La gestion centralisée de trésorerie ou cash management un produit ...

7/28/2019 La gestion centralisée de trésorerie ou cash management un produit bancaire en plein essor.

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S A L R C W _ L Y C W C A C I C _ O N W Y C _

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BNOS@YC IC IWFLY

IC__ « GNA^SC_ & BLANAOC_ º

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SA [WFISLY GNAONLWC CA [@CLA C__FW

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[nson` ONSGCWY

Dìdflrc sfutcau Ilrcotcur ic Dìdflrc 8

Ca vuc ic `“fgtcatlfa D. @nurcat YCW_CSW

Iu IC__ « Gnaqucs & Blanaocs º

Naaìc Salvcrsltnlrc 8 7;;; / 7;;>

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_FDDNLWC

WC_SDC CY DFY_-O@CB_

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[WCDLCWC [NWYLC 8 @“N[[WFOMC YWNILYLFAAC@@C IC

OCAYWN@L_NYLFA IC YWC_FWCWLC

OMN[LYWC > 8 @C ALRC@@CDCAY OFD[YNG@C FS RLWCDCAY [FSW _F@IC

(XGN)

_cotlfa > 8 @c vlrcdcat pfur sf`ic trnasbrfatlírcs

_cotlfa 7 8 @c vlrcdcat pfur sf`ic antlfan`

_cotlfa ? 8 @“nssfolntlfa i“uac ocatrn`lsntlfa ic trìsfrcrlc antlfan`c ct i“uac

ocatrn`lsntlfa trnasbrfatlírcs

OMN[LYWC 7 8 @N BS_LFA I“COMC@@C_ FS OCAYWN@L_NYLFA AFYLFAAC@@C

_cotlfa > 8 @c bfaotlfaacdcat ic `n ocatrn`lsntlfa aftlfaac``c

_cotlfa 7 8 @cs icux bfrdcs ic ocatrn`lsntlfa aftlfaac``c

OMN[LYWC ? 8 @N OFD[CA_NYLFA IC_ _F@IC_

_cotlfa > 8 @n prntlquc brnaånlsc

_cotlfa 7 8 @n prntlquc ë `“ìtrnaecr



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ICS]LCDC [NWYLC 8 LAYCWACY CY CSWF, IC BFWDLING@C_

NOOC@CWNYCSW_ IS ICRC@F[[CDCAY IS ON_M

DNANECDCAY

OMN[LYWC > 8 @C_ N[[FWY_ I“LAYCWACY INA_ @C IFDNLAC IS ON_M

DNANECDCAY

_cotlfa > 8 @n ilbbuslfa ct `n ecstlfa ic `“labfrdntlfa

_cotlfa 7 8 @cs npp`lontlfas i“Latcract ë `n ecstlfa ic trìsfrcrlc

_cotlfa ? 8 @n sìourltì sur Latcract

OMN[LYWC 7 8 @“CSWF CY @N OCAYWN@L_NYLFA IC YWC_FWCWLC

_cotlfa > 8 @cs ldpnots ic `“curf sur `n ecstlfa ic trìsfrcrlc

_cotlfa 7 8 @c omflx i“uac gnaquc

_cotlfa ? 8 @n ocatrn`lsntlfa ic trìsfrcrlc curf, rìn`ltì fu blotlfa

OFAO@S_LFA

YNG@C IC_ DNYLCWC_

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9

WC_SDC

@n ecstlfa ocatrn`lsìc ic trìsfrcrlc inas ua erfupc latìrcssc ic pùs ca pùs i“catrcprlscs inas

`c dfaic ct `n pùpnrt ics gnaqucs fbbrcat nuhfuri“mul ë `curs o`lcats ocs scrvlocs. @cs

ilbbìrcatcs tcomalqucs fat tfutcs pfur fghcotlb ic pcrdcttrc nux catrcprlscs ic eìrcr `curs

`lquliltìs inas `cs dcl``curcs ofailtlfas ct ic dnalírc nutfdntlsìc. Latcract ct `“curf sc

rìví`cat ic bfrdling`cs nooì`ìrntcurs iu iìvc`fppcdcat ic `n ecstlfa ic trìsfrcrlc.

N`` fvcr tmc wfrì dfrc nai dfrc ofrpfrntlfas nrc latcrcstci la onsm dnanecdcat bfr tmclr

erfup nai dfst fb tmc gnajs afw fbbcr tmls scrvloc tf tmclr oustfdcrs. Ymc ilbbcrcat

tcomalqucs n`` mnvc tmc sndc purpfsc wmlom ls tf n``fw ofdpnalcs tf dnanec tmclr onsm la tmc

gcst ofailtlfas nai la nutfdntci wny. Latcract nai curf prfvc tf gc bfrdling`c nooc`crntfrs

fb tmc icvc`fpdcat fb onsm dnanecdcat.

DFY_ O@CB_

OCAYWN@L_NYLFA IC YWC_FWCWLC ON_M [FF@LAE

EC_YLFA IC YWC_FWCWLC ON_M DNANECDCAY

GNA^SC_ GNAJ_

LAYCWACY LAYCWACY

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Dcs slaoírcs rcdcrolcdcats ë

Dfaslcur @nurcat Ycrscur

Rloc-[rcslicat

E`fgn` Onsm Dnanecdcat

(Icutsomc Gnaj NE)



2

LAYWFISOYLFA

@cs sfolìtìs i“ua dèdc erfupc sfat ic pùs ca pùs sfuvcat ndcaìcs ë dcttrc ca ofddua

`curs ilspfalgl`ltìs blanaolírcs nbla i“fptldlscr `n ecstlfa ic `cur trìsfrcrlc e`fgn`c. L` cst ca

cbbct brìqucat nu scla i“ua erfupc quc ics sfolìtìs ilspfscat i“cxoìicats ic trìsfrcrlc n`frs

quc i“nutrcs iflvcat bnlrc bnoc ë ics gcsflas ic blanaocdcat ct fat ifao ua gcsfla ic

trìsfrcrlc. I“fü `“liìc, iís `frs qu“ua erfupc cst ofastltuì, quc `cs sfolìtìs qul fat ua gcsfla

ic trìsfrcrlc pulsscat bnlrc nppc` ë oc``cs qul ilspfscat i“ua cxoìicat.

Ilbbìrcatcs tcomalqucs sc sfat dlscs ca p`noc ct sc iìvc`fppcat, ë tc` pflat quc `cs

ofavcatlfas ofdduaìdcat nppc`ìcs « pff`s ic trìsfrcrlc º, rìscrvìcs l` y n quc`qucs naaìcs

caofrc nux ernais erfupcs, s“ìtcaicat prfercsslvcdcat nux pctltcs ct dfycaacs catrcprlscs.

Ocs pff`s ic trìsfrcrlc iflvcat s“lasorlrc inas ua onirc prìols ct rcspcotcr ua ocrtnla afdgrc

ic ríe`cs, tnat ca dntlírc blson`c quc ic irflt ics sfolìtìs fu irflt gnaonlrc.

Sa ocrtnla afdgrc ic bfaotlfas ic trìsfrcrlc, nu scla ic `“catrcprlsc, sfat susocptlg`cs i“ètrc

ofaocraìcs pnr uac ecstlfa ocatrn`lsìc fu offrifaaìc ic `n trìsfrcrlc. Fa trfuvc

prlaolpn`cdcat `n ecstlfa ics dfycas ic pnlcdcat, tc``c quc `n prìpnrntlfa ct `“cavfl ics

lastrudcats ic ríe`cdcat (omíqucs, vlrcdcats, cbbcts ic ofddcroc…), `n tcauc ic `n pfsltlfa

ca vn`cur, o“cst ë ilrc `n iìtcrdlantlfa ë trís ofurt tcrdc ics gcsflas ic p`nocdcat fu ic

blanaocdcat, `n ecstlfa ics sfìcs gnaonlrcs, o“cst ë ilrc `n iìtcrdlantlfa iu sfìc quftlilca

ca vn`cur ic omnquc ofdptc gnaonlrc ct `n rìn`lsntlfa ìvcatuc``c ic `“ìqul`lgrnec ic ocs

ofdptcs, `n ecstlfa ics gcsflas ct ics cxoìicats ic trìsfrcrlc qul ofaslstc ë rìn`lscr `cs

fpìrntlfas ic p`nocdcat fu ic blanaocdcat aìocssnlrcs ë `n rìn`lsntlfa ics gcsflas ic

trìsfrcrlc, `“ì`ngfrntlfa ics prìvlslfas ic trìsfrcrlc ë dfyca tcrdc ct cabla `n iìblaltlfa ic `n

strntìelc blanaolírc.

@n dlsc ca p`noc i“uac trìsfrcrlc ic erfupc, icstlaìc ë ocatrn`lscr fu ë offrifaacr `cs

notlvltìs ic ecstlfa ic trìsfrcrlc i“ua cascdg`c ic sfolìtìs, pcut ofaocracr tfut fu pnrtlc ics

bfaotlfas dcatlfaaìcs ol-icssus. @“fghcotlb eìaìrn`cdcat pfursulvl pnr `n dlsc ca p`noc

i“uac ocatrn`c ic trìsfrcrlc nu scla i“ua erfupc, icstlaìc ë eìrcr `cs gcsflas ct `cs cxoìicats



5

ic trìsfrcrlc, vlsc ë rìiulrc `“caicttcdcat e`fgn` ë ofurt tcrdc vls-ë-vls ics ìtng`lsscdcats ic

orìilt. Nlasl, pnr ua systídc ic prèts catrc bl`ln`cs i“ua dèdc erfupc, ocùl-ol fptldlsc

`“cascdg`c ics pfsltlfas iìgltrlocs ct orìiltrlocs ic omnouac ics catltìs dcdgrcs iu pff`, ca

ìvltnat ic rcofurlr nu systídc gnaonlrc. Oc`n ìvltc quc ics sfìcs orìiltcurs, `cs iìpùts ë vuc,

ac sflcat pns rìduaìrìs, iu dflas `ë fü `n rìduaìrntlfa ics ofdptcs cst latcriltc, o“cst ë ilrc

prlaolpn`cdcat ca Brnaoc sl `“fa sc sltuc ë `“ìomc`fa curfpìca. Oc`n pcrdct pnr nl``curs

`“ì`ldlantlfa ics iìofuvcrts, eìaìrntcurs ic brnls blanaolcrs. Ic octtc dnalírc, `c erfupc

rìn`lsc ics ìofafdlcs, ca tcrdcs i“nelfs ct ic ofddlsslfas.

@n dlsc ca p`noc ic pff`s ic trìsfrcrlc iflt ètrc ofabfrdc ë ua ocrtnla afdgrc ic prlaolpcs ct

ic ríe`cs. @“cascdg`c ics pnys curfpìcas ofddc i“nl``curs `cs nutrcs Ctnts iu dfaic

npp`lqucat ë `n ocatrn`lsntlfa ic trìsfrcrlc ua ocrtnla afdgrc ic ríe`cs, quc oc sflt ca dntlírc

blson`c, gnaonlrc, fu irflt ics sfolìtìs… Nlasl pnr cxcdp`c, ca Brnaoc, `“nrtlo`c @. 3>>-5-? iu

Ofic dfaìtnlrc ct blanaolcr (naolca nrtlo`c >7-? ic `n `fl iu 79 hnavlcr ><=9, iltc `fl gnaonlrc,

pcrdct ë uac catrcprlsc ic « prfoìicr ë ics fpìrntlfas ic trìsfrcrlc nvco ics sfolìtìs nynat

nvco c``c, ilrcotcdcat fu lailrcotcdcat, ics `lcas ic onpltn` ofabìrnat ë `“uac ics catrcprlscs

`lìcs ua pfuvflr ic ofatrù`c cbbcotlb sur `cs nutrcs º. Wlca ac s“fppfsc ifao ë oc qu“uac

ofavcatlfa rìelssc `cs prèts ct cdpruats rìolprfqucs nu scla i“ua erfupc, ë ofailtlfa quc `cs

sfolìtìs iu erfupc nlcat ua `lca ic onpltn` ilrcot fu lailrcot catrc c``cs ct quc oc `lca ic

onpltn` ofabírc ë `“uac ics catltìs ofastltunat `c erfupc ua pfuvflr ic ofatrù`c cbbcotlb sur `cs

nutrcs.

_l `n aftlfa i“fpìrntlfas ic trìsfrcrlc a“cst pns iìblalc pnr oc tcxtc, i“ua pflat ic vuc

hurlilquc, o“cst sur `c p`na ìofafdlquc qu“c``c iflt ètrc catcaiuc. Nlasl `cs fpìrntlfas ic

trìsfrcrlc ë `“latìrlcur i“ua erfupc sfat pfsslg`cs, quc` quc sflt `c scas iu bùx blanaolcr catrc

sfolìtì-dírc ct bl`ln`cs fu sfus-bl`ln`cs ct vloc vcrsn, nlasl qu“catrc sfolìtìs sşurs.

@n ecstlfa ic trìsfrcrlc fu « onsm dnanecdcat º - oc tcrdc cst iìsfrdnls cdp`fyì

uanaldcdcat inas `n prntlquc ics nbbnlrcs ‟ a“cst pns uac afuvcnutì inas `cs catrcprlscs.

Ocpcainat, `cs catrcprlscs ìvfùcat, `n ofdpìtltlfa latcrantlfan`c `cs fg`lec snas ocssc ë

laafvcr, `cur tnl``c s“noorfát, `cs catrcprlscs iflvcat s“n``lcr nvco i“nutrcs pfur nttclairc uac

tnl``c subblsnatc, `cs buslfas sc du`tlp`lcat, ics bl`ln`cs sfat orììcs ua pcu pnrtfut inas `c

dfaic. Yfut oc`n bnlt quc ics erfupcs sc ofastltucat, nvco ics bl`ln`cs, ics sfus-bl`ln`cs : `csldp`natntlfas sc du`tlp`lcat. Fr `n ilrcotlfa blanaolírc i“ua erfupc, qul n ca pcrdnacaoc ua



=

şl` rlvì sur `cs notlvltìs ct `cs ofdptcs ic scs bl`ln`cs, s“cst vltc rcaiuc ofdptc ic `“latìrèt quc

pfurrnlt rcprìscatcr pfur c``c `n ecstlfa ocatrn`lsìc ic sn trìsfrcrlc. L` a“cst pns rnrc ca cbbct

quc inas ua erfupc, ics sfolìtìs sflcat struoturc``cdcat iìbloltnlrcs n`frs quc i“nutrcs

eneacat ic `“nrecat, i“fü octtc liìc i“lastnurcr ua systídc ocatrn`lsì ic prèts ct i“cdpruats

icstlaì ë fptldlscr `n ecstlfa ic `n trìsfrcrlc ic omnouac ics catrcprlscs ct iu erfupc.

Ilbbìrcatcs tcomalqucs ic ocatrn`lsntlfa ic trìsfrcrlc (« onsm pff`lae º) fat ìtì ì`ngfrìcs

ct/fu sfat iìvc`fppìcs pnr `n prntlquc ([rcdlírc [nrtlc). @n ocatrn`lsntlfa ic trìsfrcrlc n

ofasliìrng`cdcat ìvf`uì nu ofurs ic ocs icralírcs naaìcs, prlaolpn`cdcat ë onusc ics icux

bnotcurs qul sc sfat rìvì`ìs ètrc ic bfrdling`cs nooì`ìrntcurs ic sfa iìvc`fppcdcat 8 Latcract

ct `“Curf (Icuxlídc [nrtlc)



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[WCDLCWC [NWYLC

@“N[[WFOMC YWNILYLFAAC@@C

IC @N OCAYWN@L_NYLFA IC YWC_FWCWLC

@n ecstlfa ic trìsfrcrlc, sl c``c n pfur fghcotlb i“ndì`lfrcr ct i“fptldlscr `n ecstlfa ic `n

trìsfrcrlc nu alvcnu i“ua erfupc, fbbrc nux catrcprlscs ilbbìrcatcs tcomalqucs. Fa ilstlaeuc

prlaolpn`cdcat icux tcomalqucs 8 `“uac fpírc ics trnasbcrts cbbcotlbs ic bfais quftlilcaacdcat

catrc `cs ofdptcs ics ilbbìrcatcs sfolìtìs pnrtlolpnatcs ct `c ofdptc ocatrn`lsntcur ic `n

ocatrn`c ic trìsfrcrlc : o“cst oc quc `“fa nppc``c `c alvc``cdcat ofdptng`c fu vlrcdcat pfur

sfìc fu caofrc « XGN º pfur « Xcrf Gn`naoc Noofuat º (Omnpltrc >).

@“nutrc tcomalquc cst nsscz ilbbìrcatc ic `n prcdlírc inas `n dcsurc fü nuoua trnasbcrt ic

bfais a'latcrvlcat, scu`c `n pfsltlfa ics ofdptcs ics ilbbìrcatcs sfolìtìs pnrtlolpnatcs ìtnat

ofasliìrìc ë ua dfdcat t pfur `c onòu` i“ua sfìc e`fgn` nu alvcnu iu erfupc, pcrdcttnat ic

iìblalr `c dfatnat ics nelfs ius pnr `cs uacs ct ics latìrèts orìiltcurs ius nux nutrcs, `ë fü `n

`ìels`ntlfa `c pcrdct. Octtc tcomalquc ic ocatrn`lsntlfa aftlfaac``c fu « pff`lae aftlfaac` º

cst nussl nppc`ìc buslfa i“ìomc``cs (Omnpltrc 7).

Ca dnrec ic ocs icux tcomalqucs, `n ecstlfa ic trìsfrcrlc ofaanát nussl `n ofdpcasntlfa ics

sfìcs, rìscrvìc tfutcbfls ë uac dèdc catltì hurlilquc, dèdc sl pnr nl``curs oc``c-ol pcut bnlrc pnrtlc i“ua erfupc (Omnpltrc ?).



>;

OMN[LYWC >

@C ALRC@@CDCAY OFD[YNG@C

FS RLWCDCAY [FSW _F@IC

@n ocatrn`lsntlfa nutfdntlquc ic trìsfrcrlc cst uac tcomalquc ifat `cs dfin`ltìs sfat blxìcs

pnr `n ofavcatlfa ics pnrtlcs ct qul s“nvírc i“uac utl`lsntlfa trís sfup`c. C``c pcrdct

i“cbbcotucr `n rcdfatìc ics sfìcs ic pùslcurs ofdptcs scofainlrcs, quc afus nppc``crfas

« ofdptcs sfurocs º sur ua ofdptc ocatrn`lsntcur ualquc, quc afus nppc``crfas « ofdptc

olg`c º.

Afus ìtuilcrfas inas uac prcdlírc scotlfa, nbla ic glca ofdprcairc `c bfaotlfaacdcat iu

dìonalsdc, `c ons iu vlrcdcat pfur sfìc trnasbrfatlírcs fu « orfss-gfricr º pfur utl`lscr `n

tcrdlaf`felc nae`nlsc : puls afus vcrrfas inas uac icuxlídc scotlfa quc `c alvc``cdcat

ofdptng`c pcut ètrc frenalsì nu alvcnu antlfan` fu ifdcstlquc ct bcrfas `c ofastnt, inas uac

trflslídc scotlfa, qu“nu vlrcdcat pfur sfìc trnasbrfatlírcs sfat sfuvcat nssfolìcs ics

ocatrn`lsntlfas antlfan`cs (pff`laes ifdcstlqucs).

_COYLFA > 8 @C RLWCDCAY [FSW _F@IC YWNA_BWFAYLCWC_

O“cst ë icsscla quc afus utl`lscrfas nsscz brìqucddcat, nu scla ic oct cxpfsì, `n tcrdlaf`felc

nae`nlsc, ic pùs ca pùs `nrecdcat cdp`fyìc inas `cs ofatrnts, tnat `cs erfupcs nynat rcofurs

ë oc typc ic scrvlocs gnaonlrcs sfat trís sfuvcat ic ernais erfupcs ldp`natìs inas ic

afdgrcux pnys ë trnvcrs `c dfaic ct nussl, l` bnut glca `“nidcttrc, iu bnlt ic `n prìifdlanaoc

ic `n `naeuc nae`nlsc inas `cs rc`ntlfas ofddcroln`cs latcrantlfan`cs. [nr nl``curs, `cs gnaqucs

iìslrnat prfpfscr ics scrvlocs ic ecstlfa ic trìsfrcrlc ë octtc o`lcatí`c i“catrcprlscs



>>

du`tlantlfan`cs, iflvcat nvflr, c``cs nussl, ua rìscnu ë `n dcsurc ic ocs cahcux, oc qul bnol`ltc

ernaicdcat `n dlsc ca p`noc ct `c bfaotlfaacdcat inas `c iurìc.

§ > 8 [WC_CAYNYLFA

@n rcdfatìc ics sfìcs ca onpltnux nppnrnát `n bfrdu`c `n pùs o`nsslquc. [rcafas `“cxcdp`c

i“ua erfupc n``cdnai, ifat `c slíec cst ca Wìpug`lquc Bìiìrn`c i“N``cdneac. [nr mypftmísc,

`c mfìlae iu erfupc fuvrc `c ofdptc plvft, ca curfs, inas uac gnaquc, puls omnouac ics

bl`ln`cs ë `“ìtrnaecr fuvrc ua ofdptc sfuroc, ca curfs inas `cs pnys nynat nifptì octtc

dfaanlc, inas i“nutrcs icvlscs pfur `cs nutrcs ldp`natntlfas. Ocs ofdptcs sfurocs sfat

fuvcrts, pfur `n dnhfrltì i“catrc cux, inas `cs bl`ln`cs fu suooursn`cs ic `n gnaquc qul n fuvcrt

`c ofdptc plvft (ol-nprís `n « Gnaquc [rlaolpn`c º). Oc`n bnol`ltc `c bfaotlfaacdcat ic `n

ocatrn`lsntlfa ic trìsfrcrlc, iu bnlt qu“uac scu`c ct dèdc gnaquc eírc `“cascdg`c iu systídc.

