute additional food. Spices and sauces prepared with palm oil and peppers are part of nearly every meal.

Fruits are important components in the population's diet. Important fruits include Anacardium occidentale, Adansonia digitata, Annona senegalensis, Balamites aegyptiaca, Borassus aethiopium, Ficus gnaphalocarpa, Parinari excelsa, Parkia biglobosa, Parinari macrophylia, Sc/erocarya birrea, Spondias mombin, Tamarindus indica, Ziziphus mauritiana, Detarium senegalensis and Dialium guineensis. Some are eaten raw or dried while others are used in different dishes. For instance, the fruits of Ficus gnaphalocarpa are cooked in soups and the fruits of Parinari excelsa are pounded and cooked as porridge. Beverages are made from the pulp of some fruits (Balanites aegyptiaca, Borassus aethiopium, Parkia biglobosa, Ziziphus mauritiana, Detarium senegalensis).

Palm wine is obtained from the base of the fruit or terminal bud of Elaesis guinensis. Its seeds are eaten raw or used in the production of palm oil, which is extracted from the seed (palm kernel oil).

Young fresh leaves from Adansonia digitata are cooked as a vegetable. Its leaves, when dry, are pounded to get a powder which is used in soups and also mixed with sorghum. They are also use in sauces. The tender leaves and the young flowers of both Bombax costa tum and Ceiba penlandra can be dried and pounded. The leaves of Ceiba penlandra are also cooked and used as soup. The tender fresh leaves of Dialium guinensis are chewed.

Though an exotic species, Moringa oleifera is widely planted in Gambia. Its leaves are cooked for soups while the young leaves and fruits are prepared as vegetables.

259

The cashew nut from Anacardium occidentale is roasted and the kernel is extracted andeaten. The same is done with the nuts from Balanites aegyptiaca. The nut in the seed ofParinari macrophylla is eaten raw.

The young fresh shoots/roots of Borassus aethiopium are eaten raw or cooked.

MedicinesIn Gambia, medicinal plants are more important than any other NWFP, since hunger plays aminor role compared to the health of the population, especially in the rural areas. Theknowledge of medicinal plants and their uses are vast in villages. Most of the trees andshrubs found in the Pirang forest are used for medicinal purposes in one way or another(Sumser, 1988). For a list of the most commonly used medicinal plants in the country seeAnnex 1.

Utensils, handicrafts and construction materialsFibres and dyes are gathered for handicraft and household uses.


Honey and beeswaxHoney and wax are important commodities in the rural areas. Honey is used for thetreatment of various diseases, especially baby stomach pain, and because of its antisepticproperties to heal wounds (Bojang, 1992). The product is also used by poor people as asweetener instead of sugar.

The production of honey and wax by honey hunters belongs to the traditional activities inaddition to game hunting, fishing and gathering. These off-season traditional economicundertakings are complementary and are often combined.

The small-scale structures of honey production have not been able to satisfy the local marketnor to compete with the big and highly specialized producers in other parts of the world. Theproducers themselves consume good part of their production and the surplus is sold locally.The continuous supply of honey to the local market is problematic since its flow is seasonal(dry season) and there are no appropriate storage facilities to bridge the seasonal gaps. Thetable below shows annual honey production during the years 1996-1998. In Gambia honeyis measured in volume (1 litre = 1.5 kg).

Table 1. Annual honey harvest in Gambia 1996-19981996 40 tons

1997 48 tons

1998 60 tons

Source: FAO, 1999

Rural people are not engaged in honey production for profit maximization but for riskminimization for survival. For many small-scale farmers, the production of honey is the onlysource of off-farm cash income. Therefore, honey hunting and beekeeping play significantroles in the rural household economy. The average producer price for honey is GambianDalasi (GMD) 20 per kg.61

260

61 GMD100 = US$8.3890 (rate of exchange on 21/01/2000).

The cashew nut from Anacardium occidentale is roasted and the kernel is extracted and eaten. The same is done with the nuts from Balanites aegyptiaca. The nut in the seed of Parinari macrophylla is eaten raw.

The young fresh shoots/roots of Borassus aethiopium are eaten raw or cooked.

Medicines

In Gambia, medicinal plants are more important than any other NWFP, since hunger plays a minor role compared to the health of the population, especially in the rural areas. The knowledge of medicinal plants and their uses are vast in villages. Most of the trees and shrubs found in the Pirang forest are used for medicinal purposes in one way or another (Sumser, 1988). For a list of the most commonly used medicinal plants in the country see Annex 1.


Fibres and dyes are gathered for handicraft and household uses.


Honey and beeswax

Honey and wax are important commodities in the rural areas. Honey is used for the treatment of various diseases, especially baby stomach pain, and because of its antiseptic properties to heal wounds (Bojang, 1992). The product is also used by poor people as a sweetener instead of sugar.

The production of honey and wax by honey hunters belongs to the traditional activities in addition to game hunting, fishing and gathering. These off-season traditional economic undertakings are complementary and are often combined.

The small-scale structures of honey production have not been able to satisfy the local market nor to compete with the big and highly specialized producers in other parts of the world. The producers themselves consume good part of their production and the surplus is sold locally. The continuous supply of honey to the local market is problematic since its flow is seasonal (dry season) and there are no appropriate storage facilities to bridge the seasonal gaps. The table below shows annual honey production during the years 1996-1998. In Gambia honey is measured in volume (1 litre = 1.5 kg).

Table 1. Annual honey harvest in Gambia 1996-1998 1996

1997

1998

Source: FAO, 1999

40 tons

48 tons

60 tons

Rural people are not engaged in honey production for profit maximization but for risk minimization for survival. For many small-scale farmers, the production of honey is the only source of off-farm cash income. Therefore, honey hunting and beekeeping play significant roles in the rural household economy. The average producer price for honey is Gambian Dalasi (GMD) 20 per kg.61

61 GMD100 = US$8.3890 (rate of exchange on 21/01/2000).

260

Honey hunting is widely practised all over the country mostly by men who go and look forbee-colonies in their natural habitats (hollow trees, branches and termite hills). Honeyhunters kill the colony by smoking out the nests and burning the bees with fire. The use offire by honey hunters is an important cause for bush fires.

Beeswax production continues to be seen as a secondary objective by the majority ofGambian beekeepers. Even though the majority of those involved in beekeeping is nowaware of the commercial value of beeswax, the majority of them produces only the quantityof wax necessary for their new hive frames. Those who produce more than their domesticrequirement sell some of it at the local markets.

The marketing of beeswax remains localized and uncoordinated. Eighty percent of the waxproduced in the country is traded locally within the production site and 15 percent is sold atthe weekly markets ("Lumo") across the country. Beeswax cannot meet local demand. Atpresent, only one person is specialized in wax utilization for making shoe-polish and for theproduction of various medicines that are sold locally (FAO, 1999).

BushmeatThe importance of bushmeat is decreasing with the decline of the species as a result ofhabitat destruction. Yet, bushmeat is a very important source of protein in the diet. Thesource of bushmeat can be divided into three categories: terrestrial, primates and avi-fauna.

Table 2. Most common bushmeat

Warthog / bushpig Red patas monkey Pigeons

Antelopes (sitatunga, duikers, Marabout stalkguzelles, bush buck, water buck)

Equana lizard Geese/ducks

Canecutter rat, porcupine, Bustardsjackal,

Bush fowl/francolim

Guinea fowl

Water fowl

Horn bills (black andwhite and yellow-billed)

Rupian vultures

Source: FAO, 1999

REFERENCES

Bojang, F. 1992. National progress report 1989-91: The Gambia. KigaliFAO. 1999. Country brief on NWFP: Gambia, by Lamin Bojang, Forestry Department,

Gambia, EC-FAO Partnership Programme, Project GCP/INT/679/EC. Rome.Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment & FAO. 1993. Gambia national forestry

action plan. Issues paper.Sumser, M. 1988. Traditional use of forest products. In H. Ellenberg et al. Piran g: Ecological

investigations in a forest island in the Gambia. Stiftung Walderhaltung in Afrika,Bundesforschungsanstalt für Forst- und Holzwirtschaft. Hamburg.

261

Terrestrial Primates Birds

Honey hunting is widely practised all over the country mostly by men who go and look for bee-colonies in their natural habitats (hollow trees, branches and termite hills). Honey hunters kill the colony by smoking out the nests and burning the bees with fire. The use of fire by honey hunters is an important cause for bush fires.

Beeswax production continues to be seen as a secondary objective by the majority of Gambian beekeepers. Even though the majority of those involved in beekeeping is now aware of the commercial value of beeswax, the majority of them produces only the quantity of wax necessary for their new hive frames. Those who produce more than their domestic requirement sell some of it at the local markets.

The marketing of beeswax remains localized and uncoordinated. Eighty percent of the wax produced in the country is traded locally within the production site and 15 percent is sold at the weekly markets ("Lumo") across the country. Beeswax cannot meet local demand. At present, only one person is specialized in wax utilization for making shoe-polish and for the production of various medicines that are sold locally (FAO, 1999).

Bushmeat The importance of bushmeat is decreasing with the decline of the species as a result of habitat destruction. Yet, bushmeat is a very important source of protein in the diet. The source of bushmeat can be divided into three categories: terrestrial, primates and avi-fauna.

Table 2. Most common bushmeat Terrestrial

Warthog / bushpig

Antelopes (sitatunga, duikers, guzelles, bush buck, water buck)

Equana lizard

Canecutter rat, porcupine, jackal,

Source: FAO, 1999

REFERENCES

Primates

Red patas monkey

Birds

Pigeons

Marabout stalk

Geese/ducks

Bustards

Bush fowl/francolim

Guinea fowl

Water fowl

Horn bills (black and white and yellow-billed)

Rupian vultures

Bojang, F. 1992. National progress report 1989-91: The Gambia. Kigali FAO. 1999. Country brief on NWFP: Gambia, by Lamin Bojang, Forestry Department,

Gambia, EC-FAO Partnership Programme, Project GCP/INT/679/EC. Rome. Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment & FAO. 1993. Gambia national forestry

action plan. Issues paper. Sumser, M. 1988. Traditional use of forest products. In H. Ellenberg et al. Pirang: Ecological

investigations in a forest island in the Gambia. Stiftung Walderhaltung in Afrika, Bundesforschungsanstalt fOr Forst- und Holzwirtschaft. Hamburg.

261

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This report has been realized thanks to the funding of the ECFAO Partnership Programme"Data Collection and Analysis for Sustainable Forest Management in ACP Countries". Thecontent is based on available information at FAO Headquarters in Rome, as well as oninformation provided by Mr Lamin Bojang, Forestry Department, Gambia.

Additional information on NWFP in Gambia would be appreciated and duly acknowledged.

262

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This report has been realized thanks to the funding of the EC-FAO Partnership Programme "Data Collection and Analysis for Sustainable Forest Management in ACP Countries". The content is based on available information at FAO Headquarters in Rome, as well as on information provided by Mr Lamin Bojang, Forestry Department, Gambia.

Additional information on NWFP in Gambia would be appreciated and duly acknowledged.

262

QUANTITATIVE DATA ON NWFP OF GAMBIA

Importance: 1- high importance on the national leve!; 2 high importance on the local/regional leve!; 3 low importancePart used: an entire animal; ba bark; bw beeswax; le leaves; nu nuts; fi fibres; fi flowers; fr fruits; gu gums; ho honey; la latex; oi oil; pl entireplant;

re resins; ro roots; sa sap; se seeds; st stem; ta tanninsHabitat: F - natural forest or other wooded lands; P - plantation; 0 others: trees outside forests (e.g. agroforestry, homegardens)Source: W - wild, C - cultivatedDestination: N - national; I international

263




1, 2, 3 F, P, 0 W, C N,!Animals and animal productsHoney 1 ho F W, C N Annual honey production:

40 t in 1996, 48 t in 1997,60 t in 1998 (FAO, 1999)

FAO, 1999

QUANTITATIVE DATA ON NWFP OF GAMBIA I Product " Resource " Economic value

Category Importance Trade name Species Part Habitat Source Destination Quantity, value I Remarks I References Generic term used

1,2,3 F,P,O W,C N, I Animals and animal products Honey 1 ho F W,C N Annual honey production: IL lFAO,1999

40 t in 1996,48 t in 1997, 60 t in 1998 (FAO, 1999t

-

Importance: 1- high importance on the national level; 2 - high importance on the localfregionallevel; 3 -low importance Part used: plant;

an - entire animal; ba - bark; bw - beeswax; Ie - leaves; nu - nuts; fi - fibres; fI - flowers; fr - fruits; gu - gums; ho - honey; la -latex; oi - oil; pl- entire


re - resins; ro - roots; sa - sap; se - seeds; st - stem; ta - tannins F - natural forest or other wooded lands; P - plantation; 0 - others: trees outside forests (e.g. agroforestry, homegardens) W - wild, C - cultivated N - national; I - international

263

~

I

3.6.6 Ghana (E)

INTRODUCTION

Main Non-Wood Forest ProductsBushmeat, nuts (such as cola and sheabutter), chewsticks, canes, medicinal plants andbuilding materials (e.g. roof material obtained from Dalbergia sissoo) are the most importantnon-wood forest products (NWFP) of Ghana.

The range of other useful plants and products is extensive and includes utensils andconstruction materials such as bathing and chewing sponges, basketry, fish traps, matting,woven straw, ropes, twines, jute fibre, kapok, bark cloth and fodder (e.g. Parkiaclappertoniana). About 300 wild species are documented to provide fruits, some 100 speciesprovide edible leaves and another 60 species are reported to be cultivated. Other NWFPprovide latex (20 species), resins for incense and fumigation (25 tree species), tannins(Acacia nilotica), gums (gum arabic, gum copal), mushrooms, beverages (alcohol, palmwine) and edible oils. Some 2 000 forest plants are still used in traditional medicine. Animalproducts in addition to bushmeat are wax, hides and horns (Timber Industry Association,undated).

General informationNo information is available regarding the importance of most of the above-mentioned NWFPfor self-consumption or for trade. Nuts (sheanuts and cola) are believed to be the mainexported NWFP, followed by medicinal plants, gums and mushrooms. In general, resins,gums, cork and tannins are not widely used in Ghana (Forestry Department, 1991).

Regarding the importance of NWFP on the national scale (self-consumption; local, regionaland national trade) FAO (1990) quotes a survey carried out within the framework of the SubriDevelopment Project. This project converted a large forest to a Gmelina arborea plantationfor pulp production and fuelwood utilization. The result of an interview among the peopleliving in the surrounding areas showed that 94 percent of them complained that the projecthad reduced the supply of, or the access to, forest resources. In their view, the mostimportant losses were bushmeat, chewsticks, canes, poles and other housing materials, aswell as condiments.

The economic importance of NWFP is shown in the daily urban market of Kumasi, which isthe biggest in Ghana. Seven hundred people in the market are involved in trading NWFP ona full-time basis, among which 100 leave traders (esp. Marantacea used for wrapping food),100 medicine traders, 25 full-time basket traders and 50 traders of smoked bushmeat. Astudy carried out in two villages indicated that NWFP constitute the main source of income(FAO, 1995).

Most of the information about NWFP in Ghana has been collected in the southern humidparts of the country. This might be an indication of the higher importance of NWFP for locallivelihood in the south in comparison with the drier northern region. One important NWFPcoming from the woodlands in the northern region is gum arabic.

A household and marketing study on NWFP was conducted by Falconer (1992) in southernGhana. The study describes among others the utilization and significance of forest foods,medicines, construction materials and household goods for the rural population. In addition, itpresents the processing of, and trade in Marantacea leaves, medicinal plants, canes,chewsticks and bushmeat. It is concluded that ".... forests are extremely important to local

264

3.6.6 Ghana (E)

INTRODUCTION


Bushmeat, nuts (such as cola and sheabutter), chewsticks, canes, medicinal plants and building materials (e.g. roof material obtained from Dalbergia sissoo) are the most important non-wood forest products (NWFP) of Ghana.

The range of other useful plants and products is extensive and includes utensils and construction materials such as bathing and chewing sponges, basketry, fish traps, matting, woven straw, ropes, twines, jute fibre, kapok, bark cloth and fodder (e.g. Parkia c/appertoniana). About 300 wild species are documented to provide fruits, some 100 species provide edible leaves and another 60 species are reported to be cultivated. Other NWFP provide latex (20 species), resins for incense and fumigation (25 tree species), tannins (Acacia nilotica) , gums (gum arabic, gum copal), mushrooms, beverages (alcohol, palm wine) and edible oils. Some 2 000 forest plants are still used in traditional medicine. Animal products in addition to bushmeat are wax, hides and horns (Timber Industry Association, undated).

General information No information is available regarding the importance of most of the above-mentioned NWFP for self-consumption or for trade. Nuts (sheanuts and cola) are believed to be the main exported NWFP, followed by medicinal plants, gums and mushrooms. In general, resins, gums, cork and tannins are not widely used in Ghana (Forestry Department, 1991).

Regarding the importance of NWFP on the national scale (self-consumption; local, regional and national trade) FAa (1990) quotes a survey carried out within the framework of the Subri Development Project. This project converted a large forest to a Gmelina arborea plantation for pulp production and fuelwood utilization. The result of an interview among the people living in the surrounding areas showed that 94 percent of them complained that the project had reduced the supply of, or the access to, forest resources. In their view, the most important losses were bush meat, chewsticks, canes, poles and other housing materials, as well as condiments.

The economic importance of NWFP is shown in the daily urban market of Kumasi, which is the biggest in Ghana. Seven hundred people in the market are involved in trading NWFP on a full-time basis, among which 100 leave traders (esp. Marantacea used for wrapping food), 100 medicine traders, 25 full-time basket traders and 50 traders of smoked bushmeat. A study carried out in two villages indicated that NWFP constitute the main source of income (FAa, 1995).

Most of the information about NWFP in Ghana has been collected in the southern humid parts of the country. This might be an indication of the higher importance of NWFP for local livelihood in the south in comparison with the drier northern region. One important NWFP coming from the woodlands in the northern region is gum arabic.

A household and marketing study on NWFP was conducted by Falconer (1992) in southern Ghana. The study describes among others the utilization and significance of forest foods, medicines, construction materials and household goods for the rural population. In addition, it presents the processing of, and trade in Marantacea leaves, medicinal plants, canes, chewsticks and bushmeat. It is concluded that H •••• forests are extremely important to local

264

inhabitants in their role as environmental and economic buffers. They provide subsistenceproducts and opportunities for earning cash, especially at times when there are few otheroptions." (Falconer, 1992).


FoodHundreds of edible plant species are consumed in Ghana as supplement to staple foods andduring seasonal food shortages. Regarding the different plant parts used, documentationexists on the utilization of 62 edible wild fruit species, 100 species used for their leaves and19 species used for their roots (FAO, 1990). Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) is probably themost widely exploited forest species in West Africa. Fruits and kernels are used as edible oil,while the sap is consumed as wine and alcohol. These palm products account for 10 percentof the total energy consumed in West African diets and are an important source of vitamin A(FAO, 1990).

Nuts derived from Vitellaria paradoxa and Cola spp. are among the most important edibleNWFP in Ghana.

Ghana is one of the major producing countries of sheabutter/sheanuts (Vitellaria paradoxa).Traditionally, sheanuts are used as medicine as well as in foods; the pulp is eaten fresh; andthe butter, extracted from the seeds, is used for frying and sauces. In Europe, North Americaand Asia, sheabutter is almost entirely used in the food industry (e.g. chocolate, candies,margarine) (FA0,1993). In 1996 Ghana produced 55 000 t of sheanuts, of which 19 654 t (35percent of the production) were exported corresponding to a value of US$5.8 million (FAOStatistics, 1998).

Another important edible nut is cola, derived from Cola nitidia and C. acuminata growing inthe moist forests of southern Ghana. C. acuminata is mainly used for self-consumption. C.nitidia is heavily traded: on the one hand to northern Ghana, on the other hand to Nigeria,which is the major export market for Ghanaian cola nuts (FAO, 1990).

The cultivation of mushrooms was started on a large scale both for local consumption andfor export (Forestry Department, 1991).

MedicinesIn West Africa, 75-90 percent of the population relies on traditional medical treatments. InGhana, 3 360 traditional healers were registered officially in 1978 (FA0,1990). In the Kwahudistrict the ratio of traditional healers to total population is 1:224 in comparison with a medicaldoctors to total population ratio of 1:20 625 (Cunningham,1993).

A large variety of medicinal plants is used both by the population and by traditional healers.Medicinal plants are collected in and outside the forests. In the Ho district, approximately 75percent of the fallow field trees have medicinal uses (FAO, 1990).

The most widely used medicinal plants are probably chewsticks. Since toothpasteconsumption is still low, chewing sticks provide dental health care for most of the population.Six species (e.g. Garcinia afzelii, G. epundata) account for 86 percent of total usage insouthern Ghana and the majority of commercial sales. The majority of consumers depend onpurchased material rather than on personal collection. The impact on the source specieswhich are commercially sold and cut down (harvesting of stem wood) or uprooted (rootmaterial) to supply urban demand is high (Cunningham, 1993).

265

inhabitants in their role as environmental and economic buffers. They provide subsistence products and opportunities for earning cash, especially at times when there are few other options." (Falconer, 1992).


Food

Hundreds of edible plant species are consumed in Ghana as supplement to staple foods and during seasonal food shortages. Regarding the different plant parts used, documentation exists on the utilization of 62 edible wild fruit species, 100 species used for their leaves and 19 species used for their roots (FAO, 1990). Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) is probably the most widely exploited forest species in West Africa. Fruits and kernels are used as edible oil, while the sap is consumed as wine and alcohol. These palm products account for 10 percent of the total energy consumed in West African diets and are an important source of vitamin A (FAO, 1990).

Nuts derived from Vitel/aria paradoxa and Cola spp. are among the most important edible NWFP in Ghana.

Ghana is one of the major producing countries of sheabutterlsheanuts (Vitel/aria paradoxa). Traditionally, sheanuts are used as medicine as well as in foods; the pulp is eaten fresh; and the butter, extracted from the seeds, is used for frying and sauces. In Europe, North America and Asia, sheabutter is almost entirely used in the food industry (e.g. chocolate, candies, margarine) (FAO,1993). In 1996 Ghana produced 55 000 t of sheanuts, of which 19 654 t (35 percent of the production) were exported corresponding to a value of US$5.8 million (FAO Statistics, 1998).

Another important edible nut is cola, derived from Cola nitidia and C. acuminata growing in the moist forests of southern Ghana. C. acuminata is mainly used for self-consumption. C. nitidia is heavily traded: on the one hand to northern Ghana, on the other hand to Nigeria, which is the major export market for Ghanaian cola nuts (FAO, 1990).

The cultivation of mushrooms was started on a large scale both for local consumption and for export (Forestry Department, 1991).

Medicines

In West Africa, 75-90 percent of the population relies on traditional medical treatments. In Ghana, 3360 traditional healers were registered offiCially in 1978 (FAO,1990). In the Kwahu district the ratio of traditional healers to total population is 1 :224 in comparison with a medical doctors to total population ratio of 1 :20625 (Cunningham,1993).

A large variety of medicinal plants is used both by the population and by traditional healers. Medicinal plants are collected in and outside the forests. In the Ho district, approximately 75 percent of the fallow field trees have medicinal uses (FAO, 1990).

The most widely used medicinal plants are probably chewsticks. Since toothpaste consumption is still low, chewing sticks provide dental health care for most of the population. Six species (e.g. Garcinia afzelii, G. epundata) account for 86 percent of total usage in southern Ghana and the majority of commercial sales. The majority of consumers depend on purchased material rather than on personal collection. The impact on the source species which are commercially sold and cut down (harvesting of stem wood) or uprooted (root material) to supply urban demand is high (Cunningham, 1993).

265

Another medicinal plant which is exploited commercially is Griffonia simplicifolia, for which adamage assessment is recommended (Cunningham, 1997).

Dying & tanningTannins (Acacia nilotica) and dyes are produced for the leather and cloth industries. TheMinistry recommends the establishment of new plantations in order to satisfy the supply tothe leather industry (Forestry Department, 1991).

ExudatesSince the 1970s natural and planted Acacia spp. stands are exploited in the savannah zonein northern Ghana. Only small quantities are collected on a research level. Most of the gum,which exudes naturally, is exploited from Acacia polyacanthe (Chikamai, 1997; Nour, 1995).Large-scale plantations of Acacia senegal and A. seyal were established for the productionof gum arabic (Forest Department, 1991).


Living animalsThe value of wild animals exports amounted to approximately US$344 000 in 1985(Falconer, 1992).

