Lec 2 Planning

8/13/2019 Lec 2 Planning

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Planning

Pro. Mrunali Tikare


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Coping with Uncertainty

Three Types of Uncertainty

State uncertainty:occurs when the

environment, or a portion of the environment,

is considered unstable.

Effect uncertainty:occurs when impacts of

environmental change are unpredictable.

Response uncertainty:arises when theconsequences of decisions are unpredictable.


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What is Plan

A Plan:

Is a specific documented intention consisting

of an objective (end) and an action statement

(means).

States what, when, and howsomething is to

be done.


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Definition of Planning

The act of determining the organizations

goals and the means for achieving them.


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ADVANTAGES OF PLANNING

Good planning can produce

Provides direction

Reduces uncertaintyMinimizes waste and redundancy

Sets the standards for controlling

Focus on goals

Intensified effortPersistence of effort

Creation of strategies and tactics

Planning improves coordination and control.

Planning improves time management


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Planning Process

Planning

The process of setting objectives and

determining how to accomplish them.


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Identify Goals

Develop Planning

Premises

Determine

Alternative

Course of Action

Selection and

Implementation

Review and Revise


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Planning Process

Step 1. Define your objectives Know where you want togo; be specific enough to know you have arrived whenyou get there and how far off you are along the way.

Step 2. Determine current status vis--vis objectivesKnow where you stand in reaching the objectives;identify strengths that work in your favor andweaknesses that can hold you back.

Step 3. Develop premises regarding future conditionsand generate alternative scenarios for what mayhappen; identify for each scenario things that may helpor hinder progress toward your objectives.


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Planning Process

Step 4. Make a plan Choose the actionalternative most likely to accomplish yourobjectives; describe what must be done toimplement this course of action.

Step 5. Implement the plan and evaluateresults. Take action; measure progress

toward objectives as implementationproceeds; take corrective actions and reviseplan as needed


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Planning Premises

Planning Premises lay down the boundary

or limitations within which plans are to be

implemented.

For Planning Premisesyou need data on

the current status of the organization


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Types of Planning Premises

Internal v/s External data

Controllable v/s Uncontrollable - Conditions

Tangible v/s IntangibleTime , goodwill,

motivation


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Types of Plans


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Types of Plans


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Types Of Plans

Short-range plans usually cover a year or less.

Long-range Plans Usually cover three years or more

Jaquess Findings on Long-Term Thinking

Most people are comfortable with 3-month

time spans.

Some work well with a 1-year time span.

Only the rare person can handle a 20-year

time span.


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Types of Plans

Specific Plans

Plans that are clearly defined and leave no

room for interpretation

Directional Plans

Flexible plans that set out general guidelines,

provide focus, yet allow discretion in

implementation.


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Types of Plans

Single-Use Plan

A one-time plan specifically designed to meet

the need of a unique situation.

Ex. Programmes, Budget, Schedule, Project,

Methods

Standing Plans

Ongoing plans that provide guidance foractivities performed repeatedly.

Ex. Policies, Procedure, Rules


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Types Of Planning

Contingency planningcreates back-up plans forwhen things go wrong.

Scenario planningcrafts plans for alternative futureconditions.

Benchmarkingidentifies best practices used byothers.

Staff plannersprovide special expertise in planning.

Participatory planningimproves implementationcapacities.


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Components Of Plans

Policy

communicates broad guidelines for making decisions

Procedure

defines specific actions to be taken in specific situations

Project Plans

specify activities, resources, and timetables forcompleting projects

Budget

plan that commits resources to projects or activities

Zero-based Budget

allocates resources as if each budget was brand new

Programme :Comprehensive plan designed to implement polic


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Planning Horizons


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The Planning/Control Cycle

Planning sets in motion activities to

accomplish the planned objectives.

Control functions to direct and monitor

activities for deviations from plans (i.e.,attainment of objectives).

Planning uses feedback from controls to

improve/alter plans and implement corrective

actions where necessary.


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The Basic Planning/Control Cycle


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Contemporary Issues in Planning

Criticisms of Planning Planning may create rigidity.

Plans cannot be developed for dynamic

environments.

Formal plans cannot replace intuition and

creativity.

Planning focuses managers attention on todays

competition not tomorrows survival.

Formal planning reinforces todays success, which

may lead to tomorrows failure

Lec 2 Planning

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