Glca catcaiu, oc`n a“cdpèomc pns ocrtnlacs gnaqucs `fon`cs, ofrrcspfainats gnaonlrcs ic `n

Gnaquc [rlaolpn`c, fu glca tfut sldp`cdcat pnroc qu“c``cs sfat `cs gnaqucs ics bl`ln`cs fu

suooursn`cs iu erfupc o`lcat, i“latcrvcalr `fon`cdcat sulvnat `cs gcsflas fu `cs sfumnlts ic `n

bl`ln`c fu suooursn`c `fon`c ic `“catrcprlsc. @“nutrc latìrèt pfur ua erfupc ic ofablcr ë uac

scu`c ct dèdc gnaquc `c scrvloc ic ecstlfa ic trìsfrcrlc ùl pcrdct i“fgtcalr ic dcl``curcs

ofailtlfas tnrlbnlrcs.

[rìn`ng`cdcat ë `n sleanturc iu ofatrnt, ics aìefolntlfas vfat s“catndcr catrc `c erfupc ct `n

Gnaquc [rlaolpn`c, qul iurcrfat sfuvcat ics dfls. @n Gnaquc [rlaolpn`c ofddcaoc pnr

sfudcttrc sfa prfhct ic ofatrnt nu tltu`nlrc iu ofdptc plvft nlasl qu“ua ocrtnla afdgrc

i“naacxcs tcomalqucs nynat pfur gut ic prìolscr ca iìtnl` `cs audìrfs ics ofdptcs gnaonlrcs,

`cs nircsscs, `cs pcrsfaacs ë ofatnotcr, cto… C``c s“nssurc pnr cxcdp`c quc `n sfolìtì n p`clac

onpnoltì pfur ofatrnotcr : nlasl ca Brnaoc, ua ofatrnt ic ocatrn`lsntlfa ic trìsfrcrlc ìtnat

ofasliìrì ofddc uac ofavcatlfa rìe`cdcatìc inas `n dcsurc fü, trís sfuvcat, `cs

nidlalstrntcurs fu dcdgrcs iu ofascl` ic survcl``naoc sc rctrfuvcat inas uac, vflrc pùslcurs

sfolìtìs iu erfupc, `n sfolìtì icvrn sfudcttrc `n ofaoùslfa i“uac tc``c ofavcatlfa ë

`“npprfgntlfa prìn`ng`c ic sfa ofascl` i“nidlalstrntlfa (fu ic sfa ofascl` ic survcl``naoc) fu,

`n ons ìomìnat, sl `n tftn`ltì ics nidlalstrntcurs (fu ics dcdgrcs iu ofascl` ic survcl``naoc)



>7

sfat ìen`cdcat ilrlecnat, eìrnat, nidlalstrntcur, dcdgrc iu ofascl` ic survcl``naoc i“uac

nutrc sfolìtì pnrtlolpnat ë `n ocatrn`lsntlfa ic trìsfrcrlc, ë `n rntlblontlfa ic `“nsscdg`ìc

eìaìrn`c frilanlrc, `c ofddlssnlrc nux ofdptcs ìtnat labfrdì inas `cs icux ons : l` iflt

i“nl``curs prìscatcr ua rnppfrt spìoln` ë `“nsscdg`ìc eìaìrn`c sur ocs ofavcatlfas.

Futrc `c bfaotlfaacdcat ic `n ocatrn`lsntlfa ic trìsfrcrlc, `c ofatrnt rìelt, aftnddcat ct trís

o`nsslqucdcat, `“fghct, `n iurìc, `cs onuscs ic rìsl`lntlfa natlolpìc, `cs onuscs ic suspcaslfa `c

ons ìomìnat nlasl quc `c irflt npp`long`c ct `n hurlilotlfa ofdpìtcatc ca ons ic `ltlec. Ocs icux

icralírcs o`nuscs fat `cur ldpfrtnaoc inas `n dcsurc fü `c ofatrnt ic ocatrn`lsntlfa ic

trìsfrcrlc trnasbrfatlírcs scrn sleaì pnr ua ernai afdgrc ic sfolìtìs ic antlfan`ltì ilbbìrcatc.

Fa trfuvc ìen`cdcat, ca eìaìrn` inas `cs naacxcs, `c scul` dlaldn` ca icåë iuquc` `n

ocatrn`lsntlfa ac s“fpírc pns. Nlasl pnr cxcdp`c, sl `c scul` ics ofdptcs sfurocs cst blxì ë

>.;;; curfs, scu`s `cs dfatnats orìiltcurs iìpnssnat >.;;; curfs scrfat vlrìs nutfdntlqucdcat

sur `c ofdptc plvft. Inas `c vlrcdcat pfur sfìc, ics vlrcdcats ic bfais s“fpírcat

cbbcotlvcdcat ics ofdptcs sfurocs vcrs `c ofdptc olg`c ct vloc vcrsn. Nlasl fa pnr`c ic

« swccps º `frsqu“l` s“nelt ic trnasbcrts ic bfais i“ua ofdptc sfuroc vcrs `c ofdptc olg`c

(mypftmísc fü `c ofdptc sfuroc cst orìiltcur) ct ic « ofvcrs º pfur `cs trnasbcrts iu ofdptc

olg`c vcrs ua ofdptc sfuroc.

[fur quc `n ocatrn`lsntlfa ic trìsfrcrlc bfaotlfaac ofrrcotcdcat, l` cst ldpìrntlb quc `c erfupc,

ca `lnlsfa nvco `n Gnaquc [rlaolpn`c, dcttc ca p`noc ua systídc i“labfrdntlfa. Ca cbbct, `cs

vlrcdcats cxìoutìs ac sfat quc `n trniuotlfa iu omflx fpìrì pnr `c erfupc pfur eìrcr sn

trìsfrcrlc. L` cst ifao aìocssnlrc quc `c rcspfasng`c ic `n trìsfrcrlc iu erfupc sflt

ofastnddcat ca pfsscsslfa i“labfrdntlfas prìolscs sur `n sltuntlfa ic tfus `cs ofdptcs

ofaocraìs pnr octtc ecstlfa of``cotlvc. L` icvlcat ic oc bnlt lailspcasng`c quc `n ocatrn`lsntlfa

dlsc ca p`noc pcrdcttc tcomalqucdcat uac rcdfatìc nutfdntlquc ct lddìilntc ics sfìcs ct

qu“uac labfrdntlfa sur `csilts sfìcs sflt ilspfalg`c ca pcrdnacaoc ct ca ofatlau.

§ 7 8 _YWSOYSWC



>?

Iu pflat ic vuc struoturc`, `n ocatrn`lsntlfa ic `n ecstlfa ics gcsflas ct ics cxoìicats ic

trìsfrcrlc rcpfsc sur uac sfolìtì bnlsnat fbbloc ic ocatrn`c ic trìsfrcrlc. Octtc sfolìtì pcut ètrc

`n sfolìtì-dírc iu erfupc fu tfutc nutrc sfolìtì iu erfupc, omflslc pnr `c erfupc pfur bnlrc

fbbloc ic sfolìtì plvft. @cs orltírcs rìelssnat `c omflx ic `n `fon`lsntlfa ct ics onrnotìrlstlqucs

ic `n ocatrn`c ic trìsfrcrlc sfat `lìs nu vfùdc ics fpìrntlfas rìn`lsìcs pnr omnquc sfolìtì iu

erfupc, nux ofdpìtcaocs ilspfalg`cs nlasl qu“nux ofatrnlatcs blson`cs ct rìe`cdcatnlrcs.

Inas `c vlrcdcat pfur sfìc, omnquc sfolìtì pnrtlolpnatc sntlsbnlt omnquc hfur scs gcsflas ic

blanaocdcat fu ic p`nocdcat ca s“nircssnat ë `n ocatrn`c ic trìsfrcrlc qul icvlcat `n

« gnaquc º iu erfupc. Octtc catltì icvlcat vìrltng`cdcat `c ocatrc prlaolpn` ic p`nocdcat ct

ic blanaocdcat. @“cascdg`c iu systídc bfaotlfaac ic dnalírc nutfdntlsìc `frsquc `c erfupc

n sleaì nvco sn gnaquc ua ofatrnt ic ecstlfa ocatrn`lsìc ic trìsfrcrlc, oc qul cst prcsquc

tfuhfurs `c ons iís `frs quc `c erfupc n uac tnl``c subblsnddcat ldpfrtnatc.

@n ocatrn`c ic trìsfrcrlc pcut nvflr `c dfafpf`c iu blanaocdcat ct iu p`nocdcat pfur

`“cascdg`c ics sfolìtìs iu erfupc, dnls l` cst ìen`cdcat pfsslg`c ic pcrdcttrc nux sfolìtìs

pnrtlolpnatcs ic ilspfscr nuprís ic `n Gnaquc [rlaolpn`c, fu i“uac gnaquc `fon`c `c ons

ìomìnat, ic bnol`ltìs ic iìofuvcrt fu ic `leacs ic orìilt ë ofurt tcrdc, sfus `c ofatrù`c pùs fu

dflas ìtrflt ic `n ocatrn`c ic trìsfrcrlc. Ocs bnol`ltìs ic onlssc fu ocs `leacs ic orìilt, `n

pùpnrt iu tcdps noofriìcs ë ocs erfupcs, ca `lca trís ìtrflt nvco `c vfùdc ics bùx ct, glca

catcaiu, nvco `n onpnoltì blanaolírc iu erfupc, sfat tfutcbfls laiìpcainatcs iu ofatrnt ic

ocatrn`lsntlfa ic trìsfrcrlc.

Oc`n slealblc trís ofaorítcdcat qu'ua ofatrnt ic ocatrn`lsntlfa ic trìsfrcrlc a“cst pns

aìocssnlrcdcat `lì ë uac bnol`ltì ic onlssc fu ë uac fuvcrturc ic orìilt. Oc`n cst tc``cdcat vrnl

quc, pnr cxcdp`c, `cs iì`nls ic rìsl`lntlfa ac sfat pns aìocssnlrcdcat `cs dèdcs. Nlasl `c

ofatrnt pcut prìvflr uac pìrlfic ic prìnvls ca ons ic rìsl`lntlfa ic pnrt fu i“nutrc ic trcatc

hfurs n`frs quc `n rupturc i“uac fuvcrturc ic orìilt ë iurìc laiìtcrdlaìc ac pcut prcairc cbbct,

ca irflt brnaånls, ë iìbnut i“noofri nu dfdcat ic `“fotrfl iu ofaofurs, qu“ë `“lssuc i“ua iì`nl

ic prìnvls ic sflxnatc hfurs, ofabfrdìdcat ë `“nrtlo`c @. ?>?->7 iu Ofic Dfaìtnlrc ct

Blanaolcr (naolca nrtlo`c 2; ic `n `fl gnaonlrc). [nr ofasìqucat, `n rupturc ics ofaofurs

gnaonlrcs a“n pns aìocssnlrcdcat ofddc ofasìqucaoc `n rupturc iu ofatrnt ic ocatrn`lsntlfa

ic trìsfrcrlc ct vloc vcrsn.



>9

@cs `leacs ic orìilt ìvcatuc``cdcat noofriìcs ë ua erfupc, inas `c onirc i“ua ofatrnt ic

ocatrn`lsntlfa ic trìsfrcrlc iflvcat ùl pcrdcttrc ic bfaotlfaacr ic dnalírc ofatlauc snas

nvflr ë sc sfuolcr ic prfg`ídcs ic trìsfrcrlc 8 `n ocatrn`c ic trìsfrcrlc, « gnaquc º iu erfupc,

n ifao rcofurs ë sn gnaquc (`n Gnaquc [rlaolpn`c) pfur bfaotlfaacr inas `cs ofailtlfas

prìvucs nu ofatrnt.

§ ? 8 WC_[FA_NGL@LYC_

@cs rcspfasngl`ltìs ics ilbbìrcatcs sfolìtìs pnrtlolpnat nu alvc``cdcat ofdptng`c sfat `cs

sulvnatcs 8

N) Iìtcrdlantlfa quftlilcaac ics sfìcs ca vn`cur H ic `curs ofdptcs gnaonlrcs : `cs

sfìcs ics ilbbìrcats ofdptcs gnaonlrcs ics catrcprlscs pnrtlolpnatcs sfat ofddualquìs

pnr omnquc bl`ln`c fu suooursn`c ic `n Gnaquc [rlaolpn`c, fu `c ons ìomìnat pnr `n fu `cs

gnaqucs `fon`cs, ë `n Gnaquc [rlaolpn`c, qul cbbcotuc ua rnpprfomcdcat ic ocs sfìcs nvco

`cs prìvlslfas ic trìsfrcrlc qul, c``cs, rìsu`tcat ics prfprcs labfrdntlfas ic `n sfolìtì.

G) Yrnasbcrt ics sfìcs : rcpfrt ic `n pfsltlfa acttc ic trìsfrcrlc sur `c ofdptc plvft. @n

Gnaquc [rlaolpn`c, nu dfyca iu systídc qu“c``c n dls ca p`noc, prfoíic ic dnalírc

nutfdntlsìc, pfur `c ofdptc ics sfolìtìs pnrtlolpnatcs, ca bfaotlfa nussl ics scul`s

iìtcrdlaìs ë `“nvnaoc, nux dfuvcdcats ic bfais aìocssnlrcs. Nlasl omnquc sfolìtì

ofasf`lic sur `c ofdptc plvft, sflt sfa gcsfla, sflt sfa cxoìicat ic trìsfrcrlc.

@cs lastruotlfas ic vlrcdcat sfat ofddualquìcs ë `n Gnaquc [rlaolpn`c ic ilbbìrcatcs

dnalírcs 8 ìvcatuc``cdcat pnr tì`ìpmfac, dnls pùtùt ct ic pùs ca pùs, pnr

tì`ìtrnasdlsslfa, spìoln`cdcat inas `c ons ic erfupcs ldpfrtnats. Nlasl, iís `frs quc `cs

scul`s ìvcatuc``cdcat blxìs `frs ic `n ofaoùslfa iu ofatrnt sfat nttclats, `cs vlrcdcats

sfat cbbcotuìs.

§ 9 8 FGHCOYLB_ [FSW_SLRL_



>3

@n ocatrn`lsntlfa ic `n ecstlfa ics sfìcs gnaonlrcs ofastltuc uac ìtnpc ldpfrtnatc ic `n

ecstlfa ic trìsfrcrlc nu scla i“ua erfupc. Ca cbbct, oc``c-ol ofaslstc, pfur `n ocatrn`c ic

trìsfrcrlc, ë prfoìicr c``c-dèdc ë `“ìqul`lgrnec quftlilca ics ofdptcs gnaonlrcs ics

ilbbìrcatcs sfolìtìs iu erfupc, `n tcauc ic ocs ofdptcs rcstnat tfutcbfls sfus `n rcspfasngl`ltì

ic ocs icralírcs. @frsquc `cs ilbbìrcatcs sfolìtìs ofdpfsnat `c erfupc fat sleaì nvco uac

gnaquc ua ofatrnt ic alvc``cdcat ofdptng`c, octtc ocatrn`lsntlfa s“fpírc ic dnalírc

nutfdntlquc ca bfaotlfas ics orltírcs blxìs `frs ic `n sleanturc iu ofatrnt fu ndcaiìs `c ons

ìomìnat u`tìrlcurcdcat. @“ìqul`lgrnec ofaslstc ë dcttrc omnquc hfur ë zìrf `c sfìc ca vn`cur

ic omnquc ofdptc pnr vlrcdcat vcrs `c ofdptc plvft, fuvcrt nu afd ic `n ocatrn`c ic

trìsfrcrlc.

@c prlaolpn` nvnatnec ic `n ocatrn`lsntlfa rìslic inas `c bnlt qu“nuoua cxoìicat ic bfais ac

rcstc lacdp`fyì ct quc tfus `cs gcsflas ic blanaocdcat sflcat sntlsbnlts inas `cs dcl``curcs

ofailtlfas. Oc`n pcrdct ic ofaocatrcr inas `cs dnlas i“uac ìqulpc ualquc octtc bfaotlfa : ca

futrc, omnquc sfolìtì pnrtlolpnatc gìaìblolc nlasl, quc``c quc sflt sn tnl``c, ic `n dèdc sìourltì

ct ic `n dèdc qun`ltì ca oc qul ofaocrac `“fptldlsntlfa ic scs sfìcs ic trìsfrcrlc.

Ocpcainat, `frsquc `c afdgrc i“catrcprlscs i“ua dèdc erfupc pnrtlolpnat ë `n ocatrn`lsntlfa

ic trìsfrcrlc cst ldpfrtnat ct quc, `c ons ìomìnat, `c afdgrc ic gnaqucs `“cst ìen`cdcat, `c

systídc pcut s“nvìrcr trís `furi ë dcttrc ca p`noc ct surtfut ë eìrcr. O“cst `ë quc `cs scrvlocs

i“uac gnaquc s“nvírcat utl`cs, vflrc lailspcasng`cs 8 `“nutfdntloltì ics trnasbcrts « swccps º

ct « ofvcrs º sldp`lblc n`frs ofasliìrng`cdcat `c bfaotlfaacdcat ic `n ocatrn`lsntlfa ic

trìsfrcrlc.

_cotlfa 7 8 @C RLWCDCAY [FSW _F@IC ANYLFAN@

@c systídc quc afus vcafas i“nan`yscr ë `“ìomc`fa trnasbrfatlírcs bfaotlfaac scaslg`cdcat ic

`n dèdc dnalírc nu alvcnu antlfan`. Ics trnasbcrts ic bùx latcrvlcaacat ìen`cdcat catrc

catltìs i“ua dèdc erfupc, aìnadflas fa sc p`noc lol ë `“latìrlcur i“ua scu` ct ualquc [nys.

Nbla i“l`ùstrcr `c bfaotlfaacdcat ic tc``cs fpìrntlfas, ct snomnat quc afus afus p`nåfas inas



>2

`“mypftmísc fü ua ofatrnt cst sleaì nvco uac gnaquc ic dnalírc ë frenalscr `cs trnasbcrts ic

sf`ics ic dnalírc nutfdntlquc, afus rnppc``crfas inas `curs ernaics `leacs, inas ua prcdlcr

pnrnernpmc, `cs cxlecaocs iu irflt brnaånls ca `n dntlírc : puls, inas ua icuxlídc pnrnernpmc,

afus ìtuilcrfas `cs prlaolpn`cs o`nuscs i“ua tc` ofatrnt.

§ > 8 @C_ C]LECAOC_ IS IWFLY BWNAONL_

N) Sac cxocptlfa nu dfafpf`c ics gnaqucs

Natìrlcurcdcat ë `n `fl iu 79 hnavlcr ><=9, iltc « `fl gnaonlrc º, nuhfuri“mul ofilblìc inas `c

Ofic dfaìtnlrc ct blanaolcr, `n of``cotc ics iìpùts ct `n ilstrlgutlfa iu orìilt ìtnlcat rìscrvìs

nux ìtng`lsscdcats ic orìilt, qul icvnlcat ètrc nerììs pnr `curs nutfrltìs ic tutc``c pfur

cxcrocr `cur notlvltì. Octtc fg`lentlfa nvnlt ìtì lastltuìc pnr `cs `fls ics >? ct >9 hula ><9>.

Ic oc bnlt, cu ìenri nu dfafpf`c qul but dls ca p`noc ë octtc ìpfquc, `cs prèts catrc sfolìtìs

qul a“nvnlcat al `c stntut ic gnaquc al oc`ul ic sfolìtìs blanaolírcs a“ìtnlcat pns nutfrlsìs. @n

pfsslgl`ltì ic eìrcr `n trìsfrcrlc inas ua erfupc ìtnlt ifao trís `ldltìc.

@c dfafpf`c ics ìtng`lsscdcats ic orìilt cst nuhfuri“mul ofasnorì pnr `“nrtlo`c @.3>>-3 iu

Ofic dfaìtnlrc ct blanaolcr. O“cst nlasl quc `cs ìtng`lsscdcats ic orìilt iflvcat,

prìn`ng`cdcat ë `“cxcroloc ic `cur notlvltì, fgtcalr ua nerìdcat iu Ofdltì ics Ctng`lsscdcats

ic Orìilt.

@cs icux tcxtcs ldpfrtnats qul nutfrlscat nuhfuri“mul `cs fpìrntlfas ic orìilt ë `“latìrlcur

i“ua dèdc erfupc, snas labrnotlfa nu dfafpf`c ics gnaqucs, sfat `cs sulvnats 8

∗ `“nrtlo`c @. ?>7-7 iu Ofic dfaìtnlrc ct blanaolcr qul ilspfsc quc « ac sfat pns

ofasliìrìs ofddc bfais rcåus iu pug`lo º, ifao afa sfudls nu dfafpf`c gnaonlrc, « `cs

bfais rcåus fu `nlssìs ca ofdptc pnr `cs nssfolìs ca afd fu `cs ofddnailtnlrcs i“uac sfolìtì

ic pcrsfaacs, `cs nssfolìs fu notlfaanlrcs iìtcanat nu dflas 3 % iu onpltn` sfoln`, `cs

nidlalstrntcurs, `cs dcdgrcs iu ilrcotflrc ct iu ofascl` ic survcl``naoc fu `cs eìrnats nlasl

quc `cs bfais prfvcanat ic prèts pnrtlolpntlbs º.