BushnneatBushmeat is still one of the most valuable NWFP. It is the most common source of animalprotein, especially in the rural areas, and is still regarded as the best preferred kind of meat.It addition, it is a source of medicines, a symbol of cultural identity and ethnic origin (Tutu etal., 1996). Approximately 75 percent of the population regularly consumes wild animals,mainly small mammals like grasscutters (the most popular and the most abundant amongbushmeat species) and duikers (maxwell duikers, black duikers, red flanked duikers). Otherhunted animals are brush tailed porcupins, giant rats, royal antelopes, bushbucks and spot-nosed monkeys.

However, today bushmeat constitutes only a small proportion of the protein intake becauseof its scarcity, relatively high price, and unavailability in small, affordable pieces. Besides,bushmeat becomes unavailable to most rural communities because hunters prefer to selltheir catch and buy cheaper fish to feed their families. "In the surveys of the contribution ofbushmeat to the protein intake in Ghana, the majority of the people interviewed answered inthe affirmative when asked the question 'do you eat bushmeat?" (Doryum, 95.5% ofresponses; Accra 92.5%; Mankesim 86%). In most cases, however, the answer was followedby a statement like, "... but I haven't eaten any for a long time because I cannot get it." (FAO,1997).

Although the nation does not earn significant foreign exchange from wildlife, the local marketis quite active. Hunters earn incomes that are comparable to workers in the formal sector.The retail market is dominated by a few women who operate in a cartel in segmented areas.This leads to significant monopoly profits earned by the retailers ranging from 30 percent to250 percent per animal (Tutu et al., 1996). Hunting also provides an important source ofsupplementary income, especially during the off-peak agricultural period. For many women,trade in bushmeat is a main source of livelihood.

Wildlife is still regarded as a communal property, people are free to hunt anywhere outsideprotected areas. Domestication of grasscutter began in 1970, although game ranching hasnot been sufficiently explored up to now.

266

Another medicinal plant which is exploited commercially is Griffonia simplicifolia, for which a damage assessment is recommended (Cunningham, 1997).

Dying & tanning Tannins (Acacia nilotica) and dyes are produced for the leather and cloth industries. The Ministry recommends the establishment of new plantations in order to satisfy the supply to the leather industry (Forestry Department, 1991).

Exudates Since the 1970s natural and planted Acacia spp. stands are exploited in the savannah zone in northern Ghana. Only small quantities are collected on a research level. Most of the gum, which exudes naturally, is exploited from Acacia polyacanthe (Chikamai, 1997; Nour, 1995). Large-scale plantations of Acacia senegal and A. seyal were established for the production of gum arabic (Forest Department, 1991).


Living animals The value of wild animals exports amounted to approximately US$344 000 in 1985 (Falconer, 1992).

Bushmeat Bushmeat is still one of the most valuable NWFP. It is the most common source of animal protein, especially in the rural areas, and is still regarded as the best preferred kind of meat. It addition, it is a source of medicines, a symbol of cultural identity and ethnic origin (Tutu et al., 1996). Approximately 75 percent of the population regularly consumes wild animals, mainly small mammals like grasscutters (the most popular and the most abundant among bush meat species) and duikers (maxwell duikers, black duikers, red flanked duikers). Other hunted animals are brush tailed porcupins, giant rats, royal antelopes, bush bucks and spotnosed monkeys.

However, today bushmeat constitutes only a small proportion of the protein intake because of its scarcity, relatively high price, and unavailability in small, affordable pieces. Besides, bush meat becomes unavailable to most rural communities because hunters prefer to sell their catch and buy cheaper fish to feed their families. "In the surveys of the contribution of bushmeat to the protein intake in Ghana, the majority of the people interviewed answered in the affirmative when asked the question 'do you eat bushmeat?''' (Doryum, 95.5% of responses; Accra 92.5%; Mankesim 86%). In most cases, however, the answer was followed by a statement like, " ... but I haven't eaten any for a long time because I cannot get it." (FAa, 1997).

Although the nation does not earn significant foreign exchange from wildlife, the local market is quite active. Hunters earn incomes that are comparable to workers in the formal sector. The retail market is dominated by a few women who operate in a cartel in segmented areas. This leads to significant monopoly profits earned by the retailers ranging from 30 percent to 250 percent per animal (Tutu et al., 1996). Hunting also provides an important source of supplementary income, especially during the off-peak agricultural period. For many women, trade in bush meat is a main source of livelihood.

Wildlife is still regarded as a communal property, people are free to hunt anywhere outside protected areas. Domestication of grasscutter began in 1970, although game ranching has not been sufficiently explored up to now.

266

REFERENCES

Arnold, J.E.M. 1995. Socio-economic benefits and issues in NWFP use. In FAO, ed.International expert consultation on NWFP. Non-Wood Forest Products Series No 3.Rome.


Cunningham, A.B. 1993. African medicinal plants: Setting priorities at the interface betweenconservation and primary healthcare. People and Plants Working Paper 1. Paris.Unesco.

Cunningham, A.B. 1997. An Africa-wide overview of medicinal plant harvesting,conservation and health care. In Global Initiative for Traditional Systems of Health &FAO, eds. Medicinal plants for forest conservation and health care. Non-wood ForestProducts Series No. 11. Rome.

Falconer, J. 1992. Non-timber forest products in southern Ghana. ODA Forestry Series No.2. Forestry Department of the Republic of Ghana, Overseas DevelopmentAdministration, Natural Resource Institute. London.

FAO. 1990. The major significance of minor forest products. The local use and value offorests in the Western African humid forest zones, by J. Falconer. Rome.


FAO. 1995. NWFP and nutrition. In FAO ed. International expert consultation on NWFP.Non-wood Forest Products Series No. 3. Rome.

FAO. 1995. NWFP and nutrition. In FAO. Report of the international expert consultation onNWFP. Non-wood Forest Product Series No. 3. Rome.

FAO. 1997. Wildlife and food security in Africa, by Y. Ntiamoa-Baidu. FAO ConservationGuide No. 33. Rome.

FAO. 1998. FAOSTAT agriculture data. Internet: http://www.fao.orgForestry Department. 1991. National report on forestry. Accra.Masood, E. 1998. Old scores surface as African states face new opportunities. In Nature

392: 540.Nour, A.O.H. 1995. Quality control of gum arabic. Mission report. Karthoum.Timber Industry Association. undated (after 1989). Ghana: The best managed forests in

West Africa.Tutu, K.A., Ntiamoa-Baidu, Y. & Asuming-Brempong, S. 1996. The economics of living

with wildlife in Ghana. In J. Bojoe ed. The economics of wildlife. Case studies fromGhana, Kenya, Namibia, and Zimbabwe. Washington. The World Bank.


Additional information on NWFP in Ghana would be appreciated and duly acknowledged.

267

REFERENCES

Arnold, J.E.M. 1995. Socio-economic benefits and issues in NWFP use. In FAO, ed. International expert consultation on NWFP. Non-Wood Forest Products Series No 3. Rome.

Chikamai, B. 1997. Production, markets and quality control of gum arabic in Africa: Findings and recommendations from an FAO Project. In J.O. Mugah, B.N. Chikamai & E. Casadei, eds. ConselVation, management and utilization of plant gums, resins and essential oils. Proceedings of a regional conference for Africa held in Nairobi, Kenya, 6-10 October 1997.

Cunningham, A.B. 1993. African medicinal plants: Setting priorities at the interface between conselVation and primary healthcare. People and Plants Working Paper 1. Paris. Unesco.

Cunningham, A.B. 1997. An Africa-wide ovelView of medicinal plant halVesting, conselVation and health care. In Global Initiative for Traditional Systems of Health & FAO, eds. Medicinal plants for forest conselVation and health care. Non-wood Forest Products Series No. 11. Rome.

Falconer, J. 1992. Non-timber forest products in southern Ghana. ODA Forestry Series No. 2. Forestry Department of the Republic of Ghana, Overseas Development Administration, Natural Resource Institute. London.

FAO. 1990. The major significance of minor forest products. The local use and value of forests in the Western African humid forest zones, by J. Falconer. Rome.

FAO. 1993. International Trade in NWFP. An o velView, by M. Iqbal. FAO Working Paper FO:Misc/93/11. Rome.

FAO. 1995. NWFP and nutrition. In FAO ed. International expert consultation on NWFP. Non-wood Forest Products Series No.3. Rome.

FAO. 1995. NWFP and nutrition. In FAO. Report of the international expert consultation on NWFP. Non-wood Forest Product Series No.3. Rome.

FAO. 1997. Wildlife and food security in Africa, by Y. Ntiamoa-Baidu. FAO Conservation Guide No. 33. Rome.

FAO. 1998. FAOSTAT agriculture data. Internet: http://www.fao.org Forestry Department. 1991. National report on forestry. Accra. Masood, E. 1998. Old scores surface as African states face new opportunities. In Nature

392: 540. Nour, A.O.H. 1995. Quality control of gum arabic. Mission report. Karthoum. Timber Industry Association. undated (after 1989). Ghana: The best managed forests in

West Africa. Tutu, K.A., Ntiamoa-Baidu, Y. & Asuming-Brempong, S. 1996. The economics of living

with wildlife in Ghana. In J. Bojoe ed. The economics of wildlife. Case studies from Ghana, Kenya, Namibia, and Zimbabwe. Washington. The World Bank.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT


Additional information on NWFP in Ghana would be appreciated and duly acknowledged.

267

QUANTITATIVE DATA ON NWFP OF GHANA

268


Generic terrnSpecies Part


1, 2, 3 F, P, 0 W, C N, I

Plants and plant productsFood 1 Cola Cola nitidia nu F w N, I The estimated value of

cola exports in 1975 wasUS$3.4 million (FAO,1990)

Important for tradeHeavy trade to the

northern arid regions ofGhana

Major export market(80%) is Nigeria

FAO, 1990

Sheanuts,(Karité)

Vittelariaparadoxa(Butyrospermumparkii)

nu, oi N, I Annual production55 000 t in 1996/97

19 654 t exported in1996 for a value ofUS$5 846 000 (FAOSTAT, 1998)

FAO Statistics,1998;ForestryDepartment, 1991;FAO, 1993

Oil palm Elaeis guineensis fr, sa F w Annual production of oilpalm fruits amounted to780 000 t in 1997(FAO STAT, 1998)

Fruits/kernels used asedible oile Sap used for alcoholand wine production

FAO, 1990FAO STAT, 1998

Exudates 2 Gum arabic Acaciapolycanthea

gu F W I Annual production lessthan 10 t in the period1988-1994(Chikamai, 1997)

Main source Chikamai,1997

Gum arabic Acacia sieberanaAcacia senegal,A. seyal

gugu

FP

Wc

I

I

Nour, 1995Gum arabic Large-scale plantations

were establishedLiving animals 2 an

(FAO, 1990)

Export value ofUS$344 000 in 1985

Until 1986, the mostimportant trade animalwas the grey parrot

FAO, 1990



I

QUANTITATIVE DATA ON NWFP OF GHANA Product Resource Economic value


I Remarks

Generic term used 1,2,3 F, P, 0 W,C N, I


Food 1 Cola Cola nitidia nu F W N, I The estimated value of • Important for trade cola exports in 1975 was • Heavy trade to the US$3.4 million (FAO, northern arid regions of 1990) Ghana

• Major export market (80%) is Nigeria

Sheanuts, Vittelaria nu,oi N, I • Annual production (Karite) paradoxa 55 000 t in 1996/97

(Butyrospermum • 19 654 t exported in parkii) 1996 for a value of

US$5 846 000 (FAO STAT, 1998)

Oil palm Elaeis guineensis fr, sa F W Annual production of oil • Fruits/kernels used as palm fruits amounted to edible oil 780 000 t in 1997 • Sap used for alcohol (FAO STAT, 1998) and wine production

Exudates 2 Gum arabic Acacia gu F W I Annual production less Main source polycanthea than 10 t in the period

Gum arabic Acacia sieberana gu F W I 1988-1994 Gum arabic Acacia senegal, gu P C I (Chikamai,1997) Large-scale plantations

A. seyal were established Living animals 2 an Export value of Until 1986, the most

US$344 000 in 1985 important trade animal (FAO,1990) was the grey parrot

Importance: 1- high importance on the national level; 2 - high importance on the local/regional level; 3 -low importance Part used: an - entire animal; ba - bark; bw - beeswax; Ie - leaves; nu - nuts; fi - fibres; fI - flowers; fr - fruits; gu - gums; ho - honey;

la -latex; oi - oil; pl- entire plant; re - resins; ro - roots; sa - sap; se - seeds; st - stem; ta - tannins Habitat: Source: Destination:

F - natural forest or other wooded lands; P - plantation; 0 - others: trees outside forests (e.g. agroforestry, homegardens) W - wild, C - cultivated N - national; I - international

268

I References

I I

FAO,1990

FAO Statistics,1998; Forestry Department, 1991; FAO,1993

FAO,1990 FAO STAT, 1998

Chikamai,1997

Nour,1995

FAO,1990

3.6.7 Guinea (F)

INTRODUCTION

Principaux Produits Forestiers Non LigneuxLes principaux produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL) sont les bâtons masticatoires deLophira lanceo/ata, les plantes comestibles comme les noix de cola, les fruits de néré (Parkiabiglobosa), le beurre de karité (Vitellaria paradoxa), les plantes médicinales, les ustensiles etles matériaux de construction, et le gibier (Camara, 1991).

D'autres PFNL importants sur le plan socio-économique comprennent les vins de palmier,les fleurs, les tannins et la cire.

Les chiffres mentionnés ci-dessous sont tirés de la revue du secteur forestier en 1987, citéspar Camara (1991).


NourritureLa valeur des différents fruits sauvages (e.g. les fruits de Detarium et de Dialium) atteindraitenviron 100 millions de Francs Guinéens (GNF)62.

Les noix de cola de Cola nitidia font l'objet d'un commerce actif. La consommation nationalevarie entre 150 et 200 millions de noix, ce qui correspond â 14 noix par tête et par semaine.Les exportations vers le Mali et le Sénégal sont évaluées 6 200 millions de noix.

Deux PFNL de Parkia biglobosa sont exportés:500 tonnes de graines pour une valeur de GNF100 par kg; et1 000 tonnes de pâte de néré (soumbala) pour une valeur de FG100 par kg.

La valeur approximative (consommation et exportation) varie entre GNF350 et 400 millions.

La valeur économique du beurre de karité de Vitellaria paradoxa correspond à:GNF150 millions pour la consommation (dont GNF100 millions en auto-consommation);etGNF120 millions pour la production.

MédecineLes bâtons masticatoires, utilisés comme brosses 6 dents, sont en général des jeunes rejetsde Lophira lanceo/ata. Ils font l'objet d'un commerce actif sur les marchés urbains. Leurconsommation est également très élevée dans les villages. Au total, plus de 100 millions debâtons sont utilisés par an:

75 percent des 800 000 adultes dans les zones urbaines utilisent un bâton par semaine,soit 31.2 millions de bâtons par an;50 percent des 3 millions d'adultes dans les zones rurales utilisent un bâton par semaine,soit 78 millions de bâtons par an.

62 GNF10 000 =.- 6.1 dollars E.U. (taux de change au 7 avril 2000).

269

3.6.7 Guinea (F)

INTRODUCTION

Principaux Produits Forestiers Non Ligneux Les principaux produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL) sont les batons masticatoires de Lophira lanceolata, les plantes comestibles comme les noix de cola, les fruits de nere (Parkia biglobosa), Ie beurre de karite (Vitellaria paradoxa), les plantes medicinales, les ustensiles et les materiaux de construction, et Ie gibier (Camara, 1991).

D'autres PFNL importants sur Ie plan socio-economique comprennent les vins de palmier, les fleurs, les tannins et la cire.

Les chiffres mentionnes ci-dessous sont tires de la revue du secteur forestier en 1987, cites par Camara (1991).


Nourriture La valeur des differents fruits sauvages (e.g. les fruits de Detarium et de Dia/ium) atteindrait environ 100 millions de Francs Guineens (GNF)62.

Les noix de cola de Cola nitidia font I'objet d'un commerce actif. La consommation nationale varie entre 150 et 200 millions de noix, ce qui correspond a 14 noix par tete et par semaine. Les exportations vers Ie Mali et Ie Senegal sont evaluees a 200 millions de noix.

Deux PFNL de Parkia biglobosa sont exportes: • 500 tonnes de graines pour une valeur de GNF1 00 par kg; et 11/ 1 000 tonnes de pate de nere (soumbala) pour une valeur de FG100 par kg. La valeur approximative (consommation et exportation) varie entre GNF350 et 400 millions.

La valeur economique du beurre de karite de Vitellaria paradoxa correspond a : 11/ GNF150 millions pour la consommation (dont GNF100 millions en auto-consommation);

et • GNF120 millions pour la production.

Medecine Les batons masticatoires, utilises comme brosses a dents, sont en general des jeunes rejets de Lophira lanceolata. lis font I'objet d'un commerce actif sur les marches urbains. Leur consommation est egalement tres elevee dans les villages. Au total, plus de 100 millions de batons sont utilises par an: • 75 percent des 800 000 adultes dans les zones urbaines utilisent un baton par semaine,

soit 31.2 millions de batons par an; III 50 percent des 3 millions d'adultes dans les zones rurales utilisent un baton par semaine,

soit 78 millions de batons par an.

62 GNF1 0000 = 6.1 dollars E.U. (taux de change au 7 avril 2000).

269

Les prix 1987 en FG par bAton ont été admis comme suit:

Tableau 1. Prix d'achat des bâtons masticatoires en GNF

Source: Camara (1991)


GibierLes produits résultant de la chasse et du piégeage des animaux sauvages ont une valeuraussi bien alimentaire que monétaire, sociale et culturelle. II est impossible d'obtenir desdonnées sur le prélèvement annuel d'animaux sauvages. Les renseignements concernantles grands animaux sont imprécis, étant souvent fondés sur des opinions contradictoires.Ceux relatifs aux petits animaux vertébrés et invertébrés divers (rongeurs, oiseaux, reptileset autres) sont très incertains.

Tableau 2. Consommation du aibier

Source: Camara (1991)

REFERENCESCamara, A. K. 1991. Guinée. Séminaire sur/es Statistiques en Afrique. FAO. Thiès,Sénégal.FAO. 1993. International Trade in Non-Wood Forest Products: An Overview. par M. lqbal.FO: Misc/93/11, Working paper, Rome.

REMERCIEMENTS

Ce rapport a été réalisé grâce au financement du Programme de Partenariat CE-FAO«Collecte et analyse des données pour un aménagement durable de la forbt dans les paysA.C.P.». Le contenu est basé sur l'information accessible au siège central de la FAORome.

Des informations supplémentaires sur les PFNL de Guinée seraient bienvenues etreconnues en bonne et due forme.

270

Lieu Prix de Mail Prix de gros Prix A laproduction

Conakry et autresvilles

15 5 2

Campagne 2 2

Milieu urbain Milieu ruralConsommation en kgpar habitant et par an

2 4,4

Consommation globaleen tonnes

4 200 19 800

Les prix 1987 en FG par bElton ont ete admis comme suit:

Tableau 1. Prix d'achat des batons masticatoires (en GNF) Lieu Prix de detail Prix de gros Prix it la

production Conakry et autres 15 5 2 villes Campagne 2 2 Source: Camara (1991)


Gibier

Les produits resultant de la chasse et du piegeage des animaux sauvages ont une valeur aussi bien alimentaire que monetaire, sociale et culturelle. II est impossible d'obtenir des donnees sur Ie prelevement annuel d'animaux sauvages. Les renseignements concernant les grands animaux sont imprecis, etant souvent fondes sur des opinions contradictoires. Ceux relatifs aux petits animaux vertebres et invertebres divers (rongeurs, oiseaux, reptiles et autres) sont tres incertains.

T bl a eau 2 C t' d 'b' onsomma Ion u gl ler Milieu urbain Milieu rural

Consommation en kg 2 4,4 par habitant et par an Consommation globale 4200 19800 en tonnes Source: Camara (1991)

REFERENCES

Camara, A. K. 1991. Guinee. Seminaire sur les Statistiques en Afrique. FAO. Thies, Senegal. FAO. 1993. International Trade in Non-Wood Forest Products: An Overview. par M. Iqbal. FO: Misc/93/11, Working paper, Rome.

REMERCIEMENTS


Des informations supplementaires sur les PFNL de Guinee seraient bienvenues et reconnues en bonne et due forme.

270

DONNEES QUANTITATIVES SUR LES PFNL DE GUINEE

Importance:Partie utilisée:


1- grande importance au niveau national; 2 grande importance au niveau local/régional; 3 importance limitéean animal entier; ec écorce; ci cire; fe feuilles; no noix; fi fibres; fi fleurs; fr fruits; go gommes; mi miel;se sève; la latex; hu huile; pl plante entière; re résines; ra racine; gr graines; ti tige; ta tannins;F forèt naturelle et autres terres boisées; P - plantation; A Autres: Arbres hors de la forét (e.g. agroforesterie, jardins du case)S - sauvage, C - cultivéN - national; I international

271


tanceNonn

commercialNom

vernaculaire




1, 2, 3 F, P, H S, C N, I

Plantes et produits végétauxNourriture 1 Noix de cola Cola nitidia no S Production de 350 400

millions de noix:e Exportation de 200millions de noix;e Consommation de 150200 millions de noix

Camara 1991

Néré Parkia biglobosa fr/gr o Exportations annuelles de500 t de graines à GNF100par kge Exportations annuelles de1 000 t de pâte de néré àGNF100 par kg

Camara 1991

Karità Vitellaria paradoxa hu e Valeur de consommationdu beurre de Karité: FG150millions, dont 100 en auto-consommation;e Valeur de production dubeurre de karité de GNF120millions

Camara 1991

Médecine 1 Bâtonsmasticatoires

Lophira lanceo/ata ti S N Utilisation annuelle de plusde 100 millions de bâtons

Camara 1991

DONNEES QUANTITATIVES SUR LES PFNL DE GUINEE

I Produit II Ressource II Valeur economique II Categorie Impor- Nom Especes Partie Habitat Source Desti- Quantite, valeur Remarques



I Plantes et eroduits vegetaux

Nourriture

Medecine

Importance: Partie utilisee:


1 Noix de cola Cola nitidia no S Production de 350 - 400 millions de noix: • Exportation de 200 millions de noix; • Consommation de 150 -200 millions de noix

Nere Parkia biglobosa fr/gr • Exportations annuelles de 500 t de graines a GNF100 par kg • Exportations annuelles de 1 000 t de pate de nere a GNF100 par kg

Karite Vitellaria paradoxa hu • Valeur de consommation du beurre de Karite: FG150 millions, dont 100 en auto-consommation; • Valeur de production du beurre de karite de GNF120 millions

1 Batons Lophira lanceolata ti S N Utilisation annuelle de plus masticatoires de 100 millions de batons

1- grande importance au niveau national; 2 - grande importance au niveau local/regional; 3 - importance limitee an - animal entier; ec - ecorce; ci - cire; fe - feuilles; no - noix; fi - fibres; fl - fleurs; fr - fruits; go - gommes; mi - miel; se - seve; la - latex; hu - huile; pi - plante entiere; re - resines; ra - racine; gr - graines; ti - tige; ta - tannins; F - foret naturelle et autres terres boisees; P - plantation; A - Autres: Arbres hors de la foret (e.g. agroforesterie, jardins du case) S - sauvage, C - cultive N - national; I - international

271

I References

I Camara 1991

I

Camara 1991

Camara 1991

Camara 1991

3.6.8 Guinea-Bissau (F)

INTRODUCTION

Principaux Produits Forestiers Non LigneuxLes principaux produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL) comprennent les plantes comestibles(e.g. les fruits de Parkia biglobosa, Elaeis guineensis, Tamarindus indica, Detariumsenegalensis, Ziziphus mauritiana) et les plantes fourragères (e.g. Khaya senegalensis,Acacia senegal, Afzelia africana, Faidherbia albida et Prosopis africana).

D'autres PFNL incluent les plantes médicinales, les ustensiles et les matériaux deconstruction, ainsi que le miel (PAFT, 1990).

Informations généralesL'exportation des noix de cajou a représenté 50% des exportations du secteur forestier en1988. Pendant cette année-là, le secteur forestier a contribué à environ 7% des exportationstotales du pays (FAO, 1992).

REFERENCES

FAO. 1992. Guinée-Bissau 2383/2: Développement rural 5 buts multiples. Rapport nonpublié

Plan d'Action Forestier Tropical (PAFT). 1990. République de Guinée-Bissau, Documentd'Orientation. Banque mondiale.

REMERCIEMENTS

Ce rapport a été réalisé grAce au financement du Programme de Partenariat CE-FAO«Collecte et analyse des données pour un aménagement durable de la forêt dans les paysA.C.P.». Le contenu est basé sur l'information accessible au siège central de la FAORome.

Des informations supplémentaires sur les PFNL de Guinée-Bissau seraient bienvenues etreconnues en bonne et due forme.

