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SEQUENCE

History

Roads in Pakistan

Classification of roads Components and typical cross section of a

road

Important terminologies

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History

Pre-Historic Era

Advent of Wheel - 3500 B.C.

Egyptian Empire - 2600 B.C.

Carthaginians in Tunisia - 600 B.C.

Roman Empire - VIA APPIA 312 B.C.

Dark Age of Europe

18th Century onward

Telfor Telford - 1757

Macadam - 1756-1836

1st Bitumen road built in USA - 1906

1st PCC road built in USA - 1909

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Historical Development of Roadways

Roman Empire (VIA APPIA 312 B.C.)

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Historical Development of Roadways

Telfor Telford (1757)

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Historical Development of Roadways

Macadam (1756-1836)

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Historical Development of Roadways

PCC Road (USA, 1919)

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Highway & Traffic Engineering

ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE IN PAKISTAN

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GIS Roadmap of Pakistan

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National Highways & Motorways

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Grand Trunk Road

Maurya empire built a road from Taxila to Patliputra (present day Patna inBihar, India)

In the 16th century, a major road running across india was built by Pashtunemperor Sher Shah Suri

Sadak-e-Azam (great road) as it was then known, is universally

recognized as having been the herald of the Grand Trunk Road Road was initially built by Sher Shah to connect Agra, his capital, with

Sasaram, his hometown

It was soon extended westward to Multan and eastward to Sonargaon inBengal (now in Bangladesh)

The Mughals, who succeeded the Suris, extended the road westwards: at

one time, it extended to Kabul in Afghanistan, crossing the Kheyber Pass Road was later improved by the British rulers of colonial India. Renamed

the Grand Trunk Road (sometimes referred to as the Long Walk), it

Was extended to run from Calcutta to Peshawar and thus to span a majorportion of India

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Karakoram Highway

Karakoram Highway (KKH) is the highest paved international road in theworld

It connects China and Pakistan across the Karakoram mountain range,through the Khunjerab Pass at an altitude of 4,693 m/15,397 ft

It connects Chinas Xinjiang region with Pakistans Gilgit-Baltistan and also

serves as a popular tourist attraction It is also referred to as National Highway 35 (N35)

Due to its high elevation and difficult conditions in which it wasconstructed, it is also referred to as the Ninth Wonder of the World

Karakoram Highway, also known as the Friendship Highway in China, wasbuilt by the governments of Pakistan and China, and was completed in

1986 810 Pakistani and 82 Chines e workers lost their lives, mostly in landslides

and falls, while building the highway

Route of the KKH traces one of the many paths of the ancient Silk Road

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Alignment of Karakoram Highway

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National Highway Network

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Transport Sector

Accounts for 10.5% of GDP

Growth rate Freight Traffic 3%

Growth rate Passengers 4.5%

Road Sector Accounts for:

Passenger Traffic 91% Freight Traffic 95%

Total Road Network 258,000 km

National Highways 140,726 km

Farm to Market Roads 117,233 km

Highways 254410km Paved 109,396 km

Unpaved 145,014 km

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Transport Sector

National Highway Authority (NHA) is looking

after 8780 km i.e. 4% of entire road network

and caters for 63% of road traffic

- 3462 km Very Poor

- 1252 km Poor

- 389 km Fair-2062 km Good

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Highway & Traffic Engineering

OVERVIEW OF TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

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Users / Content

Passengers Freight

Board, get off and transfer

without assistance

Must be loaded, unloaded and

transferred

Process information and act on

it without assistance

The information must be

processed through logistics

manager

Make choices between meansof transport often irrationally

Logistics managers makechoices between means of

transportation rationally

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Transportation Engineering

Application of technology and scientific principles to theplanning functional design, operation and management offacilities for any mode of transportation in order to providefor the safe, rapid, comfortable, convenient, economical

and environmentally compatible movement of people andgoods.

Essentials of good transportation system

Economy

Safety

Comfort Efficiency

Impact upon environment

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Highway and Traffic Engineering

Definition: The application of technology and scientificprinciples to the planning, functional design, operationand management of roads, streets and highways, theirnetworks, terminals, abutting lands and relationships

with other modes of transportation. Areas of highway transportation engineering

Planning of streets and highways

Geometric design of road facilities

Traffic operations and controlTraffic safety

Maintenance of road facilities and controls

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Highway Transportation System

Fixed facilities: roads, intersections,

interchanges, service stations etc.

Flow entities: passenger cars, buses, trucks,pedestrians etc.

Control component: highway administration,

local transportation agencies, transportation

engineers.

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Road

A road is a path connecting two points

Refers to the right of way between an origin

and destination. In an urban context the wordstreet is often used rather than road, which

dates to the Latin word strata, meaning

pavement.

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Classification of Roadways

Functional

Freeways and Expressways

Highways

Arterials

Local streets

Collectors streets Administrative

Federally administered

Provincial roads

District roads

Usage

All weather roads Fair weather roads

Carriageways

Paved

unpaved

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Types of Pavements

Flexible Pavement

1st used in Paris 1854

Surface course

Base course

Sub base course

Rigid Pavement

Concrete slab

Sub base course

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Typical Cross Section of a Roadway

Platform: Horizontal surface raised above thesurrounding ground

Shoulder: Space between the roadway and ditch

Median Strip: Separation between two roadways

Carriageway: Central part reserved for traffic

Ditch: Channel that carries away water

Sub Grade: Lowest surface of a road

Base Course: Middle surface of a road

Sub Base: Lower surface of a road

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Highway & Traffic Engineering

Important Terminologies

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Highway & Traffic Engineering

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