>=

@c ofatrù`c cbbcotlb pcut ìen`cdcat rìsu`tcr ic bnotcurs qul ac sfat pns cxoùslvcdcat

blanaolcrs. @“naolca nrtlo`c ?33-> ic `n `fl ic ><22 iìblalt `c ofatrù`c ofddc ìtnat ua ofatrù`c

ic irflt ct ua ofatrù`c ic bnlt. @“cxlstcaoc i“ua ofatrù`c cbbcotlb icvrn ifao ètrc npprìolì nu

ons pnr ons. L` pfurrn rìsu`tcr iu onpltn` sfoln`, dnls nussl ic tfus `cs ì`ìdcats ic irflt ct ic

bnlt qul pcrdcttrfat ic ofasliìrcr `“cxlstcaoc i“uac sfolìtì ifdlanatc ct ic sfolìtìs

ifdlaìcs.

ûnat nux « fpìrntlfas ic trìsfrcrlc º, octtc aftlfa a“cst pns iìblalc inas `n `fl gnaonlrc. Fa

iflt ifao catcairc pnr fpìrntlfas ic trìsfrcrlc oc``cs qul fat pfur fghct ics `lquliltìs. @cs

bfais trnasbìrìs catrc `cs ilbbìrcatcs catltìs iu erfupc sfat glca ics `lquliltìs, ic `n dfaanlc

ilspfalg`c. Sac fpìrntlfa ic trìsfrcrlc pcut ifao ètrc iìblalc ofddc ìtnat tfutc fpìrntlfa pnr

`nquc``c uac catrcprlsc vlsc ë sc prfourcr ct utl`lscr ics `lquliltìs.

G) @c irflt ics sfolìtìs

_nas catrcr inas `c iìtnl` ic `n `ìels`ntlfa brnaånlsc ca dntlírc ic irflt ics sfolìtìs, afus

rnppc``crfas sldp`cdcat qu“ua ofatrnt ic ocatrn`lsntlfa ic trìsfrcrlc iflt prìscatcr pfur `c

erfupc, ct pfur omnouac ics sfolìtìs `c ofdpfsnat, ua latìrèt sfoln` (>) : oc typc ic

ofavcatlfa cst pnr nl``curs sfudls ë `n prfoìiurc ics ofavcatlfas rìe`cdcatìcs (7).

(>) @“latìrèt sfoln`

@cs fpìrntlfas ic ocatrn`lsntlfa ic trìsfrcrlc, qul ac sfat quc ics fpìrntlfas ic prèt ct

i“cdpruat rìeu`lcrs, iflvcat ifao catrcr inas `“fghct sfoln` ic omnouac ics catrcprlscs

pnrtlolpnatcs.

@“notlvltì i“uac catrcprlsc ofddcroln`c n pfur blan`ltì `n rcomcromc ic gìaìblocs fu

i“ìofafdlcs. Sac sfolìtì cst lastltuìc, afus ilt `“nrtlo`c >=?7 iu Ofic olvl`, « pnr icux fu

pùslcurs pcrsfaacs, qul ofavlcaacat pnr ua ofatrnt i“nbbcotcr ë uac catrcprlsc ofdduac ics

glcas fu `cur laiustrlc ca vuc ic pnrtnecr `cs gìaìblocs fu ic prfbltcr ic `“ìofafdlc qul

pfurrn ca rìsu`tcr º. Fr `“nvnatnec ilrcot ic `“nppnrtcanaoc ë ua systídc ic ocatrn`lsntlfa ic

trìsfrcrlc ofaslstc, pfur `“cascdg`c ics sfolìtìs pnrtlolpnatcs ct pnr ofasìqucat pfur `cerfupc, ë gìaìblolcr ic ofailtlfas ic blanaocdcat nvnatnecuscs. Ca cbbct, `cs prèts ct



><

cdpruats quc sc bfat dutuc``cdcat `cs sfolìtìs i“ua erfupc gìaìblolcat ic ofailtlfas

nvnatnecuscs, rcainat `c ofút iu orìilt pùs bnlg`c quc pnr `c orìilt gnaonlrc o`nsslquc.

Iflt-fa pfur nutnat ca ofaoùrc quc `“ngscaoc ic rìduaìrntlfa ic `n sfolìtì prètcusc vls-ë-vls

ic scs bl`ln`cs pfurrnlt ofastltucr uac fpìrntlfa l``loltc nu scas ic `“nrtlo`c >=?7. @n rìpfasc cst

ë a“ca pns ifutcr aìentlvc iís `frs quc `“fpìrntlfa rìn`lsìc pnr octtc catrcprlsc a“cst pns

tftn`cdcat iìslatìrcssìc.

Iu pflat ic vuc ics stntuts, `“nrtlo`c @. 7>;-7 iu Afuvcnu Ofic ic ofddcroc (naolca nrtlo`c

7 ic `n `fl iu 79 hul``ct ><22), ilspfsc quc `“fghct i“uac sfolìtì iflt ètrc iìtcrdlaì inas scs

stntuts. [nr ofasìqucat, ca oc qul ofaocrac ca pnrtlou`lcr `n sfolìtì ocatrn`lsntrloc, scs stntuts

icvrfat prìvflr o`nlrcdcat `n pfsslgl`ltì i“cbbcotucr ics fpìrntlfas ic trìsfrcrlc. Ca rcvnaomc,

s“nelssnat ics sfolìtìs pnrtlolpnatcs, l` ac pnrnát pns lailspcasng`c ic `c prìvflr cxprcssìdcat

inas `n dcsurc fü `cs fpìrntlfas ic trìsfrcrlc ac ofastltucat quc `“noocssflrc ic `cur notlvltì

prlaolpn`c. Oc`n ìtnat, `n pùpnrt ics stntuts ofatlcaacat ics o`nuscs iu sty`c « … ct

eìaìrn`cdcat tfutc fpìrntlfa blanaolírc pfuvnat sc rnttnomcr ilrcotcdcat fu lailrcotcdcat ë

`“ua ics fghcts spìolblìs fu ë tfut fghct sldl`nlrc fu ofaacxc ic anturc ë bnvfrlscr `c

iìvc`fppcdcat iu pntrldflac sfoln` º.

@c rcspcot ic `“fghct sfoln` ofastltuc pnr ofasìqucat rnrcdcat uac ilbblou`tì lasurdfatng`c.

[ùs ofatrnleanatc ca rcvnaomc cst `n rìe`cdcatntlfa sur `cs ofavcatlfas rìe`cdcatìcs.

(7) @n prfoìiurc ics ofavcatlfas rìe`cdcatìcs

@n `ìels`ntlfa brnaånlsc (nrtlo`cs @. 773-?= ct sulvnats ct @. 773-=2 ct sulvnats iu Afuvcnu

Ofic ic Ofddcroc (naolca nrtlo`cs >;> ct sulvnats, ct >9? ct sulvnats ic `n `fl iu 79 hul``ct

><22 sur `cs sfolìtìs ofddcroln`cs) ldpfsc nux sfolìtìs nynat ics nidlalstrntcurs fu

dcdgrcs iu ofascl` ic survcl``naoc ofdduas, quc tfutcs `cs ofavcatlfas ofaoùcs catrc c``cs

sflcat sfudlscs nu rcspcot i“uac prfoìiurc pnrtlou`lírc.

@cs gnaqucs qul prfpfscat ë `cur o`lcatí`c ua ofatrnt ic ocatrn`lsntlfa ic trìsfrcrlc cxlecat,

pfur `n pùpnrt i“catrc c``cs, `c rcspcot ic octtc prfoìiurc. [fur `cs sfolìtìs nafaydcs,

`“nutfrlsntlfa prìn`ng`c iu ofascl` i“nidlalstrntlfa (fu iu ofascl` ic survcl``naoc) cst rcqulsc.@c ofddlssnlrc nux ofdptcs cst labfrdì ic ocs ofavcatlfas, ìtnat prìolsì qu“l` iflt prìscatcr



7;

ua rnppfrt spìoln` ë `“Nsscdg`ìc Eìaìrn`c ics notlfaanlrcs, `nquc``c scrn nppc`ìc ë rntlblcr `n

iìolslfa iu ofascl`. @c fu `cs nidlalstrntcurs ofdduas ac pcuvcat pns prcairc pnrt nu vftc,

`cur vflx a“ìtnat prlsc ca ofdptc al pfur `c onòu` iu qufrud al pfur ocùl ic `n dnhfrltì.

Inas `“mypftmísc fü `n tftn`ltì ics nidlalstrntcurs sfat ofdduas, oc qul cst `fla ca prntlquc

i“ètrc ua ons i“ìof`c, `n rìsfùtlfa iflt prìvflr quc `n iìolslfa icvrn ètrc sfudlsc ë

`“npprfgntlfa ic `“Nsscdg`ìc Eìaìrn`c, nprís glca catcaiu `c rnppfrt spìoln` iu ofddlssnlrc

nux ofdptcs.

Inas `cs sfolìtìs pnr notlfas sldp`lblìcs (_N_), `n prfoìiurc spìoln`c ìvcatuc``cdcat ë sulvrc

cst lailquìc inas `cs stntuts. L` ofavlcat pnr ofasìqucat i“cxndlacr ca iìtnl` `cs stntuts nbla ic

snvflr sl uac prfoìiurc pnrtlou`lírc iflt ètrc sulvlc fu sl `c prìslicat, scu` frenac fg`lentflrc

nux tcrdcs ic `n `fl, n `n pfsslgl`ltì i“caenecr `n sfolìtì pnr sn scu`c sleanturc.

Ocs quc`qucs rnppc`s bfrdu`ìs, cxndlafas dnlatcanat quc``cs sfat `cs prlaolpn`cs o`nuscs

i“ua ofatrnt ic ocatrn`lsntlfa ic trìsfrcrlc antlfan`c, ìtnat prìolsì quc ocs o`nuscs sfat `n

pùpnrt iu tcdps on`quìcs sur oc``cs quc `“fa trfuvc inas `cs ofatrnts trnasbrfatlírcs.

§ 7 8 @C_ [WLAOL[N@C_ O@NS_C_ I“SA OFAYWNY

@c ofatrnt ic ocatrn`lsntlfa ic trìsfrcrlc cst sleaì catrc `c o`lcat (ol-nprís `c « O`lcat º) ct `cs

bl`ln`cs iu O`lcat i“uac pnrt, ct `n gnaquc i“nutrc pnrt. Ofddc `n dnhfrltì ics ofatrnts quc

sleacat nuhfuri“mul `cs gnaqucs, pcut-ètrc sfus `“labùcaoc nae`f-snxfaac, ua ofatrnt ic

ocatrn`lsntlfa ic trìsfrcrlc ofdpfrtcrn, nprís `n ofdpnrutlfa ics pnrtlcs ct `“fghct iu ofatrnt,

ua ocrtnla afdgrc ic iìblaltlfas sur `cs tcrdcs cdp`fyìs inas `c ofatrnt, tc`s quc sfìc

ofdptng`c, anturc ics ofdptcs pnrtlolpnats, tnux i“latìrèt iìgltcur fu orìiltcur, dfatnat iu

sfìc dlaldud ë pnrtlr iuquc` `c trnasbcrt iflt s“fpìrcr, cto…

Rlcat casultc `n icsorlptlfa, inas `c iìtnl`, ics fpìrntlfas qul vfat sc iìrfu`cr tfut nu `fae iu

ofatrnt. [ùs prìolsìdcat, omnouac ics tçomcs laofdgnat ë `“uac ct `“nutrc pnrtlc (fgtcatlfa

ics labfrdntlfas, onòu` ics sfìcs ca vn`cur…). L` nppnrtlcat ca pnrtlou`lcr ë `n gnaquc ic

glca prìolscr ë sfa O`lcat nlasl qu“ë scs bl`ln`cs quc `cs onòu`s ic sfìcs ct `curs trnasbcrts iu

ofdptc olg`c vcrs `cs ofdptcs sfurocs ct ics ofdptcs sfurocs vcrs `c ofdptc olg`c ac



7>

ofastltucat ca rìn`ltì, i“ua pflat ic vuc ìofafdlquc, qu“uac scu`c ct dèdc fpìrntlfa. @n

ofaacxltì ics fpìrntlfas catrc sfolìtì dírc ct bl`ln`cs ct catrc bl`ln`cs cst glca rìc``c : c``c iflt

pnr ofasìqucat ètrc notìc inas `c ofatrnt ic dnalírc ë pcrdcttrc ë `n gnaquc i“nelr ca tfutc

sìourltì.

[uls `“fa trfuvc ics o`nuscs rc`ntlvcs nux brnls 8 ocux-ol sfat ca eìaìrn` blxìs inas uac naacxc

ic dnalírc ë pfuvflr ètrc dfilblìs nu erì ic `n gnaquc, qul glca catcaiu labfrdcrn `c O`lcat

ic tfut omnaecdcat ic octtc anturc. @c ofatrnt ofatlcat ìen`cdcat uac o`nusc rc`ntlvc ë `n

iurìc 8 oc``c-ol scrn fa `“ldnelac ë iurìc laiìtcrdlaìc. Ca cbbct, `n dlsc ca p`noc i“ua tc`

ofatrnt rcssfrt iu `fae tcrdc, iu dflas qunai tfut sc iìrfu`c afrdn`cdcat. @frsquc oc`n

a“cst pns `c ons, omnouac ics pnrtlcs ilspfsc, ofddc inas tfut ofatrnt ë iurìc laiìtcrdlaìc ca

irflt brnaånls, i“uac bnou`tì ic rìsl`lntlfa natlolpìc, dfycaanat `c rcspcot i“ua prìnvls blxì

inas `c ofatrnt.

Yfut ac sc iìrfu`nat pns pfur `c dlcux inas `c dcl``cur ics dfaics, l` nrrlvc qu“ua erfupc

trnvcrsc ics ilbblou`tìs blanaolírcs, fu ofddcroln`cs, fu omnaec i“notlfaanrlnt pnr cxcdp`c.

@frsqu“ua ìvìacdcat sc prfiult, susocptlg`c i“nvflr ics ofasìqucaocs aìbnstcs sur `n

pìrcaaltì iu erfupc, sur sn onpnoltì blanaolírc ë bnlrc bnoc ë scs fg`lentlfas, `n gnaquc bnlt

hfucr `n o`nusc ic rìsl`lntlfa natlolpìc qu“c``c n latrfiultc inas `c ofatrnt. Inas oc ons, nuoua

prìnvls ac scrn aìocssnlrc ct, iís `frs quc `“uac ics onuscs ic rìsl`lntlfa natlolpìc

cxprcssìdcat dcatlfaaìcs inas `c ofatrnt sc rìn`lsc, `c ofatrnt cst rìsl`lì.

Nutrc o`nusc qul rcvèt uac ldpfrtnaoc pnrtlou`lírc ca dntlírc ic ocatrn`lsntlfa ic trìsfrcrlc,

o“cst oc``c pnr `nquc``c `c O`lcat ct omnouac ic scs bl`ln`cs sfat labfrdìs pnr `n gnaquc quc `n

sleanturc i“ua tc` ofatrnt pcut `cs ofatrnlairc ë ics fg`lentlfas pnrtlou`lírcs, ca dntlírc pnr

cxcdp`c ic irflt ics sfolìtìs fu ic irflt blson`. N oct ìenri, l`s sfat lavltìs ë iìo`nrcr qu“l`s

sfat ca ofabfrdltì nvco tfutcs scs ríe`cs, snas `ldltntlfa.

Yrís o`nsslqucdcat, `n gnaquc iìo`nrc qu“c``c a“cst pns rcspfasng`c vls-ë-vls iu O`lcat ct ic

scs bl`ln`cs ic tfut notc fu fdlsslfa inas `c onirc iu ofatrnt, snub sl c``c n nel

latcatlfaac``cdcat fu n ofddls uac bnutc `furic.

@n gnaquc, ofddc o“cst eìaìrn`cdcat `c ons inas tfut orìilt, qu“l` s“nelssc ic orìiltsofascatls ë ics pnrtlou`lcrs fu ics catrcprlscs, cxlec quc ics enrnatlcs `ul sflcat ifaaìcs.



77

Oc``cs-ol pcuvcat ètrc ic trfls frircs, sulvnat `n ofablnaoc quc `n gnaquc noofric ë sfa

O`lcat 8 l` pcut s“nelr i“ua caenecdcat ic ofascatlr ua enec sur `cs ofdptcs pnrtlolpnats,

dèdc sl octtc enrnatlc rcstc pùtùt tmìfrlquc inas `n dcsurc fü, iu dflas ca oc qul ofaocrac

`cs ofdptcs ics bl`ln`cs, `cs sfìcs ìtnat dls ë zìrf tfus `cs hfurs, l` a“y n ca prlaolpc rlca ë

anatlr. Yfutcbfls, octtc enrnatlc cst cbblonoc inas `n dcsurc fü c``c pcrdct i“ìvltcr qu“ua tlcrs

pulssc prntlqucr uac snlslc iu ofdptc.

[ùs ofurnatc, ct snas ifutc pùs cbblonoc, iu dflas inas sfa prlaolpc, `n sf`linrltì icdnaiìc

pnr `n gnaquc ë omnouac ics catrcprlscs pnrtlolpnat ë `n ocatrn`lsntlfa ic trìsfrcrlc. Octtc

enrnatlc sc ofdprcai nsscz glca pulsquc `“fa snlt quc `“fpìrntlfa enrnatlc iflt ètrc ofasliìrìc

ofddc uac scu`c ct dèdc fpìrntlfa ìofafdlquc. Yrfls ofailtlfas sfat eìaìrn`cdcat

rcqulscs pfur qu“uac tc``c enrnatlc sflt vn`ng`c 8 omnoua ics pnrtlolpnats iflt trfuvcr ua latìrèt

ìofafdlquc ë `“fpìrntlfa, ua erfupc tc` quc afus `“nvfas iìblal iflt cxlstcr, ct cabla `n

onutlfa sf`linlrc sfusorltc pnr `c O`lcat ct omnouac ic scs bl`ln`cs vls-ë-vls ic `“cascdg`c ics

sfolìtìs pnrtlolpnatcs (systídc ic enrnatlcs orflsìcs) iflt ètrc prfpfrtlfaaìc ë `n onpnoltì

blanaolírc ic omnouac. [nr ofasìqucat, iís `frs quc ocs ofailtlfas sfat rìualcs, `n enrnatlc cst

hurlilqucdcat vn`ng`c.

@n icralírc o`nusc i“ua ofatrnt ic ocatrn`lsntlfa ic trìsfrcrlc qul dìrltc nttcatlfa cst oc``c

rc`ntlvc nu irflt npp`long`c ct ë `n hurlilotlfa ofdpìtcatc ca ons ic `ltlec. Inas ua ofatrnt ic

ocatrn`lsntlfa ic trìsfrcrlc brnaånls, `c irflt brnaånls scrn npp`long`c : inas uac ocatrn`lsntlfa

ic trìsfrcrlc trnasbrfatlírcs, l` ca scrn nutrcdcat, sc`fa `n sltuntlfa eìfernpmlquc ic `n Gnaquc

[rlaolpn`c, ë dflas quc oc``c-ol noocptc ic sc sfudcttrc nu irflt i“ua nutrc Ctnt.

_COYLFA ? 8 @“N__FOLNYLFA I“SAC OCAYWN@L_NYLFA IC

YWC_FWCWLC ANYLFAN@C CY I“SAC OCAYWN@L_NYLFA IC

YWC_FWCWLC LAYCWANYLFAN@C

Sac ocatrn`lsntlfa ic trìsfrcrlc pcut ètrc frenalsìc ë `“ìomc`fa antlfan` sl `c erfupc a“cst

ldp`natì quc inas ua pnys iìtcrdlaì. Ocpcainat, inas `c ons ics catrcprlscs du`tlantlfan`cs,



7?

qul fat pnr iìblaltlfa ics bl`ln`cs ë `“ìtrnaecr, `n dlsc ca p`noc i“uac ecstlfa ocatrn`lsìc ic

trìsfrcrlc s“cbbcotuc ic `n dnalírc sulvnatc.

@c erfupc n``cdnai quc afus prcalfas ofddc cxcdp`c nu iìgut ic oct cxpfsì vn aìefolcr

nvco sn gnaquc (`n « Gnaquc [rlaolpn`c º) ua ofatrnt ic ocatrn`lsntlfa ic trìsfrcrlc

trnasbrfatlírcs. Oc ofatrnt vn frenalscr `n ocatrn`lsntlfa ic trìsfrcrlc sur `c ofdptc olg`c ca

N``cdneac, `cs catrcprlscs iu erfupc ldp`natìcs ë `“ìtrnaecr ìtnat lavltìcs ë y pnrtlolpcr. @cs

bùx ic trìsfrcrlc vfat pnr ofasìqucat s“cbbcotucr ë pnrtlr ics ilbbìrcats pnys ìtrnaecrs vcrs

`“N``cdneac ct i“N``cdneac vcrs `“ìtrnaecr.

[nrn``í`cdcat, ics aìefolntlfas vfat s“caenecr inas omnoua ics pnys fü `c erfupc cst prìscat,

ca vuc ic `n sleanturc ic ofatrnts ic ocatrn`lsntlfa ic trìsfrcrlc antlfan`c. _l `“fa prcai

`“cxcdp`c ic `n Brnaoc, `c somìdn scrn `c sulvnat 8 `n dnlsfa dírc n``cdnaic fuvrc ua ofdptc

ic afa-rìslicat ë sfa afd, ca Brnaoc, inas `n suooursn`c brnaånlsc ic `n Gnaquc [rlaolpn`c,

puls omnouac ics bl`ln`cs brnaånlscs fuvrc ua ofdptc, ic rìslicat octtc bfls, inas `niltc

suooursn`c ic `n Gnaquc [rlaolpn`c. Iís `frs, `n ocatrn`lsntlfa ic trìsfrcrlc `fon`c pcut

bfaotlfaacr ic `n dnalírc sulvnatc 8 `cs trnasbcrts ic bùx ics ofdptcs sfurocs (ofdptcs

rìslicats brnaånls) latcrvlcaacat tfut nu `fae iu hfur H, ic tc``c dnalírc qu“ca bla ic hfuraìc

`csilts ofdptcs sfurocs sflcat sfììs. @c ofdptc olg`c sc trfuvc ifao pnr mypftmísc orìiltcur

ca bla ic hfuraìc. @c `caicdnla (H+>), `cs bfais bleurnat nu ofdptc olg`c ic `n ocatrn`lsntlfa

ic trìsfrcrlc `fon`c, icvcau ofdptc sfuroc iu pff`lae trnasbrfatlírcs, sfat vlrìs nu ofdptc

olg`c sltuì ca N``cdneac, nvco uac intc ic vn`cur H.

