Les Actions Dirigées vers un But– (2) the detection of the resistance increase occurs at the same...

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Les Actions Dirigées vers un But

Transcript of Les Actions Dirigées vers un But– (2) the detection of the resistance increase occurs at the same...

Page 1: Les Actions Dirigées vers un But– (2) the detection of the resistance increase occurs at the same time in both conditions. We conclude that the sudden awareness of a movement pattern

Les Actions Dirigées vers un But

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Action et degrés de liberté au sein des réseaux de neurones

• Réflexe et adaptabilité (bases neuronales)

Aplysie

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Habituation et déshabituation

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Habituation et déshabituation

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Mécanismes moléculaires impliqués à court terme

Serotonin released by the facilitatory interneurons binds to G-protein coupled receptors on the presynaptic terminals of the siphon sensory neurons (step 1), which stimulates production of the second messenger, cAMP (step 2). cAMP binds to the regulatory subunits of protein kinase A (PKA; step 3), liberating catalytic subunits of PKA that are then able to phosphorylate several proteins, probably including K+ channels (step 4). The net effect of the action of PKA is to reduce the probability that the K+ channels open during a presynaptic action potential. This effect prolongs the presynaptic action potential, thereby opening more presynaptic Ca2+ channels (step 5). Finally, the enhanced influx of Ca2+ into the presynaptic terminals increases the amount of transmitter released onto motor neurons during a sensory neuron action potential (step 6)

Sensibilisation à court-terme

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Mécanismes moléculaires impliqués à long terme

Long-term sensitization is due to changes in gene expression, causing expression of proteins that change PKA activity and lead to changes in synapse growth.

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Structures neuronales et degrés de liberté

• Perspective phylogénétique Entrée

Sortie

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• Adaptabilité des réactions – Exemple (1:1)

• “Calice de Held"

Structures neuronales et degrés de liberté

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• Adaptabilité des réactions – Exemple (n100:1)

• Cellule pyramidale

Structures neuronales et degrés de liberté

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• Taux de décharge variable et moyennage

Réseaux de neurones massivement interconnectés

Raster

Histogramme de fréquence (PSTH)

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• Taux de décharge vs. Synchronisation N1

N2

Sti 0

10

20

30

40

50

Sti

Vs.

Augmentation du nombre de potentiels d’action

Synchronisation des potentiels d’action

Réseaux de neurones massivement interconnectés

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Intégration

50 ms

Augmentation du nombre de potentiels d’action

+ économique, + rapide

Potentialisation synaptique

1-5 ms

Synchronisation des potentiels d’action

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• Taux de décharge vs. Synchronisation

Au niveau du cortex

Sommation et intégration → 300 neurones : 1 PA

Synchronisation → 30 neurones : 1 PA

Réseaux de neurones massivement interconnectés

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Assemblée neuronale

Neurones →

Connectivité structurale vs. Connectivité fonctionnelle

Cf. Alphabet…

Cf. Réseau lexical…

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Assemblée neuronale

Neurones →

Connectivité structurale vs. Connectivité fonctionnelle

Cf. Alphabet…

Cf. Réseau lexical…

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Qu’est-ce qu’une action?

• Les activités motrices automatiques et rythmiques – La locomotion

• Génération et coordination médullaire!

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Qu’est-ce qu’une action?

• Les activités motrices automatiques et rythmiques – La locomotion

• Les générateurs centraux de rythme

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Qu’est-ce qu’une action?

• Les activités motrices automatiques et rythmiques – La locomotion

• Les générateurs centraux de rythme

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Qu’est-ce qu’une action?

• Les activités motrices automatiques et rythmiques – La locomotion

• Les générateurs centraux de rythme

Propriétés intracellulaires des neurones…

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Qu’est-ce qu’une action?

• Les activités motrices automatiques et rythmiques – La locomotion

• Contrôle volontaire conscient et non-conscient

Varraine et al. (2002)

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Qu’est-ce qu’une action?

• Contrôle volontaire conscient et non-conscient

Consigne: Maintenir la vitesse constante Varraine et al. (2002)

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Qu’est-ce qu’une action?

• Contrôle volontaire conscient et non-conscient • Conclusions:

– (1) the subject remains unaware of his force increase (in compensation) or his walking velocity decrease (in no-intervention) for a long time, although these modifications go largely beyond the variability range in which he is able to intentionally control his force (in no-intervention) or his velocity (in compensation) and

– (2) the detection of the resistance increase occurs at the same time in both conditions. We conclude that the sudden awareness of a movement pattern produced at a low level was found to emerge from the interaction between a top down mechanism where the intentional control of goal feedback delays the aware perception of the other sensory sources and a bottom up mechanism where high level mechanisms of sensorimotor integration come into play beyond a discrepancy threshold between different sensory information.

Varraine et al. (2002)

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Qu’est-ce qu’une action?

• Les actions topocinétiques, balistiques, en boucle ouverte

Intention

Commande

Effecteur Retour sensoriel

Trop tard!

But • Cf. Pointage sur cible et évaluation du résultat...

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Qu’est-ce qu’une action?

• Les actions topocinétiques, en boucle fermée

Intention

Commande

Effecteur Retour sensoriel

Modèle interne

Copie d’efférence

But

Com

para

ison

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Qu’est-ce qu’une action?

(Fourneret & Jeannerod, 1998)

• Les actions topocinétiques, en boucle fermée (primauté de la vision)

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Qu’est-ce qu’une action?

(Fourneret & Jeannerod, 1998)

• Les actions topocinétiques, balistiques, en boucle fermée (primauté de la vision)

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Qu’est-ce qu’une action?

(Fourneret & Jeannerod, 1998)

• Les actions topocinétiques, balistiques, en boucle fermée (primauté de la vision)

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Bibliographie

• Neurosciences (ed. De boeck) • Neurosciences Cognitives (ed. De

Boeck) • Cerveau & Comportement (ed. De

Boeck) • Neurosciences: Contrôle et

apprentissage moteur (ed. Ellipse) • Cerveau et motricité (ed. PUF)