272

3.6.8 Guinea-Bissau (F)

INTRODUCTION


Les principaux produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL) comprennent les plantes comestibles (e.g. les fruits de Parkia biglobosa, Elaeis guineensis, Tamarindus indica, Oetarium senegalensis, Ziziphus mauritiana) et les plantes fourrageres (e.g. Khaya senegalensis, Acacia senegal, Afzelia africana, Faidherbia albida et Prosopis africana).

D'autres PFNL incluent les plantes medicinales, les ustensiles et les materiaux de construction, ainsi que Ie miel (PAFT, 1990).


L'exportation des noix de cajou a represente 50% des exportations du secteur forestier en 1988. Pendant cette an nee-la, Ie secteur forestier a contribue a environ 7% des exportations totales du pays (FAO, 1992).

REFERENCES FAO. 1992. Guinee-Bissau 2383/2: Oeve/oppement rural a buts multiples. Rapport non

publie Plan d'Action Forestier Tropical (PAFT). 1990. Republique de Guinee-Bissau, Document

d'Orientation. Banque mondiale.

REMERCIEMENTS


Des informations supplementaires sur les PFNL de Guinee-Bissau seraient bienvenues et reconnues en bonne et due forme.

272

3.6.9 Liberia (E)

INTRODUCTION

Main Non-Wood Forest ProductsOnly limited information is available on the utilization of non-wood forest products (NWFP) inLiberia.

Edible animal and plant products such as bushmeat, mushrooms, fruits, beverages andsnails are supposed to be the most important non-wood forest products (NWFP) in Liberia.

Other NWFP are medicines, colorants, bamboo and rattan cane used for furnitureconstruction.


BushmeatBushmeat is the major source of protein and an important income generating activity for thebulk of the Liberian people, especially for rural dwellers. Wildlife resources contribute to 60-90 percent to the consumption of animal proteins throughout the country. Annual productionof bushmeat for subsistence purposes is estimated to reach 105 000 t (FAO, 1997). Mostpopular species are small antelopes and monkeys. There is a noticeable demand andconsumption of bushmeat in the country, which have resulted to indiscriminate killings ofanimal species. Currently, commercial hunting is leading to extinction of many of theendemic species, which has resulted in import of bushmeat from Sierra Leone and Guinea(Forestry Development Authority ,1995; FAO, 1990).

REFERENCESFAO. 1990. The major significance of minor forest products. The local use and value of

forests in the Western African humid forest zones. By J. Falconer. RomeFAO. 1997. Wildlife and food security in Africa. By Y. Ntiamoa-Baidu. FAO Conservation

Guide No. 33. RomeForestry Development Authority. 1978. National report on forestry in Liberia. Eighth World

Forestry Congress, Jakarta, Indonesia. MonroviaForestry Development Authority. 1995. Liberia national progress report on forestry and

wildlife. Monrovia

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTThis report has been realised thanks to the funding of the ECFAO Partnership Programme"Data Collection and Analysis for Sustainable Forest Management in ACP Countries". Thecontent is based on available information at FAO Headquarters in Rome.

Additional information on NWFP in Liberia would be appreciated and duly acknowledged.

273

3.6.9 Liberia (E)

INTRODUCTION

Main Non-Wood Forest Products Only limited information is available on the utilization of non-wood forest products (NWFP) in Liberia.

Edible animal and plant products such as bushmeat, mushrooms, fruits, beverages and snails are supposed to be the most important non-wood forest products (NWFP) in Liberia.

Other NWFP are medicines, colorants, bamboo and rattan cane used for furniture construction.


Bushmeat Bushmeat is the major source of protein and an important income generating activity for the bulk of the Liberian people, especially for rural dwellers. Wildlife resources contribute to 60-90 percent to the consumption of animal proteins throughout the country. Annual production of bushmeat for subsistence purposes is estimated to reach 105 000 t (FAO, 1997). Most popular species are small antelopes and monkeys. There is a noticeable demand and consumption of bushmeat in the country, which have resulted to indiscriminate killings of animal species. Currently, commercial hunting is leading to extinction of many of the endemic species, which has resulted in import of bushmeat from Sierra Leone and Guinea (Forestry Development Authority, 1995; FAO, 1990).

REFERENCES FAO. 1990. The major significance of minor forest products. The local use and value of

forests in the Western African humid forest zones. By J. Falconer. Rome FAO. 1997. Wildlife and food security in Africa. By Y. Ntiamoa-Baidu. FAO Conservation

Guide No. 33. Rome Forestry Development Authority. 1978. National report on forestry in Liberia. Eighth World

Forestry Congress, Jakarta, Indonesia. Monrovia Forestry Development Authority. 1995. Liberia national progress report on forestry and

wildlife. Monrovia

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This report has been realised thanks to the funding of the EC-FAO Partnership Programme "Data Collection and Analysis for Sustainable Forest Management in ACP Countries". The content is based on available information at FAO Headquarters in Rome.

Additional information on NWFP in Liberia would be appreciated and duly acknowledged.

273

QUANTITATIVE DATA ON NWFP OF LIBERIA

1- high importance on the national level; 2 high importance on the local/regional level; 3 low importancean entire animal; ba bark; bw beeswax; le leaves; nu nuts; fi fibres; fl flowers; fr fruits; gu gums; ho honey;la latex; oi oil; pl entire plant; re resins; ro roots; sa sap; se seeds; st stem; ta tanninsF - natural forest or other wooded lands; P - plantation; 0 Others: Trees outside forests (e.g. agroforestry, homegardens)W - wild, C - cultivatedN - national; I international

274

Product Resource Economic valueCategory lmpor-

tanceTrade nameGeneric ternn

Species Partused


Quantity, value Remarks References

1, 2, 3 F, P, 0 W, C N, I

Animals and animal productsBushmeat 1 antelopes,

monkeys,snakes

an F W N Annual production of105 000 t used forsubsistence

FAO 1997



QUANTITATIVE DATA ON NWFP OF LIBERIA

Category



Product Resource Economic value References I Impor- Trade name Species Part Habitat Source Desti- I Quantity, value

tance Generic term used nation Remarks

1,2,3 F, P,O W,C N, I lal products

antelopes, an F W Annual production of FA01997 monkeys, 105 000 t used for

snakes subsistence

1- high importance on the national level; 2 - high importance on the local/regionallevel; 3 -low importance an - entire animal; ba - bark; bw - beeswax; Ie - leaves; nu - nuts; fi - fibres; fl - flowers; fr - fruits; gu - gums; ho - honey; la - latex; oi - oil; pi - entire plant; re - resins; ro - roots; sa - sap; se - seeds; st - stem; ta - tannins F - natural forest or other wooded lands; P - plantation; 0 - Others: Trees outside forests (e.g. agroforestry, homegardens) W - wild, C - cultivated N - national; I - international

274

3.6.10 Mali (F)

INTRODUCTION

Principaux Produits Forestiers Non LigneuxLes principaux produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL) du Mali sur le plan socio-économiqueregroupent les plantes alimentaires (e.g. Adansonia digitata, Vitellaria paradoxa, Eleasisguineensis, Parkia biglobosa, Tamarindus indica et Ziziphus mauritiana), les plantesfourragères (e.g. Acacia senegal, Faidherbia albida, Acacia raddiana, Acacia seyal et Khayasenegalensis), les gommes d'Acacia senegal, d'Acacia laeata et de Cobtretum nigricans,ainsi que le miel.

Les PFNL moins importants sont les plantes médicinales, les plantes ornementales, lestannins, les colorants, les matériaux de construction et le gibier.

Informations généralesDans la *ion au sud de Bamako, où la sécheresse réduit normalement la productivitéagricole, les PFNL sont très importants comme suppléments nutritionnels. Cinquante-quatrepour cent des PFNL sont utilisés pour l'alimentation. Parmi les produits comestibles, les plusimportants sont les feuilles pour les sauces, les fruits, les amandes et les graines pour lescondiments (Gakou et al. 1994).

Les chefs d'unité de production sont propriétaires des arbres champétres. La plupart desarbres qui végètent dans les vieilles jachères appartiennent à la collectivité et ils ne fontl'objet d'aucune gestion.


NourritureParmi les 41 espèces fruitières forestières documentées dans la zone nord-guinéenne ausud du Mali, huit espèces sont à haut revenu : Adansonia digitata (les feuilles), Vitellariaparadoxa (les noix), Parkia biglobosa (les graines), Eleasis guineensis (les fruits),Tamarindus indica, Carapa procera et Lophira lanceo/ata ainsi que Borassus aethiopum(divers produits) (FAO, 1996).

Neuf espèces sont couramment utilisées dans l'alimentation: Adansonia digitata (pulpe defruits, feuilles fraTches/séchées), le kapokier Bombax costatum (poudre de calice séché),Borassus aethiopum (fruits, sève, hypocotyle), Vitefiaria paradoxa (beurre), Corchorustridens (feuilles fratches), le prunier Spondias mombin (jus) et le dougoura Cordyla pinnata(pulpe) (FAO, 1996).

Le baobab (Adansonia digitata) se trouve dans la région soudanienne du pays où lesprécipitations varient de 600 mm 1 400 mm. II est un des arbres les plus utiles du pays.Ses feuilles sont quotidiennement utilisées par toutes les populations, tant ruralesqu'urbaines. Fralches, les jeunes feuilles donnent un excellent légume; sèches ettransformées en poudre, elles sont vendues comme ingrédient de nombreux mets et sauces.La pulpe du fruit est couramment utilisée dans la préparation de la crème de mil. Les grainesjouent un ròle identique aux graines du néré dans la fabrication du soumbala, mais elles nesont utilisées que par certaines ethnies de la *ion.

Les quantités auto-consommées de ces différents produits sont importantes. De plus,compte tenu de la forte demande de poudre de feuilles séchées, ce produit procure aux

275

3.6.10 Mali (F)

INTRODUCTION

Principaux Produits Forestiers Non Ligneux Les principaux produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL) du Mali sur Ie plan socio-economique regroupent les plantes alimentaires (e.g. Adansonia digitata, Vitel/aria paradoxa, Eleasis guineensis, Parkia biglobosa, Tamarindus indica et Ziziphus mauritiana) , les plantes fourrageres (e.g. Acacia senegal, Faidherbia albida, Acacia raddiana, Acacia seyal et Khaya senega/ensis) , les gommes d'Acacia senegal, d'Acacia laeata et de Cobtretum nigricans, ainsi que Ie miel.

Les PFNL moins importants sont les plantes medicinales, les plantes ornementales, les tannins, les colorants, les materiaux de construction et Ie gibier.


Dans la region au sud de Bamako, ou la secheresse reduit normalement la productivite agricole, les PFNL sont tres importants comme supplements nutritionnels. Cinquante-quatre pour cent des PFNL sont utilises pour I'alimentation. Parmi les produits comestibles, les plus importants sont les feuilles pour les sauces, les fruits, les amandes et les graines pour les condiments (Gakou et al. 1994).

Les chefs d'unite de production sont proprietaires des arbres champetres. La plupart des arbres qui vegetent dans les vieilles jacheres appartiennent a la collectivite et ils ne font I'objet d'aucune gestion.


Nourriture Parmi les 41 especes fruitieres forestieres documentees dans la zone nord-guineenne au sud du Mali, huit especes sont a haut revenu : Adansonia digitata (les feuilles), Vitel/aria paradoxa (les noix), Parkia biglobosa (Ies graines), Eleasis guineensis (Ies fruits), Tamarindus indica, Carapa procera et Lophira lanceolata ainsi que Borassus aethiopum (divers produits) (FAO, 1996).

Neuf especes sont couramment utilisees dans I'alimentation: Adansonia digitata (pulpe de fruits, feuilles fraiches/sechees), Ie kapokier Bombax costatum (poudre de calice seche), Borassus aethiopum (fruits, seve, hypocotyle), Vitel/aria paradoxa (beurre), Corchorus tridens (feuilles fra'fches), Ie prunier Spondias mombin Gus) et Ie dougoura Cordyla pinnata (pulpe) (FAO, 1996).

Le baobab (Adansonia digitata) se trouve dans la region soudanienne du pays ou les precipitations varient de. 600 mm a 1 400 mm. II est un des arbres les plus utiles du pays. Ses feuilles sont quotidiennement utilisees par toutes les populations, tant rurales qu'urbaines. Fraiches, les jeunes feuilles donnent un excellent legume; seches et transformees en poudre, elles sont vendues com me ingredient de nombreux mets et sauces. La pulpe du fruit est couramment utilisee dans la preparation de la creme de mil. Les graines jouent un role identique aux graines du nere dans la fabrication du soumbala, mais elles ne sont utilisees que par certaines ethnies de la region.

Les quantites auto-consommees de ces differents produits sont importantes. De plus, compte tenu de la forte demande de poudre de feuilles sechees, ce produit procure aux

275

populations rurales un revenu important. Les feuilles fratches d'Adansonia digitata sontrécoltées d'avril à octobre. Celles destinées à la production de poudre sont récoltées enoctobre avant leur jaunissement.

Le karité (Vitellaria paradoxa) est l'essence champêtre de premier choix des populationsrurales de la zone soudanienne et soudano-guinéenne. Les amandes, ainsi que le beurre quien est extrait, font l'objet d'un commerce international. Le beurre de karité est la principalesource de matière grasse d'origine végétale. II est employé dans la préparation des aliments,dans la fabrication du savon, pour les soins médicaux, la fabrication des produitscosmétiques etc. On l'utilise industriellement dans la fabrication du chocolat ou du rouge àlèvres de qualité.

Mérne si la demande pour l'auto-consommation est forte, les transactions commercialesconcernant les amandes et le beurre de karité apportent des revenus importants auxpopulations rurales, mais surtout aux nombreux intermédiaires et grossistes. Les amandessont transformées en beurre par une procédure assez longue et compliquée. Les boules debeurre qui constituent les produits finaux sont vendues en période de grande production à150 francs CFA/kg aux intermédiaires, qui les vendent aux grossistes. Vers le mois d'ao0t,quand tous les stocks sont épuisés, le kilo de beurre est cédé à 400 francs CFA63 (FAO,1996).

Le néré (Parkia biglobosa) est l'espèce champélre la plus caractéristique de la zonesoudanienne. II est entretenu pour faire du fromage végétal, le "soumbala", et utilisé commecondiment dans tous les villages de la région. A ce titre, les graines et le "soumbala" sontlargement commercialisés, ce qui apporte un revenu important aux populations rurales etaux nombreux intermédiaires impliqués dans cette filière. Les graines font l'objet d'uncommerce international. La récolte se fait en avril ou mai, quand les gousses sèchent. Lacueillette peut durer deux mois et une famille peut obtenir en moyenne 500 kg de graines enbonne saison (FAO, 1996). C'est surtout la t5che des femmes qui, regroupées enassociations d'entraide, se chargent de cette activité en alternance avec le ramassage desnoix de karité. Les fruits sont récoltés à l'aide de perches ou en escaladant les arbres (FAO,1996).

Le palmier à huile (Eleasis guineensis) se rencontre à l'état naturel sur sols bien humides, àproximité immédiate des cours d'eau permanents. La pulpe du fruit du palmier fournit l'huilede palme qui peut apporter un revenu substantiel aux populations. Une partie de l'huile estutilisée dans la préparation des aliments ou sous forme de savon. Le surplus est vendul'occasion des foires hebdomadaires (FAO, 1996).

Le tamarinier (Tamarindus indica) est un arbre aux usages les plus multiples au Mali. Lapulpe est utilisée dans la préparation de boissons rafraTchissantes, de sirops ou jus etrentrent dans la fabrication de divers produits pharmaceutiques. Les graines sont utiliséesdans l'industrie alimentaire, de la laine et du jute, de la colle et en imprimerie.

La maturation des fruits intervient entre octobre et novembre. La récolte se poursuit jusqu'àWrier. Les enfants et les adultes escaladent les arbres pour émonder les rameauxfructifères, puis les fruits sont récupérés. Un arbre peut fournir 100 boules de 500g. Lestechniques utilisées pour la récolte compromettent la fructification de l'année suivante. Lesfemmes sont les seules impliquées dans la transformation des produits, qui font l'objet d'uncommerce international (FAO, 1996).

Landolphia senegalensis est une liane communément représentée dans les savanessoudaniennes. La pulpe est sucrée comme un bonbon, parfois on la laisse séjourner dans


276

populations rurales un revenu important. Les feuilles fra'fches d'Adansonia digitata sont recoltees d'avril a octobre. Gelles destinees a la production de poudre sont recoltees en octobre avant leur jaunissement.

Le karite (Vitel/aria paradoxa) est I'essence champetre de premier choix des populations rurales de la zone soudanienne et soudano-guineenne. Les amandes, ainsi que Ie beurre qui en est extrait, font I'objet d'un commerce international. Le beurre de karite est la principale source de matiere grasse d'origine vegetale. II est employe dans la preparation des aliments, dans la fabrication du savon, pour les soins medicaux, la fabrication des produits cosmetiques etc. On I'utilise industriellement dans la fabrication du chocolat ou du rouge a levres de qualite.

Meme si la demande pour I'auto-consommation est forte, les transactions commerciales concernant les amandes et Ie beurre de karite apportent des revenus importants aux populations rurales, mais surtout aux nombreux intermediaires et grossistes. Les amandes sont transformees en beurre par une procedure assez longue et compliquee. Les boules de beurre qui constituent les produits finaux sont vendues en periode de grande production a 150 francs GFAlkg aux intermediaires, qui les vendent aux grossistes. Vers Ie mois d'aoOt, quand tous les stocks sont epuises, Ie kilo de beurre est cede a 400 francs GFA63 (FAO, 1996).

Le nere (Parkia biglobosa) est I'espece champetre la plus caracteristique de la zone soudanienne. II est entretenu pour faire du fromage vegetal, Ie "soumbala", et utilise comme condiment dans tous les villages de la region. A ce titre, les graines et Ie "soumbala" sont largement commercialises, ce qui apporte un revenu important aux populations rurales et aux nombreux intermediaires impliques dans cette filiere. Les graines font I'objet d'un commerce international. La recolte se fait en avril ou mai, quand les gousses sechent. La cueillette peut durer deux mois et une famille peut obtenir en moyenne 500 kg de graines en bonne saison (FAO, 1996). G'est surtout la tache des femmes qui, regroupees en associations d'entraide, se chargent de cette activite en alternance avec Ie ramassage des noix de karite. Les fruits sont recoltes a I'aide de perches ou en escaladant les arbres (FAO, 1996).

Le palmier a huile (Eleasis guineensis) se rencontre a I'etat naturel sur sols bien humides, a proximite immediate des cours d'eau permanents. La pulpe du fruit du palmier fournit I'huile de palme qui peut apporter un revenu substantiel aux populations. Une partie de I'huile est utilisee dans la preparation des aliments ou sous forme de savon. Le surplus est vendu a I'occasion des foires hebdomadaires (FAO, 1996).

Le tamarinier (Tamarindus indica) est un arbre aux usages les plus multiples au Mali. La pulpe est utilisee dans la preparation de boissons rafraichissantes, de sirops ou jus et rentrent dans la fabrication de divers produits pharmaceutiques. Les graines sont utilisees dans I'industrie alimentaire, de la laine et du jute, de la colle et en imprimerie.

La maturation des fruits intervient entre octobre et novembre. La recolte se poursuit jusqu'a fevrier. Les enfants et les adultes escaladent les arbres pour emonder les rameaux fructiferes, puis les fruits sont recuperes. Un arbre peut fournir 100 boules de 500g. Les techniques utilisees pour la recolte compromettent la fructification de I'annee suivante. Les femmes sont les seules impliquees dans la transformation des produits, qui font I'objet d'un commerce international (FAO, 1996).

Landolphia senega/ensis est une liane communement representee dans les savanes soudaniennes. La pulpe est sucree comme un bonbon, parfois on la laisse sejourner dans


276

l'eau pour obtenir un jus qui est ensuite utilisé dans les bouillies ou pour préparer desboissons. Par une pression des deux mains, on récupère les graines enveloppées dans lapulpe. Le pressage des graines donne un jus qui sert à préparer une boisson délicieuse.

La maturité du fruit a lieu en mai et juin. Toutes les couches sociales sont impliquées dans lacueillette. La récolte peut durer plus de deux mois. Les fruits sont détachés des rameaux. Lefruit est couramment commercialisé (souvent en Côte d'Ivoire) et procure aux populationsdes revenus d'appoint (FAO, 1996).

La maturation du fruit de Jujubier (Ziziphus mauritiana) a lieu en saison sèche froide. II estsucré comme un bonbon, aussi bien frais que sec. Après séchage au soleil, la conservationse fait dans des sacs. La pulpe séchée donne une farine qu'on comprime en petits pains.Les fruits pilés donnent une boisson désaltérante. Dans certaines régions, les feuilles sontajoutées comme légume au couscous (FAO, 1996).

FourrageLes feuilles et les gousses de Faidherbia albida constituent un excellent fourrage. Cetteespèce est relativement rare dans les peuplements naturels, mais très courante en terraincultivé. Elle est particulièrement utile dans les zones rurales car elle conserve son feuillagependant la période chaude pour le perdre au cours de la saison humide (FAO, 1987).

MédecineLa gomme, les fruits et les feuilles de Faidherbia albida sont administrés sous diversesformes ou en mélange comme remède contre la grippe, le mal de dents, comme stimulantcardiaque ou fortifiant. Ces produits agissent également contre la toux, la fièvre et lesmaladies rénales.

Presque toutes les parties de Prosopis africana sont utilisées dans la médecine locale. Lesfeuilles contre les migraines, l'écorce soulage les caries et la fièvre, les racines contre lesmaux de dents, la dysenterie et la bronchite.

Le Jujubier (Ziziphus mauritiana) est communément utilisé pour les traitements médicinaux(FAO, 1996).

ExsudatsLe commerce de la gomme arabique d'Acacia senegal, autrefois florissant, a complètementdécliné du fait de la baisse de la demande mondiale et des effets de la sécheresse. Laproduction de gomme est passée de 1 337 tonnes en 1985 à 293 tonnes en 1989 (WFC,1991).

Concernant la commercialisation de la gomme cobretum (Cobretum nigricans), la demandeainsi que les prix sont les plus bas de tous les exsudats. Uniquement des gommes cobretumd'une meilleure qualité peuvent obtenir une demande et un prix satisfaisants.

REFERENCESAnderson, J., Barry, A. 1992. L'Arbre qui Cache la Forét: le Découpage de la Brousse par

les Paysans Malinkés pits de Bamako, FAO.Fané, Y. 1990. Première Appréciation de la Production Traditionnelle du Miel. Projet

GCP/MLI/NET, Gestion Forestière et Aménagement des Terroirs Villageois dans laRégion de Koulikoro, Programme de Coopération FAO/Gouvernement du Mali.

FAO. 1986a. Les Brise-Vent au Mali: Guide Technique pour la Zone Lacustre en ClimatSahélien, Region de Tombouctou, TCP/MLI/4513.

277

I'eau pour obtenir un jus qui est ensuite utilise dans les bouillies ou pour preparer des boissons. Par une pression des deux mains, on recupere les graines enveloppees dans la pulpe. Le pressage des graines donne un jus qui sert a preparer une boisson delicieuse.

La maturite du fruit a lieu en mai et juin. Toutes les couches sociales sont impliquees dans la cueillette. La recolte peut durer plus de deux mois. Les fruits sont detaches des rameaux. Le fruit est couramment commercialise (souvent en Cote d'ivoire) et procure aux populations des revenus d'appoint (FAD, 1996).

La maturation du fruit de Jujubier (Ziziphus mauritiana) a lieu en saison seche froide. II est sucre comme un bonbon, aussi bien frais que sec. Apres sechage au soleil, la conservation se fait dans des sacs. La pulpe sechee donne une farine qu'on comprime en petits pains. Les fruits piles donnent une boisson desalterante. Dans certaines regions, les feuilles sont ajoutees comme legume au couscous (FAD, 1996).

Fourrage Les feuilles et les gousses de Faidherbia alb ida constituent un excellent fourrage. Cette espece est relativement rare dans les peuplements naturels, mais tres courante en terrain cultive. Elle est particulierement utile dans les zones rurales car elle conserve son feuillage pendant la periode chaude pour Ie perdre au cours de la saison hum ide (FAD, 1987).

Medecine

La gomme, les fruits et les feuilles de Faidherbia albida sont administres sous diverses formes ou en melange comme remede c~ntre la grippe, Ie mal de dents, comme stimulant cardiaque ou fortifiant. Ces produits agissent egalement c~ntre la toux, la fievre et les maladies renales.

Presque to utes les parties de Prosopis africana sont utilisees dans la medecine locale. Les feuilles c~ntre les migraines, I'ecorce soulage les caries et la fievre, les racines c~ntre les maux de dents, la dysenterie et la bronchite.

Le Jujubier (Ziziphus mauritiana) est communement utilise pour les traitements medicinaux (FAD, 1996).