Ofaoùslfa, ca intc ic vn`cur H, `“cascdg`c ics ofdptcs fuvcrts ca Brnaoc sfat sfììs 8 oc`n

cst vrnl pfur `cs ofdptcs sfurocs ct vrnl pfur `c ofdptc olg`c nussl.

Cxndlafas dnlatcanat uac nutrc tcomalquc ic ecstlfa ocatrn`lsìc ic trìsfrcrlc 8 `n buslfa

i“ìomc``cs fu « pff`lae aftlfaac ̀º.



79

OMN[LYWC 7

@N BS_LFA I“COMC@@C_ FS OCAYWN@L_NYLFA

AFYLFAAC@@C (« [FF@LAE AFYLFAAC@ º)

@n buslfa i“ìomc``cs i“latìrèts fu buslfa i“latìrèts ofaslstc, pfur uac gnaquc, ë ofasliìrcr, ë

`n intc i“ìtng`lsscdcat ics ìomc``cs i“latìrèts, quc `cs ofdptcs gnaonlrcs ics ilbbìrcatcs

sfolìtìs i“ua dèdc erfupc ac sfat ca rìn`ltì quc `cs ilbbìrcats omnpltrcs i“ua ofdptc ualquc,

dnls ualqucdcat pfur `cs gcsflas iu onòu` ics latìrèts. Afus ìtuilcrfas, inas uac prcdlírc

scotlfa, `c bfaotlfaacdcat ic `n ocatrn`lsntlfa aftlfaac``c puls afus vcrrfas, inas uac

icuxlídc scotlfa, qu“l` cxlstc icux bfrdcs ic ocatrn`lsntlfa aftlfaac``c.

_COYLFA > 8 BFAOYLFAACDCAY IC @N OCAYWN@L_NYLFA

AFYLFAAC@@C

Ca irflt brnaånls, `frsqu“uac catrcprlsc fuvrc ua ofdptc ofurnat inas uac gnaquc, vflrc

pùslcurs ofdptcs, omnquc ofdptc cst hurlilqucdcat laiìpcainat ics nutrcs. Sa ofdptc

ofurnat bfaotlfaac, rnppc`fas-`c grlívcdcat, ic `n dnalírc sulvnatc 8 omnouac ics ìorlturcs,

tnat nu iìglt qu“nu orìilt, icvlcat ua nrtlo`c iu ofdptc ct pcri nlasl sfa nutfafdlc, sfa

lailvliun`ltì, ic tc``c sfrtc qu“ca pnrtlou`lcr `frs ic `n o`ùturc iu ofdptc, scu` `c sfìc

cxlelg`c cst iú.

Nu ofurs ic sfa bfaotlfaacdcat, `c ofdptc carcelstrc ifao ics ìorlturcs nu iìglt ct nu orìilt

ct `c sfìc quc `“fa iìenec ë tfut dfdcat, aftnddcat `frs iu pnlcdcat ic omíqucs fu ë

`“foonslfa i“uac snlslc prntlquìc sur `c ofdptc, cst scu` prls ca ofasliìrntlfa. @c sfìc iu

ofdptc cst ifao tnatùt nu gìaìbloc ic `n gnaquc, tnatùt nu gìaìbloc iu o`lcat : sl `c ofdptc ac

iflt bfaotlfaacr qu“ca `leacs orìiltrlocs, tfutc fpìrntlfa a“nynat pns pfur cbbct ic rcairc `c



73

ofdptc iìgltcur scrn prlsc ca ofdptc snas nuouac ilbblou`tì. [nr ofatrc, sl `c o`lcat ilspfsc

i“uac `leac ic orìilt fu i“uac bnol`ltì ic onlssc, ofablrdìc fu afa, `c iìpnsscdcat iu dfatnat

iìgltcur dnxldud nutfrlsì scrn latcrilt.

@cs ofavcatlfas ic ofdptc ofurnat prfpfsìcs pnr `cs gnaqucs ìafaocat tfuhfurs `n bnou`tì

pfur oc``cs-ol i'fuvrlr ua fu pùslcurs sfus-ofdptcs, vflrc i“nutrcs ofdptcs ofurnats, pfur

pcrdcttrc i“lailvliun`lscr tc` fu tc` typc i“fpìrntlfas, tc``cs qu“ua prèt, ua caofurs

i“csofdptc fu uac `leac ic ocsslfas ic orìnaocs prfbcsslfaac``cs « Inl``y º, ìvcatuc``cdcat

ua ofdptc « cbbcts ldpnyìs º pfur sc ofascrvcr `c rcofurs ofatrc `cs tlrìs ic `cttrcs ic omnaec

fu tfut nutrc ofdptc aìocssltì pnr `“notlvltì ic `“catrcprlsc o`lcatc.

Nbla ic pn``lcr `n iìbnl``naoc ìvcatuc``c carcelstrìc sur `“ua qucòfaquc ics ofdptcs, `cs

gnaqucs, ca Brnaoc, fat prls `“mngltuic ic ifug`cr octtc ofavcatlfa ic ofdptc ofurnat i“uac

ofavcatlfa i“ualtì ic ofdptc, sfuvcat i“nl``curs inas `c dèdc ifoudcat. Nux tcrdcs ic `n

ofavcatlfa i“ualtì ic ofdptc (vflrc i“uac ofavcatlfa ic buslfa), `“cascdg`c ics ofdptcs ct

sfus-ofdptcs iu o`lcat fuvcrts inas uac dèdc gnaquc sfat ofasliìrìs, ë tfut dfdcat, ct ca

pnrtlou`lcr `frs iu pnlcdcat ic omíqucs fu ë `“foonslfa ic snlslcs fu caofrc ca ons ic

prfoìiurc of``cotlvc iu o`lcat, ofddc `cs ilbbìrcats omnpltrcs i“ua ofdptc ualquc ct

lailvlslg`c, eìaìrntcur i“ua sfìc ualquc. Fr sl octtc ualtì ic ofdptcs cst nutfrlsìc ë

`“latìrlcur i“uac scu`c ct dèdc catltì hurlilquc, c``c cst latcriltc catrc pùslcurs sfolìtìs (oc`n

nurnlt aìocssnlrcdcat ofddc ofasìqucaoc uac ofabuslfa ics pntrldflacs) dèdc sl ocs

ilbbìrcatcs sfolìtìs bfat pnrtlc i“ua dèdc erfupc, tc` quc afus `“nvfas iìblal inas oct cxpfsì.

@n buslfa i“ìomc``cs fu buslfa i“latìrèts ofaslstc ifao ë prcairc ca ofasliìrntlfa `c sfìc

(ìvcatuc``cdcat buslfaaì) iu fu ics ofdptcs ic omnouac ics catrcprlscs pnrtlolpnat ë `n

ocatrn`lsntlfa aftlfaac``c, dnls pfur `cs scu`s gcsflas iu onòu` ics latìrèts. [nr ofasìqucat,

`cs nelfs iìgltcurs fu `cs latìrèts orìiltcurs, onòu`ìs `frs ic `“ìtng`lsscdcat ic ocs ìomc``cs

i“latìrèts, `c sfat sur `c sfìc ca vn`cur quftlilca ualquc rìsu`tnat ic `“niiltlfa ics sfìcs ics

ilbbìrcats ofdptcs lailvliuc`s sfudls ë octtc buslfa.

Octtc « buslfa º, qul a“cst ifao pns rìc``cdcat uac buslfa ct qul ac rìn`lsc ofaorítcdcat

nuouac ualtì catrc `cs ofdptcs, a“latcrvlcat ifao quc `c tcdps ct pfur `cs gcsflas iu onòu`

ics ìomc``cs i“latìrèts ct a“catrnáac nuoua dfuvcdcat ic bfais, ofddc o“cst `c ons inas `c

vlrcdcat pfur sfìc.



72

@n ocatrn`lsntlfa ic trìsfrcrlc aftlfaac``c cst frenalsìc ct ofaorìtlsìc pnr `n sleanturc i“ua

ofatrnt catrc `cs ilbbìrcatcs catltìs i“ua erfupc ct `n Gnaquc [rlaolpn`c. @“latìrèt iu onsm

pff`lae aftlfaac` pcrdct nux catrcprlscs pnrtlolpnatcs ic gìaìblolcr i“ua tnux i“latìrèt

iìgltcur pùs bnlg`c quc ocùl qu“c``cs pfurrnlcat fgtcalr pnr nl``curs sl c``cs nelssnlcat

lailvliuc``cdcat : ca ofatrcpnrtlc, `c tnux i“latìrèt orìiltcur qul `cur cst scrvl cst ua pcu pùs

bnlg`c. Fa rnlsfaac ca cbbct nu alvcnu iu erfupc, `“cascdg`c ics sfìcs ic tfutcs `cs

catrcprlscs pnrtlolpnatcs sfat prls ca ofasliìrntlfa. @c erfupc gìaìblolc nlasl e`fgn`cdcat ic

ofailtlfas pùs bnvfrng`cs.

Fa iflt sfu`leacr tfutcbfls quc `frsqu“uac catrcprlsc brnaånlsc, n prlfrl eìaìrn`cdcat `n bl`ln`c

i“ua erfupc ìtrnaecr, sl c``c pcut sleacr ua tc` ofatrnt ct gìaìblolcr nlasl i“ua tnux i“latìrèt

iìgltcur pùs bnlg`c, `c sfìc ic sfa ofdptc ìtnat prls ca ofasliìrntlfa pfur `cs scu`s gcsflas

iu onòu` ics latìrèts nu alvcnu iu erfupc, c``c ac pcut notuc``cdcat prìtcairc nu pnlcdcat

ics latìrèts orìiltcurs qul pfurrnlcat ùl ètrc ius. @n Brnaoc latcrilt ca cbbct `n rìduaìrntlfa

ics ofdptcs ë vuc, iu dflas octtc latcrilotlfa ac ofaocrac-t-c``c quc `cs ofdptcs ic rìslicats

brnaånls fuvcrts ca brnaos fu ca curfs fu inas tfutc sugilvlslfa ic `“curf. N ofatrnrlf, `n

rìduaìrntlfa ics ofdptcs ics afa-rìslicats cst nutfrlsìc.

@n Brnaoc bnlt bleurc i“cxocptlfa inas oc ifdnlac sl `“fa sc sltuc ë `“ìomc`fa curfpìca : `cs

ofatrnts ic ocatrn`lsntlfa ic trìsfrcrlc aftlfaac``c, qunat ë cux, iflvcat ètrc rìileìs ic tc``c

dnalírc quc octtc cxocptlfa brnaånlsc nppnrnlssc o`nlrcdcat, nuoua latìrèt orìiltcur ac

pfuvnat ètrc vcrsì.

Sa ocrtnla afdgrc i“ìtng`lsscdcats ic orìilt sfat rìtlocats cavcrs octtc dìtmfic ct ùl

prìbírcat `c alvc``cdcat ofdptng`c. Octtc rìtlocaoc cst bfaiìc sur ics nreudcats `lìs ë `n

rìe`cdcatntlfa gnaonlrc (icttcs ic pcrsfaacs hurlilqucs ilstlaotcs, latcrilotlfa ic rìduaìrcr

`cs iìpùts ë vuc, rlsquc ic ofastltutlfa i“uac sfolìtì ic bnlt, …) ct sur ics nreudcats blsonux

(rlsqucs pfur `n gnaquc ic sc vflr rìlatìercr pnr `c blso `cs latìrèts ic iìofuvcrts afa pcråus

iu bnlt ic `n ofdpcasntlfa ics sfìcs).

_COYLFA 7 8 @C_ ICS] BFWDC_ IC OCAYWN@L_NYLFA

AFYLFAAC@@C



75

Octtc dìtmfic ic ocatrn`lsntlfa aftlfaac``c rcpfsc, afus vcafas ic `c vflr, sur `c onòu` i“uac

pfsltlfa acttc nu alvcnu iu erfupc, snas bùx pmyslqucs ic trìsfrcrlc, oc qul pcrdct ic

ocatrn`lscr ics sfìcs curf ct mfrs zfac curf snas pfscr ic rlsquc ic omnaec. Notuc``cdcat, `cs

ernais erfupcs `“utl`lscat ca ocatrn`lsntlfa blan`c i“ua onsm pff`lae dfailn`, ca ofdp`ìdcat

i“ua systídc ic alvc``cdcat ofdptng`c pfur `cs icvlscs curfpìcaacs. Fa ilstlaeuc icux

bfrdcs ic ocatrn`lsntlfa ic trìsfrcrlc aftlfaac``c 8 `c aftlfaac` pur ct `c « latcrcst

camnaocdcat º.

§ > 8 @c aftlfaac` pur

Octtc dìtmfic ofaslstc ë onòu`cr ua sfìc act e`fgn` ics ofdptcs, `cs latìrèts ìtnat vcrsìs fu

bnoturìs nu alvcnu ocatrn`. Ocrtnlas pnys `“latcrilscat. Afus nvfas vu quc `n Brnaoc bnlt bleurc

i“cxocptlfa ca Curfpc pulsquc `n rìduaìrntlfa ics ofdptcs ë vuc cst latcriltc. Fr `c onsm

pff`lae aftlfaac` pcut s“nssldl`cr ë uac rìduaìrntlfa lailrcotc. [fur ocs rnlsfas, `cs sfìcs

ic trìsfrcrlc sfat i“ngfri pmyslqucdcat rcdfatìs sur ics ofdptcs ic afa-rìslicats, sur uac

p`noc ic dnromì ofddc @faircs fu Ndstcrind qul noocptcat `n prntlquc iu aftlfaac` pur.

§ 7 8 `c « latcrcst camnaocdcat º

_c`fa octtc dìtmfic ic ocatrn`lsntlfa ic trìsfrcrlc, `cs sfìcs ics ofdptcs ics ilbbìrcatcs

catrcprlscs pnrtlolpnatcs sfat ofascrvìs inas omnquc pnys : nuoua bùx pmyslquc a“latcrvlcat.

@cs ilbbìrcats sfìcs sfat prls ca ofasliìrntlfa ualqucdcat inas `c gut ic iìenecr uac

pfsltlfa e`fgn`c, iìgltrloc fu orìiltrloc. Nprís ua onòu` snvnat, ifat `n gnaquc ac dnaqucrn

pns ic ifaacr ct i“cxp`lqucr `n bfrdu`c dntmìdntlquc, `cs ofdptcs sfat rìduaìrìs fu

bnoturìs lailvliuc``cdcat ct `fon`cdcat ca bfaotlfa ic `cur sfìc ct ic `cur icvlsc.

N aftrc nvls, ct ca iìplt ic `“latcrilotlfa ic `n rìduaìrntlfa ics ofdptcs ë vuc ca Brnaoc, rlca

a“latcrilt ë uac catrcprlsc brnaånlsc i“ètrc sleantnlrc i“ua ofatrnt frenalsnat uac tc``c

ocatrn`lsntlfa ic trìsfrcrlc aftlfaac``c 8 inas oc ons, `c sfìc eìaìrn` ic scs ofdptcs fuvcrts



7=

ca Brnaoc inas uac dèdc gnaquc scrn prls ca ofasliìrntlfa pfur `cs scu`s gcsflas iu onòu`

i“latìrèts : ocpcainat, ua ìvcatuc` sfìc orìiltcur ac ifaacrn pns `lcu ë ua pnlcdcat i“latìrèt.

_cu` `c erfupc ca iìblaltlvc prfbltcrn ic octtc sltuntlfa.

@c onsm pff`lae aftlfaac` a“cst pns trís iìvc`fppì ca Brnaoc, ë onusc ic `“latcrilotlfa ic `n

rìduaìrntlfa ics ofdptcs ë vuc. Fa pcut pcascr quc octtc sltuntlfa ìvfùcrn iís `“naaìc

7;;7, intc ë `nquc``c `n dfaanlc bliuolnlrc pnsscrn ca curf. L` a“cst pns cxoù quc `c onirc

rìe`cdcatnlrc ìvfùc ct qu“l` s“noofdpneac ic `n supprcsslfa ic `“latcrilotlfa ic

rìduaìrntlfa ics ofdptcs ë vuc. @n ocatrn`lsntlfa ic trìsfrcrlc aftlfaac``c pfurrnlt n`frs sc

iìvc`fppcr ë pnrtlr ic 7;;7, i“nutnat quc sn ecstlfa cst dflas `furic quc `c alvc``cdcat

ofdptng`c.

Cxndlafas dnlatcafas uac nutrc bfrdc ic ocatrn`lsntlfa ic trìsfrcrlc, snas ifutc pùs ofaauc

ct pùs naolcaac quc `cs icux prìoìicatcs tcomalqucs 8 `n ofdpcasntlfa ics sfìcs.



7<

OMN[LYWC ?

@N OFD[CA_NYLFA IC_ _F@IC_

Inas octtc tcomalquc ic ecstlfa ocatrn`lsìc ic trìsfrcrlc, scu`c uac catrcprlsc cst ofaocraìc, ct

afa pùs ua erfupc. Octtc catrcprlsc ofaoùt ua noofri nvco sn gnaquc, nux tcrdcs iuquc` uac

ofdpcasntlfa ics sfìcs cst frenalsìc. Afus vcrrfas, inas uac prcdlírc scotlfa, quc``c cst `n

prntlquc brnaånlsc ca `n dntlírc, puls afus afus latcrrfecrfas, inas uac icuxlídc scotlfa, sur

`n dnalírc ifat octtc ofdpcasntlfa pcut cxlstcr ca icmfrs ic afs brfatlírcs.

_COYLFA > 8 @N [WNYL^SC BWNAONL_C

@frsqu“uac catrcprlsc, brnaånlsc fu ìtrnaeírc, icdnaic `“fuvcrturc i“ua ofdptc inas uac

gnaquc, ca Brnaoc, `n gnaquc prfoíic ë ua ocrtnla afdgrc ic vìrlblontlfas sur `“cxlstcaoc ic

`n pcrsfaan`ltì dfrn`c. C``c ùl icdnaic scs stntuts, sfa cxtrnlt J gls (fu sfa ìqulvn`cat

ìtrnaecr), `cs ìvcatuc`s prfoís-vcrgnux ics iì`lgìrntlfas iu ofascl` i“nidlalstrntlfa, `cs

pfuvflrs ics dnaintnlrcs, cto … [uls, s“ìtnat nssurìc ic `n onpnoltì hurlilquc ic `n sfolìtì, `n

gnaquc ùl ofddualquc ics ifoudcats pfur ùl pcrdcttrc i“fuvrlr `c fu `cs ofdptcs,

aftnddcat icdnaic i“fuvcrturc ic ofdptc ofurnat/ofavcatlfa ic ofdptc ofurnat, onrtfas

ic sleanturc, ofailtlfas eìaìrn`cs ic `n gnaquc. Sa nutrc ifoudcat cst rcdls

systìdntlqucdcat nu o`lcat, ë dflas qu“uac o`nusc pnrtlou`lírc ac bleurc inas `n ofavcatlfa

ic ofdptc ofurnat 8 l` s“nelt ic `n ofavcatlfa ic ofdpcasntlfa fu ofavcatlfa i“ualtì ic

ofdptc.

@n ofavcatlfa i“ualtì ic ofdptc iflt ètrc prìbìrìc sc`fa afus pulsquc, inas oc ons ic bleurc,

`“cascdg`c ics ofdptcs i“uac dèdc catltì hurlilquc ac ofastltucat ca rìn`ltì quc ics

omnpltrcs i“ua ofdptc eìaìrn` ualquc, ifat scu` `c sfìc cst cxlelg`c. @n gnaquc cst nlasl



?;

pnrbnltcdcat prftìeìc ofatrc uac snlslc prntlquìc sur `c ofdptc ic sfa o`lcat fu ca ons ic

prfoìiurc of``cotlvc ic ocùl-ol.

@n ofavcatlfa ic buslfa qunat ë c``c n prntlqucdcat `cs dèdcs cbbcts, ë `n octtc ilbbìrcaoc

tfutcbfls quc `n buslfa ac s“fpírc quc `c hfur fü `n gnaquc `c iìolic. I“fü `n ornlatc ic vflr

ilspnrnátrc ics sfìcs orìiltcurs ca ons ic snlslc-nttrlgutlfa fu oc``c ic ac pfuvflr buslfaacr ë

tcdps `cs sfìcs ics ilbbìrcats ofdptcs `c hfur fu survlcat uac prfoìiurc of``cotlvc.

Ldnelafas ifao `c ons i“uac catrcprlsc i“uac ocrtnlac ldpfrtnaoc, nynat ics notlvltìs inas

ilbbìrcats ifdnlacs. Nbla ic sulvrc pùs súrcdcat ct pùs cbblonocdcat `“notlvltì ic omnouac

ic scs grnaomcs, c``c sfumnltc fuvrlr ua ofdptc pnr grnaomc i“notlvltìs. Octtc catrcprlsc vn

ifao icdnaicr ë sn gnaquc i“fuvrlr nutnat ic ofdptcs ofurnats quc `“catrcprlsc n i“notlvltìs.

@“catrcprlsc pfurrn nlasl sulvrc `“ìvfùtlfa ic scs ofdptcs, ct pnr ofasìqucat ic scs

ilbbìrcatcs grnaomcs i“notlvltìs, nu alvcnu e`fgn` ic bnåfa ë nvflr uac vuc i“cascdg`c.

@n ofavcatlfa i“ualtì ic ofdptc, tc``c qu“c``c cst rcofaauc ct prntlquìc ca Brnaoc, rìpfai

pnrbnltcdcat sc`fa afus nux gcsflas ct nux nttcatcs ic oc o`lcat 8 nuouac ofavcatlfa fu

ofatrnt pnrtlou`lcr ac aìocssltc i“ètrc ìtng`l, qul sc supcrpfscrnlt ca quc`quc sfrtc ë oc qul

cxlstc iìhë ct qul, surtfut, a“nppfrtcrnlt rlca ic pùs.

Octtc prntlquc brnaånlsc a“cst pns bfroìdcat npp`lquìc mfrs ic afs brfatlírcs. Inas oc ons, `cs

pnrtlcs nurfat rcofurs ë ua ofatrnt spìolblquc.

_COYLFA 7 8 @N [WNYL^SC N @“CYWNAECW

Inas ics systídcs hurlilqucs ac ofaanlssnat pns `n ofavcatlfa ic ofdpcasntlfa fu i“ualtì ic

ofdptc, `“catrcprlsc ct `n gnaquc sleacrfat ua ofatrnt inas `cquc` `cs pnrtlcs vfat iìtcrdlacr,

`lgrcdcat ct ofavcatlfaac``cdcat, `cs ofdptcs qul sfat nppc`ìs ë buslfaacr nlasl quc `cs

ríe`cs npp`long`cs. N `n ilbbìrcaoc ic `n prntlquc brnaånlsc qul cst i“cae`fgcr `“cascdg`c ics

ofdptcs fu sfus-ofdptcs qul sfat fu scrfat fuvcrts nu afd iu o`lcat, `cs pnrtlcs pcuvcat

omflslr `cs ofdptcs qul bcrfat `“fghct ic octtc ofdpcasntlfa fu ic octtc buslfa.



?>

@n pùpnrt iu tcdps, ocs ofdptcs sfat omflsls ca bfaotlfa ic `“notlvltì sfus-hnocatc ct

`“catrcprlsc sfumnltc nvflr uac vuc e`fgn`c sur tc``c ct tc``c notlvltì fu sur ua ocrtnla afdgrc

i“notlvltìs sfuvcat ofdp`ìdcatnlrcs. @c prlaolpn` latìrèt pfur `“catrcprlsc cst ic pfuvflr

eìrcr sn trìsfrcrlc ic dnalírc fptldn`c, ocrtnlacs notlvltìs dflas rcatng`cs pfaotuc``cdcat ct

ifao eìaìrntrlocs i“nelfs iìgltcurs prfbltnat ic `n sltuntlfa pùs bnvfrng`cs i“nutrcs. Octtc

buslfa ics ofdptcs cst i“nutnat pùs latìrcssnatc quc `cs sfìcs orìiltcurs eìaírcat ics

latìrèts orìiltcurs cbbcotlvcdcat rìduaìrìs, oc qul e`fgn`cdcat pcrdct i“ndì`lfrcr `c rìsu`tnt.



?7

ICS]LCDC [NWYLC

LAYCWACY CY @“CSWF 8

IC BFWDLING@C_ NOOC@NYCSW_ IS

ICRC@F[[CDCAY IS ON_M DNANECDCAY

_l `c onsm dnanecdcat ac ofastltuc, nu alvcnu curfpìca fu dèdc dfailn`, al uac afuvcnutì

al uac tcomalquc rìvfùtlfaanlrc fu ofdp`cxc, iu dflas inas sfa prlaolpc, l` sc iìvc`fppc ë

ernaic vltcssc ct icux bnotcurs ca sfat `n onusc 8 Latcract ct `“Curf.

@“ìdcrecaoc i“Latcract gfusou`c laofatcstng`cdcat `“ìofafdlc dfailn`c. L` ofastltuc ua

bfrdling`c dfyca ic olrou`ntlfa ic `“labfrdntlfa ct trnasbfrdc ca prfbfaicur `cs mngltuicsics catrcprlscs, ct nussl ics pnrtlou`lcrs. Nppnru ca ><2< nux Ctnts-Sals, `c Dlalstírc ic `n

Iìbcasc n iìvc`fppì ë octtc ìpfquc ua rìscnu i“frilantcurs nppc`ì « NW[Nact º, ë trnvcrs

`cquc` `cs frenalsntlfas efuvcracdcatn`cs ct ocrtnlacs catrcprlscs ldp`lquìcs inas `n

rcomcromc ca dntlírc ic iìbcasc pfuvnlcat ìomnaecr ics labfrdntlfas sl uac ontnstrfpmc

vcanlt ë iìtrulrc `cs dfycas ic ofddualontlfa frilanlrcs.

Icvnat `c suooís rcaofatrì pnr oc rìscnu, oc icralcr n iú rnplicdcat ètrc ofdp`ìtì pnr

i“nutrcs.

Nu iìgut ics naaìcs ><<;, Latcract ìtnlt csscatlc``cdcat utl`lsì pfur nircsscr ics dcssnecs

ì`cotrfalqucs, quc `“fa iìsleac inas `c `naenec ofurnat dnl` fu dì`, fu nircsscr ics

ifoudcats. Fa trnasbírc nuhfuri“mul nussl glca iu tcxtc quc ic `“ldnec fu iu sfa, ca

qunatltìs ic pùs ca pùs ernaics ct ic pùs ca pùs vltc.



??

Oc qul onrnotìrlsc Latcract, o“cst qu“l` pcrdct i“nooìicr ë uac dnssc i“labfrdntlfa snas

prìoìicat ct surtfut lddìilntcdcat ct ic a“ldpfrtc quc` ofla ic `n p`naítc, `c tfut nu prlx

i“ua ìqulpcdcat rc`ntlvcdcat pcu ofútcux ct ac aìocssltnat pns ic bfrdntlfa pnrtlou`lírc.

ûnat ë `“Curf, latrfiult fbblolc``cdcat `c >cr hnavlcr ><<<, l` sldp`lblc ofasliìrng`cdcat `cs

ìomnaecs ct `cs trnasnotlfas catrc `cs pnys nynat fptì pfur octtc afuvc``c dfaanlc, `cs

dfaanlcs antlfan`cs icvcanat ics ualtìs ic ofdptc ic `“curf. Wnppc`fas ca cbbct qu“ë octtc

intc, `cs tnux ic ofavcrslfa catrc `cs dfaanlcs ics pnys pnrtlolpnats ct `“curf fat ìtì

lrrìvfong`cdcat blxìs, `n Gnaquc Ocatrn`c Curfpìcaac icvlcat fpìrntlfaac``c, `“curf

rcdp`noc `cs dfaanlcs ics pnys pnrtlolpnats sur `c dnromì ics omnaecs, `cs notlfas ct `cs

fg`lentlfas sfat oftìcs inas `n afuvc``c ualtì dfaìtnlrc. @“u`tldc ìtnpc, `c >cr hnavlcr 7;;7,

`cs afuvc``cs plíocs ct `cs afuvcnux gl``cts catrcat ca olrou`ntlfa, `cs pnlcdcats pnr omíqucs,

vlrcdcats ct onrtcs gnaonlrcs s“cbbcotucat cxoùslvcdcat inas `n afuvc``c ualtì 8 o“cst ifao `n

tftn`ltì ic `n dfaanlc sorlpturn`c qul pnssc ë `“curf. Yfus `cs ofdptcs gnaonlrcs, snas

cxocptlfa, sfat iìsfrdnls tcaus ca curfs.

Afus vcrrfas pùs ca iìtnl` quc`s sfat `cs nppfrts i“Latcract inas `c ifdnlac iu onsm

dnanecdcat (Omnpltrc >) puls afus dfatrcrfas quc `“Curf ofastltuc ua nutrc bnotcur

iìtcrdlanat ic sfa iìvc`fppcdcat (Omnpltrc 7).



?9

OMN[LYWC >

@C_ N[[FWY_ I“LAYCWACY

INA_ @C IFDNLAC IS ON_M DNANECDCAY

@“ndp`cur iu pmìafdíac Latcract ac vlcat pns i“uac rìvfùtlfa tcomalquc. Ca cbbct, `cs

ìqulpcdcats dls ca şuvrc sfat gnan`s 8 frilantcurs, dficds, onrtcs ic ofddualontlfa,

pìrlpmìrlqucs mngltuc`s. Dèdc `cs ìqulpcdcats iìilìs (Ucg YR, tì`ìpmfacs oc`ù`nlrcs nvconooís Latcract, tcrdlanux iìilìs i“nooís ë `“Latcract) rc`ívcat ic tcomaf`felcs ofurnatcs. @cs

prftfof`cs sfat pcrbfrdnats, dnls ac rc`ívcat pns afa pùs ic prfucsscs tcomalqucs, ic dèdc

quc `cs futl`s `felolc`s prfpfsìs pfur `“nooís ë `“Latcract. _l `“crefafdlc s“cst scaslg`cdcat

ndì`lfrìc nu ofurs nu ofurs ics olaq fu slx icralírcs naaìcs, tfus `cs futl`s tcomalqucs

cxlstnlcat iìhë, ct oc icpuls pùs ic ilx nas.

Ct pfurtnat, `“Latcract cst nu ocatrc i“uac cbbcrvcsocaoc snas prìoìicat. Ics catrcprlscs

laofaaucs l` y n quc`qucs naaìcs iìpnsscat, ca onpltn`lsntlfa gfurslírc, `cs pùs ldpfrtnatcs

sfolìtìs laiustrlc``cs : ic afuvcnux dfics ic ofasfddntlfa, ic ofddualontlfa ct ic

trnasnotlfas sc du`tlp`lcat. @cs Ctnts ct `cs frenalsntlfas suprnantlfan`cs bfat iu

iìvc`fppcdcat ic `“Latcract ua cahcu dnhcur. Inas ua ernai afdgrc i“notlvltìs

prfbcsslfaac``cs, ct ca pnrtlou`lcr inas `c ifdnlac gnaonlrc, `“latrfiuotlfa i“ua prfhct `lì ë

`“Latcract prfvfquc ics omnaecdcats prfbfais. Latcract pcrdct uac ilbbuslfa nlasl qu“uac

ecstlfa ic `“labfrdntlfa rnilon`cdcat ilbbìrcatc (_cotlfa >) : `cs npp`lontlfas ilrcotcs inas `n

ecstlfa ic trìsfrcrlc sfat afdgrcuscs (_cotlfa 7) : `n rcomcromc i“uac sìourlsntlfa fptldn`c

cst ofastnatc (_cotlfa ?).

_COYLFA > 8 @N ILBBS_LFA CY @N EC_YLFA IC @“LABFWDNYLFA



?3

@lgìrì ic tfutcs `cs ofatrnlatcs tcomalqucs ct `felstlqucs `lìcs ë `“ìiltlfa ct ë `n ilbbuslfa ics

suppfrts dntìrlc`s, `n ilbbuslfa ic `“labfrdntlfa audìrlquc pnr `“Latcract fuvrc ics

pcrspcotlvcs ofasliìrng`cs. @“nooís ë ua vfùdc i“labfrdntlfas snas prìoìicat cst lddìilnt.

@n ilbbuslfa i“labfrdntlfas nvco ua rnyfaacdcat pftcatlc``cdcat dfailn` icvlcat noocsslg`c

ë qulofaquc nvco ics lavcstlsscdcats blanaolcrs dfilqucs ct ic bnåfa lastnatnaìc. @n qunatltì

i“labfrdntlfa noocsslg`c, ct `n du`tlp`loltì ics ìdcttcurs i“labfrdntlfas ldpfsc `n dlsc ca

p`noc ic afuvc``cs dìtmfics ic trnvnl` pfur cxp`fltcr utl`cdcat ocs labfrdntlfas.

@n dcssnecrlc ì`cotrfalquc n latrfiult qunat ë c``c ua dfic ic ofddualontlfa qul iìpnssc

tfus `cs dfics ic ofddualontlfa natìrlcurs ct sc trniult pnr ics usnecs afuvcnux.

§ > 8 [rìscatntlfa ct ìvfùtlfa

Eìrcr `“labfrdntlfa cbblonocdcat cst nussl ldpfrtnat pfur uac catrcprlsc quc i“nvflr uac

strntìelc ics vcatcs ndgltlcusc. Nvflr nooís ë `n gfaac labfrdntlfa pùs vltc quc scs

ofaourrcats ofastltuc ua nvnatnec slealblontlb pfur `“catrcprlsc sl oc``c-ol snlt `“utl`lscr. @cs

`felolc`s ic trìsfrcrlc `cs pùs rìocats fbbrcat nux catrcprlscs `n pfsslgl`ltì i“nvflr nooís ë uac

dcl``curc labfrdntlfa ct pùs rnplicdcat. Latcract cst ua bfrdling`c futl` i“nooís ë

`“labfrdntlfa, pfur `cs catrcprlscs ct `cs trìsfrlcrs ca pnrtlou`lcr, dnls nussl pfur `cs gnaqucs,

inas `n dcsurc fü octtc labfrdntlfa cst noocsslg`c pnr tfus, nu dèdc dfdcat, ct ic a“ldpfrtc

quc` pflat iu e`fgc.

Sac ìtuic rc`ntlvcdcat rìocatc> dfatrc quc pùs ic 53% ics catrcprlscs rcofaanlsscat ac pns

ètrc ca pfsscsslfa ic systídcs ic rcpfrtlae i“labfrdntlfa glca latìerì, fg`lecnat `cs

blanaolcrs ë pnsscr prcsquc `n dfltlì ic `cur tcdps ë rcomcromcr `“labfrdntlfa ct ë ìtng`lr ics

rnppfrts dnauc``cdcat. Oc`n cst ca trnla ic omnaecr trís rnplicdcat iu bnlt i“Latcract, erçoc ë

ua nooís ë `“labfrdntlfa nutfdntlsì. Nvnat Latcract, `“labfrdntlfa ìtnlt trnasdlsc

csscatlc``cdcat pnr tì`ìpmfac, bnx ct dnl`.

> Ymc Ofatrf``cr“s Wcpfrt, Lastltutc fb Dnanecdcat nai Nidlalstrntlfa, iìocdgrc ><<=



?2

@cs icralcrs `felolc`s ic trìsfrcrlc npp`lquìs ë `n Yfl`c (Ucg) ifaacat nooís ë pùs

i“labfrdntlfas pùs rnplicdcat ct ë ua dflairc ofút. Ocs `felolc`s pcrdcttcat nux pcrsfaac`s

ics catrcprlscs, ca utl`lsnat ua anvlentcur (fu `felolc` ic anvlentlfa), ë pnrtlr ic a'ldpfrtc

quc` pflat iu e`fgc nynat nooís nu Ucg, ic sc ofaacotcr ë ics sltcs súrs, i“nvflr nooís ë

`“labfrdntlfa ct i“catrcr `cs ifaaìcs ifat `n trìsfrcrlc n gcsfla. L`s pcuvcat nlasl dcttrc ë

hfur, of``cotcr ct trnasdcttrc ics rnppfrts vln `c Ucg ofaocranat `cs prìvlslfas ic trìsfrcrlc,

`cs gcsflas ic `lquliltì, `cs ofuvcrturcs ic dfaanlcs ìtrnaeírcs fu `cs iìolslfas

i“lavcstlsscdcat.

@“ìvfùtlfa ics `felolc`s ic trìsfrcrlc npp`lquìs nu Ucg pcut sc trniulrc ic `n dnalírc

sulvnatc 8

>. Nu iìpnrt, Latcract ìtnlt ua pcu pùs qu“ua scrvcur tì`ìdntlquc pcrdcttnat i“cavfycr ics

ifoudcats ct ics ifaaìcs ct ic `cs ofasu`tcr nu dfyca i“ua `felolc` ic anvlentlfa

Latcract. Glca quc `“nooís pfuvnlt ètrc ofatrù`ì, `c ifoudcat rcstnlt blxc, snas pfsslgl`ltì

i“ìiltlfa vln `c anvlentcur fu i“cavfl ic afuvc``cs ifaaìcs ë pnrtlr ic `fon`lsntlfa

`flatnlacs.

7.

@n icuxlídc ìtnpc iu iìvc`fppcdcat n ofaslstì ë bfuralr ua nooís afa pùs stntlquc dnls

iyandlquc ic `“cavfl ic ifoudcats. Nlasl ua `cotcur ì`fleaì n pu dcttrc ë hfur ua

ifoudcat ca `leac erçoc ë ua `felolc` ic anvlentlfa Latcract. @n prlaolpn`c `ldltc ë oc

stnic ìtnlt qu“ua tc` ifoudcat ìtnlt `c dèdc pfur tfus `cs utl`lsntcurs nynat ua nooís

nutfrlsì.

?. @“ìtnpc sulvnatc n ofaslstì ë `ldltcr oc qul pfuvnlt ètrc ofasu`tì nu dfyca iu `felolc` ic

anvlentlfa, sflt ca ìtng`lssnat ics alvcnux i“nutfrlsntlfa, sflt ca pcrsfaan`lsnat `“nooís

nux ifaaìcs. Nlasl, ua rnppfrt pcut ètrc cxpìilì ca `leac, dnls omnquc pcrsfaac nutfrlsìc

a“nurn pns aìocssnlrcdcat nooís nux dèdcs ifaaìcs fu a“nurn nooís qu“ë ua afdgrc

`ldltì i“labfrdntlfas. [nr ofasìqucat, tfut ifoudcat trnasdls pnr Latcract pcut

tmìfrlqucdcat ètrc ualquc pfur omnquc utl`lsntcur.

[fur `n trìsfrcrlc, pùtùt quc i“nvflr ë sc rcpfrtcr ë ics ifaaìcs ct ics omlbbrcs naolcas, dcttrc

ë hfur quftlilcaacdcat `cs prìvlslfas ic trìsfrcrlc nvco uac labfrdntlfa ca tcdps rìc` icvlcatua prfocssus rc`ntlvcdcat sldp`c. @cs bl`ln`cs rcdp`lsscat ca `leacs `cs ifaaìcs ct `n



?5

ilstrlgutlfa sc bnlt pùs fu dflas nutfdntlqucdcat. Wìsu`tnt, `cs ecstlfaanlrcs ic `n trìsfrcrlc

iu erfupc eneacat ua tcdps ofasliìrng`c ct pcuvcat nlasl sc ofasnorcr nux tçomcs qul sfat

spìolblqucdcat `cs `curs.

Latcract fbbrc laofatcstng`cdcat ics fppfrtualtìs nux trìsfrlcrs. Ocux-ol fat gcsfla i“nvflr

nooís ë `“labfrdntlfa ifat l`s ac pfuvnlcat ilspfscr nupnrnvnat 8 nlasl nvco Latcract, l`s

pcuvcat ofasu`tcr ca `leac, ë tfut dfdcat, `n pfsltlfa ic `curs ofdptcs gnaonlrcs. N `n bla ic

omnquc hfuraìc ofdptng`c, l`s ilspfscat i“labfrdntlfas ofdp`ítcs sur `cs fpìrntlfas

latcrvcaucs ct `c sfìc ics ilbbìrcats ofdptcs. Latcract pcrdct nussl ic bfuralr ca `leac `n

ofplc ic omíqucs fu ic bnoturcs. @“labfrdntlfa iflt afa scu`cdcat ètrc lddìilntc dnls nussl

noocsslg`c pnr `c pùs ernai afdgrc, sfus rìscrvc glca catcaiu ics mngl`ltntlfas qul scrfat `c

ons ìomìnat iì`lvrìcs, inas `cs ilbbìrcats iìpnrtcdcats ic `“catrcprlsc, inas scs ilbbìrcatcs

ldp`natntlfas ë trnvcrs `c e`fgc. Latcract pcrdct nux trìsfrlcrs ics catrcprlscs i“nooìicr ë

tfutc uac sìrlc i“labfrdntlfas, n`frs quc oc`n a“ìtnlt pns pfsslg`c tcomalqucdcat nupnrnvnat.

Nynat ca dnlas ocs labfrdntlfas, uac catrcprlsc cst nlasl onpng`c ic eìrcr sn trìsfrcrlc ic

dnalírc prfnotlvc ct ifao ic dlcux aìefolcr `cs nbbnlrcs nvco scs bfuralsscurs. Latcract

pcrdct nux catrcprlscs du`tlantlfan`cs ic ocatrn`lscr `n ecstlfa ic `cur trìsfrcrlc, ca ifaanat

nooís ë `“cascdg`c ic `curs bl`ln`cs ë uac dèdc gnsc ic ifaaìcs. O“cst hustcdcat pnroc quc

tfutcs `cs bl`ln`cs i“ua dèdc erfupc fat nooís ë uac gnsc ic ifaaìcs ualquc quc `n trìsfrcrlc

ocatrn`c n uac vuc ofasf`liìc ics pnlcdcats ë cbbcotucr ct iu blanaocdcat aìocssnlrc.

@“ua ics prcdlcrs scrvlocs quc `cs ìtng`lsscdcats ic orìilt fat bfurals nux catrcprlscs n ìtì

i“laltlcr ics pnlcdcats ca `leac, pcrdcttnat nlasl nux trìsfrlcrs ic bfuralr rnplicdcat `cs

rcssfurocs `lqulics aìocssltìcs pnr `“notlvltì.

§ 7 8 @n ecstlfa ic trìsfrcrlc ct `“utl`lsntlfa i“Latcract

Nvco `“latrfiuotlfa i“Latcract, l` cst iìsfrdnls pfsslg`c ic dcttrc ca p`noc ics systídcs ic

trìsfrcrlc e`fgn`c cbblonocs ct pcu ofútcux, qul ofdglacat ics bfaotlfas i“nan`ysc, ic

trnltcdcat ct ic ofdptc-rcaiu. [fur uac catrcprlsc du`tlantlfan`c, l` pcut ètrc huilolcux



?=

i“lastnurcr uac ocatrn`lsntlfa ic `n bfaotlfa blanaolírc. Nlasl, fa ofastntc qu“ua ernai afdgrc

i“catrcprlscs fat tcainaoc ë rcvflr `cur pf`ltlquc ca dntlírc ic trìsfrcrlc inas `c scas i“uac

ocatrn`lsntlfa nooruc.