Exsudats Le commerce de la gomme arabique d'Acacia senegal, autrefois florissant, a completement decline du fait de la baisse de la demande mondiale et des effets de la secheresse. La production de gomme est passee de 1 337 tonnes en 1985 a 293 tonnes en 1989 (WFC, 1991).

Concernant la commercialisation de la gomme cobretum (Cobretum nigricans) , la demande ainsi que les prix sont les plus bas de tous les exsudats. Uniquement des gommes cobretum d'une meilleure qualite peuvent obtenir une demande et un prix satisfaisants.

REFERENCES Anderson, J., Barry, A. 1992. L 'Arbre qui Cache la Foret: Ie Oecoupage de la Brousse par

les Paysans Malinkes pres de Bamako, FAD. Fane, Y. 1990. Premiere Appreciation de la Production Traditionnelle du Miel. Projet

GCP/MU/NET, Gestion Forestiere et Amenagement des Terroirs Villageois dans la Region de Koulikoro, Programme de Cooperation FADIGouvernement du Mali.

FAO. 1986a. Les Brise-Vent au Mali: Guide Technique pour la Zone Lacustre en Climat Sahelien, Region de Tombouctou, TCP/MU/4513.

277

FAO. 1986b. Mission de Revue et de Programmation du Secteur Forestier pour la PériodeQuinquennale 1986-1990, Projet TCP/MLI/4509 (A), Document de Travail, Annexe IIet Annexe III, Programme de Coopération FAO/Gouvernement du Mali.

FAO. 1987. Séminaire sur les Techniques de Production des Plants d'Espèces Forestièreset Fruitières. Projet GCP/MLI/019/NET, Aménagement forestier et reboisementvillageois de Koulikoro, Mali, Programme de Coopération FAO/Gouvernement duMali.

FAO. 1996. Arbres du Terroir pour l'Alimentation. Projet GCP/RAF/303/ITA, For-61 et sécuritéalimentaire en Afrique sahélienne, Sikasso.

Gakou, M., Force, J.E. et McLaughlin, W.J. 1994. Non-Timber Forest Products in RuralMalk a Study of Villager Use. Agro forestry Systems, volume 28, no. 3, 1994/95.

WFC. 1991. Paris

REMERCIEMENTS

Ce rapport a été réalisé grâce au financement du Programme de Partenariat CE-FAO«Collecte et analyse des données pour un aménagement durable de la forêt dans les paysA.C.P.». Le contenu est basé sur l'information accessible au siège central de la FAO àRome.

Des informations supplémentaires sur les PFNL au Mali seraient bienvenues et reconnuesen bonne et due forme.

278

FAO. 1986b. Mission de Revue et de Programmation du Secteur Forestier pour la Periode Quinquennale 1986-1990, Projet TCP/MLl/4509 (A), Document de Travail, Annexe II et Annexe III, Programme de Cooperation FAO/Gouvernement du Mali.

FAO. 1987. Seminaire sur les Techniques de Production des Plants d'Especes Forestieres et Fruitieres. Projet GCP/MLl/019/NET, Amenagement forestier et reboisement villageois de Koulikoro, Mali, Programme de Cooperation FAO/Gouvernement du Mali.

FAO. 1996. Arbres du Terroir pour 1'Alimentation. Projet GCP/RAF/303/1TA, Foret et securite alimentaire en Afrique sahelienne, Sikasso.

Gakou, M., Force, J.E. et McLaughlin, W.J. 1994. Non-Timber Forest Products in Rural Mali: a Study of Villager Use. Agroforestry Systems, volume 28, no. 3, 1994/95.

WFC. 1991. Paris

REMERCIEMENTS

Ce rapport a ete realise grace au financement du Programme de Partenariat CE-FAO «Coliecte et analyse des donnees pour un amenagement durable de la foret dans les pays A.C.P.». Le contenu est base sur I'information accessible au siege central de la FAO a Rome.

Des informations supplementaires sur les PFNL au Mali seraient bienvenues et reconnues en bonne et due forme.

278

DONNEES QUANTITATIVES SUR LES PFNL DU MALI

279


tanceNom

commercialNom

vernaculaire




1, 2, 3 F, P, H S, C N, I

Plantes et produits végétauxNourriture 1 Beurre de

KaritéVitellaria paradoxa no N En période de grande

production, les boules debeurre sont vendues èCFA150 par kg. Tandis qu'èla fin de la saison le prixatteint CFA400.

FAO 1996

Exsudats 1 Gommearabique

Acacia senegal N La production a baissé de1 337 tonnes en 1985 è 293tonnes en 1989

WFC 1991

Animaux et produits animauxMiel, cire 1 mi N CFA2 000 par kg en 1986 FAO 1986

Importance: 1- grande importance au niveau national; 2 grande importance au niveau local/régional; 3 importance limitéePate utilisée: an animal enter; ec écorce; ci cire; fe feuilles; no noix; fi fibres; fi fleurs; fr fruits; go gommes; mi miel;

se sève; la latex; hu huile; pl plante entière; re résines; ra racine; gr graines; ti tige; ta tannins;Habitat: F for& naturelle et autres terres boisées; P - plantation; A Autres: Arbres hors de la forét (p.e. agroforesterie, jardins du case)Source: S - sauvage, C - cultivéDestination: N - national; I international

DONNEES QUANTITATIVES SUR LES PFNL DU MALI Produit Ressource Valeur economique


Nom vernaculaire

1,2,3 F,P,H S,C N, I

I Plantes et produits vegetaux

Nourriture 1 Beurre de Vitel/aria paradoxa no N En peri ode de grande Karite production, les boules de

beurre sont vendues a CFA150 par kg. Tandis qu'a la fin de la saison Ie prix atteint CFA400.

Exsudats 1 Gomme Acacia senegal N La production a baisse de arabique 1 337 tonnes en 1985 a 293

tonnes en 1989

I Animaux et eroduits animaux

Miel, cire



1 II mi II N CFA2 000 par kg en 1986

1- grande importance au niveau national; 2 - grande importance au niveau local/regional; 3 - importance limitee an - animal entier; ec - ecorce; ci - cire; fe - feuilles; no - noix; fi - fibres; fI - fleurs; fr - fruits; go - gommes; mi - miel; se - seve; la - latex; hu - huile; pi - plante entiere; re - resines; ra - racine; gr - graines; ti - tige; ta - tannins; F - foret naturelle et autres terres boisees; P - plantation; A - Autres: Arbres hors de la foret (p.e. agroforesterie, jardins du case) S - sauvage, C - cultive N - national; I - international

279

Remarques References

FAO 1996

I

i

WFC 1991

I

II FAO 1986

3.6.11 Niger (F)

INTRODUCTION

Principaux Produits Forestiers Non LigneuxLes produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL) importants sur le plan socio-économique incluentle gibier, les peaux et les cornes d'animaux sauvages, les ustensiles, l'artisanat et lesmatériaux de construction (bambous fibres, Borassus aethiopum, Hyphaene thebaica), lesplantes fourragères, les plantes comestibles (racines, feuilles, fruits), les plantesmédicinales, les tannins (Acacia nilotica) et la gomme arabique.

Informations généralesLes communautés rurales récoltent des PFNL aussi bien pour les besoins des ménages quepour la commercialisation. Le revenu issu de la commercialisation des PFNL en milieu ruralest estimé à près du tiers du revenu extra-agricole. Mis à part ce montant, c'est surtout lapériode pendant laquelle ce revenu est acquis qui est importante; en effet, cette "recette"intervient en période de soudure. Les PFNL représentent une partie très importante del'économie de subsistance bien qu'ils soient difficiles à quantifier (FAO, 1991).

La nécessité de valoriser les PFNL a été soulignée dans le Plan d'Action Forestier (1994) quise pose comme objectif spécifique d'identifier et de recenser tous les PFNL y compris lesfruits, la gomme, les substances tenantes, le fourrage et les produits de pharmacopéetraditionnelle.

Les sécheresses successives se sont traduites chez les ligneux spontanés par la disparitionde nombreuses espèces dans les zones septentrionales telles que Bombax costatum ou, laperte, dans les zones sud, de nombreux individus (jusqu'à 50 percent parfois) pour certainesespèces telles que Prosopis africana, Lannea microcarpa, Sclerocarya birrea, Diospyrosmesiliformis et Acacia senegal. Pour les espèces herbacées, un changement a été signalédans la composition des espèces des aires de parcours, qui se caractérise par la raréfaction,voire la disparition, de plantes pérennes telles que Andropogon gayanus.


NourritureBeaucoup d'espèces forestières, notamment le néré (Parkia biglobosa), le baobab(Adansonia digitata), sont tits riches en protéines, en sucre et en certains oligo-élémentstels que le fer, le manganèse et le zinc. De ce fait, les PFNL augmentent l'apport protidiquedu régime alimentaire de la population rurale du Niger, qui est essentiellement constitué decéréales, ce qui permet de réduire les déséquilibres alimentaires en protéines et d'améliorerla santé des populations. En période de graves crises alimentaires (famine), la populationnigérienne recourt souvent à l'usage de PFNL (feuilles, fruits, noix) de certaines espècesligneuses et herbacées comme base ou complément alimentaire. Les espèces les pluscouramment utilisées sont Boscia senegalensis (feuilles et fruits), Parkia biglobosa (farineobtenue à partir de la pulpe), Maerua crassifolia et Cenchrus biflorus.

La plupart des fruits sauvages sont également récoltés pour étre vendus sur les marchéslocaux. Au niveau des marchés des différentes villes du Niger, une importante filière decommercialisation des fruits de Ziziphus mauritania, Hyphaene thebaica, Adansonia digitata,Balanites aegyptiaca, et des graines de Parkia biglobosa est en train de se développer.

280

3.6.11 Niger (F)

INTRODUCTION


Les produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL) importants sur Ie plan socio-economique incluent Ie gibier, les peaux et les cornes d'animaux sauvages, les ustensiles, I'artisanat et les materiaux de construction (bambous fibres, Borassus aethiopum, Hyphaene thebaica), les plantes fourrageres, les plantes comestibles (racines, feuilles, fruits), les plantes medicinales, les tannins (Acacia nilotica) et la gomme arabique.


Les communautes rurales recoltent des PFNL aussi bien pour les besoins des menages que pour la commercialisation. Le revenu issu de la commercialisation des PFNL en milieu rural est estime a pres du tiers du revenu extra-agricole. Mis a part ce montant, c'est surtout la periode pendant laquelle ce revenu est acquis qui est importante; en effet, cette "recette" intervient en periode de soudure. Les PFNL representent une partie tres importante de I'economie de subsistance bien qu'ils soient difficiles a quantifier (FAO, 1991).

La necessite de valoriser les PFNL a ete soulignee dans Ie Plan d'Action Forestier (1994) qui se pose comme objectif specifique d'identifier et de recenser tous les PFNL y compris les fruits, la gomme, les substances tenantes, Ie fourrage et les produits de pharmacopee traditionnelle.

Les secheresses successives se sont traduites chez les ligneux spontanes par la disparition de nombreuses especes dans les zones septentrionales telles que Bombax costatum ou, la perte, dans les zones sud, de nombreux individus Uusqu'a 50 percent parfois) pour certaines especes telles que Prosopis africana, Lannea microcarpa, Sclerocarya birrea, Diospyros mesiliformis et Acacia senegal. Pour les especes herbacees, un changement a ete signale dans la composition des especes des aires de parcours, qui se caracterise par la rarefaction, voire la disparition, de plantes perennes telles que Andropogon gayanus.


Nourriture Beaucoup d'especes forestieres, notamment Ie nere (Parkia biglobosa), Ie baobab (Adansonia digitata), sont tres riches en proteines, en sucre et en certains oligo-elements tels que Ie fer, Ie manganese et Ie zinc. De ce fait, les PFNL augmentent I'apport protidique du regime alimentaire de la population rurale du Niger, qui est essentiellement constitue de cereales, ce qui permet de reduire les desequilibres alimentaires en proteines et d'ameliorer la sante des populations. En periode de graves crises alimentaires (famine), la population nigerienne recourt souvent a I'usage de PFNL (feu illes, fruits, noix) de certaines especes ligneuses et herbacees comme base ou complement alimentaire. Les especes les plus couramment utilisees sont Boscia senegalensis (feuilles et fruits), Parkia biglobosa (farine obtenue a partir de la pulpe), Maerua crassifolia et Cenchrus biflorus.

La plupart des fruits sauvages sont egalement recoltes pour etre vendus sur les marches locaux. Au niveau des marches des differentes vi lies du Niger, une importante filiere de commercialisation des fruits de Ziziphus mauritania, Hyphaene thebaica, Adansonia digitata, Balanites aegyptiaca, et des graines de Parkia biglobosa est en train de se developper.

280

Les graines du néré (Parkia biglobosa) sont appelées «la viande du pauvre» à cause de sateneur élevée en protéines. Le néré se rencontre surtout dans la bande sud desdépartements de Zinder, Maradi, Dosso et Tillabèry. Les peuplements les plus importants serencontrent dans les zones humides ou pluvieuses de la région de Gaya et le long desdallols et dans la région de Torodi. Les paysans utilisent cette espèce qui fait partie desbiens transmis en héritage. La poudre tirée de la pulpe sert à fabriquer un gAteau et desboissons fraTches. Les graines du néré servent à la fabrication du "soumbala" qui a un arômetrès prisé et qui fait l'objet de la fabrication industrielle au Nigeria.

Les feuilles et les fruits du Baobab (Adansonia digitata) font l'objet d'un commerce organisé.Le baobab comme le néré est une espèce complètement intégrée dans le système deproduction paysan et elle fait également partie des biens légués en héritage. Le baobab et lenéré sont connus pour leur richesse en sucre et en certains oligo-éléments tels que le fer, lezinc et le manganèse. De plus, l'écorce fournit des fibres d'excellente qualité. Les plusgrands peuplements de baobab sont surtout localisés dans la région de Torodi.

L'espèce végétale la plus importante au Niger est probablement le rônier Borassusaethiopum. C'est en raison des multiples utilisations de cette espèce qu'on parle, au Niger,de plante nourricière en citant le rônier. Cette espèce est assez bien représentée. En effet,elle se rencontre dans deux zones naturelles à savoir: le Dallol Maouri, au sud du pays, avecun important peuplement de plus de 30 000 ha dont 738 ha de forbt classée (classement en1955). ll constitue la formation la plus importante de l'Afrique de l'ouest; et un deuxièmepeuplement (forbt de Dezga classée en 1942) d'une superficie de 665 ha., au sud est duNiger, à la frontière du Nigeria dans l'Arrondissement de Matamèye. D'autres peuplementsde moindre importance existent, isolés le long du fleuve Niger, dans le Parc W et le long dela rivière Mékrou. Des plantations artificielles ont été réalisées dans les années 1940-1953 àNiamey (Lamordé) et Doutchi. Le rônier est la principale source de bois de service au Niger.

Les rôniers fournissent un revenu monétaire important à des milliers de petits exploitants touten leur permettant de se nourrir et de s'abriter. Toutes les parties du rônier (stipe, feuilles,pétiole, fleurs, bourgeon terminal, fruits, racines) sont utilisables, mais leur utilisation varied'une région à l'autre. Les usages clefs du rônier sont notamment l'alimentation humaine etanimale et l'artisanat.

FourrageLes PFNL (fruits et feuillages) rentrent pour 25 percent dans la ration alimentaire desruminants au Niger. Cet apport est d'autant plus important qu'il intervient en période degrand déficit alimentaire pendant la saison sèche. Cette alimentation tits riche en azote n'estpas sans conséquence sur les formations forestières qui subissent de graves mutilations.Les espèces les plus sollicitées sont: Faidherbia albida, Prosopis africana, Balanitesaegyptiaca, Acacia raddiana, Comiphora africana et Bauhinia rufescens.

MédecineSeIon l'OMS, 80 percent de la population nigérienne a recours à la pharmacopéetraditionnelle. Les espèces les plus couramment utilisées sont: Khaya senegalensis, Guierasenegalensis, Cassia sieberiana, Cassia siamea, Cassia sin gueana, Eucalyptuscamaldulensis et Azadirachta indica.

ExsudatsAu Niger, on exploite les gommes d'Acacia senegal, Acacia laeta, Atrculia setigera et deCombretum nigricans.

On trouve la gomme arabique (Acacia senegal) dans toutes les contrées du Niger. Les plusgrands peuplements se trouvent dans le Département de Diffa, à l'extréme Est du pays, aux

281

Les graines du nere (Parkia biglobosa) sont appelees «Ia viande du pauvre» a cause de sa teneur elevee en proteines. Le nere se rencontre surtout dans la bande sud des departements de Zinder, Maradi, Dosso et Tillabery. Les peuplements les plus importants se rencontrent dans les zones humides ou pluvieuses de la region de Gaya et Ie long des dallols et dans la region de Torodi. Les paysans utilisent cette espece qui fait partie des biens transmis en heritage. La poudre tiree de la pulpe sert a fabriquer un gateau et des boissons fraTches. Les graines du nere servent a la fabrication du "soumbala" qui a un arame tres prise et qui fait I'objet de la fabrication industrielle au Nigeria.

Les feuilles et les fruits du Baobab (Adansonia digitata) font I'objet d'un commerce organise. Le baobab comme Ie nere est une espece completement integree dans Ie systeme de production paysan et elle fait egalement partie des biens legues en heritage. Le baobab et Ie nere sont connus pour leur richesse en sucre et en certains oligo-elements tels que Ie fer, Ie zinc et Ie manganese. De plus, I'ecorce fournit des fibres d'excellente qualite. Les plus grands peuplements de baobab sont surtout localises dans la region de Torodi.

L'espece vegetale la plus importante au Niger est probablement Ie ranier Borassus aethiopum. C'est en raison des multiples utilisations de cette espece qu'on parle, au Niger, de plante nourriciere en citant Ie ranier. Cette espece est assez bien representee. En effet, elle se rencontre dans deux zones naturelles a savoir: Ie Dallol Maouri, au sud du pays, avec un important peuplement de plus de 30 000 ha dont 738 ha de foret classee (classement en 1955). II constitue la formation la plus importante de l'Afrique de I'ouest; et un deuxieme peuplement (foret de Dezga classee en 1942) d'une superficie de 665 ha., au sud est du Niger, a la frontiere du Nigeria dans l'Arrondissement de Matameye. D'autres peuplements de moindre importance existent, isoles Ie long du fleuve Niger, dans Ie Parc W et Ie long de la riviere Mekrou. Des plantations artificielles ont ete realisees dans les annees 1940-1953 a Niamey (Lamorde) et Doutchi. Le ranier est la principale source de bois de service au Niger.

Les raniers fournissent un revenu monetaire important a des milliers de petits exploitants tout en leur permettant de se nourrir et de s'abriter. Toutes les parties du ranier (stipe, feuilles, petiole, fleurs, bourgeon terminal, fruits, racines) sont utilisables, mais leur utilisation varie d'une region a I'autre. Les usages clefs du ranier sont notamment I'alimentation humaine et animale et I'artisanat.

Fourrage

Les PFNL (fruits et feuillages) rentrent pour 25 percent dans la ration alimentaire des ruminants au Niger. Cet apport est d'autant plus important qu'iI intervient en periode de grand deficit alimentaire pendant la saison seche. Cette alimentation tres riche en azote n'est pas sans consequence sur les formations forestieres qui subissent de graves mutilations. Les especes les plus sollicitees sont: Faidherbia albida, Prosopis africana, Balanites aegyptiaca, Acacia raddiana, Comiphora africana et Bauhinia rufescens.

Medecine Selon I'OMS, 80 percent de la population nlgenenne a recours a la pharmacopee traditionnelle. Les especes les plus couramment utilisees sont: Khaya senega/ensis, Guiera senega/ensis, Cassia sieberiana, Cassia siamea, Cassia singueana, Eucalyptus camaldulensis et Azadirachta indica.

Exsudats Au Niger, on exploite les gommes d'Acacia senegal, Acacia laeta, Atrculia setigera et de Combretum nigricans.

On trouve la gomme arabique (Acacia senegal) dans toutes les contrees du Niger. Les plus grands peuplements se trouvent dans Ie Departement de Diffa, a I'extreme Est du pays, aux

281

abords du Lac Tchad. "Dans les années 1970, le Niger était un exportateur important degomme arabique, avec un volume exporté de l'ordre de 300 tonnes par an en moyenne. Cevolume ne prend pas en compte la part du commerce informel le long de la frontière entre leNiger et le Nigeria. Depuis la sécheresse de 1973-1974, les peuplements naturels ont étésévèrement décimés et le gouvernement a entrepris un programme de reconstitution de lagommeraie dans les années 1980. Les premiers travaux de recherche sur les gommiers ontdébuté en 1955 au niveau du Département de Diffa, notamment sur les techniques de lasaignée. La remontée du cours mondial de la gomme arabique offre une bonne opportunitépour les populations du Magna et celles des régions où la production de la gomme s'avèrerentable. On assiste actuellement au développement d'une importante filière de collecte etde commercialisation de la gomme. Au niveau de cette filière encore informelle, les prixpratiqués sont tits intéressants; en effet, le sac de 100 kg se vend à 70 000 F CFA.64 Lechiffre d'affaire de cette filière serait de l'ordre de CFA400 à 500 millions (Ministère deL'Hydraulique et de l'Environnement 1998:10).

REFERENCESFAO, UNDP. 1994. Plan d'Action Forestier. Ministère de l'Hydraulique et de l'Environnement,

République du Niger.Lawaly Massoyi, M. 1987. Notes sur le Volet Forestier et les Plantations du Prosopis au

Projet de Développement Rural Intégré de la Vallée de Keita (Niger), Symposium surle Prosopis, Mossoro, Brésil.

Rinaudo, T., Burt, M., Harwood,Ministère de L'Hydraulique et de l'Environnement. 1998. Rapport National du Niger sur

les Ressources Génétiques Forestières. République du Niger. Niamey.C. 1995. Growth and Seed Production of Australian Acacia Species at Maradi, Niger.

Forestry Newsletter no. 19, Australian Centre for International Agricultural ResearchForestry Program.

REMERCIEMENTS

Ce rapport a été réalisé gr5ce au financement du Programme de Partenariat CE-FAO«Collecte et analyse des données pour un aménagement durable de la forét dans les paysA..C.P.». Le contenu est basé sur l'information accessible au siège central de la FAO àRome.

Des informations supplémentaires sur les PFNL en Niger seraient bienvenues et reconnuesen bonne et due forme.


282

abords du Lac Tchad. "Dans les annees 1970, Ie Niger etait un exportateur important de gomme arabique, avec un volume exporte de I'ordre de 300 tonnes par an en moyenne. Ce volume ne prend pas en compte la part du commerce informel Ie long de la frontiere entre Ie Niger et Ie Nigeria. Depuis la secheresse de 1973-1974, les peuplements naturels ont ete severement decimes et Ie gouvernement a entrepris un programme de reconstitution de la gommeraie dans les annees 1980. Les premiers travaux de recherche sur les gommiers ont debute en 1955 au niveau du Departement de Diffa, notamment sur les techniques de la saignee. La remontee du cours mondial de la gomme arabique offre une bonne opportunite pour les populations du Magna et celles des regions OU la production de la gomme s'avere rentable. On assiste actuellement au developpement d'une importante filiere de collecte et de commercialisation de la gomme. Au niveau de cette filiere encore informelle, les prix pratiques sont tres interessants; en effet, Ie sac de 100 kg se vend a 70 000 F CFA.64 Le chiffre d'affaire de cette filiere serait de I'ordre de CFA400 a 500 millions (Ministere de L'Hydraulique et de l'Environnement 1998: 10).

REFERENCES FAO, UNDP. 1994. Plan d'Action Forestier. Ministere de I'Hydraulique et de l'Environnement,

Republique du Niger. Lawaly Massoyi, M. 1987. Notes sur Ie Volet Forestier et les Plantations du Prosopis au

Projet de Developpement Rural Integre de la Vallee de Keita (Niger), Symposium sur Ie Prosopis, Mossoro, Bresil.

Rinaudo, T., Burt, M., Harwood, Ministere de L'Hydraulique et de l'Environnement. 1998. Rapport National du Niger sur

les Ressources Genetiques Forestieres. Republique du Niger. Niamey. C. 1995. Growth and Seed Production of Australian Acacia Species at Maradi, Niger.

Forestry Newsletter no. 19, Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research Forestry Program.

REMERCIEMENTS Ce rapport a ete realise grace au financement du Programme de Partenariat CE-FAO «Collecte et analyse des donnees pour un amenagement durable de la forat dans les pays A..C.P.}). Le contenu est base sur I'information accessible au siege central de la FAO a Rome.

Des informations supplementaires sur les PFNL en Niger seraient bienvenues et reconnues en bonne et due forme.