_l Latcract ofddcaoc ë s“ldpfscr ofddc uac sfùtlfa vlng`c ct súrc, oc`n a“n pns tfuhfurs ìtì

`c ons. Ct i“nl``curs, rìeu`lírcdcat, `n prcssc sc bnlt `“ìomf ic vlrus labfrdntlqucs qul

ofatndlacat ë ernaic vltcssc ic afdgrcux rìscnux fu qunatltìs ic scrvcurs ë trnvcrs `c

dfaic. _c`fa Invli Anìcr, ic `n sfolìtì _ldOfrp7, ct o“cst oc qul rcssfrt ics ofatnots

rìeu`lcrs qu“l` n nvco ics trìsfrlcrs i“catrcprlsc ct ics gnaqucs, Latcract a“cdpfrtc pns caofrc

`n ofablnaoc tftn`c ics utl`lsntcurs, ë onusc ics prfg`ídcs ic sìourltì quc oc`n pfsc. L` cxlstc

ocpcainat nuhfuri“mul ics systídcs ic sìourltì trís pcrbfrdnats, afus ca ilrfas quc`qucs

dfts pùs `fla.

L` cst trís prfgng`c quc `c rù`c ic `n trìsfrcrlc omnaecrn ct ìvfùcrn nu ofurs ics prfomnlacs

naaìcs : fa nsslstc ca cbbct ë uac pùs ernaic nutfdntlsntlfa ics tçomcs cbbcotuìcs

dnauc``cdcat inas `c pnssì. @cs ifdnlacs inas `csquc`s ics ndì`lfrntlfas sfat nttcaiucs, fu

iìhë rìn`lsìcs pfur ocrtnlacs, sfat aftnddcat ocux qul ofaocracat `c onsm dnanecdcat dnls

nussl `cs prìvlslfas fu `n ofdptngl`ltì. Yc`s quc `cs systídcs ìvfùcat, `“nutfdntlsntlfa ics

tçomcs dnauc``cs scrn tfuhfurs rcomcromìc ct noocatuìc ct `lgìrcrn, pnr vflc ic ofasìqucaoc,

iu tcdps pfur `cs trìsfrlcrs qul pfurrfat nlasl sc ofasnorcr p`clacdcat ë `cur dìtlcr qul cxlec

gcnuofup i“nan`ysc ct ic syatmísc.

@frsquc tfut scrn nutfdntlsì ë `“latìrlcur i“ua cavlrfaacdcat sìourlsì, l` ac icvrnlt pùs y

nvflr ic gcsfla ca dntlírc ic vìrlblontlfa ct i“nutfrlsntlfa ic ofablrdntlfas ct ic pnlcdcats.

Oc`n ìtnat, `c trìsfrlcr ofatlaucrn i“cxcrocr sfa dìtlcr dnls scs bfaotlfas scrfat prfgng`cdcat

csscatlc``cdcat nan`ytlqucs.

Ca iìblaltlvc, ct afus `“nvfas iìhë sfu`leaì, `c trìsfrlcr n gcsfla i“uac labfrdntlfa tnat ca

latcrac qu“ca cxtcrac. Oc`n ofaocrac nussl glca `cs prìvlslfas ìofafdlqucs nu alvcnu antlfan`

fu rìelfan`, quc `cs prìvlslfas ic vcatcs ct i“nomnts fu `n sltuntlfa ic `n trìsfrcrlc notuc``c.

Yfutcs ocs ifaaìcs vfat aìocssnlrcdcat catrcr ca `leac ic ofdptc pfur `cs omflx quc

`“catrcprlsc fu `c erfupc icvrfat bnlrc ca dntlírc i“noqulsltlfas fu ic iìslavcstlsscdcat.



?<

@c trìsfrlcr n nussl gcsfla ic ofaanátrc `cs tnux ic dnromì pfur ua ernai afdgrc ic

trnasnotlfas blanaolírcs. O“cst `ë quc `n tcomaf`felc Latcract icvlcat lailspcasng`c. C``c

pcrdct ca cbbct ic of``cotcr rnplicdcat ics ifaaìcs orltlqucs ë trnvcrs uac ernaic vnrlìtì ic

sfurocs ct `cs prìscatc sfus ua bfrdnt utl`c ct `lslg`c. Ic `ë, `cs iìolslfas pcuvcat ètrc prlscs

rnplicdcat nu dfyca i“ua sldp`c o`loj.

Cxndlafas dnlatcanat ic dnalírc p`us ofaorítc quc``cs sfat `cs npp`lontlfas pfsslg`cs

i“Latcract pfur `cs trìsfrlcrs i“catrcprlscs.

_COYLFA 7 8 @cs npp`lontlfas i“Latcract ë `n ecstlfa ic trìsfrcrlc

@cs scrvlocs gnaonlrcs labfrdntlsìs sur Latcract pcrdcttcat nux o`lcats ic prìpnrcr, i“cavfycr

ct i“nutfrlscr ì`cotrfalqucdcat ics lastruotlfas ct i“nooìicr ca `leac nux labfrdntlfas

gnaonlrcs. Ilvcrscs ilspfsltlfas cxlstcat ìen`cdcat inas `c ifdnlac ic `n ecstlfa ic

trìsfrcrlc.

Laofatcstng`cdcat, Latcract gfu`cvcrsc `“cavlrfaacdcat ics trìsfrlcrs (§>). @cs npp`lontlfas

rcaofatrìcs `c p`us ofurnddcat pcrdcttcat nux catrcprlscs tnat i“fgtcalr ics labfrdntlfas sur

`curs ofdptcs gnaonlrcs quc ic prfoìicr ë ics trnasbcrts ic bfais pfur `curs trnasnotlfas

gnaonlrcs antlfan`cs ct latcrantlfan`cs (§ 7). N `“latìrlcur ic omnquc catrcprlsc, ics

nutfrlsntlfas sfat iì`lvrìcs, `cs uacs pcrdcttnat ë ocrtnlacs pcrsfaacs afddìdcat iìsleaìcs

i“cbbcotucr tc``c fu tc``c ofasu`tntlfa iu fu ics ofdptcs, `cs nutrcs `cur pcrdcttnat i“cbbcotucr

ics pnlcdcats. Ocs nutfrlsntlfas vfat icvflr ètrc trís prìolscs.

§ > 8 Latcract gfu`cvcrsc `“cavlrfaacdcat ics trìsfrlcrs

7 Nrtlo`c pug`lì `c 2 hul``ct 7;;> omcz www.etacws.ofd



9;

Ofddc o“cst `c ons pfur `“cascdg`c ics iìpnrtcdcats i“uac catrcprlsc, Latcract cst ua futl`

bfrdling`c ic ofddualontlfa ct i“uac ernaic cbblonoltì, ifat `cs prlaolpn`cs onrnotìrlstlqucs

sfat `cs sulvnatcs 8

• Bnol`ltì i“nooís nux scrvlocs. Iu bnlt ic `n `fon`lsntlfa ics `felolc`s sur ua scrvcur

ualquc, l` cst iìsfrdnls pfsslg`c i“nvflr nooís ë `n pùpnrt ics npp`lontlfas, ic a“ldpfrtc

fü, nu dèdc dfdcat ct ë a“ldpfrtc quc``c mcurc iu hfur fu ic `n ault. Nlasl `n Icutsomc

Gnaj n iìhë ics dl``lcrs i“utl`lsntcurs pfur sfa prfiult ig-ilrcot latcract?.

• Ldp`ìdcatntlfa gfa dnromì ct bnol`c. [fur `n pùpnrt ics npp`lontlfas, l` cst lautl`c

i“lastn``cr ua `felolc` sur `c sltc ics utl`lsntcurs ct pfur `cs vcrslfas dlscs ë hfur `c pùs

rìocddcat, `“lastn``ntlfa s“cbbcotuc ë ua alvcnu ocatrn`lsì, ildlaunat i“nutnat `cs ofúts.

• Stl`lsntlfa bnol`c. @“nooís nux npp`lontlfas vln `c anvlentcur cst cxtrèdcdcat sldp`c 8 l`

subblt prntlqucdcat ic sc `nlsscr eulicr ct ic « o`lqucr º nu dfyca ic `n sfurls. Ic pùs,

nuouac bfrdntlfa a“cst aìocssnlrc `frs ic `“lastn``ntlfa.

• Ofddualontlfas gfa dnromì. @c iìvc`fppcdcat ofasliìrng`c i“Latcract ofaiult

laìùotng`cdcat ë uac gnlssc ics ofúts ic ofddualontlfa.

Glca ìvlicddcat, l` cxlstc ocrtnlacs `ldltcs ë Latcract, ofddc `cs prfg`ídcs i“licatltì

(s“nssurcr ic `“cxlstcaoc rìc``c iu ofofatrnotnat quc `“fa ac vcrrn hndnls : iflt-fa nvflr

ofablnaoc inas `n pnrtlc nvco `nquc``c fa sc prfpfsc ic ofatrnotcr, cto…) fu ic sìourltì.

Blan`cdcat, y n-t-l` quc`quc omfsc ic rìc``cdcat afuvcnu inas Latcract 6 A“nvfas-afus pns

pnr`ì ic bnol`ltì i“nooís, i“ldp`ìdcatntlfa bnol`c, i“utl`lsntlfa bnol`c, ic ofddualontlfas trís

gfa dnromì… _l, glca catcaiu, Latcract cst rìvfùtlfaanlrc pnroc qu“l` dct ca ofatnot `cs

lailvlius ct `cs frenalsntlfas. [nr cxcdp`c, ics ofaocpts tftn`cdcat afuvcnux sfat nppnrus

trís rìocddcat, tc`s `c « c-prfourcdcat º nux tcrdcs iuquc` ocrtnlas nomnts ofddc `n

pnpctcrlc fu `“labfrdntlquc sfat bnlts ilrcotcdcat pnr Latcract, prfournat nux noquìrcurs ics

enlas nsscz ofasìqucats.

? Afrgcrt Unaalaecr, Icutsomc Gnaj NE, >3 dnl 7;;; (nrtlo`c pnru inas etacws)



9>

§ 7 8 @cs npp`lontlfas ilrcotcs prfpfsìcs pnr `cs gnaqucs

Ca oc qul ofaocrac `cs ofdptcs gnaonlrcs, l` cst pfsslg`c ic ofasu`tcr `cs ofdptcs ic

`“catrcprlsc ct `c ons ìomìnat ics bl`ln`cs, ca bfaotlfa ics noofris latcracs. Ics bfaotlfas

ofdp`ìdcatnlrcs pcrdcttcat ic rcomcromcr ics trnasnotlfas spìolblqucs, i“ldprldcr `cs

labfrdntlfas ofddualquìcs ct ic prìscatcr ua rìonpltu`ntlb ifaanat uac vuc i“cascdg`c ic

tfus `cs ofdptcs, nvco lailontlfa ics sfìcs ofdptng`cs dls ë hfur. Ics rc`cvìs ic ofdptc

pcuvcat ètrc icdnaiìs pfur uac pìrlfic iìtcrdlaìc.

N) @c rìonpltu`ntlb ics ofdptcs

@c rìonpltu`ntlb ics ofdptcs prìscatc uac vuc i“cascdg`c ic tfus `cs ofdptcs, nvco lailontlfa

ics sfìcs ofdptng`cs dls ë hfur. @cs rcascleacdcats sfat bfurals ë tltrc lailontlb, ics cxtrnlts

pnplcr ìtnat nircssìs nu o`lcat nu dflas uac bfls pnr dfls.

G) @cs rc`cvìs ic ofdptc

Nvco `cs `felolc`s prfpfsìs pnr `cs gnaqucs, ct erçoc ë Latcract, l` cst pfsslg`c ic ofasu`tcr ua

rc`cvì ic ofdptc pfur uac intc fu uac pìrlfic spìolblquc. L` cst nlasl pfsslg`c i“nvflr nooís ë

`“mlstfrlquc i“ua ofdptc iìtcrdlaì, fu glca ë `“mlstfrlquc ics sfìcs iu fu ics ofdptcs ifat

`“catrcprlsc cst tltu`nlrc.

O) @n rcomcromc ic trnasnotlfas

N pnrtlr i“ua fu ic orltírc(s) ic rcomcromc, `“utl`lsntcur n `n pfsslgl`ltì i“cbbcotucr uac

rcomcromc ofaocranat uac trnasnotlfa iìtcrdlaìc. Futrc ocs bfaotlfas ic ofasu`tntlfas, `cs

`felolc`s bfaotlfaanat nvco uac npp`lontlfa Latcract pcrdcttcat nu o`lcat i“cbbcotucr ics

trnasnotlfas gnaonlrcs.

_fus rìscrvc ic `n ofaoùslfa i“noofris spìolblqucs catrc `n gnaquc ct `c o`lcat, `n bfaotlfa

trnasnotlfa iflt ca prlaolpc fbbrlr `cs typcs ic trnasnotlfas gnaonlrcs sulvnatcs 8



97

n) [nlcdcats antlfanux fu latcrantlfanux

@cs pnlcdcats antlfanux ofaocracat ics frircs ic trnasbcrt ic bfais catrc ics ofdptcs nu

scla i“ua dèdc pnys n`frs quc `cs pnlcdcats latcrantlfanux latcrvlcairfat catrc ics pnys

ilbbìrcats. N `“latìrlcur ic `n zfac curf, `cs pnlcdcats sfat bnol`ltìs `frsqu“l`s latcrvlcaacat

catrc `cs ofdptcs tcaus inas uac scu`c ct dèdc dfaanlc. Afus y rcvlcairfas.

g) [nlcdcats sldp`cs fu du`tlp`cs

@cs pnlcdcats scrfat sldp`cs sl uac lastruotlfa ualquc ic pnlcdcat cst bnltc nu prfblt i“ua

scu` gìaìblolnlrc. L`s sfat du`tlp`cs sl `c o`lcat pnr cxcdp`c ifaac uac lastruotlfa ualquc ic

p`uslcurs pnlcdcats ë ua fu ilbbìrcats gìaìblolnlrcs.

Rfl`ë prìscatìcs ic bnåfa syatmìtlquc, `cs ilbbìrcatcs bfaotlfaan`ltìs i“ua `felolc` gnaonlrc

utl`lsng`c pnr Latcract. Ngfrifas dnlatcafas `c icralcr nspcot ic octtc ìtuic ofasnorìc ë

Latcract 8 `n sìourltì sur Latcract.

_COYLFA ? 8 @N _COSWLYC _SW LAYCWACY

@n vltcssc nvco `nquc``c `“labfrdntlfa olrou`c sur Latcract latìrcssc gcnuofup `cs trìsfrlcrs

i“catrcprlscs, qul pcuvcat nlasl rcocvflr iu dfaic catlcr qunsl lastnatnaìdcat `cs ifaaìcs

qul `cur sfat sl prìolcuscs pfur `n ecstlfa ic `cur trìsfrcrlc, ic dèdc qu“l`s pcuvcat cavfycr

nussl rnplicdcat `curs lastruotlfas. Ocpcainat, l` rcstc uac ocrtnlac npprìmcaslfa inas `cs

csprlts vls-ë-vls iu tfut Latcract, tnat `n sìourltì ics trnasnotlfas a“cst pns caofrc enrnatlc ë

ocat pfur ocat. Ocrtcs, ics prferís ofasliìrng`cs fat ìtì bnlts ocs icralírcs naaìcs ct `“fa pcut

ifao nbblrdcr qu“l` cxlstc nuhfuri“mul ics sf`utlfas qul enrnatlsscat uac cxoc``catc sìourltì.

L` ac bnut pns fug`lcr qu“Latcract cst ua rìscnu fuvcrt ct quc oc a“cst pns pnroc quc `“ìdcttcur

ct `c rìocptcur nurfat prls `cs dcl``curcs prìonutlfas quc `“labfrdntlfa fu `cs ifaaìcs

trnasdlscs nrrlvcrfat aìocssnlrcdcat inas `“ìtnt fü c``cs sc trfuvnlcat nu dfdcat ic `cur

cxpìiltlfa. @n dcl``curc sìourltì notuc``cdcat rìslic inas `“labrnstruoturc ë o`ìs pug`lqucs



9?

([ug`lo Jcy Labrnstruoturc fu [JL) 8 oc systídc, quc afus iìorlrfas ua pcu pùs `fla, n pfur

fghcotlb ic enrnatlr ë ocùl qul rcåflt ua ifoudcat pnr Latcract quc `c ifoudcat qu“l` rcåflt

ìdnac glca ic ocùl qul `“n cavfyì ct quc oc ifoudcat ofrrcspfai strlotcdcat nu ifoudcat

i“frlelac. @cs olaq nspcots i“uac trnasnotlfa sìourlsìc pnr Latcract sfat `cs sulvnats 8

• Nutmcatlblontlfa 8 `“nutmcatlblontlfa enrnatlt quc ocùl qul icdnaic ua nooís cst glca

ocùl-`ë dèdc qul prìtcai ètrc octtc pcrsfaac :

• Nutfrlsntlfa 8 c``c iìtcrdlac sl uac pcrsfaac prìn`ng`cdcat nutfrlsìc cst ca irflt

i“cbbcotucr ocrtnlacs trnasnotlfas : octtc nutfrlsntlfa enrnatlt quc `cs utl`lsntcurs sfat ca

irflt i“latcrvcalr inas `n trnasnotlfa ë `nquc``c l`s prcaacat pnrt. [nr cxcdp`c, inas uac

catrcprlsc nynat sleaì nvco `cs nutrcs dcdgrcs iu erfupc ct `cur gnaquc ua ofatrnt ic

ocatrn`lsntlfa ic trìsfrcrlc, octtc prfoìiurc pcrdct ic s“nssurcr quc tc``c pcrsfaac qul

ilrlec uac trnasnotlfa cst glca oc``c qul n ìtì prìoìicddcat nutfrlsìc pfur oc typc ic

trnasnotlfas.

• Ofablicatln`ltì 8 c``c enrnatlt quc `“labfrdntlfa qul olrou`c rcstc ofablicatlc``c ct quc

scu`s `cs utl`lsntcurs latìrcssìs nurfat nooís ë ocs labfrdntlfas. @n ofablicatln`ltì pcrdct

ic ofascrvcr scorítcs `cs labfrdntlfas scaslg`cs. Nlasl `cs labfrdntlfas quc s“ìomnaecat

`cs trìsfrlcrs i“catrcprlscs i“ua dèdc erfupc sfat pnr anturc ofablicatlc``cs.

• Latìerltì 8 c``c prftíec `“labfrdntlfa ofatrc tfutc dfilblontlfa fu tfutc icstruotlfa, tftn`c

fu pnrtlc``c, quc oc``c-ol latcrvlcaac noolicatc``cdcat fu qu“c``c rìsu`tc i“nelsscdcats

dn`vcl``nats. Ca rìn`ltì, oc qul cst lol vlsì, o“cst `“latìerltì iu dcssnec qul ac iflt suglr

nuouac dfilblontlfa iurnat `c trnasbcrt qu“l` cbbcotuc sur `c Ucg. @“latìerltì enrnatlt quc

`“labfrdntlfa qul olrou`c cst strlotcdcat licatlquc nu iìpnrt ofddc ë `“nrrlvìc.

• Afa rìpuilntlfa 8 `n afa rìpuilntlfa bfuralt `n prcuvc quc ocùl qul cst ë `“frlelac i“uac

trnasnotlfa cst glca ocùl qul `“n laltlìc. Ca i“nutrcs tcrdcs, `“catltì fu `n pcrsfaac qul cst

ë `“frlelac i“uac trnasnotlfa ac pcut pns alcr qu“l` cst `“nutcur ic octtc trnasnotlfa.

@c systídc qul fbbrc `n dcl``curc sìourltì ofaocranat ocs olaq orltírcs cst ifao `“labrnstruoturc

ë o`ìs pug`lqucs, dìtmfic `n pùs ofurnddcat utl`lsìc ct rcofaauc inas `c dfaic catlcr. @n



99

oryptfernpmlc utl`lsc ics nèfrltmdcs dntmìdntlqucs pfur ofavcrtlr ics ifaaìcs latc``lelg`cs

ca ifaaìcs lalatc``lelg`cs ct vloc vcrsn. @cs npp`lontlfas oryptfernpmlqucs laoùcat 8

• `c omlbbrnec ics ifaaìcs pfur `n ofablicatln`ltì :

• `cs sleanturcs ì`cotrfalqucs icstlaìcs ë nssurcr `n afa rìpuilntlfa ct `n vìrlblontlfa ics

ifaaìcs :

• `cs ocrtlblonts icstlaìs ë nutmcatlblcr `cs utl`lsntcurs, `cs npp`lontlfas ct `cs scrvlocs ct ë

vìrlblcr `cs nutfrlsntlfas.

L` cxlstc prlaolpn`cdcat icux typcs ic oryptfernpmlc 8 `c systídc qul utl`lsc ics o`ìs prlvìcs ct

ocùl qul ofdglac o`ì prlvìc ct o`ì pug`lquc.

Inas `c omlbbrnec ics ifaaìcs ë o`ì prlvì, `“cxpìiltcur ct `c icstlantnlrc utl`lscat `n dèdc o`ì

pfur `c oryptnec ct `c iìoryptnec. Ic pùs, pulsquc `c oryptnec a“cst pns ilspfalg`c tnat quc `n

o`ì a“n pns ìtì nttrlguìc, `“nttrlgutlfa ic `n o`ì ilrcotcdcat sur `c rìscnu a“cst pns uac sfùtlfa

súrc. I“nutrcs fptlfas cxlstcat, ofddc pnr cxcdp`c, `“cavfl ic `n o`ì pnr ofurrlcr dnls c``cs

sfat omírcs ct pùs `catcs.

@n oryptfernpmlc ë o`ìs pug`lqucs utl`lsc qunat ë c``c uac pnlrc ic o`ìs 8 uac o`ì pug`lquc qul

cst `nrecdcat ilspfalg`c, ct uac o`ì prlvìc ilbbìrcatc qul a“cst ofaauc quc ic `n pcrsfaac ë qul

c``c nppnrtlcat. @n o`ì pug`lquc pcut ètrc trnasdlsc afa omlbbrìc ë sfa icstlantnlrc pulsqu“c``c

a“cst pns scorítc, n`frs quc `n o`ì prlvìc iflt ldpìrntlvcdcat ètrc enriìc scorítc. Nlasl,

`“nttrlgutlfa ics o`ìs cst ernaicdcat sldp`lblìc `frsquc `“fa utl`lsc `n oryptfernpmlc ë o`ì

pug`lquc.

@n o`ì prlvìc ic `“cxpìiltcur pcut ètrc utl`lsìc pfur orìcr uac sleanturc ì`cotrfalquc fu

prfiulrc ua cascdg`c ic ifaaìcs omlbbrìcs. N rìocptlfa, `c icstlantnlrc iìomlbbrc `cs ifaaìcs

trnasdlscs ct vìrlblc `“licatltì ic `“cxpìiltcur nlasl quc `“latìerltì ics ifaaìcs. Ic pùs, tfut

ua systídc ic ocrtlblontlfa sc dct prfercsslvcdcat ca p`noc, ca Brnaoc ct inas `c dfaic 8 ics

nutfrltìs ic ocrtlblontlfa iì`lvrcat ics ocrtlblonts, ic dnalírc ë enrnatlr `“licatltì ics

pcrsfaacs, `“nutmcatloltì ct `“latìerltì ics ifaaìcs, `n ofablicatln`ltì ct `n afa rìpuilntlfa.

Latcract ct sfa iìvc`fppcdcat cxtrèdcdcat rnplic nu ofurs ic ocs tfutcs icralírcs naaìcs n

ua ldpnot ofasliìrng`c sur `c iìvc`fppcdcat ics ilbbìrcatcs tcomalqucs ic ecstlfa ic

trìsfrcrlc. @“curf qunat ë ùl hfuc ua rù`c ofasliìrng`c inas oc iìvc`fppcdcat pulsqu“l` cst



93

icvcau `c >cr hnavlcr ><<< `n dfaanlc ualquc ic fazc pnys curfpìcas, ifuzc nuhfuri“mul

icpuls `“nimìslfa ic `n Eríoc nu >cr hnavlcr 7;;>, rcprìscatnat ua dnromì ic p`us ic ?;;

dl``lfas ic ofasfddntcurs. N quc`qucs dfls ic `n ilspnrltlfa iu brnao bliuolnlrc, `cs gl``cts

ct `cs plíocs ca curfs olrou`crfat ë pnrtlr iu >cr hnavlcr 7;;7, l` cst gfa ic rnppc`cr quc

afdgrc i“catrcprlscs ct spìoln`cdcat `cs p`us ernaics i“catrc c``cs fat nifptì `“curf icpuls

ic afdgrcux dfls, inas `cur ofdptngl`ltì ct pfur `curs trnasnotlfas. Cxndlafas ifao

dnlatcanat `cs ldpnots ic `“curf sur `n ecstlfa ic trìsfrcrlc ics catrcprlscs.



92

OMN[LYWC 7

@“CSWF, BFWDLING@C NOOC@CWNYCSW IS

ICRC@F[[CDCAY IC @N EC_YLFA IC YWC_FWCWLC

LAYWN-EWFS[C

@c >cr hnavlcr ><<< iìgutnlt oc qu“l` cst ofavcau i“nppc`cr `n trflslídc pmnsc ic `“Salfa

Cofafdlquc ct Dfaìtnlrc. O“cst ca cbbct ë octtc intc qu“fat ìtì blxìs `cs tnux ic ofavcrslfa

ics dfaanlcs ics pnys pnrtlolpnats catrc c``cs ct pnr rnppfrt ë `“curf. @“curf cst icvcau uac

dfaanlc ë pnrt catlírc, `c pnalcr fbblolc` ic `“ìou ocssnat i“cxlstcr. @“latrfiuotlfa ic `“curf

ofddc dfaanlc ualquc ic >7 pnys curfpìcas (N``cdneac, Nutrlomc, Gcèlquc, Cspneac,

Bla`naic, Brnaoc, Eríoc, Lr`naic, Ltn`lc, @uxcdgfure, [nys-Gns, [frtuen`) cst ua ìvìacdcat

ofasliìrng`c inas `n ofastruotlfa curfpìcaac. @“Salfa Cofafdlquc ct Dfaìtnlrc rcprìscatc

nuhfuri“mul ua dnromì i“cavlrfa ?;; dl``lfas ic pcrsfaacs (pùs quc `cs Ctnts-Sals) ct oc

omlbbrc pnsscrnlt ë prís ic ?=; inas uac Salfa ofdprcanat >3 pnys. Fr ocs qulazc pnys

rcprìscatcat cavlrfa 7; % iu ofddcroc dfailn`, ofdpnrì ë quc`qucs >2% pfur `cs Ctnts-

Sals.

@“ualfa Cofafdlquc ct Dfaìtnlrc rcprìscatc ifao ua dnromì trís ldpfrtnat ct `cs trìsfrlcrs

gìaìblolcrfat aìocssnlrcdcat ics iìvc`fppcdcats nttcaius ics ìomnaecs ë `“latìrlcur ic

`“Curfpc. @“curf n iìhë ct nurn caofrc pùs inas `c butur ua ldpnot ldpfrtnat sur `n ecstlfa ictrìsfrcrlc (_cotlfa >) pulsqu“l` sldp`lblc ofasliìrng`cdcat `cs caonlsscdcats ct `cs pnlcdcats

ë `“latìrlcur ic `n zfac curf, ic dèdc qu“l` eìaírc ics ìofafdlcs i“ìomc``c ldpfrtnatcs ct

rìiult `cs ofúts `lìs nu rlsquc ic omnaecs. Ocpcainat, ics cbbfrts rcstcat ë bnlrc pfur supprldcr

`cs fgstno`cs fu mnrdfalscr `cs `ìels`ntlfas curfpìcaacs inas ilbbìrcats ifdnlacs (_cotlfa 7).

_COYLFA > 8 @C_ LD[NOY_ IC @“CSWF _SW @N EC_YLFA IC

YWC_FWCWLC



95

@cs ldpnots ic `“curf sur `n ecstlfa ic trìsfrcrlc ics catrcprlscs sfat `cs sulvnats 8

sldp`lblontlfa (§>), ocatrn`lsntlfa (§7), `fon`lsntlfa (§ ?).

§ > 8 _ldp`lblontlfa

@“latrfiuotlfa ic `n dfaanlc ualquc nu >cr hnavlcr ><<< n tfut i“ngfri ernaicdcat sldp`lblì

`n ecstlfa ic trìsfrcrlc ics catrcprlscs. @c rlsquc ic omnaec n ìtì supprldì pfur `“cascdg`c

ics trnasnotlfas nu scla ic `n zfac curf : pfur ua trìsfrlcr, `cs b`uotuntlfas ics ofurs ic `n `lrc

ltn`lcaac ct ic `n pcsctn cspneaf`c ìtnlcat ics sfuols dnhcurs. [nr nl``curs, `c afdgrc ic

ofatrcpnrtlcs gnaonlrcs sc rìiult. Oc dfuvcdcat, ndfroì nvnat `“nrrlvìc ic `“curf, s“cst

nooì`ìrì ocs icralírcs naaìcs. Yfut i“ngfri pnroc quc ic afdgrcuscs gnaqucs fat buslfaaì 8

GA[-[nrlgns, Orìilt Nerlof`c Laifsucz, OOB-M_GO, … Dnls nussl pnroc quc `cs catrcprlscs

ofasliírcat qu“l` cst prìbìrng`c i“ètrc ua o`lcat ldpfrtnat pfur ua afdgrc `ldltì ic gnaqucs

p`utùt qu“ua pctlt o`lcat pfur ic afdgrcuscs.

§ 7 8 Ocatrn`lsntlfa

@“curf pfussc ìen`cdcat `cs catrcprlscs ë ocatrn`lscr `cur trìsfrcrlc. Nvco uac dfaanlc

ualquc, scrn-t-l` caofrc utl`c i“nvflr ics scrvlocs ic trìsfrcrlc inas omnoua ics pnys ic `n

zfac 6 Sac prcdlírc ìtnpc n iìhë ìtì brnaomlc pnr ic afdgrcuscs catrcprlscs, qul ofaslstc ë

ocatrn`lscr `n ecstlfa ics cxoìicats ct ics gcsflas ic trìsfrcrlc i“ua erfupc ca ua pflat

ualquc 8 o“cst `n dlsc ca p`noc i“uac ocatrn`lsntlfa ic trìsfrcrlc. Sac icuxlídc ìtnpc cst ë

`“ìtuic 8 l` s“nelt ic `n ocatrn`lsntlfa ic `“cascdg`c ics iìonlsscdcats (aftnddcat `cs

pnlcdcats bfuralsscurs) ct ics caonlsscdcats (prlaolpn`cdcat ocux ics o`lcats) pnr ua scrvloc

ualquc ic trìsfrcrlc.

§ ? 8 @fon`lsntlfa

_c pfsc n`frs `n qucstlfa ic snvflr inas quc` pnys `fon`lscr octtc ocatrn`c ic trìsfrcrlc 6 Nprís

nvflr cavlsneì ic `“cxpntrlcr, csscatlc``cdcat pfur ics rnlsfas i“fptldlsntlfa blson`c, `cs

erfupcs brnaånls cstldcat dnlatcanat qu“l` cst prìbìrng`c quc `n ocatrn`c ic trìsfrcrlc sflt

prfomc iu ocatrc ic iìolslfa ic `“catrcprlsc, ct ifao qu“c``c iflt ètrc gnsìc ca Brnaoc. L` bnut



9=

prìolscr quc oc`n n ìtì rcaiu pfsslg`c, ca oc qul ofaocrac `n Brnaoc, ca rnlsfa ic

`“nssfup`lsscdcat ic `n rìe`cdcatntlfa. Ca cbbct, nvnat `c >cr hnavlcr ><<<, ics ilspfsltlfas ic

anturc blson`c bnlsnlcat fgstno`c ë `“ldp`natntlfa, ca Brnaoc, ic ocatrn`cs ic trìsfrcrlc. Ocs

fgstno`cs fat ìtì supprldìs pnr `c Dlalstírc ic `“Cofafdlc ct ics Blanaocs qul, inas uac

`cttrc ca intc iu ? afvcdgrc ><<= nircssìc pnr `c Dlalstrc ic `“Cofafdlc ct ics Blanaocs nu

[rìslicat ic `“Nssfolntlfa Brnaånlsc ics Yrìsfrlcrs i“Catrcprlsc, n prìolsì `n afuvc``c

rìe`cdcatntlfa ca `n dntlírc. N pnrtlr iu >cr hnavlcr ><<<, l` n ìtì pfsslg`c ic eìrcr uac

ocatrn`lsntlfa ic trìsfrcrlc ca curf nu alvcnu curfpìca, ë `n p`noc ics ilbbìrcats pff`laes

antlfanux ca dfaanlcs `fon`cs qul cxlstnlcat nupnrnvnat.

@“latrfiuotlfa ic `“curf tcai ë bnvfrlscr `“ldp`ìdcatntlfa pnr `cs catrcprlscs du`tlantlfan`cs

ic ocatrn`lsntlfa ic trìsfrcrlc ca Curfpc. Octtc dlsc ca p`noc pcut ètrc gnsìc prlaolpn`cdcat,

afus `“nvfas vu, sur `n ocatrn`lsntlfa aftlfaac``c fu sur `c alvc``cdcat ofdptng`c. @c erfupc

qul sfumnltc dcttrc ca p`noc uac ecstlfa ic trìsfrcrlc ocatrn`lsìc nu alvcnu curfpìca iflt

nvflr rcofurs nux scrvlocs i“uac gnaquc. Cxndlafas ifao dnlatcanat quc`s sfat `cs

prlaolpnux notcurs sur oc dnromì ic `n ecstlfa ic trìsfrcrlc ca curf ct quc``cs sfat `curs

prlaolpn`cs onrnotìrlstlqucs.

_COYLFA 7 8 @C OMFL] I“SAC GNA^SC

@n p`upnrt ics gnaqucs fbbrcat ics scrvlocs ic ecstlfa ic trìsfrcrlc pnr pnys. Ocpcainat, `c

afdgrc ic gnaqucs qul pcuvcat fbbrlr ics scrvlocs ic ecstlfa ic trìsfrcrlc latcrantlfan`c cst

p`us `ldltì. Fa pcut ilstlaeucr trfls erfupcs ic gnaqucs 8 `cs gnaqucs ic rìscnu (§ >), `cs

gnaqucs `fon`cs (§ 7) ct `cs gnaqucs latcrantlfan`cs (§ ?).

§ > 8 @cs gnaqucs ic rìscnu

@cs gnaqucs ic rìscnu fat iìvc`fppì ua vnstc rìscnu ic suooursn`cs ë trnvcrs `c dfaic. @cs

suooursn`cs sfat latcrofaacotìcs catrc c``cs nu dfyca i“uac labrnstruoturc stnainri.



9<

@n stnainrilsntlfa ics systídcs i“labfrdntlfa, ct `c iìvc`fppcdcat i“Latcract ca pnrtlou`lcr,

pcrdct ic bfuralr ë ua ernai afdgrc i“catrcprlscs inas ic afdgrcux pnys uac vnstc ic

enddc ic scrvlocs inas `c ifdnlac ics pnlcdcats ct ic `n ecstlfa ic trìsfrcrlc. Nlasl uac

catrcprlsc pcut ofablcr tfut scs systídcs ic pnlcdcat ë uac gnaquc ic rìscnu.

@cs gnaqucs ic rìscnu pcuvcat nussl fbbrlr uac ecstlfa ic trìsfrcrlc ca curf nvco ics ofdptcs

gnaonlrcs inas ilbbìrcats pnys. C``cs fat eìaìrn`cdcat uac ldnec nsscz prìolsc ic `curs

erfupcs olg`cs ct ic `“npprfomc qul iflt ètrc sulvlc, oc qul vcut ilrc qu“c``cs sì`cotlfaacat `cur

o`lcatí`c ct rcbuscrfat ocrtnlas prfbl`cs ic o`lcats qul ac rcdp`lsscat pns `cs orltírcs

ofrrcspfainat ë `cur pf`ltlquc.

§ 7 8 @cs gnaqucs `fon`cs

Ocrtnlacs gnaqucs sfat prìscatcs ualqucdcat sur ua dnromì antlfan` ct `ldltcat `cur prìscaoc

ë `“ìtrnaecr nu strlot dlaldud. @cur gut a“cst pns ic iìvc`fppcr `cur prfprc rìscnu ë

`“ìtrnaecr : c``cs ofaoùcat n`frs ics noofris ic pnrtcanrlnt nvco i“nutrcs gnaqucs ìtrnaeírcs.

@n prlaolpn`c rnlsfa cst quc ocs gnaqucs a“fat pns `n tnl``c subblsnatc pfur fbbrlr ics scrvlocs

ic ecstlfa ic trìsfrcrlc. @cur offpìrntlfa nvco i“nutrcs gnaqucs pcut prcairc ilbbìrcatcs

bfrdcs ct ofaocracr ics scrvlocs spìolblqucs (pnr cxcdp`c `“nooís ë ua scrvloc ic

ofdpcasntlfa `fon`c) fu glca l` pcut s“nelr i“noofris dutuc`s icstlaìs ë prfpfscr ë `n

o`lcatí`c ua systídc ic pnlcdcat stnainrilsì fu ics prfiults ic ecstlfa ic trìsfrcrlc.

@cs ocatrn`lsntlfas ic trìsfrcrlc ldp`lqunat pùslcurs gnaqucs sfat prcsquc cxoùslvcdcat

orììs ë `“laltlntlvc ic o`lcats lailvliuc`s. Inas uac tc``c mypftmísc, `“catrcprlsc o`lcatc

sì`cotlfaac uac gnaquc qul sc supcrpfsc nux quc`qucs gnaqucs `fon`cs, `nquc``c cst utl`lsìc

aftnddcat pfur `cs gcsflas ic `n ilbbuslfa ic `“labfrdntlfa. @cs gnaqucs `fon`cs cbbcotucat

`cs pnlcdcats `fonux. @cs sfìcs ics ofdptcs tcaus inas ocs gnaqucs `fon`cs sfat

rìeu`lírcdcat rìoupìrìs pnr `n gnaquc qul sc supcrpfsc, iltc gnaquc « fvcr`ny º.

§ ? 8 @cs gnaqucs latcrantlfan`cs



3;

@cs gnaqucs latcrantlfan`cs sfat onrnotìrlsìcs pnr uac bfrtc prìscaoc sur ua dnromì antlfan`

nvco ics gurcnux ic rcprìscatntlfa inas `cs pnys `cs pùs ldpfrtnats. N `“ìtrnaecr, c``cs

bfuralsscat surtfut ics scrvlocs ë ics o`lcats ic `cur prfprc pnys, ct sc iìvc`fppcat ìen`cdcat

sur ics dnromìs spìolblqucs.

O“cst ualqucdcat sl `c vfùdc i“nbbnlrcs cst subblsnddcat ldpfrtnat qu“uac gnaquc

latcrantlfan`c rchflairn uac ofdpcasntlfa `fon`c. Ocs gnaqucs latcrvlcairfat inas `c ifdnlac

ic `n ecstlfa ic trìsfrcrlc latcrantlfan`c `c pùs sfuvcat pfur rcairc ics scrvlocs

pcrsfaan`lsìs.

Rfyfas dnlatcanat sl `n ocatrn`lsntlfa ic trìsfrcrlc ca curf ofrrcspfai ë uac rìn`ltì fu s“l`

s“nelt i“uac blotlfa 6

_COYLFA ? 8 @N OCAYWN@L_NYLFA IC YWC_FWCWLC CSWF,

WCN@LYC FS BLOYLFA 6

Nu iìgut ic `“naaìc 7;;>, `c « Yrcnsurcr º n latcrrfeì mult gnaqucs ofaocranat `cs scrvlocs

qu“c``cs bfuralsscat ca dntlírc ic ecstlfa ic trìsfrcrlc ct sur oc qu“c``cs cavlsnecat pfur `c

butur. Ocs gnaqucs sfat `cs sulvnatcs 8 NGA Ndrf, Gnaj fb Ndcrlon, Oltlgnaj, Icutsomc

Gnaj, Bfrtls Gnaj, M_GO, H[Dfrena ct Ymc Wfyn` Gnaj fb _oft`nai.

L` rcssfrt ic octtc ìtuic quc `cs trìsfrlcrs sc sfat scrvls ic `“curf ofddc ua ontn`yscur pfur `n

dlsc ca p`noc ic ocatrn`lsntlfas ic trìsfrcrlc ca curf, ocol nbla i“ndì`lfrcr `c gl`na ic

`“catrcprlsc ca ofdpcasnat `cs iìglts ct `cs orìilts nlasl quc `n rcatngl`ltì ca fptldlsnat `cs

latìrèts prfiults pnr `cs sfìcs ic ofdptc ca curf.

@cs gnaqucs a“fat pns tnriì ë fbbrlr `“fppfrtualtì nux trìsfrlcrs ic eìrcr ct ic ofaocatrcr `curs

`lquliltìs ë trnvcrs `“Curfpc. Ocpcainat, `n ocatrn`lsntlfa aftlfaac``c latcrantlfan`c, (o“cst ë

ilrc `n « ofdpcasntlfa º, blotlvc ca quc`quc sfrtc, ics sfìcs orìiltcurs ct iìgltcurs ic

ofdptcs iìtcaus pnr ilbbìrcatcs catltìs i“ua dèdc erfupc, dnls ualqucdcat pfur `cs gcsflas

iu onòu` ics latìrèts, snas nuoua dfuvcdcat ic bfais) cst caofrc ilbblol`c ë dcttrc ca şuvrc.



3>

@“latrfiuotlfa ic `“curf n pcrdls i“noorfátrc scaslg`cdcat `“notlvltì ics gnaqucs inas `c

ifdnlac ic `n ecstlfa ic trìsfrcrlc ct sl tfutcs `cs gnaqucs sfat nuhfuri“mul onpng`cs i“fbbrlr

`c dèdc typc ic scrvlocs, `cs prlaolpn`cs ilbbìrcaocs catrc c``cs nppnrnlsscat ca dntlírc ic

ocatrn`lsntlfa ic trìsfrcrlc aftlfaac``c latcrantlfan`c. Inas `“caquètc cbbcotuìc pnr `c

« Yrcnsurcr º, trfls ics mult gnaqucs ‟ NGA Ndrf, Oltlgnaj ct M_GO ‟ fat lailquì qu“c``cs

cavlsnecnlcat i“latrfiulrc ua scrvloc ic ocatrn`lsntlfa ic trìsfrcrlc aftlfaac``c latcrantlfan`c.

I“nutrcs gnaqucs, tc``c quc Ymc Wfyn` Gnaj fb _oft`nai sc ilsnlcat latìrcssìcs pnr `n dlsc ca

p`noc i“uac ocatrn`lsntlfa aftlfaac``c ct ètrc ë `n rcomcromc ic `n dcl``curc sfùtlfa. ûnat

nux nutrcs, c``cs fbbrcat iìhë ics pff`laes aftlfaac`s latcrantlfanux ca curfs, fu glca ca curfs

ct inas i“nutrcs icvlscs.