282

3.6.12 Nigeria (E)

INTRODUCTION

Main Non-Wood Forest ProductsEdible animal and plant products such as bushmeat, fruits (e.g. lrvingia gabonensis), nuts(e.g. cola and sheanuts), beverages (e.g. palm wine) or vegetables (e.g. Pterocarpus sp.)are the most important non-wood forest products (NWFP) in Nigeria.

Other plant-based NWFP are rattan and other fibres (e.g. Raphia sp.), wrapping leaves,thatch, resins (Boswellia spp.), tannins (Acacia spp.) gums (mainly Acacia senegal, Khayagrandifolia), colourants (Pterocapus osun, Harungana madagascariensis), fish poisons,fodder and medicinal plants (e.g. Garcinia spp.). In addition to bushmeat, other animalproducts are medicines, honey and wildlife products such as hides and skins.

General informationNWFP "such as resins, gums, cork, tannins, honey, nuts, mushrooms are available, but areusually collected by farmers and people in rural communities. Information on hunting users,game yield, livestock numbers, yields, fodder production, user number is scanty or non-existent. Originally, there used to be some conflict between uses of forest for some of theother non-wood products such as hunting and livestock production on one hand and woodproduction on the other." (Federal Department of Forestry, 1990).

NWFP are used for self-consumption and for trade. NWFP mainly sold on markets includechewsticks, gum arabic, rattan canes and tannins. Dyes, wrapping leaves and thatchedmaterials are both sold and used for self-consumption. NWFP, which in general do not enterthe market, include flavours, toxins, decorations (Rothmanis hispida) and mat leaves (FAO,1999).

Gender specialization is pronounced in the marketing of NWFP. At all levels of marketing,men, women and children are either separately or collectively involved as follows:

Men: marketing of rattan canes, gum arabic, agricultural and household tools;Women: marketing of leaves, fruits, nuts, seeds, bulbs, dyes, medicinal materials;Men and women: marketing of palm wine, bushmeat;Children: marketing of chewsticks, mushrooms, vegetables (FAO, 1999).

The importance of, and cultural preference for, forest foods are shown in various marketstudies. In urban markets prices for wild foods are higher than (bushmeat) or at leastcomparable to (edible plants) the prices for domesticated animals or cultivated plantproducts. "Information of this kind provides an indication of the importance of forest productsto both consumers and market traders." (FAO, 1990).

In addition to forests, trees outside forests are valued for cash income, shade, fruit, palmwine, soil conservation, fuelwood, etc. About 60 percent of the on-farm trees in Nigeria arenot planted but are wild resources which are protected by the farmers because of theireconomic and ecological value (FAO, 1990).

In 1990, the Government decided to give village communities usufruct and managementrights over local forests as long as management plans were drawn up and agreed upon(Reis, 1995).

283

3.6.12 Nigeria (E)

INTRODUCTION


Edible animal and plant products such as bushmeat, fruits (e.g. IlVingia gabonensis), nuts (e.g. cola and sheanuts), beverages (e.g. palm wine) or vegetables (e.g. Pterocarpus sp.) are the most important non-wood forest products (NWFP) in Nigeria.

Other plant-based NWFP are rattan and other fibres (e.g. Raphia sp.), wrapping leaves, thatch, resins (Boswellia spp.), tannins (Acacia spp.) gums (mainly Acacia senegal, Khaya grandifolia), colourants (Pterocapus osun, Harungana madagascariensis), fish poisons, fodder and medicinal plants (e.g. Garcinia spp.). In addition to bushmeat, other animal products are medicines, honey and wildlife products such as hides and skins.

General information NWFP "such as resins, gums, cork, tannins, honey, nuts, mushrooms are available, but are usually collected by farmers and people in rural communities. Information on hunting users, game yield, livestock numbers, yields, fodder production, user number is scanty or nonexistent. Originally, there used to be some conflict between uses of forest for some of the other non-wood products such as hunting and livestock production on one hand and wood production on the other." (Federal Department of Forestry, 1990).

NWFP are used for self-consumption and for trade. NWFP mainly sold on markets include chewsticks, gum arabic, rattan canes and tannins. Dyes, wrapping leaves and thatched materials are both sold and used for self-consumption. NWFP, which in general do not enter the market, include flavours, toxins, decorations (Rothmanis hispida) and mat leaves (FAO, 1999).

Gender specialization is pronounced in the marketing of NWFP. At all levels of marketing, men, women and children are either separately or collectively involved as follows: • Men: marketing of rattan canes, gum arabic, agricultural and household tools; • Women: marketing of leaves, fruits, nuts, seeds, bulbs, dyes, medicinal materials; • Men and women: marketing of palm wine, bush meat; • Children: marketing of chewsticks, mushrooms, vegetables (FAO, 1999).

The importance of, and cultural preference for, forest foods are shown in various market studies. In urban markets prices for wild foods are higher than (bushmeat) or at least comparable to (edible plants) the prices for domesticated animals or cultivated plant products. "Information of this kind provides an indication of the importance of forest products to both consumers and market traders." (FAO, 1990).

In addition to forests, trees outside forests are valued for cash income, shade, fruit, palm wine, soil conservation, fuelwood, etc. About 60 percent of the on-farm trees in Nigeria are not planted but are wild resources which are protected by the farmers because of their economic and ecological value (FAO, 1990).

In 1990, the Government decided to give village communities usufruct and management rights over local forests as long as management plans were drawn up and agreed upon (Reis, 1995).

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Food

Edible forest plant species are important supplements to staple foods especially duringseasonal food shortages. Forty-two species of fruit trees, 20 species of vegetable plants, 12species of spices, 16 species of mushrooms, 14 species of edible seed-bearing plants, threespecies of oil trees and six species of alcoholic plants were identified to be used in Nigeria(FAO, 1999).

The high prices paid on local and regional markets for forest fruits (e.g. Dacryodes edulis),seeds (e.g. Afzelia africana) and vegetables (e.g. Gnetum africanum) in comparison to theprices of cultivated species reflect their popularity as well as the high demand and relativescarcity of these forest resources (FAO, 1990).

The consumption of medicinal plants as food items in the savannah areas of Nigeria wasdocumented by Etkin and Ross (1994). The conclusions from the study were that: (a) almostall plants in the wild used as food also appear in the list of plants used for traditionalmedicine; (b) because the plants play dual roles, the plants were abundant in the hithertopopulated and heavily cultivated areas; and (c) the conservation of the species was ensuredby the two user groups through cultivation.

The fruits of the bush mango Irvingia gabonensis are one important Nigerian forest plantfood, particularly exploited in southern Nigeria. Out of 171 indigenous woody plants ofeconomic importance within the forest zone of Nigeria, Irvingia gabonensis ranks amongstthe five principal fruit trees which occur as tree outside forests on traditional farm land(Okafor, 1980). The fruits are eaten raw in the rainy season and the seeds are used for thepreparation of sauces and soups. Both are an important source of fats. Their consumption isestimated at 3.2 to 14.1 kg/year/household. I. gabonensis is consumed in rural areas, butdemand in urban centres is increasing. The total national demand is estimated to reach78 800 t, 80 percent of which is coming from the southern parts of Nigeria (FAO, 1990).Collection is done by men, processing and trade by women (Falconer, 1990).

Other popular fruit trees are Spondias mombin, Parkia clapertoniana, Treculia africana,Chlysophyllum albidum and Dacryodes edulis. Fruits of most of these trees mature with theearly rains during the crop-planting season (Falconer, 1990; Youngs, 1989). Due to thepopularity of fruits, the incorporation of fruit trees in agroforestry land-use systems isincreasing. In compound farms in southeastern Nigeria, farmers have included a variety oftrees and shrubs in a multi-crop system; of these, 60 species provide food products. Thisensures a balanced diet but also reduces the need for storage in an area where post-harvestlosses are high (FAO, 1995).

Fruits of Elaeis guineensis and Raphia sp. are used for the production of palm wine, which iscommonly sold on local markets (FAO, 1990).

Vegetables that are obtained from the leaves of forest trees include Pterocarpus sp.,Myrianthus arboreus and Ceiba pentandra. They are highly valued because they flush at theend of the dry season, providing food during the period of food shortage (Falconer, 1990).

Nuts are NWFP of particular importance in Nigeria. The country is, for example, a majorproducer of sheabutter and sheanuts which are obtained from the tree Vittelaria paradoxa(synonym Butyrospermum parkii). Traditionally, sheanuts are used as medicine as well as infoods; the pulp is eaten fresh; and the butter, extracted from the seeds, is used for frying andsauces. In Europe, North America and Asia sheanut butter is almost entirely used in the foodindustry (e.g. chocolate, candies, margarine) (FAO, 1993).

284


Food

Edible forest plant species are important supplements to staple foods especially during seasonal food shortages. Forty-two species of fruit trees, 20 species of vegetable plants, 12 species of spices, 16 species of mushrooms, 14 species of edible seed-bearing plants, three species of oil trees and six species of alcoholic plants were identified to be used in Nigeria (FAO, 1999).

The high prices paid on local and regional markets for forest fruits (e.g. Oacryodes edulis), seeds (e.g. Afzelia africana) and vegetables (e.g. Gnetum africanum) in comparison to the prices of cultivated species reflect their popularity as well as the high demand and relative scarcity of these forest resources (FAO, 1990).

The consumption of medicinal plants as food items in the savannah areas of Nigeria was documented by Etkin and Ross (1994). The conclusions from the study were that: (a) almost all plants in the wild used as food also appear in the list of plants used for traditional medicine; (b) because the plants play dual roles, the plants were abundant in the hitherto populated and heavily cultivated areas; and (c) the conservation of the species was ensured by the two user groups through cultivation.

The fruits of the bush mango Irvingia gabonensis are one important Nigerian forest plant food, particularly exploited in southern Nigeria. Out of 171 indigenous woody plants of economic importance within the forest zone of Nigeria, Irvingia gabonensis ranks amongst the five principal fruit trees which occur as tree outside forests on traditional farm land (Okafor, 1980). The fruits are eaten raw in the rainy season and the seeds are used for the preparation of sauces and soups. Both are an important source of fats. Their consumption is estimated at 3.2 to 14.1 kg/year/household. I. gabonensis is consumed in rural areas, but demand in urban centres is increasing. The total national demand is estimated to reach 78 800 t, 80 percent of which is coming from the southern parts of Nigeria (FAO, 1990). Collection is done by men, processing and trade by women (Falconer, 1990).

Other popular fruit trees are Spondias mombin, Parkia clapertoniana, Treculia africana, Chrysophylfum albidum and Oacryodes edulis. Fruits of most of these trees mature with the early rains during the crop-planting season (Falconer, 1990; Youngs, 1989). Due to the popularity of fruits, the incorporation of fruit trees in agroforestry land-use systems is increasing. In compound farms in southeastern Nigeria, farmers have included a variety of trees and shrubs in a multi-crop system; of these, 60 species provide food products. This ensures a balanced diet but also reduces the need for storage in an area where post-harvest losses are high (FAO, 1995).

Fruits of Elaeis guineensis and Raphia sp. are used for the production of palm wine, which is commonly sold on local markets (FAO, 1990).

Vegetables that are obtained from the leaves of forest trees include Pterocarpus sp., Myrianthus arboreus and Ceiba pentandra. They are highly valued because they flush at the end of the dry season, providing food during the period of food shortage (Falconer, 1990).

Nuts are NWFP of particular importance in Nigeria. The country is, for example, a major producer of sheabutter and sheanuts which are obtained from the tree Vittelaria paradoxa (synonym Butyrospermum parkii). Traditionally, sheanuts are used as medicine as well as in foods; the pulp is eaten fresh; and the butter, extracted from the seeds, is used for frying and sauces. In Europe, North America and Asia sheanut butter is almost entirely used in the food industry (e.g. chocolate, candies, margarine) (FAO, 1993).

284

Another important nut sold on the national market is the cola nut (Co/a acuminata, C. nitidia).Cola nuts are heavily traded from the humid southern regions to the arid northern zones.Trade brings high profit but requires high initial investments (Falconer, 1990).

The oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) is probably the most widely exploited forest species in WestAfrica. In southeast Nigeria, 89 percent of the population consumes palm oil, derived fromthe plant's fruits and kernels. In this region, palm-oil processing is one of the most lucrativeactivities for women. The sap is used for the production of wine and alcohol. In 1982, theNigerians consumed an estimated 27 g/person/day of palm oil and 69 g/caput/day of palmwine (Falconer, 1990). These palm products account for 10 percent of the total energyconsumed in West African diets and are an important source of vitamin A (FAO, 1990). Inaddition, fibres derived from E. guineensis are used as utensils for food storage andtransport, as well as for mat and bag manufacture.

MedicinesOver 90 percent of the Nigerians in rural areas and about 40 percent of the population livingin urban areas depend partly or wholly on traditional medicines (Osemeobo, 1993).

Many trees and shrubs in Nigeria have medicinal values (Youngs, 1989). According toOdebiyi (1990), two-thirds of the health care practitioners in Nigeria are traditional healers.The Government of Nigeria officially recognizes traditional healers as health care providerswithin the country. Besides, many village people have knowledge on a significant number ofwidely used medicinal plants.

A study in lbadan has shown that urban centres are areas where traditional medicine iswidely practised (Cunningham, 1997). By a way of example, in Benin City the ratio oftraditional medical practitioners to number of inhabitants is 1:110 in comparison to a"western" medical doctor to number of people ratio of 1:16 400 (Cunningham,1993).

Chewsticks are probably the most widely used medicinal plant. Since toothpasteconsumption is still low, chewing sticks provide dental health care for most of the population.The most important species are Garcinia afzelii and G. mannii (Cunningham, 1993).

Utensils, handicrafts and construction materialsImportant NWFP used as utensils, handicrafts and construction material include:

Rattan;Leaves of Elaeis guineensis and Raphia sp. and others used for food storage, transport,mat and bag manufacture, as well as leaves of Marantochloa flexuosa used for ropes;andThatch (e.g. Raphia regalis).

ExudatesNigeria probably is the second world supplier of gum arabic with an annual production of4 000-10 000 t (Nour, 1995). Gum is basically produced from Acacia senegal and A. seyal innorthern Nigeria, north of latitude 12°N. Despite large A. senegal afforestation schemes,most of the gum is produced from natural growing stands by tapping (A. senegal), as well asby natural exudates (A. seyal). Collection is done by men, women and children and anorganized extension system on collection does not exist (Nour, 1995). A recent report(FORMECU, 1997) indicates that a family can harvest a quantity equivalent to a value ofabout Naigarian Naira (NGN) 80 000 per annum.65 The result depends on the number ofindividuals that work for the family.

285

65 NGN 10 = US$ 2.2, average rate of exchange in 1997.

Another important nut sold on the national market is the cola nut (Cola acuminata, C. nitidia). Cola nuts are heavily traded from the humid southern regions to the arid northern zones. Trade brings high profit but requires high initial investments (Falconer, 1990).

The oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) is probably the most widely exploited forest species in West Africa. In southeast Nigeria, 89 percent of the population consumes palm oil, derived from the plant's fruits and kernels. In this region, palm-oil processing is one of the most lucrative activities for women. The sap is used for the production of wine and alcohol. In 1982, the Nigerians consumed an estimated 27 g/person/day of palm oil and 69 g/caput/day of palm wine (Falconer, 1990). These palm products account for 10 percent of the total energy consumed in West African diets and are an important source of vitamin A (FAO, 1990). In addition, fibres derived from E. guineensis are used as utensils for food storage and transport, as well as for mat and bag manufacture.

Medicines Over 90 percent of the Nigerians in rural areas and about 40 percent of the population living in urban areas depend partly or wholly on traditional medicines (Osemeobo, 1993).

Many trees and shrubs in Nigeria have medicinal values (Youngs, 1989). According to Odebiyi (1990), two-thirds of the health care practitioners in Nigeria are traditional healers. The Government of Nigeria officially recognizes traditional healers as health care providers within the country. Besides, many village people have knowledge on a significant number of widely used medicinal plants.

A study in Ibadan has shown that urban centres are areas where traditional medicine is widely practised (Cunningham, 1997). By a way of example, in Benin City the ratio of traditional medical practitioners to number of inhabitants is 1: 11 0 in comparison to a "western" medical doctor to number of people ratio of 1: 16 400 (Cunningham,1993).

Chewsticks are probably the most widely used medicinal plant. Since toothpaste consumption is still low, chewing sticks provide dental health care for most of the population. The most important species are Garcinia afzelii and G. mannii (Cunningham, 1993).


Important NWFP used as utensils, handicrafts and construction material include: • Rattan; • Leaves of Elaeis guineensis and Raphia sp. and others used for food storage, transport,

mat and bag manufacture, as well as leaves of Marantochloa flexuosa used for ropes; and

• Thatch (e.g. Raphia rega/is).

Exudates Nigeria probably is the second world supplier of gum arabic with an annual production of 4000-10000 t (Nour, 1995). Gum is basically produced from Acacia senegal and A. seyal in northern Nigeria, north of latitude 12°N. Despite large A. senegal afforestation schemes, most of the gum is produced from natural growing stands by tapping (A. senegal), as well as by natural exudates (A. seyan. Collection is done by men, women and children and an organized extension system on collection does not exist (Nour, 1995). A recent report (FORMECU, 1997) indicates that a family can harvest a quantity equivalent to a value of about Naigarian Naira (NGN) 80 000 per annum.55 The result depends on the number of individuals that work for the family.

65 NGN 10 = US$ 2.2, average rate of exchange in 1997.

285

Other exudates exploited in Nigeria include:Gum combretum obtained from Combretum nigaricans in northern Nigeria;Boswellia spp. resins used in the perfume industry;Various latices used in the leather industry.

ANIMALS AND ANIMAL PRODUCTSThe faunal products are in form of worms, insects, frogs, reptiles, molluscs, mammals andbirds.

BushmeatIn Nigeria, wildlife is highly valued as food (Federal Department of Forestry, 1990). In thesouthern regions about 80 percent of the population consumes bushmeat. In this region,bushmeat provides 20 percent of the animal protein requirements (FAO, 1997).

The quantity of bushmeat consumed depends on the conditions of the surrounding forestresources:

In a densely populated region with few forests, bushmeat constitutes only 7 percent of thetotal meat consumed.In the forested regions it accounts for the major part of the meat consumed (>80%).

FAO (1997) quotes a study which compared the utilization of bushmeat in the rainforest,deciduous forest and savannah of Nigeria. The study concluded that:

A total of 1 263 000 t per month of bushmeat (excluding elephants) were harvested by thefarmers during the rainy season.Most of the bushmeat was hunted in the savannah region (696 000 t or 56%), followed bythe rainforest (385 000 t or 30%) and the deciduous forest region (183 000 t or 14%).Small animals (mainly grasscutter, giant rats, squirrels) were the most abundant ones. Inthe rainforest region, farmers commonly harvested snails, squirrels, giant rats, guineafowls, bats, cane rats, porcupines and duikers. In the deciduous forest regions a greaternumbers of cane rats, bats guinea fowl and snails were harvested (FAO, 1990).Bushbucks and duikers were the main large animals harvested in all three ecologicalregions.

Table 1. Wildlife production in three ecological zones in Nigeria

Source: FAO (1997), quoting Adeola & Decker (1987)

Due to increasing consumer demand and dwindling supplies, prices for bushmeat areincreasing drastically. In most cases the price of bushmeat is higher than domestic meatprices (FAO, 1990)

286

Savannahregion

Deciduousforest region

Rainforestregion

Species Monthly quantity of bushmeat harvested byfarmers during the rainy season, in kg

Big game, excluding elephants(e.g. duikers, bushbuck, antelopes)

578.1 120.6 318.4

Small game (e.g. grasscutters, giantrats, porcupines, squirrels, pangolins)

105.4 55.4 61.9

Game birds (e.g. Guinea fowls,francolins)

12.5 6.9 0.4

Estimated number of farmers 855 069 723 808 1 008 208

Other exudates exploited in Nigeria include: • Gum combretum obtained from Combretum nigaricans in northern Nigeria; • Boswellia spp. resins used in the perfume industry; • Various latices used in the leather industry.


The faunal products are in form of worms, insects, frogs, reptiles, molluscs, mammals and birds.

Bushmeat In Nigeria, wildlife is highly valued as food (Federal Department of Forestry, 1990). In the southern regions about 80 percent of the population consumes bush meat. In this region, bushmeat provides 20 percent of the animal protein requirements (FAO, 1997).

The quantity of bush meat consumed depends on the conditions of the surrounding forest resources: • In a densely populated region with few forests, bushmeat constitutes only 7 percent of the

total meat consumed. • In the forested regions it accounts for the major part of the meat consumed (>80%).

FAO (1997) quotes a study which compared the utilization of bushmeat in the rainforest, deciduous forest and savannah of Nigeria. The study concluded that: • A total of 1 263000 t per month of bushmeat (excluding elephants) were harvested by the

farmers during the rainy season. • Most of the bushmeat was hunted in the savannah region (696 000 t or 56%), followed by

the rainforest (385 000 t or 30%) and the deciduous forest region (183 000 t or 14%). • Small animals (mainly grasscutter, giant rats, squirrels) were the most abundant ones. In

the rainforest region, farmers commonly harvested snails, squirrels, giant rats, guinea fowls, bats, cane rats, porcupines and duikers. In the deciduous forest regions a greater numbers of cane rats, bats guinea fowl and snails were harvested (FAO, 1990).

• Bushbucks and duikers were the main large animals harvested in all three ecological regions.

Table 1. Wildlife production in three ecological zones in Nigeria Savannah Deciduous Rainforest region forest region region

Species Monthly quantity of bush meat harvested by farmers during the rainy season, in kg

Big game, excluding elephants 578.1 120.6 318.4 (e.g. duikers, bushbuck, antelopes)

Small game (e.g. grasscutters, giant rats, porcupines, squirrels, pangolins)

Game birds (e.g. Guinea fowls, francolins)

105.4 55.4

12.5 6.9

Estimated number of farmers 855 069 723 808 Source: FAO (1997), quoting Adeola & Decker (1987)

61.9

0.4

1 008208

Due to increasing consumer demand and dwindling supplies, prices for bushmeat are increasing drastically. In most cases the price of bushmeat is higher than domestic meat prices (FAO, 1990)

286

MedicinesAnimals are not only consumed as bushmeat but are also used as medicine in traditionalhealth care. FAO (1997) documents the utilization of 23 species of wild animals (16mammals, six reptiles and one bird species) used for healing and as preventive medicine, 34species used in fertility treatments and 33 species used as aphrodisiac.

REFERENCESAdjanohoun, E. et al. 1991. Traditional medicine and pharmacopoeia. Contribution to

Ethnobotanical and Floristic Studies in Western Nigeria, 420 pp.Agbelusi, E.A. & Ejidike, B.N. 1990. Utilization of the African giant land snail (Archachatina

marginata) in the humid area of Nigeria, 8 pp.Anigbogu, N.M. undated. Nature's gifts: Improving trees and shrubs around the world.

Ricinodendron heudelotii in Nigeria. In Agroforestry Today 8(2): 18-19.Cunningham, A.B. 1996. Saturniid subsidy: Cash and protein from edible caterpillars of

Zambesians woodlands. In B. Campbell, ed. The Miombo in transition: Woodlandsand welfare in Africa. Bogor, CIFOR.

Cunningham, A.B. 1997. An Africa-wide overview of medicinal plant harvesting,conservation and health care. In Global Initiative for Traditional Systems of Health &FAO, eds. Medicinal plants for forest conservation and health care. Non-wood ForestProducts Series No. 11. Rome.

Dutfield, G. 1997. Between a rock and a hard place: Indigenous peoples, nation states andthe multinationals. In Global Initiative for Traditional Systems of Health & FAO, eds.Medicinal plants for forest conservation and health care. Non-wood Forest ProductsSeries No. 11. Rome.

Etkin & Ross, P.J. 1994. Pharmacological implication of wild plants in Hausa diet. Tucson,University of Arizona Press, pp. 85-101.

Falconer, J. 1990. "Hungry season" food from the forest. In Unasylva, 41(160): 14-19.FAO. 1990. The major significance of minor forest products. The local use and value of

forests in the Western African humid forest zones, by J. Falconer. Rome.FAO. 1993. International trade in NWFP. An overview, by M. lqbal. FAO Working Paper

FO:Misc/93/11. Rome.FAO 1995. NWFP and nutrition. In FAO, ed. Report of the international expert consultation

on NWFP. Non-wood Forest Products Series No. 3. Rome.FAO. 1997 Wildlife and food security in Africa, by Y. Ntiamoa-Baidu. FAO Conservation

Guide No. 33. RomeFAO. 1999. The NWFP of Nigeria, by G.J. Oseombo & G. Ujor. EC-FAO Partnership

Programme, Project GCP/INT/679/EC Rome.Federal Department of Forestry. 1990. National progress report on forestry and wildlife.

10th World Forestry Congress, Paris. AbujaFORM ECU. 1997. A study on non-timber forest products in Wada Taye Forest Research of

Bomo State.Masood, E. 1998. Old scores surface as African states face new opportunities. In Nature

392: 540.NAERLS. 1992. Trees and shrubs species for fodder in Nigeria. Extension Bulletin 57(3):1-

27Nour, H.O.A. 1995. Quality control of gum arabic. Mission report. Karthoum.Obot, E. A. 1996. Ethnobotanic survey of Okwangwo Division of Cross River National Park.

Workshop on the rainforest of Southeastern Nigeria,16 pp.Odebiyi, A.L. 1990. Western trained nurses assessment of the different categories of

traditional healers in southwestern Nigeria. Nit J Nurse Stud. 27(4): 333-342Osemeobo, G.J. 1992a. Land Use Issues on Wild Plant Conservation in Nigeria. Jour. of

Env. Mang. 36: 17-26

287

Medicines

Animals are not only consumed as bushmeat but are also used as medicine in traditional health care. FAO (1997) documents the utilization of 23 species of wild animals (16 mammals, six reptiles and one bird species) used for healing and as preventive medicine, 34 species used in fertility treatments and 33 species used as aphrodisiac.

REFERENCES

Adjanohoun, E. et al. 1991. Traditional medicine and pharmacopoeia. Contribution to Ethnobotanical and Floristic Studies in Western Nigeria, 420 pp.

Agbelusi, E.A. & Ejidike, B.N. 1990. Utilization of the African giant land snail (Archachatina marginata) in the humid area of Nigeria, 8 pp.

Anigbogu, N.M. undated. Nature's gifts: Improving trees and shrubs around the world. Ricinodendron heudelotii in Nigeria. In Agroforestry Today 8(2): 18-19.

Cunningham, A.B. 1996. Saturniid subsidy: Cash and protein from edible caterpillars of Zambesians woodlands. In B. Campbell, ed. The Miombo in transition: Woodlands and welfare in Africa. Bogor, CIFOR.

Cunningham, A.B. 1997. An Africa-wide overview of medicinal plant harvesting, conservation and health care. In Global Initiative for Traditional Systems of Health & FAO, eds. Medicinal plants for forest conservation and health care. Non-wood Forest Products Series No. 11. Rome.

Outfield, G. 1997. Between a rock and a hard place: Indigenous peoples, nation states and the mUltinationals. In Global Initiative for Traditional Systems of Health & FAO, eds. Medicinal plants for forest conservation and health care. Non-wood Forest Products Series No. 11. Rome.

Etkin & Ross, P.J. 1994. Pharmacological implication of wild plants in Hausa diet. Tucson, University of Arizona Press, pp. 85-101.

Falconer, J. 1990. "Hungry season" food from the forest. In Unasylva, 41(160): 14-19. FAO. 1990. The major significance of minor forest products. The local use and value of

forests in the Western African humid forest zones, by J. Falconer. Rome. FAO. 1993. International trade in NWFP. An overview, by M. Iqbal. FAO Working Paper

FO:Misc/93/11. Rome. FAO 1995. NWFP and nutrition. In FAO, ed. Report of the international expert consultation

on NWFP. Non-wood Forest Products Series No.3. Rome. FAO. 1997 Wildlife and food security in Africa, by Y. Ntiamoa-Baidu. FAO Conservation

Guide No. 33. Rome FAO. 1999. The NWFP of Nigeria, by G.J. Oseombo & G. Ujor. EC-FAO Partnership

Programme, Project GCP/INT/679/EC Rome. Federal Department of Forestry. 1990. National progress report on forestry and wildlife.

10th World Forestry Congress, Paris. Abuja FORMECU. 1997. A study on non-timber forest products in Wada Taye Forest Research of

Borno State. Masood, E. 1998. Old scores surface as African states face new opportunities. In Nature

392: 540. NAERLS. 1992. Trees and shrubs species for fodder in Nigeria. Extension Bulletin 57(3): 1-

27 Nour, H.O.A. 1995. Quality control of gum arabic. Mission report. Karthoum. Obot, E. A. 1996. Ethnobotanic survey of Okwangwo Division of Cross River National Park.

Workshop on the rainforest of Southeastern Nigeria, 16 pp. Odebiyi, A.L. 1990. Western trained nurses assessment of the different categories of

traditional healers in southwestern Nigeria. Nit J Nurse Stud. 27(4): 333-342 Osemeobo, G.J. 1992a. Land Use Issues on Wild Plant Conservation in Nigeria. Jour. of

Env. Mang. 36: 17-26

287

Osemeobo, G.J. 1993. The Hazards of Rural Poverty: Decline in Common PropertyResources in Nigerian Rainforest Ecosystem. Jour. of Env. Mang., 38: 201-212

Osemeobo, G.J. 1994. The Role of Folklore in Environmental Conservation. Evidence fromEdo State. Nigeria Int. Jour. of Sust. Dev. and World Eco., 1: 48-55.

Osemeobo, G.J. 1996. Natural resources management and in situ plant geneticconservation in Nigerian arid zones. International Plant Genetic Resources InstituteKenya, 144 pp.

Osemeobo, G.J. 1998. Community participation in bioderversity conservation: A case studyof Community Herbal Heritage Center Otun Ekiti southwest Nigeria. Abuja, FEPA.

Osemeobo, G.J. 1999. An Impact Assessment of Cultural Practices on in situ Conservationof Oil Palms in Nigeria. Jour. of For., 28 (in press)

Reis, M.S. 1995. Resource development for NWFP. In FAO, ed. Report of the internationalexpert consultation on NWFP. Non-wood Forest Products Series No. 3. Rome.

Youngs, R.L. 1989. African Workshop, Abidjan. International Union of Forestry ResearchOrganizations.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTThis report has been realized thanks to the funding of the ECFAO Partnership Programme"Data Collection and Analysis for Sustainable Forest Management in ACP Countries". Thecontent is based on available information at FAO Headquarters in Rome, as well as oninformation provided by Mr J. Gbadebo and Mr G.Ujor, Federal Department of Forestry,Nigeria.

Additional information on NWFP in Nigeria would be appreciated and duly acknowledged.

288

Osemeobo, G.J. 1993. The Hazards of Rural Poverty: Decline in Common Property Resources in Nigerian Rainforest Ecosystem. Jour. of Env. Mang., 38: 201-212

Osemeobo, G.J. 1994. The Role of Folklore in Environmental Conservation. Evidence from Edo State. Nigeria Int. Jour. of Sust. Dev. and World Eco., 1: 48-55.

Osemeobo, G.J. 1996. Natural resources management and in situ plant genetic conservation in Nigerian arid zones. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute Kenya, 144 pp.

Osemeobo, G.J. 1998. Community participation in bioderversity conservation: A case study of Community Herbal Heritage Center Otun -Ekiti southwest Nigeria. Abuja, FEPA.

Osemeobo, G.J. 1999. An Impact Assessment of Cultural Practices on in situ Conservation of Oil Palms in Nigeria. Jour. of For., 28 (in press)

Reis, M.S. 1995. Resource development for NWFP. In FAO, ed. Report of the international expert consultation on NWFP. Non-wood Forest Products Series No.3. Rome.

Youngs, R.L. 1989. African Workshop, Abidjan. International Union of Forestry Research Organizations.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This report has been realized thanks to the funding of the EC-FAO Partnership Programme "Data Collection and Analysis for Sustainable Forest Management in ACP Countries". The content is based on available information at FAO Headquarters in Rome, as well as on information provided by Mr J. Gbadebo and Mr G.Ujor, Federal Department of Forestry, Nigeria.

Additional information on NWFP in Nigeria would be appreciated and duly acknowledged.

288

QUANTITATIVE DATA ON NWFP OF NIGERIA



289


Generic terrnSpecies Part


1, 2, 3 F, P, 0 W, C N, I

Plants and plant products ÌFood 1 Bush mango Irvingia

gabonensisfr F, 0 W N Annual national demand

is 78 800 t (FAO, 1990)80% of demand insouthern NigeriaSecond supplier on theworld market

FAO, 1990

Nour, 1995Exudates 1 Gum arabic Acacia senegal,A. seyal, A. spp.

gu F, (P) W, (C) I Annual production4000-10 000 t (Nour,1995)

Animals and animal productsHides, skins ? Export value amounted

to US$4 400 000 in 1965(Falconer, 1990)

Falconer, 1990

QUANTITATIVE DATA ON NWFP OF NIGERIA


I Remarks


I Plants and plant eroducts Food 1 Bush mango Irvingia fr F,O W N Annual national demand 80% of demand in

gabonensis is 78 800 t (FAO, 1990) southern Nigeria Exudates 1 Gum arabic Acacia senegal, gu F, (P) W,(C) I Annual production Second supplier on the

A. seyal, A. spp. 4 000-10 000 t (Nour, world market 1995)

Animals and animal products Hides, skins



? Export value amounted to US$4 400 000 in 1965 (Falconer, 1990)

1- high importance on the national level; 2 - high importance on the local/regional level; 3 -low importance an - entire animal; ba - bark; bw - beeswax; Ie - leaves; nu - nuts; fi - fibres; fI - flowers; fr - fruits; gu - gums; ho - honey; la -latex; oi - oil; pi - entire plant; re - resins; ro - roots; sa - sap; se - seeds; st - stem; ta - tannins F - natural forest or other wooded lands; P - plantation; 0 - others: trees outside forests (e.g. agroforestry, homegardens) W - wild, C - cultivated N - national; I - international

289

I

I References

I I

FAO,1990

Nour, 1995

Falconer, 1990

3.6.13 Sénégal (F)

INTRODUCTION

Principaux Produits Forestiers Non LigneuxLes principaux produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL) du Sénégal sont les plantesalimentaires (e.g. Parkia biglobosa, Adansonia digitata, Vitellaria paradoxa, Tamarindusindica, Ziziphus maritiana, Borassus aethiopium, Saba senegalensis, Detarium senegalensis,Borassus senegalensis); les fourrages (par ex. Acacia senegal, Acacia raddiana, Acaciaseyal, Balanites aegyptiaca) et les gommes (par ex. Acacia senegal, Sterculia setigera), ainsique les animaux vivants (par ex. Oena capensis, Strptopelia senegalensis, Vidua macroura,Poicephalus senegalus, Psittacus erithacus et Serinus mozambicus).

Autres PFNL de moindre importance socio-économique comprennent le bambou(Oxythenantera abissinica), les plantes médicinales (e.g. Cassia siberiana, Khayasenegalensis, Cola nitida) et les tannins d'Acacia nilotica.

Informations générales"En 1990, la valeur commerciale des produits enregistrés au poste de contrôle de Bargny, àl'entrée de Dakar, était de 2 milliards de FCFA66, contre 1.3 milliard en 1989. En y ajoutant lapart écoulée dans les autres marchés, les noix d'anacarde et la consommation locale, cesproduits représenteraient une valeur globale de l'ordre de dix à vingt milliards de FCFA paran" (PAF, 1993). La part des PFNL tourne autour de 30% des recettes forestières issues del'exploitation contrôlée (Ref, 1991).

En termes quantitatifs, les PFNL les plus importants sont les fruits divers, avec 4 239 t, suivisdes gommes Mbep (1 423 t) et arabique (340 t). L'huile et le vin de palme sont les produitsliquides les plus importants, avec une production annuelle de 45 500 litres et 1 080 litresrespectivement (productions contrôlées) (PAF, 1993).

Dans de nombreuses zones du pays, les peuplements naturels forestiers sont en constantedégradation et les PFNL, comme les plantes comestibles, deviennent de plus en plus rares(FAO, 1999) .


NourritureLa noix d'anarcarde (Anacardium occidentale) provient principalement des plantations desrégions de Fatick, Ziguinchor et Kolda. Le potentiel du Sénégal en anacardier est estimé àenviron 2 131 000 pieds. La productivité, qui est fonction de l'âge, passe de 0,5 kg par an àl'âge de 3-4 ans, à plus de 4 kg par an à partir de dix ans. Sur la base d'une productivitémoyenne de 2,8 kg par arbre, le potentiel annuel actuel peut ètre évalué à 5 970 tonnes.

La production est essentiellement exportée vers l'Inde, mais les Etats-Unis constitue encorele plus grand consommateur du monde. II représente 65% du marché mondial, suivi del'Europe. Le taux de croissance de la demande mondiale est de 3,4% par an, soit 11 000tonnes (PAF, 1993).


290

3.6.13 Senegal (F)

INTRODUCTION

Principaux Produits Forestiers Non ligneux

Les principaux produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL) du Senegal sont les plantes alimentaires (e.g. Parkia biglobosa, Adansonia digitata, Vitel/aria paradoxa, Tamarindus indica, Ziziphus maritiana, Borassus aethiopium, Saba senegalensis, Detarium senegalensis, Borassus senegalensis); les fourrages (par ex. Acacia senegal, Acacia raddiana, Acacia seyal, Balanites aegyptiaca) et les gommes (par ex. Acacia senegal, Sterculia setigera), ainsi que les animaux vivants (par ex. Gena capensis, Strptopelia senegalensis, Vidua macroura, Poicephalus senegalus, Psittacus erithacus et Serinus mozambicus).

Autres PFNL de moindre importance socio-economique comprennent Ie bambou (Gxythenantera abissinica), les plantes medicinales (e.g. Cassia siberiana, Khaya senegalensis, Cola nitida) et les tannins d'Acacia nilotica.


"En 1990, la valeur commerciale des produits enregistres au poste de controle de Bargny, a I'entree de Dakar, eta it de 2 milliards de FCFA66

, contre 1.3 milliard en 1989. En y ajoutant la part ecoulee dans les autres marches, les noix d'anacarde et la consommation locale, ces produits representeraient une valeur globale de I'ordre de dix a vingt milliards de FCFA par an" (PAF, 1993). La part des PFNL tourne aut~ur de 30% des recettes forestieres issues de I'exploitation controlee (Itef, 1991).

En termes quantitatifs, les PFNL les plus importants sont les fruits divers, avec 4 239 t, suivis des gommes Mbep (1 423 t) et arabique (340 t). L'huile et Ie Yin de palme sont les produits liquides les plus importants, avec une production annuelle de 45 500 litres et 1 080 litres respectivement (productions controlees) (PAF,1993).

Dans de nombreuses zones dupays, les peuplements naturels forestiers sont en constante degradation et les PFNL, comme les plantes comestibles, deviennent de plus en plus rares (FAG, 1999) .


Nourriture La noix d'anarcarde (Anacardium occidentale) provient principalement des plantations des regions de Fatick, Ziguinchor et Kolda. Le potentiel du Senegal en anacardier est estime a environ 2 131 000 pieds. La productivite, qui est fonction de I'age, passe de 0,5 kg par an a I'age de 3-4 ans, a plus de 4 kg par an a partir de dix ans. Sur la base d'une productivite moyenne de 2,8 kg par arbre, Ie potentiel annuel actuel peut etre evalue a 5 970 tonnes.

La production est essentiellement exportee vers l'lnde, mais les Etats-Unis constitue encore Ie plus grand consommateur du monde. II represente 65% du marche mondial, suivi de l'Europe. Le taux de croissance de la demande mondiale est de 3,4% par an, soit 11 000 tonnes (PAF, 1993).


290

ExsudatsLa gomme arabique est utilisée dans l'industrie de la confiserie, de l'alimentation et desproduits pharmaceutiques. Elle permet une meilleure conservation des produits, en évitant ladéformation et en diminuant les altérations.

Elle est produite par les formations naturelles et les plantations appartenant à la moitié Norddu pays. La production nationale, qui représentait 7 percent de la production mondiale, anettement régressé depuis le début des années 1970, suite à la grande sécheresse qui afortement affecté les écosystèmes sahéliens. Cette baisse a également eu lieu au niveaumondial, où les exportations sont passées de 60 000 tonnes en 1960 à 38 000 tonnes en1974-75, et finalement à 25 000 tonnes en 1980.

Actuellement, le niveau des exportations du Sénégal varie entre 500 et 800 tonnes par an.Le prix de la gomme non triée oscille entre 500 et 1 200 FCFA par kg sur le marché dakarois.Le pays possède encore un important potentiel de gommier (A. senegal) dans la moitié Nord.Les collecteurs sont indépendants et travaillent en fonction des conditions du marché et deleurs besoins financiers (PAF, 1993).

La production de la gomme Mbep, qui est tirée de Sterculia setigera, provientessentiellement des régions de Kaolack, de Tambacounda et de lolda. La quantité écouléesur le marché de Dakar connaTt une croissance vertigineuse, passant de 358 tonnes en 1981à 1 054 tonnes en 1989, puis à 1 423 tonnes en 1990 (PAF, 1993).

ANIMAUX ET PRODUITS ANIMAUXL'utilisation connmerciale de la faune et des produits de la faune au Sénégal est une industrieimportante qui travaille principalement pour la demande d'outre-mer en oiseaux vivants; lademande locale et de la part des touristes d'outre-mer en produits dérivant des peaux deserpents, lézards et crocodiles; et l'utilisation et la commercialisation locales des produits dela faune comme bijoux, vêtements, accessoires, ainsi que pour des fins médicinales etreligieuses.

Animaux vivantsLa valeur annuelle de la commercialisation des oiseaux de cage du Sénégal a été estimée à500 000 dollars E.-U. en 1981. Les conséquences de l'exploitation des ressources animalessur la population des espèces concernées restent inconnues. II est certain que la chasse etl'utilisation domestique des animaux ne sont pas enregistrées officiellement, et que lamortalité des oiseaux de cage entre leur capture et leur livraison aux exportateurs à Dakarest très significative.

Au Sénégal, des permis d'exportation, d'exploitation/capture et des contingents annuels pourl'exportation des oiseaux de cage sont des moyens pour assurer une exploitation durabledes espèces faunesques. Malheureusement, c'est l'application de ces contrôles qui estinsuffisante. Le nombre d'oiseaux autorisé pour l'exportation a dépassé plusieurs fois lescontingents prévus, et, de plus, la quantité des oiseaux exportée n'est pas contrôléeconvenablement sur une base annuelle (Bosch et a/. ,1990).

REFERENCESBosch, M., Dieng, N., Dia, E. 1990. Senegal Forestry Action Plan: Wildlife Resources.

Ministry of Water and Rural Development. Rep. of Senegal/FAO.FAO. 1995. Role of Acacia Species in the Rural Economy of Dry Africa and the Near East.

FAO Conservation Guide, 27.FAO/PNUD. 1992. Programme de Développement Intégré du Village de Mbaniou et de ses

Terroirs de la Zone d'Elevage Attenante. Projet SEN/87/027.

291

Exsudats La gomme arabique est utilisee dans I'industrie de la confiserie, de I'alimentation et des produits pharmaceutiques. Elle permet une meilleure conservation des produits, en evitant la deformation et en diminuant les alterations.

Elle est produite par les formations naturelles et les plantations appartenant a la moitie Nord du pays. La production nationale, qui representait 7 percent de la production mondiale, a nettement regresse depuis Ie debut des annees 1970, suite a la grande secheresse qui a fortement affecte les ecosystemes saheliens. Cette baisse a egalement eu lieu au niveau mondial, ou les exportations sont passees de 60 000 tonnes en 1960 a 38 000 tonnes en 1974-75, et finalement a 25 000 tonnes en 1980.

Actuellement, Ie niveau des exportations du Senegal varie entre 500 et 800 tonnes par an. Le prix de la gomme non triee oscille entre 500 et 1 200 FCFA par kg sur Ie marche dakarois. Le pays possede encore un important potentiel de gommier (A. senegal) dans la moitie Nord. Les collecteurs sont independants et travaillent en fonction des conditions du marche et de leurs besoins financiers (PAF, 1993).

La production de la gomme Mbep, qui est tiree de Sterculia setigera, provient essentiellement des regions de Kaolack, de Tambacounda et de lolda. La quantite ecoulee sur Ie marche de Dakar connait une croissance vertigineuse, passant de 358 tonnes en 1981 a 1 054 tonnes en 1989, puis a 1 423 tonnes en 1990 (PAF, 1993).


L'utilisation commerciale de la faune et des produits de la faune au Senegal est une industrie importante qui travaille principalement pour la demande d'outre-mer en oiseaux vivants; la demande locale et de la part des touristes d'outre-mer en produits derivant des peaux de serpents, lezards et crocodiles; et I'utilisation et la commercialisation locales des produits de la faune comme bijoux, vetements, accessoires, ainsi que pour des fins medicinales et religieuses.

Animaux vivants

La valeur annuelle de la commercialisation des oiseaux de cage du Senegal a ete estimee a 500 000 dollars E.-U. en 1981. Les consequences de I'exploitation des ressources animales sur la population des especes concernees restent inconnues. II est certain que la chasse et I'utilisation domestique des animaux ne sont pas enregistrees officiellement, et que la mortalite des oiseaux de cage entre leur capture et leur livraison aux exportateurs a Dakar est tres significative.

Au Senegal, des permis d'exportation, d'exploitation/capture et des contingents annuels pour I'exportation des oiseaux de cage sont des moyens pour assurer une exploitation durable des especes faunesques. Malheureusement, c'est I'application de ces contr61es qui est insuffisante. Le nombre d'oiseaux autorise pour I'exportation a depasse plusieurs fois les contingents prevus, et, de plus, la quantite des oiseaux exportee n'est pas contr61ee convenablement sur une base annuelle (Bosch et al., 1990).

REFERENCES

Bosch, M., Dieng, N., Dia, E. 1990. Senegal Forestry Action Plan: Wildlife Resources. Ministry of Water and Rural Development. Rep. of Senegal/FAO.

FAO. 1995. Role of Acacia Species in the Rural Economy of Dry Africa and the Near East. FAO Conservation Guide, 27.

FAO/PNUD. 1992. Programme de Developpement Integre du Vii/age de Mbaniou et de ses Terroirs de la Zone d'Elevage Attenante. Projet SEN/87/027.

291

FAO. 1999. Importance des PFNL dans la sécurité alimentaire au Sénégal. Rapportpreliminaire. Accra

Ref, S.M. 1991. Séminaire sur les Statistiques Forestières en Afrique. FAO. Thies, Senegal.Ministère de l'Environnement et de la Protection de la Nature, Ministère de

l'Agriculture. 1998. Ressources Génétiques Forestières: Rapport National duSéné gal.

Ministère du Développement. 1990. Rapport National sur les Activités Forestières Rural etde l'Hydraulique. Direction des Eaux, Foréts, Chasses et de la Conservation desSols.

Ndiaye, D. 1992. Programme Cadre II: Protection de l'Environnement et Promotion duDéveloppement Durable: Etude Sectorielle sur l'Agroforesterie. Ministère del'Economie, des Finances et du Plan (M.E.F.P), PNUD, FAO.

Plan d'Action Forestier (PAF). 1993. Ministère du Développement Rural et de l'Hydraulique(Rép. du Senegal), Dakar.

Sall, A. 1988. Environnement Socio-Culturel et Socio- Economique de la For& Classée deDabo. PN U D.

REMERCIEMENTS

Ce rapport a été realise grâce au financement du Programme de Partenariat CE-FAO«Collecte et analyse des données pour un aménagement durable de la forét dans les paysA.C.P.». Le contenu est base sur l'information accessible au siege central de la FAO àRome.

Des informations supplémentaires sur les PFNL au Senegal seraient bienvenues etreconnues en bonne et due forme.

ANNEXE 1: SERVICES DE LA FORETHuit reserves de chasse constituent les zones primaires au Senegal où la chasse des petitsanimaux est pratiquée. La reserve de chasse de Faleme est la seule zone au Senegal où lachasse des grands animaux est autorisée. Les reserves de Djeuss et du Lac de Duiers setrouvent dans la region du Nord-Ouest du Senegal, A proximité ou dans le delta du fleuveSenegal, et sont utilisées principalement pour la chasse des oiseaux. Les autres reserves dechasse sont situées au Sud-Est du Senegal.

La chasse sportive est permise dans ces zones aux chasseurs qualifies, munis d'uneautorisation appropriée et, dans la reserve de chasse de Faleme, accompagnes d'un guidedu Service des forbts. Depuis 1986, un permis pour la chasse traditionnelle est délivré parles villages situés aux alentours de ces reserves, permettant la chasse des petits animaux(Bosch et al., 1990).

292

FAO. 1999. Importance des PFNL dans la securite alimentaire au Senegal. Rapport preliminaire. Accra

Itef, S.M. 1991. Semina ire sur les Statistiques Forestieres en Afrique. FAO. Thies, Senegal. Ministere de l'Environnement et de la Protection de la Nature, Ministere de

l'Agriculture. 1998. Ressources Genetiques Forestieres: Rapport National du Senegal.