@“cascdg`c ics gnaqucs latcrrfeìcs ìtnlcat tfutcs i“noofri pfur ilrc qu“c``cs icvnlcat

ldpìrntlvcdcat dcttrc ë ilspfsltlfa ic `cur o`lcatí`c ua futl` i“ìomnaec i“labfrdntlfas

pcrbfrdnat, nvco `“nlic i“Latcract, snas qufl c``cs nurnlcat `cs pùs ernaics ilbblou`tìs ë

s“ldpfscr.

@“cascdg`c ic ocs gnaqucs ìtnlcat ìen`cdcat i“noofri sur `c bnlt quc `n ocatrn`lsntlfa ic

trìsfrcrlc ca curfs sur ua ofdptc olg`c, inas uac `fon`lsntlfa iìtcrdlaìc, vln ics dfuvcdcats

ic bfais catrc `cs pnys, ìtnlt `n bfrdu`c `n pùs rìpnaiuc. Ofddc afus `“nvfas vu inas `n

prcdlírc pnrtlc ic octtc ìtuic, `cs dfuvcdcats ic bfais latcrvlcaacat nussl glca iu ofdptc

olg`c vcrs ua ofdptc sfuroc quc i“ua ofdptc sfuroc vcrs `c ofdptc olg`c. @n Icutsomc Gnaj

n prìolsì qu“c``c fbbrnlt ë scs o`lcats `n pfsslgl`ltì ic blxcr ics scul`s, pnr cxcdp`c ca oc qul

ofaocrac `c dfatnat ë pnrtlr iuquc` ua trnasbcrt n `lcu. Ynat quc `c scul` blxì ë `'nvnaoc, pnr

cxcdp`c sur ua ofdptc sfuroc, a“cst pns nttclat, nuoua trnasbcrt ic bfais a“latcrvlcat.

Inas `n pùpnrt ics ons, nprís quc `cs trnasbcrts ic bfais sflcat latcrvcaus, `cs bfais

ocatrn`lsìs sfat ofaocatrìs inas ua ofdptc ic trìsfrcrlc ualquc pfur `c onòu` ics latìrèts.

Fa s“npcråflt, inas `n prntlquc, ct octtc ìtuic `c ofablrdc, quc `n ocatrn`lsntlfa nvco trnasbcrts

cbbcotlbs ic bfais catrc `cs ofdptcs fuvcrts inas `cs ilbbìrcats pnys, cst `n bfrdu`c `n pùs

ofurnddcat utl`lsìc. Ocpcainat, `frsquc `“fa icdnaic nux trìsfrlcrs oc qu“l`s nldcrnlcat ca

rìn`ltì, l`s rìpfaicat ca dnhfrltì qu“l`s prìbìrcrnlcat `nlsscr `cs bfais sur `cs ofdptcs fuvcrts

inas omnoua ics pnys ofaocraìs ct npp`lqucr ë omnoua i“catrc cux `c tnux, iìgltcur fu

orìiltcur, rìsu`tnat ic `n « ofdpcasntlfa º fpìrìc catrc `cs ofdptcs ics ilbbìrcatcs catltìs hurlilqucs.



37

@cs icux rnlsfas prlaolpn`cdcat nvnaoìcs pnr ocs trìsfrlcrs sfat `cs sulvnatcs 8 prcdlírcdcat,

`n omnrec quc rcprìscatcat `cs prèts catrc `cs sfolìtìs cst ìonrtìc : ct icuxlídcdcat, oc`n ìvltc

i“nvflr ë pnycr omcr ics dfuvcdcats ic bfais latcrantlfanux. [nr ofasìqucat, i“uac dnalírc

eìaìrn`c, `cs trìsfrlcrs pcascat quc `n ocatrn`lsntlfa aftlfaac``c scrnlt `n sf`utlfa `n p`us

sldp`c ct prìbìrìc ic tfus, trìsfrlcr iu erfupc ct catltìs fpìrnat `fon`cdcat. Ca rìn`ltì, ics

fgstno`cs cxlstcat, quc`s sfat-l`s 6

@cs fgstno`cs oltìs pnr `cs gnaqucs sfat csscatlc``cdcat ics fgstno`cs rìe`cdcatnlrcs. Ics

laocrtltuics sugslstcat ìen`cdcat sur ocrtnlas nspcots `ìenux ct blsonux. @cs prlaolpn`cs

ilbblou`tìs quc `“fa rcaofatrc, ic anturc rìe`cdcatnlrc ct blson`c, quc oc sflt ca dntlírc ic

ocatrn`lsntlfa aftlfaac``c fu ca dntlírc ic alvc``cdcat ofdptng`c, sfat `cs sulvnatcs 8

• dnaquc i“mnrdfalsntlfa ics rìeu`ntcurs gnaonlrcs curfpìcas ofaocranat pnr cxcdp`c `n

pfsslgl`ltì i“ìtng`lr sur ua tcrrltflrc iìtcrdlaì uac ocatrn`lsntlfa aftlfaac``c :

• ilbbìrcaocs scaslg`cs i“ua Ctnt ë ua nutrc ca Curfpc ca dntlírc ic irflt ics sfolìtìs fu

ofaocranat `cs prfoìiurcs i“lasf`vngl`ltì :

• rcaomìrlsscdcat iu ofút ics prcstntlfas ct n``faecdcat ics iì`nls ius ë `n aìocssltì

i“fgtcalr ics ofascl`s hurlilqucs ct ic rìilecr ct aìefolcr `n ifoudcatntlfa hurlilquc :

• ca oc qul ofaocrac `c irflt ics sfolìtìs, ics ilspnrltìs cxlstcat catrc `cs `ìels`ntlfas ics

ilbbìrcats Ctnts curfpìcas. Nlasl pnr cxcdp`c, `c dìonalsdc ics enrnatlcs orflsìcs sc`fa

`cquc` omnouac ics sfolìtìs pnrtlolpnatcs ë `n ocatrn`lsntlfa ic trìsfrcrlc sc pfrtc enrnatc

ics nutrcs a“cst pns uanaldcdcat nidls : fu caofrc, `“latìrèt sfoln` cxlstc-t-l` rìc``cdcat

inas ocs ofatrnts, ofatrnts inas `csquc`s latcrvlcaacat ics prèts catrc sfolìtìs i“ua dèdc

erfupc :

• ilbbìrcaocs scaslg`cs iu irflt ics prfoìiurcs of``cotlvcs inas `cs pnys curfpìcas. Nlasl

ics qucstlfas sc pfscat pnr cxcdp`c ca dntlírc ic ofdpcasntlfa nprís `c huecdcat ic

rcircsscdcat fu ic `lqulintlfa huilolnlrc. Octtc ofdpcasntlfa cst-c``c pfsslg`c 6 @cs

`ìels`ntlfas vnrlcat :



3?

• ilbbìrcaocs catrc `cs `fls blson`cs ics pnys curfpìcas :

• ilbbìrcaocs ofaocranat `c dfic ic pnlcdcat ics tnxcs (prì`ívcdcat ë `n sfuroc fu

iìo`nrntlfa), `c irflt ic tldgrc, `c trnltcdcat ic `n ocatrn`lsntlfa aftlfaac``c :

• rcstrlotlfas ofaocranat `cs prèts latcr-catrcprlscs (pnr cxcdp`c nu Inacdnrj, ca Eríoc fu

ca Nutrlomc) :

• rcstrlotlfas ofaocranat `c pnlcdcat ics latìrèts orìiltcurs sur `cs ofdptcs ë vuc 8 `n Brnaoc

bnlt bleurc i“cxocptlfa ë oc suhct pulsquc `n rìduaìrntlfa ics ofdptcs ë vuc cst tfuhfurs

latcriltc :

• ilbbìrcaocs ics ríe`cs sur `c rcpfrtlae nuprís ics gnaqucs ocatrn`cs ics ifaaìcs rc`ntlvcs

pnr cxcdp`c nux trnasbcrts ic bfais trnasbrfatlírcs.

Ca icmfrs ic ocs fgstno`cs rìc`s, l` bnut nvfucr quc `cs gnaqucs qunat ë c``cs prìbírcat

prfpfscr ë `curs o`lcats ics scrvlocs ic alvc``cdcat ofdptng`c onr l`s `cur fbbrcat ua p`us

ernai vf`udc ic ofddlsslfas.



39

OFAO@S_LFA

@“ìtuic quc afus vcafas ic bnlrc sur `n ecstlfa ic trìsfrcrlc, pnrtlou`lírcdcat ca Curfpc,

dfatrc ë quc` pflat `cs ilbbìrcatcs tcomalqucs qul sc sfat iìvc`fppìcs ca dntlírc ic

ocatrn`lsntlfa ic trìsfrcrlc, ofaanlsscat ic prfbfais gfu`cvcrscdcats icpuls quc`qucs naaìcs,

ca pnrtlou`lcr icpuls `“latrfiuotlfa ic `“curf `c >cr hnavlcr ><<< ct erçoc nu bfrdling`c

iìvc`fppcdcat i“Latcract. Oc sfat ca cbbct, ë oc hfur, ifuzc pnys qul fat noocptì ic

sugfrifaacr `curs latìrèts antlfanux ë ocux ic `“Salfa Cofafdlquc ct Dfaìtnlrc, n``nat

husqu“ë ngnaifaacr `cur dfaanlc antlfan`c nu prfblt i“uac dfaanlc ualquc nlasl quc `n

sfuvcrnlactì ic `curs gnaqucs ocatrn`cs nu prfblt ic `n Gnaquc Ocatrn`c Curfpìcaac.

Ocs Ctnts fat orìì ua dnromì qul rlvn`lsc ilrcotcdcat nvco ocùl ics Ctnts-Sals, tnat ca tcrdcs

ic pfpu`ntlfa quc ic prfiult latìrlcur grut. @“Salfa Cofafdlquc ct Dfaìtnlrc rcprìscatc

iìsfrdnls ua dnromì cxtrèdcdcat ldpfrtnat qul, ofdglaì ë `n `lgrc olrou`ntlfa ics glcas ct

ics pcrsfaacs sur `“cascdg`c ic sfa tcrrltflrc, orìc `cs ofailtlfas i“uac ofdpìtltlvltì nooruc

bnoc nu dnromì ndìrlonla aftnddcat. Inas oc ofatcxtc, `cs trìsfrlcrs ac pcuvcat quc tlrcr

prfblt ic ocs iìvc`fppcdcats.

Inas `cs prfomnlacs naaìcs, ua ocrtnla afdgrc ic omnaecdcats vcrrfat `c hfur inas `c

ifdnlac ic `n ecstlfa ic trìsfrcrlc ics catrcprlscs. @cs bnotcurs ë `“frlelac ic octtc ìvfùtlfa

sfat du`tlp`cs 8 nlasl, `“Salfa Cofafdlquc ct Dfaìtnlrc sc trnasbfrdc prfercsslvcdcat ca

uac bìiìrntlfa i“Ctnts nutfafdcs qul, aìnadflas, ofascrvcrfat `curs onrnotírcs prfprcs, `cur

ou`turc ct `cur `naeuc : `c dnromì curfpìca icvlcairn ic pùs ca pùs nttrnotlb : uac

mnrdfalsntlfa ics ríe`cs gnaonlrcs, blson`cs ct hurlilqucs latcrvlcairn aìocssnlrcdcat : `n `lgrc

olrou`ntlfa ics dnromnailscs ë `“latìrlcur ic `“cspnoc curfpìca stldu`crn `c iìvc`fppcdcat

ics ìomnaecs ct noocatucrn `n ofdpìtltlvltì nu scla ic `“Curfpc, ldp`lqunat ua rcenla ics

notlvltìs blanaolírcs : `n ofasf`lintlfa iu scotcur gnaonlrc ndíacrn trís prfgng`cdcat `cs

gnaqucs ë rìiulrc `cs systídcs ic ofdpcasntlfa cxlstnats, `“fghcotlb ìtnat ë tcrdc ic ilspfscr

i“ua systídc ic ofdpcasntlfa ualquc ca Curfpc.

Ca futrc, ë quc`qucs dfls ic `n ilspnrltlfa iu brnao nu prfblt ic `“curf, `cs trìsfrlcrs a“nurfat

pùs ë bnlrc bnoc nux ilbblou`tìs qu“l`s rcaofatrnlcat caofrc rìocddcat ë onusc ic `n du`tltuic



33

ic icvlscs curfpìcaacs, aftnddcat ca dntlírc ic pnlcdcats fu i“caonlsscdcats. Nvco ics

ofdptcs fuvcrts ca curfs inas `cs ifuzc pnys ic `“Salfa Cofafdlquc Curfpìcaac, `n ecstlfa

ic trìsfrcrlc i“uac catrcprlsc nynat ic du`tlp`cs ldp`natntlfas ë trnvcrs `“Curfpc scrn

sldp`lblìc.

Cabla, `c iìvc`fppcdcat i“Latcract bnol`ltc ic p`us ca p`us `n olrou`ntlfa ic `“labfrdntlfa,

i“nutnat, cst-l` gcsfla ic `c rnppc`cr, qu“Latcract ac aìocssltc nuoua lavcstlsscdcat ldpfrtnat,

al nuouac bfrdntlfa ics pcrsfaac`s, qu“l` s“nelt i“ua systídc ualvcrsc` ifaanat nooís ë `n

dèdc labfrdntlfa ë ua ernai afdgrc i“utl`lsntcurs, nu dèdc dfdcat, ct ic a“ldpfrtc quc`

cairflt ic `n p`naítc. @c trìsfrlcr iu erfupc ofddualquc nlasl trís bnol`cdcat nvco `cs

ilbbìrcatcs trìsfrcrlcs ldp`natìcs ë `“ìtrnaecr nlasl qu“nvco sn gnaquc. @n ocatrn`lsntlfa ic

trìsfrcrlc sfus scs ilbbìrcatcs bfrdcs cst nppc`ìc ë ua iìvc`fppcdcat ldpfrtnat, afa

scu`cdcat pfur `cs ernais erfupcs dnls nussl pfur `cs pctltcs ct dfycaacs catrcprlscs.



35

OMN[LYWC 7 8 @N BS_LFA I“COMC@@C_ FS OCAYWN@L_NYLFA

AFYLFAAC@@C………………………………………………………………… 79

_cotlfa > 8 @c bfaotlfaacdcat ic `n ocatrn`lsntlfa aftlfaac``c…………. 79

_cotlfa 7 8 @cs icux bfrdcs ic ocatrn`lsntlfa aftlfaac``c ……………. 72

§ > 8 @c aftlfaac` pur …………………………………………………… 75

§ 7 8 `c « latcrcst camnaocdcat º………………………………………... 75

OMN[LYWC ? 8 @N OFD[CA_NYLFA IC_ _F@IC_………………………... 7<

_cotlfa > 8 @n prntlquc brnaånlsc……………………………………….. 7<

_cotlfa 7 8 @n prntlquc ë `“ìtrnaecr…………………………………….. ?;

ICS]LCDC [NWYLC 8 LAYCWACY CY CSWF, IC BFWDLING@C_

NOOC@CWNYCSW_ IS ICRC@F[[CDCAY IS ON_M

DNANECDCAY………………………………………………………….. ?7

OMN[LYWC > 8 @C_ N[[FWY_ I“LAYCWACY INA_ @C IFDNLAC IS ON_M

DNANECDCAY……………………………………………………………… ?9

_cotlfa > 8 @n ilbbuslfa ct `n ecstlfa ic `“labfrdntlfa………………… ?9

§ > 8 [rìscatntlfa ct ìvf`utlfa…………………………………………. ?3

§ 7 8 @n ecstlfa ic trìsfrcrlc ct ̀ “utl`lsntlfa i“Latcract………………… ?5

_cotlfa 7 8 @cs npp`lontlfas i“Latcract ë ̀ n ecstlfa ic trìsfrcrlc………. ?<

§ > 8 Latcract gfu`cvcrsc `“cavlrfaacdcat iu trìsfrlcr…………………. ?<



3=

§ 7 8 @cs npp`lontlfas ilrcotcs prfpfsìcs pnr `cs gnaqucs……………… 9>

_cotlfa ? 8 @n sìourltì sur Latcract……………………………………… 97

OMN[LYWC 7 8 @“CSWF, BFWDLING@C NOOC@CWNYCSW IS ICRC@F[[CDCAY IC

@N EC_YLFA IC YWC_FWCWLC LAYWN-EWFS[C………………………… 92

_cotlfa > 8 @cs ldpnots ic `“curf sur `n ecstlfa ic trìsfrcrlc………… 92

§ > 8 _ldp`lblontlfa…………………………………………………… 95

§ 7 8 Ocatrn`lsntlfa…………………………………………………… 95

§ ? 8 @fon`lsntlfa……………………………………………………… 95

_cotlfa 7 8 @c omflx i“uac gnaquc…………………………………… 9=

§ > 8 @cs gnaqucs ic rìscnu…………………………………………… 9=

§ 7 8 @cs gnaqucs `fon`cs……………………………………………… 9<

§ ? 8 @cs gnaqucs latcrantlfan`cs……………………………………… 9<

_cotlfa ? 8 @n ocatrn`lsntlfa ic trìsfrcrlc curf, rìn`ltì fu blotlfa...…… 3;

OFAO@S_LFA…………………………………………………………….. 39

YNG@C IC_ DNYLCWC_………………………………………………. 32

GLG@LFEWN[MLC………………………………………………………… 3<



3<

GLG@LFEWN[MLC

- Afrgcrt Unaalaecr 8 Ymc pfwcr fb tmc Ucg 8 Fppfrtualtlcs bfr ofrpfrntc

trcnsurcrs, Curfpcna [nydcats Wcvlcw

-

Afrgcrt Unaalaecr 8 Icutsomc Gnaj NE, Onsm Dnanecdcat la tmc c-ofddcroc

Crn, >3 dnl 7;;; (nrtlo`c pnru inas etacws)

- Dyrlnd Omnuvft 8 `c onsm dnanecdcat s“fuvrc nu [DC, Fptlfa Blanaoc a» 2?= ‟

>5 nvrl` 7;;>

-

[ml`lppc Alcuwgfure 8 `n ecstlfa ic trìsfrcrlc ocatrn`lsìc icvlcat uac bfaotlfa

strntìelquc pfur `“catrcprlsc

- Laerli @lai, [rfiuot Dnanecr 8 Onsm Dnanecdcat, n acw bfous fa onsm

dnanecdcat

- Nssfolntlfa Brnaånlsc ics trìsfrlcrs i“Catrcprlsc 8 Dfin`ltìs prntlqucs ic

bfaotlfaacdcat i“uac ecstlfa ic trìsfrcrlc ocatrn`lsìc inas ua erfupc

- Nssfolntlfa Brnaånlsc ics trìsfrlcrs i“Catrcprlsc 8 ocatrn`lsci onsm dnanecdcat la

Curfpc

- Naiy Ucgg 8 Acw Npprfnomcs tf [ff`lae, >? nvrl` 7;;>

-

W_N Intn _courlty 8 Ofdprcairc `“labrnstruoturc ë o`ìs pug`lqucs

- Invli An`icr, _ldofrp 8 2 hul``ct 7;;>, pug`lì omcz www.etacws.ofd

- [lcrrc Grcssc 8 Eulic hurlilquc ic `“Latcract (Ci. Catrcprcairc Labfrdntlquc 7;;;)

- @lsn Guremnrit 8 _crvloc Yrìsfrcrlc H[Dfrena, 2 nvrl` 7;;; (etacws)

- Hfscpm Gnaoc` ct Hcna-@fuls Yrfussct 8 `cs pff`s ic trìsfrcrlc nu scla ics erfupcs

ic sfolìtìs, @cs Comfs ‟ 75 fotfgrc ><<=

- Lsngc``c ic @ndgcrtcrlc ct Hcna-Brnaåfls G`naomcttc 8 `c iìorct iu ?; dnrs 7;;>

rc`ntlb ë `n sleanturc ì`cotrfalquc 8 `coturc orltlquc, tcomalquc ct hurlilquc, HO[

Catrcprlsc ct Nbbnlrcs a» ?; ‟ 72 hul``ct 7;;>

- @ndy irflt iu blanaocdcat 8 ocatrn`lsntlfa nutfdntlquc ic trìsfrcrlc

-

Ifdlalquc _trnuss-Jnma 8 ofurrlcr nircssì nu prìslicat ic `“Nssfolntlfa Brnaånlsc

ics Yrìsfrlcrs i“Catrcprlsc (? afvcdgrc ><<=)

-

Omrlstfpmcr Ml`` 8 sugslilnrlcs nrc tmc jcy tf suoocss, >

cr

iìocdgrc ><<< (etacws)



- \vcs Gcramcld 8 `cs ofavcatlfas ic trìsfrcrlc sfat-c``cs ics ofavcatlfas

rìe`cdcatìcs 6 ‟ Fptlfa Blanaoc a» 3=2 ‟ 2 dnrs 7;;;

- Eìrnri Oì`ìrlcr 8 `n ocatrn`lsntlfa ic trìsfrcrlc 8 `“nttcatc ics catrcprlscs

-

Naac ûcrrìc, `c Onsm-[ff`lae trnasbrfatlírcs ca curf, ?; dnl 7;;> (« Ymc

Yrcnsurcr º)

- Invli Nìrci 8 tmc vnùc prfpfsltlfa fb Latcract gnajlae, 7?/;9/><<< (etacws)

- Wloj Gut`cr 8 tmc onsm dnanecr“s acw o`ftmcs, >> scptcdgrc 7;;; (etacws)

- Naac ûìrìc 8 `n Ocatrn`lsntlfa ic trìsfrcrlc trnasbrfatlírcs curfpìcaac (etacws)

La gestion centralisée de trésorerie ou cash management un produit ...

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