Ministere du Developpement. 1990. Rapport National sur les Activites Forestieres Rural et de I'Hydraulique. Direction des Eaux, Forets, Chasses et de la Conservation des Sols.

Ndiaye, D. 1992. Programme Cadre II: Protection de l'Environnement et Promotion du Developpement Durable: Etude Sectorielle sur l'Agroforesterie. Ministere de l'Economie, des Finances et du Plan (M.E.F.P), PNUD, FAO.

Plan d'Action Forestier (PAF). 1993. Ministere du Developpement Rural et de I'Hydrau/ique (Rep. du Senegal), Dakar.

Sail, A. 1988. Environnement Socio-Culturel et Socio- Economique de la Foret C/assee de Dabo. PNUD.

REMERCIEMENTS Ce rapport a ete realise grace au financement du Programme de Partenariat CE-FAO «Collecte et analyse des donnees pour un amenagement durable de la foret dans les pays A.C.P.». Le contenu est base sur I'information accessible au siege central de la FAO a Rome.

Des informations supplementaires sur les PFNL au Senegal seraient bienvenues et reconnues en bonne et due forme.

ANNEXE 1: SERVICES DE LA FORET Huit reserves de chasse constituent les zones primaires au Senegal ou la chasse des petits animaux est pratiquee. La reserve de chasse de Faleme est la seule zone au Senegal ou la chasse des grands animaux est autorisee. Les reserves de Djeuss et du Lac de Duiers se trouvent dans la region du Nord-Ouest du Senegal, a proximite ou dans Ie delta du fleuve Senegal, et sont utilisees principalement pour la chasse des oiseaux. Les autres reserves de chasse sont situees au Sud-Est du Senegal.

La chasse sportive est permise dans ces zones aux chasseurs qualifies, munis d'une autorisation appropriee et, dans la reserve de chasse de Faleme, accompagnes d'un guide du Service des forets. Depuis 1986, un permis pour la chasse traditionnelle est delivre par les villages situes aux alentours de ces reserves, permettant la chasse des petits animaux (Bosch et al., 1990).

292

DONNEES QUANTITATIVES SUR LES PFNL DU SENEGAL

293

Produit Ressource Valeur économiqueCategorie lmpor-

tanceNom

commercialNom

vernaculaire




1, 2, 3 F, P, H S, C N, I

Plantes et produits végétauxNourdture 1 Fruits fr N Production annuelle de

4 239 tonnes en 1993PAF 1993

Noixd'anacarde

Anacardiumoccidentale

La production sénégalaisereprésente 65% du marchémondial.

PAF 1993

Huile depalme

Production annuelle de45 500 litres

PAF 1993

Vin de palme Production annuelle deI 080 litrese Les exportations d'huile etde vin de palme étaient de60 000 tonnes (1960),38 000 tonnes (1974-75) et25 000 tonnes (1980)

PAF 1993

Exsudats I Gomme Mbep Sterculia setigera Production annuelle de1 423 tonnes en 1993

PAF 1993

Gommearabique

Acacia senegal L'exportation annuellevarie entre 500 et 800tonnes.

Le prix de la gomme nontriée oscille entre 500 et1 200 FCFA/kg

PAF 1993

Importance: 1- grande importance au niveau national; 2 grande importance au niveau local/régional; 3 importance limitéePate utilisée: an animal entier; ec &come; ci cire; fe feuilles; no noix; fi fibres; fi fleurs; fr fruits; go gommes; mi miel;

se sève; la latex; hu huile; pl plante entière; re résines; ra racine; gr graines; ti tige; ta tannins;Habitat: F forét naturelle et autres terres boisées; P - plantation; A Autres: Arbres hors de la foret (e.g. agroforesterie, jardins familiaux)Source: S - sauvage, C - cultivéDestination: N - national; I international

DONNEES QUANTITATIVES SUR LES PFNL DU SENEGAL

I Produit II Ressource II Valeur economique


Nom vernaculaire

1,2,3 F,P,H S,C N, I

I Plantes et ~roduits vegetaux

Nourriture

Exsudats



1 Fruits fr N Production annuelle de 4 239 tonnes en 1993

Noix Anacardium La production senegalaise d'anacarde occidentale represente 65% du marche

mondial. Huile de Production annuelle de palme 45 500 litres Vin de palme • Production annuelle de

I 080 litres • Les exportations d'huile et de yin de palme etaient de 60000 tonnes (1960), 38000 tonnes (1974-75) et 25000 tonnes (1980)

1 Gomme Mbep Sterculia setigera • Production annuelle de 1 423 tonnes en 1993

Gomme Acacia senegal • L'exportation annuelle arabique varie entre 500 et 800

tonnes. • Le prix de la gomme non triee oscille entre 500 et 1 200 FCFAlkg

1- grande importance au niveau national; 2 - grande importance au niveau local/regional; 3 - importance Iimitee an - animal entier; ec - ecorce; ci - cire; fe - feuilles; no - noix; fi - fibres; fI - f1eurs; fr - fruits; go - gommes; mi - miel; se - seve; la - latex; hu - huile; pi - plante entiere; re - resines; ra - racine; gr - graines; ti - tige; ta - tannins; F - foret naturelle et autres terres boisees; P - plantation; A - Autres: Arbres hors de la foret (e.g. agroforesterie, jardins familiaux) S - sauvage, C - cultive N - national; I - international

293

II I Remarques References

I PAF 1993

PAF 1993

PAF 1993

PAF 1993

PAF 1993

PAF 1993

3.6.14 Sierra Leone (E)

INTRODUCTION

Main Non-Wood Forest ProductsBushmeat (mainly antelopes and monkeys) is the most important non-wood forest product(NWFP) (Davies, 1987).

Other products include rattan canes and various fibres (e.g. kapok), latex (e.g. Heveabrasiliensis), tannins (e.g. Rizophora sp.), edible oils (e.g. Elaeis guineensis) and dyes (FAO,1986; FAO, 1995, FAO, 1989).

General informationIn Sierra Leone, one-fifth of the farmers consider off-farm activities (such as oil palmprocessing, palm wine tapping, hunting) as their most important occupations in terms oflabour input and benefits for the household (FAO, 1990).


FoodThe oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) is probably the most widely exploited forest species in WestAfrica. Fruits and kernels are used as edible oil; the sap is consumed as wine and alcohol.These palm products account for 14 percent of the total energy intake. Ninety-six percent ofrural households consume palm oil, while 69 percent consume palm kernels. In Bo region, 93percent of the households are involved in palm oil processing (FAO, 1990). Another studyconcludes that 60 percent of farm households process palm fruits and kernels for sale(Arnold, 1995).

However, most of the oil palms are growing on farmlands outside the forest; only a negligibleproportion is obtained from forests.

MedicinesIn various districts it was noted that medicinal plants are the most commonly usedtreatments, despite peoples' proximity to "modern" facilities. In a local village survey some 70medicinal plants were identified as being used by traditional healers, as well as by villagers(FAO, 1990). In another village, 214 medicinal plants were reported as being used (Arnold,1995).

Utensils, handicrafts and construction materialsFibres are important raw materials for the production of baskets, mats and hats. In total,basketry accounts for 27,3 percent of all manufacturing small-scale forest based enterprises(Chipeta, 1995).

ExudatesThe utilization of tannins in the leather industry and for the preservation of fishing nets isdecreasing due to the utilization of synthetic substitutes.

294

3.6.14 Sierra leone (E)

INTRODUCTION

Main Non-Wood Forest Products Bushmeat (mainly antelopes and monkeys) is the most important non-wood forest product (NWFP) (Davies, 1987).

Other products include rattan canes and various fibres (e.g. kapok), latex (e.g. Hevea brasiliensis), tannins (e.g. Rizophora sp.), edible oils (e.g. Elaeis guineensis) and dyes (FAO, 1986; FAO, 1995, FAO, 1989).

General information In Sierra Leone, one-fifth of the farmers consider off-farm activities (such as oil palm processing, palm wine tapping, hunting) as their most important occupations in terms of labour input and benefits for the household (FAO, 1990).


Food The oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) is probably the most widely exploited forest species in West Africa. Fruits and kernels are used as edible oil; the sap is consumed as wine and alcohol. These palm products account for 14 percent of the total energy intake. Ninety-six percent of rural households consume palm oil, while 69 percent consume palm kernels. In Bo region, 93 percent of the households are involved in palm oil processing (FAO, 1990). Another study concludes that 60 percent of farm households process palm fruits and kernels for sale (Arnold, 1995).

However, most of the oil palms are growing on farmlands outside the forest; only a negligible proportion is obtained from forests.

Medicines

In various districts it was noted that medicinal plants are the most commonly used treatments, despite peoples' proximity to "modern" facilities. In a local village survey some 70 medicinal plants were identified as being used by traditional healers, as well as by villagers (FAO, 1990). In another village, 214 medicinal plants were reported as being used (Arnold, 1995).

Utensils, handicrafts and construction materials Fibres are important raw materials for the production of baskets, mats and hats. In total, basketry accounts for 27,3 percent of all manufacturing small-scale forest based enterprises (Chipeta, 1995).

Exudates The utilization of tannins in the leather industry and for the preservation of fishing nets is decreasing due to the utilization of synthetic substitutes.

294


BushmeatSome 55 percent of the population of Sierra Leone consume bushmeat, which is supposedto be the most common source of animal protein. Since wildlife has become scarce in allregions, it is consumed on a less regular basis. However, it is still available in most rural andurban markets (FAO, 1990). The moist tropical zone of West Africa has led to a traditionalreliance on fish and bushmeat as sources of animal protein because of the unfavourableconditions for cattle and other livestock (Davies, 1987). Techniques used are: driving withdogs, shooting with guns and setting traps.

Today, hunting is increasingly carried out for economic gain rather than for food production.Bushmeat is even exported to Liberia: during the dry season, when bushmeat can besmoked, more than ten 30 t lorries carry bushmeat out of Sierra Leone each month. Thisgreat economic pressure to hunt bushmeat for export has resulted in commercial gangs ofhunters systematically hunting in areas all over the country (Davies, 1987).

REFERENCESArnold, J.E.M. 1995. Socio-economic benefits and issues in NWFP use. Ih: FAO (Ed.):

Report of the international expert consultation on NWFP. Non-wood forest productsseries No. 3. Rome

Chipeta, M.E. 1995. Making NWFP programmes succeed: Lessons from small-scale forest-based enterprises. In: FAO (Ed.): Report of the international expert consultation onNWFP. Non-wood forest products series No. 3. Rome

Davies, A.G. 1987. The Gola forest reserves, Sierra Leone. Wildlife conservation and forestmanagement. IUCN Tropical Forest Programme. Gland

FAO. 1986. Sierra Leone. A forestry action plan for Sierra Leone. By B. Kingston, Ministry ofAgriculture and Natural Resources, Freetown

FAO. 1987. Proposed management and integrated utilisation of mangrove resources inSierra Leone. By P.W. Chong, Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources. Freetown

FAO. 1989. Proposed management plan for the mangrove area along Bunce river. Part I:Lower alien town mangrove area 1989-1998. By M. Loyche and C.L. Amadou.Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Forestry, Freetown

FAO. 1990. The major significance of minor forest products. The local use and value offorests in the Western African humid forest zones. By J. Falconer. Rome

FAO. 1995. Capacity Building for the national forestry action programme. The forestryrevenue system in Sierra Leone. By A.O.A. Angoran, Department of Agriculture andForestry, Freetown/Rome


Additional information on NWFP in Sierra Leone would be appreciated and dulyacknowledged.

295


Bushmeat Some 55 percent of the population of Sierra Leone consume bushmeat, which is supposed to be the most common source of animal protein. Since wildlife has become scarce in all regions, it is consumed on a less regular basis. However, it is still available in most rural and urban markets (FAO, 1990). The moist tropical zone of West Africa has led to a traditional reliance on fish and bushmeat as sources of animal protein because of the unfavourable conditions for cattle and other livestock (Davies, 1987). Techniques used are: driving with dogs, shooting with guns and setting traps.

Today, hunting is increasingly carried out for economic gain rather than for food production. Bushmeat is even exported to Liberia: during the dry season, when bush meat can be smoked, more than ten 30 t lorries carry bushmeat out of Sierra Leone each month. This great economic pressure to hunt bushmeat for export has resulted in commercial gangs of hunters systematically hunting in areas all over the country (Davies, 1987).

REFERENCES Arnold, J.E.M. 1995. Socio-economic benefits and issues in NWFP use. In: FAO (Ed.):

Report of the international expert consultation on NWFP. Non-wood forest products series No.3. Rome

Chipeta, M.E. 1995. Making NWFP programmes succeed: Lessons from small-scale forestbased enterprises. In: FAO (Ed.): Report of the international expert consultation on NWFP. Non-wood forest products series NO.3. Rome

Davies, A.G. 1987. The Gola forest reserves, Sierra Leone. Wildlife conservation and forest management. IUCN Tropical Forest Programme. Gland

FAO. 1986. Sierra Leone. A forestry action plan for Sierra Leone. By B. Kingston, Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Freetown

FAO. 1987. Proposed management and integrated utilisation of mangrove resources in Sierra Leone. By P.W. Chong, Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources. Freetown

FAO. 1989. Proposed management plan for the mangrove area along Bunce river. Part I: Lower allen town mangrove area 1989-1998. By M. Loyche and C.L. Amadou. Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Forestry, Freetown

FAO. 1990. The major significance of minor forest products. The local use and value of forests in the Western African humid forest zones. By J. Falconer. Rome

FAO. 1995. Capacity Building for the national forestry action programme. The forestry revenue system in Sierra Leone. By A.O.A. Angoran, Department of Agriculture and Forestry, Freetown/Rome

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This report has been realized thanks to the funding of the EC-FAO Partnership Programme "Data Collection and Analysis for Sustainable Forest Management in ACP Countries". The content is based on available information at FAO Headquarters in Rome.

Additional information on NWFP in Sierra· Leone would be appreciated and duly acknowledged.

295

QUANTITATIVE DATA ON NWFP OF SIERRA LEONE

1- high importance on the national level; 2 high importance on the local/regional level; 3 low importancean entire animal; ba bark; bw beeswax; le leaves; nu nuts; fi fibres; fl flowers; fr fruits; gu gums; ho honey;la latex; oi oil; pl entire plant; re resins; ro roots; sa sap; se seeds; st stem; ta tanninsF - natural forest or other wooded lands; P - plantation; 0 Others: Trees outside forests (e.g. agroforestry, homegardens)W - wild, C - cultivatedN - national; I international

296

Product Resource Economic valueCategory Import-

anceTrade nameGeneric term

Species Partused


Quantity, value Remarks References

1, 2, 3 F, P, 0 W, C N, I

Plants and plant productsFood 2 Oil palm Elaeis guineensis fr 0, (F) W N, I Annual production of

230 000 t in 1996/97 (FAOStatistics 1998)

FAO STAT 1998,Davies 1987



QUANTITATIVE DATA ON NWFP OF SIERRA LEONE -- --_ ..... _---

Product Resource Economic value Category Import- Trade name Species Part Habitat Source Desti- Quantity, value

I

Remarks

I

References ance Generic term used nation 1,2,3 F,P,O W,C N, I

Plants and plant products Food



2 Oil palm Elaeis guineensis fr 0, (F) W N, I Annual production of 1 FAO STAT 1998, 230 000 t in 1996/97 (FAO Davies 1987 Statistics 1998)

1- high importance on the national level; 2 - high importance on the local/regional level; 3 - low importance an - entire animal; ba - bark; bw - beeswax; Ie - leaves; nu - nuts; fi - fibres; fl - flowers; fr - fruits; gu - gums; ho - honey; la - latex; oi - oil; pi - entire plant; re - resins; ro - roots; sa - sap; se - seeds; st - stem; ta - tannins F - natural forest or other wooded lands; P - plantation; 0 - Others: Trees outside forests (e.g. agroforestry, homegardens) W - wild, C - cultivated N - national; I - international

296

I

3.6.15 Tchad (F)

INTRODUCTION

Principaux Produits Forestiers Non LigneuxLes produits forestier non ligneux (PFNL) les plus importants au Tchad au niveau socio-économique sont les exsudats (la gomme arabique d'Acacia senegal), les fruits (e.g.Vitellaria paradoxa (karité), Ziziphus mauritiana (jujube) et Tamarindus indica), les graines deParkia biglobosa (néré) et les plantes fourragères (e.g. Acacia senegal, Khayasenegalensis).

Parmi des autres PFNL de moindre importance, il y a les plantes médicinales (e.g. Salvadorapersica, Disopyros mespiliformis) et le savonnier (Balanites aegyptiaca), les plantesornementales (e.g. Ficus platyphylla), les insecticides (e.g. Azadirichta indica), les tannins(e.g. Acacia nilotica), les colorants (e.g. Tamarindus indica), les outils (e.g. les cordesd'Acacia senegal) et le miel.

Informations généralesLes PFNL sont utilisés avant tout pour améliorer l'état nutritionnel et sanitaire despopulations locales. La commercialisation locale procure des besoins de première nécessitépour les ménages. La cueillette est une activité pratiquée principalement par les femmes etles enfants (FAO, 1999).

Dans le tableau ci-dessous sont présentées les espèces de PFNL les plus importantes.

Tableau No. 1. Les PFNL ayant une utilisation importante au niveau local au TchadEspèce Utilisation Partie utilisée

(actuelle, potentielle, future)Acacia niloticaAcacia senegal

Anacardium occidentalAzadirachta indica

Eucalyptus camaldulensisBalanites aegyptiaca

Vitellaria paradoxa

Khaya senegalensisParkia biglobosa

Phoenix dactiliferaZiziphus mauritianaTamarindus indica

Acacia albida

Borassus aethiopiumSource: modifié selon Tal (1998)

La situation générale des PFNL au Tchad est influencée par des facteurs climatiquesdéfavorables (sécheresse, répartition inégale des pluies dans le temps et tendance généraleau déficit pluviométrique) et anthropiques (déplacement des populations, croissance desbesoins en terres agricoles, exploitation abusive du bois-énergie) ce qui a entraTné unedégradation continue du potentiel forestier. Ajouter è cela une mortalité des peuplements surpied des gommiers due aux mauvaises pratiques des saignées.

Plante médicinaleGomme arabiquePlante alimentaire

Plante médicinale, insecticide,pesticide

Plante médicinalePlante médicinale

Plante alinnentaire, plantemédicinale

Plante médicinalePlante alimentairePlante alimentairePlante alimentaire

Plante alimentaire, plantemédicinale

Plante fourragère, plantealimentaire

Plante alimentaire

297

GommesNoix

Graines

FeuillesAmandes, rameaux, huiles

Amandes

AmandesGraines

FruitsFruits

Feuilles, fruits

3.6.15 Tchad (F)

INTRODUCTION

Principaux Produits Forestiers Non Ligneux Les produits forestier non ligneux (PFNL) les plus importants au Tchad au niveau socioeconomique sont les exsudats (Ia gomme arabique d'Acacia senegal), les fruits (e.g. Vitel/aria paradoxa (karite), Ziziphus mauritiana Uujube) et Tamarindus indica), les graines de Parkia biglobosa (nere) et les plantes fourrageres (e.g. Acacia senegal, Khaya senegalensis).

Parmi des autres PFNL de moindre importance, il ya les plantes medicinales (e.g. Salvadora persica, Disopyros mespiliformis) et Ie savonnier (Balanites a egyptiaca) , les plantes ornementales (e.g. Ficus platyphyl/a), les insecticides (e.g. Azadirichta indica), les tannins (e.g. Acacia nilotica) , les colorants (e.g. Tamarindus indica), les outils (e.g. les cordes d'Acacia senegal) et Ie miel.

Informations generales Les PFNL sont utilises avant tout pour ameliorer I'etat nutritionnel et sanitaire des populations locales. La commercialisation locale procure des besoins de premiere necessite pour les menages. La cueillette est une activite pratiquee principalement par les femmes et les enfants (FAO, 1999).

Dans Ie tableau ci-dessous sont presentees les especes de PFNL les plus importantes.

Tableau No.1. Les PFNL ayant une utilisation importante au niveau local au Tchad Espece Utilisation Partie utilisee

Acacia nilotica Acacia senegal

Anacardium occidental Azadirachta indica

Eucalyptus camaldulensis Balanites aegyptiaca Vitel/aria paradoxa

Khaya senegalensis Parkia biglobosa

Phoenix dactilifera Ziziphus mauritiana Tamarindus indica

Acacia alb ida

Borassus aethiopium

(actuelle, potentielle, future) Plante medicinale Gomme arabique Plante alimentaire

Plante medicinale, insecticide, pesticide

Plante medicinale Plante medicinale

Plante alimentaire, plante medicinale

Plante medicinale Plante alimentaire Plante alimentaire Plante alimentaire

Plante alimentaire, plante medicinale

Plante fourragere, plante alimentaire

Plante alimentaire

Source: modifie selon Tal (1998)

Gommes Noix

Graines

Feuilles Amandes, rameaux, huiles

Amandes

Amandes Graines Fruits Fruits

Feuilles, fruits

La situation generale des PFNL au Tchad est influencee par des facteurs climatiques dSfavorables (secheresse, repartition inegale des pluies dans Ie temps et tendance generale au deficit pluviometrique) et anthropiques (deplacement des populations, croissance des besoins en terres agricoles, exploitation abusive du bois-energie) ce qui a entraine une degradation continue du potentiel forestier. Ajouter a cela une mortalite des peuplements sur pied des gommiers due aux mauvaises pratiques des saignees.

297

Malgré les exploitations abusives dues è la méconnaissance ou à l'indifférence de la partdes exploitants du bois, certains PFNL d'intérêt économique capital pour le pays bénéficientd'une attention particulière, surtout en ce qui concerne la gomme arabique et récemmentaussi le karité et la spiruline (Spirulina platensis).

Les roneraies (Borassus aethiopium) sont fortement surexploitées pour les besoins deconstruction, son bois étant particulièrement apprécié par les usagers. Les dégâts causés auNéré (Parkia biglobosa), au Karité (Vitellaria paradoxa), au jujubier (Ziziphus mauritiana) etau savonnier (Balanites aegyptiaca) sont dus essentiellement aux feux de brousse.


NourritureLes principaux arbres fruitiers connus sont le savonnier (Balanites aegyptiaca), le jujubier(Ziziphus mauritiana et Ziziphus spina christi), le tamarin (Tamarindus indica), l'ébénierd'Afrique (Diospiros mespilliformis), le palmier doum (Hyphaene thebaica), Faiderherbiaalbida (fruit sauvage), le karité (ViteHaria paradoxa), le néré (Parkia biglobosa), le dattier(Phoenix dactiliphera), Salvadora persica et Boscia sénégalensis. La cueillette des fruits auTchad est une activité pratiquée au niveau national et par toutes les couches sociales etsurtout rurales.

Les nobc/amandes du karité (Vitellaria paradoxa) font partie des oléagineux les plus utilisésau Tchad. Elles sont utilisées principalement pour la fabrication du beurre, mais le sont aussidans la médecine traditionnelle et moderne, la cosmétique et la savonnerie (Anonymus,1998).

Vitellaria paradoxa est répandue dans le sud de la zone soudanienne avec des densitésvariables. Les peuplements les plus denses sont observés, en particulier dans lespréfectures de Tandjilé, du Logone Oriental, du Logone Occidental, et du Moyen-charides estimations ont donné 50 è 60 millions d'arbres de karité, mais seulement quatre à cinqpercent sont exploités. Dans les deux tiers de la zone soudanienne, on a évalué è 4,6millions les Vitellaria paradoxa avec une potentialité de production de 500 000 tonnes denoix de karité par an (Tal, 1998).

Le ramassage et la transformation (extraction manuelle de l'huile, fabrication de savon ou depommades) des noix de karité sont des activités principales pour les femmes. Les revenusobtenus par ces activités ne sont pas négligeables, bien que sa commercialisation soitlimitée essentiellement au marché intérieur. Pour une collecte de l'ordre de 120 kg de noixpar foyer, on peut estimer des revenus monétaires de la vente entre 5 000 et 20 000 FrancsCFA67, soit l'équivalent de 25 à 100 kg de mil achetés au moment des soudures. La part decollecte vendue augmente depuis 10 ou 20 ans, avec les besoins monétaires, au détrimentde l'autoconsommation (FAO, 1999).

Anonymus (1998) a identifié quatre contraintes majeures de la sous-filière du karité:L'irrégularité de la disponibilité des matières premières;La non maitrise des technologies de conservation et d'extraction;L'insuffisance des rendements; etLa non marise du stockage, du transport et du conditionnement.

En général, on peut conclure que l'exploitation et la commercialisation du karité sont restéesau stade artisanal faute d'une organisation sérieuse de la filière. Les potentialités en karitéparaissent actuellement très insuffisamment valorisées et méritent une étude complète en

67 1 000 Francs CFA = 1.63 dollars E.U. en 1999 (taux de change en moyenne de l'année 1999)

298

Malgre les exploitations abusives dues a la meconnaissance ou a !'indifference de la part des exploitants du bois, certains PFNL d'interet economique capital pour Ie pays beneficient d'une attention particuliere, surtout en ce qui concerne la gomme arabique et recemment aussi Ie karite et la spiruline (Spirulina platensis).

Les roneraies (Borassus aethiopium) sont fortement surexploitees pour les besoins de construction, son bois etant particulierement apprecie par les usagers. Les degats causes au Nere (Parkia biglobosa), au Karite (Vitel/aria paradoxa), au jujubier (Ziziphus mauritiana) et au savonnier (Balanites aegyptiaca) sont dus essentiellement aux feux de brousse.


Nourriture

Les principaux arbres fruitiers connus sont Ie savonnier (Balanites aegyptiaca), Ie jujubier (Ziziphus mauritiana et Ziziphus spina christi), Ie tamarin (Tamarindus indica), I'ebenier d'Afrique (Oiospiros mespilliformis), Ie palmier doum (Hyphaene thebaica), Faiderherbia alb ida (fruit sauvage), Ie karite (Vitel/aria paradoxa), Ie nere (Parkia biglobosa), Ie dattier (Phoenix dactiliphera), Salvadora persica et Boscia senegalensis. La cueillette des fruits au Tchad est une activite pratiquee au niveau national et par to utes les couches sociales et surtout rurales.

Les noixlamandes du karite (Vitel/aria paradoxa) font partie des oleagineux les plus utilises au Tchad. Elles sont utilisees principalement pour la fabrication du beurre, mais Ie sont aussi dans la medecine traditionnelle et moderne, la cosmetique et la savonnerie (Anonym us, 1998).

Vitel/aria paradoxa est repandue dans Ie sud de la zone soudanienne avec des densites variables. Les peuplements les plus denses sont observes, en particulier dans les pretectures de Tandjile, du Logone Oriental, du Logone Occidental, et du Moyen-chari ou des estimations ont donne 50 a 60 millions d'arbres de karite, mais seulement quatre a cinq percent sont exploites. Dans les deux tiers de la zone soudanienne, on a evalue a 4,6 millions les Vitel/aria paradoxa avec une potentialite de production de 500 000 tonnes de noix de karite par an (Tal, 1998).

Le ramassage et la transformation (extraction manuelle de I'huile, fabrication de savon ou de pommades) des noix de karite sont des activites principales pour les femmes. Les revenus obtenus par ces activites ne sont pas negligeables, bien que sa commercialisation soit limitee essentiellement au marche interieur. Pour une collecte de I'ordre de 120 kg de noix par foyer, on peut estimer des revenus monetaires de la vente entre 5 000 et 20 000 Francs CFA67

, soit I'equivalent de 25 a 100 kg de mil achetes au moment des soudures. La part de collecte vendue aug mente depuis 10 ou 20 ans, avec les besoins monetaires, au detriment de I'autoconsommation (FAO, 1999).

Anonymus (1998) a identifie quatre contraintes majeures de la sous-filiere du karite: • L'irregularite de la disponibilite des matieres premieres; • La non maTtrise des technologies de conservation et d'extraction; • L'insuffisance des rendements; et • La non maTtrise du stockage, du transport et du conditionnement.

En general, on peut conclure que I'exploitation et la commercialisation du karite sont restees au stade artisanal faute d'une organisation serieuse de la filiere. Les potentia lites en karite paraissent actuellement tres insuffisamment valorisees et meritent une etude complete en

67 1 000 Francs CFA = 1.63 dollars E.U. en 1999 (taux de change en moyenne de I'annee 1999)

298

vue d'en faire un produit participant à l'activité économique du pays à l'exemple de ce qui sepasse en Afrique de l'Ouest (Mali, Burkina Faso) (Tal 1998).

En tant que condiment, les espèces suivantes sont utilisées au Tchad: Grewia mollis,Grewia tenax, Bombax costatum, Balanites aegyptiaca et Spirlunia platensis (FAO, 1999).

FourrageLes plantes fourragères les plus importantes au nivau local sont Faidherbia albida, Acaciasenegal, Acacia raddiana, Acacia laeta, Acacia siberiana, Acacia mi/Jifera, Acacia nilotica,Acacia gourmensis, Balanites aegyptiaca, Diospiros mespiliformis, Leptedania pyrotechnica,Commiphora africana, Bauhinia rufescens, Grewia sp, Penicum laetum et Bosciasenegalensis (FAO, 1999).

MédecineDes espèces utilisées dans la pharmacopée traditionnelle incluent Acacia spp. (partiesutilisées: gommes, écorces, graines, feuilles), Tamarindus indica, Azadirachata indica;Khaya senegalensis, Butyruspermum parkii, Balanites aegyptiaca, Parkia biglobosa, Guierasenegalensis, Diospiros mespiliformis, Calotro pis procera, Bauhinia rufescens et Combretumglutinosum (FAO, 1999).

Parfums et cosmétiquesLa fleur de Vitellaria paradoxa est utilisée comme parfum dans le thé ainsi que les feuillesd'Eucalyptus camaldulensis. La gomme de Commiphora africana est utilisée comme encens(FAO, 1999).

Colorants et tanninsLes tannins sont extraits de l'écorce du jujube (Ziziphus spina-christ), d'Acacia seyal etd'Acacia albida ainsi que des graines d'Acacia nilotica. Les feuilles d'Anogeissus leiocarpuset de Tamarindus indica sont utilisées comme colorant (FAO, 1999).

Ustensiles, artisanat et matériaux de constructionLes feuilles d'Hyphaené thebaica, de Borassus aethiopium et des dattes (Phoenixdactylifera) sont utilisées pour la production des nattes, des corbeilles et des cordes (FAO,1999).

ExsudatsLes gommeraies sont représentées dans un sixième de la zone sahélienne, située entre leslatitudes 11° et 17° Nord avec des isohyètes de 150 mm à 900 mm par an. Les principaleszones de prédilection de la gomme arabique sont l'OuaddaT, le Biltine, le Batha, le Guera, leKanem, le Lac, le Salamat et le Chari-Baguirmi. Les gommeraies occupent actuellement unesuperficie de 36 000 à 38 000 km2, dont la moitié seulement se prètent à une exploitationsoutenue. Les potentialités gommières de toutes les zones du Tchad sont estimées à plusde 90 000 km2 (FAO, 1999; Tal, 1998).

Les principales espèces rencontrées sont Acacia senegal, Acacia seyal, Acacia laeta etSterculia setigera. Les gommes d'Acacia senegal (gomme kitir), d'Acacia laeta (gomme kitirazrak) et d'Acacia seyal (gomme talha) sont commercialisées sur le marché mondial, tandisque Sterculia setigera, Commiphora africana et Acacia ehrenbergiana exsudent de lagomme qui n'est pas demandée sur le marché international (FAO, 1999).

La production des gommes au Tchad a lieu dans un système agro-sylvo-pastoral, qui lie lesactivités agricoles, sylvicoles et pastorales. La cueillette est opérée sur de vastes espacesaprès saignées de gommiers entre novembre et juin.

299

vue d'en faire un produit participant a I'activite economique du pays a I'exemple de ce qui se passe en Afrique de l'Ouest (Mali, Burkina Faso) (Tal 1998).

En tant que condiment, les especes suivantes sont utilisees au Tchad: Grewia mollis, Grewia ten ax, Bombax costa tum, Balanites aegyptiaca et Spirlunia platensis (FAO, 1999).

Fourrage

Les plantes fourrageres les plus importantes au nivau local sont Faidherbia albida, Acacia senegal, Acacia raddiana, Acacia laeta, Acacia siberiana, Acacia millifera, Acacia nilotica, Acacia gourmensis, Balanites aegyptiaca, Diospiros mespiliformis, Leptedania pyrotechnica, Commiphora africana, Bauhinia rufescens, Grewia sp, Penicum laetum et Boscia senega/ensis (FAO, 1999).

Medecine

Des especes utilisees dans la pharmacopee traditionnelle incluent Acacia spp. (parties utilisees: gommes, ecorces, graines, feuilles), Tamarindus indica, Azadirachata indica; Khaya senegalensis, Butyruspermum parkii, Balanites aegyptiaca, Parkia biglobosa, Guiera senegalensis, Diospiros mespiliformis, Calotropis pro cera, Bauhinia rufescens et Combretum glutinosum (FAO, 1999).


La fleur de Vitellaria paradoxa est utilisee comme parfum dans Ie the ainsi que les feuilles d'Eucalyptus camaldulensis. La gomme de Commiphora africana est utilisee comme encens (FAO, 1999).


Les tannins sont extra its de I'ecorce du jujube (Ziziphus spina-christ), d'Acacia seyal et d'Acacia albida ainsi que des graines d'Acacia nilotica. Les feuilles d'Anogeissus leiocarpus et de Tamarindus indica sont utilisees comme colorant (FAO, 1999).

Ustensiles, artisanat et materiaux de construction

Les feuilles d'Hyphaene thebaica, de Borassus aethiopium et des dattes (Phoenix dactylifera) sont utilisees pour la production des nattes, des corbeilles et des cordes (FAO, 1999).

Exsudats

Les gommeraies sont representees dans un sixieme de la zone sahelienne, situee entre les latitudes 11 0 et 1 r Nord avec des isohyetes de 150 mm a 900 mm par an. Les principales zones de predilection de la gomme arabique sont l'Ouadda"i, Ie Biltine, Ie Batha, Ie Guera, Ie Kanem, Ie Lac, Ie Salamat et Ie Chari-Baguirmi. Les gommeraies occupent actuellement une superficie de 36 000 a 38 000 km2, dont la moitie seulement se pretent a une exploitation soutenue. Les potentialites gommieres de to utes les zones du Tchad sont estimees a plus de 90 000 km2 (FAO, 1999; Tal, 1998).

Les principales especes rencontrees sont Acacia senegal, Acacia seyal, Acacia laeta et Sterculia setigera. Les gommes d'Acacia senegal (gomme kitir), d'Acacia laeta (gomme kitir azrak) et d'Acacia seyal (gomme talha) sont commercialisees sur Ie marche mondial, tandis que Sterculia setigera, Commiphora africana et Acacia ehrenbergiana exsudent de la gomme qui n'est pas demandee sur Ie marche international (FAO, 1999).

La production des gommes au Tchad a lieu dans un systeme agro-sylvo-pastoral, qui lie les activites agricoles, sylvicoles et pastorales. La cueillette est operee sur de vastes espaces apres saignees de gommiers entre novembre et juin.

299

La gomme est destinée é la consommation locale ainsi qu'é l'exportation. Localement, lagomme est utilisée comme une série des produits alimentaires et des besoins destinésl'alimentation humaine dans des préparations de la pharmacopée traditionnelle. Sur lemarché international, la gomme est exportée vers l'Union Européenne (notamment laFrance, l'Allemagne et l'Angleterre, et l'Inde. La consommation de la gomme au niveaumondial est évalué é 34 000 tonnes. Le Tchad occupe le deuxième rang (6.7%) après leSoudan (60%) et devant d'autres pays (33.3%) tels que le Mali, le Sénégal, la Mauritanie, leNiger et le Nigeria (Wickens, 1996). La gomme est exportée par le port maritime de Douala(Cameroun) et par vole aérienne (FAO, 1999).

Tableau No. 2. Exportation de gomme arabique du Tchad (1965 1998)Année Production (tonnes)

1965 7431966 5271967 9471968 1 1491969 8621970 4141971 5401972 658.51973 1761976 137

1986/87 2 4001987/88 1 4001988/89 5001989/90 1 7001990/91 1 3501991/92 1 6001992/93 4 687 - 5 0001993/94 5 8401994/95 6 8001995/96 6 7001996/97 5 8001997/98 10 000 - 15 000

Source: FAO (1999)

L'exploitation commerciale de la gomme du Tchad a commencé é partir des années 1956/57avec moins de 60 tonnes par an. Au cours des dernières années, la gomme arabique(notamment d'Acacia senegal) fait l'objet d'un commerce florissant. Dans la saison de récolte1996/97 par exemple, le Tchad a exporté 5 800 t de gomme (voir tableau No. 2). Laprogression rapide du volume de production témoigne de l'intérét que suscite ce produit quise classe au troisième rang des produits d'exportation du pays et qui représente la troisièmesource de devises du Tchad après le coton et l'élevage (FAO, 1993).

A long terme il est envisagé d'améliorer la production gommière des peuplements d'Acaciasenegal par traitement sylvicole et, éventuellement, par la création des plantations dans lesrégions les plus appropriées, notamment à Salamat (Tal, 1998).

AutresLes graines d'Azadirichta indica et les huiles de Vitellaria paradoxa sont utilisées commeinsecticide

300

La gomme est destinee a la consommation locale ainsi qu'a I'exportation. Localement, la gomme est utilisee comme une serie des produits alimentaires et des besoins destines a I'alimentation humaine dans des preparations de la pharmacopee traditionnelle. Sur Ie marche international, la gomme est exportee vers l'Union Europeenne (notamment la France, I'Aliemagne et l'Angleterre, et l'lnde. La consommation de la gomme au niveau mondial est evalue a 34000 tonnes. Le Tchad occupe Ie deuxieme rang (6.7%) apres Ie Soudan (60%) et devant d'autres pays (33.3%) tels que Ie Mali, Ie Senegal, la Mauritanie, Ie Niger et Ie Nigeria (Wickens, 1996). La gomme est exportee par Ie port maritime de Douala (Cameroun) et par voie aerienne (FAO, 1999).

Tableau NO.2. Exportation de gomme arabique du Tchad (1965 - 1998) Annee 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976

1986/87 1987/88 1988/89 1989/90 1990/91 1991/92 1992/93 1993/94 1994/95 1995/96 1996/97 1997/98

Source: FAO (1999)

Production (tonnes) 743 527 947

1 149 862 414 540

658.5 176 137

2400 1 400 500

1 700 1 350 1 600

4687 - 5 000 5840 6800 6700 5800

10000 - 15000

L'exploitation commerciale de la gomme du Tchad a commence a partir des annees 1956/57 avec moins de 60 tonnes par an. Au cours des dernieres annees, la gomme arabique (notamment d'Acacia senegal) fait I'objet d'un commerce florissant. Dans la saison de recolte 1996/97 par exemple, Ie Tchad a exporte 5 800 t de gomme (voir tableau No.2). La progression rapide du volume de production temoigne de I'interet que suscite ce produit qui se classe au troisieme rang des produits d'exportation du pays et qui represente la troisieme source de devises du Tchad apres Ie coton et I'elevage (FAO, 1993).

A long terme il est envisage d'ameliorer la production gommiere des peuplements d~cacia senegal par traitement sylvicole et, eventueliement, par la creation des plantations dans les regions les plus appropriees, notamment a Salamat (Tal, 1998).

Autres Les graines d'Azadirichta indica et les huiles de Vitel/aria paradoxa sont utilisees comme insecticide

300

REFERENCESAnonymus. 1998. Le Karité. Dans: Bulletin Agro-Alimentaire du Tchad No 13,

Ao0t/Septembre 1998.N'DjaménaTal, M. 1998. Conservation, Gestion, Utilisation Durables et Promotion des Ressources

Génétiques Forestières, Rapport National du Tchad. N'DjamenaFAO. 1993. Séminaire sur les Statistiques Forestières en Afrique, Thies, Senegal.FAO. 1999. Statistiques sur les PFNL: Tchad. par A.M. Haggar. Programme de Partenariat

CE-FAO. (GCP/INT/679/EC)Wickens, G. E. 1996. Rôle des Acacias dans l'économie rurale des régions sèches

d'Afrique et du Proche-Orient. Cahier FAO : Conservation.

REMERCIEMENTS

Ce rapport a Me realise grAce au financement du Programme de Partenariat CE-FAO«Collecte et analyse des données pour un aménagement durable de la Foret dans les paysA.C.P.». Le contenu est base sur l'information accessible au siege central de la FAO àRome, ainsi que sur l'information fournie par Mr A.M. Haggar, Ingénieur des Eaux et For-61sau Ministère de l'Environnement et de l'Eau à N'djamena, Tchad.

Des informations supplémentaires sur les PFNL au Tchad seraient bienvenues et reconnuesen bonne et due forme.

301

REFERENCES Anonymus. 1998. Le Karite. Dans: Bulletin Agro-Alimentaire du Tchad No 13,

AoOt/Septembre 1998. N'Djamena Tal, M. 1998. Conservation, Gestion, Utilisation Durables et Promotion des Ressources

Genetiques Forestieres, Rapport National du Tchad. N'Djamena FAO. 1993. Seminaire sur les Statistiques Forestieres en Afrique, Thies, Senegal. FAO. 1999. Statistiques sur les PFNL: Tchad. par AM. Haggar. Programme de Partenariat

CE-FAO. (GCP/INT/679/EC) Wickens, G. E. 1996. Role des Acacias dans I'economie rurale des regions seches

d'Afrique et du Proche-Orient. Cahier FAO : Conservation.

REMERCIEMENTS

Ce rapport a ete realise grace au financement du Programme de Partenariat CE-FAO «Collecte et analyse des donnees pour un amenagement durable de la Foret dans les pays AC.P.». Le contenu est base sur I'information accessible au siege central de la FAO a Rome, ainsi que sur I'information fournie par Mr AM. Haggar, Ingenieur des Eaux et Forets au Ministere de l'Environnement et de I'Eau a N'djamena, Tchad.

Des informations supplementaires sur les PFNL au Tchad seraient bienvenues et reconnues en bonne et due forme.

301

DONNEES QUANTITATIVES SUR LES PFNL DU TCHAD

Importance:Partie utilisée

1- grande importance au niveau national; 2 grande importance au niveau local/régional; 3 importance limitée: an animal entier; ec écorce; ci cire; fe feuilles; no noix; fi fibres; fi fleurs; fr fruits; go gommes;

mi miel; se sève; la latex; hu huile; pl plante entière; re résines; ra racine; gr graines; ti tige;ta tannins;

F forét naturelle et autres terres boisées; P - plantation; A Autres: Arbres hors de la for& (e.g. agroforesterie,jardins du case)S - sauvage, C - cultivéN - national; I international

302

Produit Ressource Valeur économigueCatégorie Impor-

tanceNom

commercialNom

vernaculaire




1, 2, 3 F, P, H S, C N, I

Plantes et produits végétauxExsudats 1 Gomme

arabiqueAcacia senegal go F, P S I I Exportation de 5 800 t en

I 1996/97FAO, 1999

Habitat:

Source:Destination:

DONNEES QUANTITATIVES SUR LES PFNL DU TCHAD

I Produit II Ressource II Valeur economique II Categorie Impor- Nom Especes Partie Habitat Source Oesti- Quantite, valeur Remarques



I Plantes et eroduits vegetaux I Exsudats I 1 I Gomme II Acacia senegal I

go

I F,P I S

I I Exportation de 5 800 t en

I . arablgue 1996/97

Importance: 1- grande importance au niveau national; 2 - grande importance au niveau local/regional;3 - importance Iimitee Partie utilisee: an - animal entier; ec - ecorce; ci - cire; fe - feuilles; no - noix; fi - fibres; fl - fleurs; fr - fruits; go - gommes;

mi - miel; se - seve; la - latex; hu - huile; pi - plante entiere; re - resines; ra - racine; gr - graines; ti - tige; ta - tannins;

Habitat: F - foret naturelle et autres terres boisees; P - plantation; A - Autres: Arbres hors de la foret (e.g. agroforesterie, jardins du case)

Source: S - sauvage, C - cultive Destination: N - national; I - international

302

I References

I I FAO, 1999 I

3.6.16 Togo (F)

INTRODUCTION

Principaux Produits Forestiers Non LigneuxLes produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL) importants au Togo sont les plantes alimentaires(e.g. Adansonia digitata (baobab), Vitellaria paradoxa (karité), Eleais guineensis (palmier ahuile), et Parkia biglobosa (néré)); les plantes fourragères (e.g. Acacia senegal, Faidherbiaalbida, Acacia seyal, Khaya senegalensis); les plantes médicinales (e.g. Prosopis africana) ;et les tannins (e.g. Prosopis africana, Anogeissus leiocarpus).

Informations généralesSeIon Paroubadi (1991), de «nombreux produits forestiers non ligneux existent mais on nedispose pas de statistiques les concernant».


NourritureLe karité (Vitellaria paradoxa) possède de multiples avantages mais le plus important estson intérat économique, du fait de l'extraction du "beurre de karité", utilisé aussi bien dansl'alimentation humaine qu'en cosmétique (rouge a !byres). Les qualités médiocres serventpour la fabrication du savon ou des bougies. On l'utilise également pour fabriquer duchocolat. La pulpe du fruit est consommée par le bétail. Dans les conditions idéales, lerendement par arbre est de 15 kg par an (FAO, 1991).

La pulpe du néré (Parkia biglobosa) contient jusqu'à 60% de sucre. Les graines sonttransformées en une boule noiratre utilisée comme ingrédient dans les sauces. Le baobab(Adansonia digitata) présente de multiples usages alimentaires, avec les feuilles, la pulpedes fruits et les graines. En plus, le baobab a des utilisations variées dans la pharmacopée.

REFERENCES

FAO. 1988. Le Paysan et l'Agroforesterie. Projet TOG/87/001, Reboisement etAménagement Forestiers.

FAO. 1990. Rapport de Synthèse des Opérations dinventaires Forestiers Effectués dans laFor& de Sanda - Préfecture de Bassar, Projet TOG/87/001, Reboisement etAménagement Forestiers.

FAO. 1991. Fiches Techniques des Espèces Locales et Exotiques Utilisées au Togo. ProjetTOG/87/001, Reboisement et Aménagement Forestiers.

Paroubadi, A. 1991. Séminaire sur les Statistiques Forestières en Afrique. FAO, Thiès,Sénégal.

REMERCIEMENTS

Ce rapport a été réalisé grace au financement du Programme de Partenariat CE-FAO4(Collecte et analyse des données pour un aménagement durable de la forat dans les paysA.C.P.». Le contenu est basé sur l'information accessible au siège central de la FAO ARome.

Des informations supplémentaires sur les PFNL au Togo seraient bienvenues et reconnuesen bonne et due forme.

303

3.6.16 Togo (F)

INTRODUCTION


Les produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL) importants au Togo sont les plantes alimentaires (e.g. Adansonia digitata (baobab), Vitellaria paradoxa (karite), Eleais guineensis (palmier a huile), et Parkia biglobosa (nere)); les plantes fourrageres (e.g. Acacia senegal, Faidherbia albida, Acacia seyal, Khaya senegalensis); les plantes medicinales (e.g. Prosopis africana) ; et les tannins (e.g. Prosopis africana, Anogeissus leiocarpus).


Selon Paroubadi (1991), de «nombreux produits forestiers non ligneux existent mais on ne dispose pas de statistiques les concernant».


Nourriture

Le karite (Vitellaria paradoxa) possede de multiples avantages mais Ie plus important est son interet economique, du fait de I'extraction du "beurre de karite", utilise aussi bien dans I'alimentation humaine qu'en cosmetique (rouge a levres). Les qualites mediocres servent pour la fabrication du savon ou des bougies. On I'utilise egalement pour fabriquer du chocolat. La pulpe du fruit est consommee par Ie betail. Dans les conditions ideales, Ie rendement par arbre est de 15 kg par an (FAO, 1991).

La pulpe du nere (Parkia biglobosa) contient jusqu'a 60% de sucre. Les graines sont transformees en une boule noiratre utilisee comme ingredient dans les sauces. Le baobab (Adansonia digitata) presente de multiples usages alimentaires, avec les feuilles, la pulpe des fruits et les graines. En plus, Ie baobab a des utilisations variees dans la pharmacopee.

REFERENCES

FAO. 1988. Le Paysan et I'Agroforesterie. Projet TOG/87/001, Reboisement et Amenagement Forestiers.

FAO. 1990. Rapport de Synthase des Operations d'lnventaires Forestiers Effectues dans la Foret cje Sanda - Prefecture de Bassar, Projet TOG/871001, Reboisement et Amenagement Forestiers.

FAO. 1991. Fiches Techniques des Espaces Locales et Exotiques Utilisees au Togo. Projet TOG/871001, Reboisement et Amenagement Forestiers.

Paroubadi, A. 1991. Seminaire sur les Statistiques Forestiares en Afrique. FAO, Thies, Senegal.

REMERCIEMENTS Ce rapport a ete realise grace au financement du Programme de Partenariat CE-FAO «Collecte et analyse des donnees pour un amenagement durable de la foret dans les pays A.C.P.». Le contenu est base sur I'information accessible au siege central de la FAO a Rome.

Des informations supplementaires sur les PFNL au Togo seraient bienvenues et reconnues en bonne et due forme.

303

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