Kirner Et Alkirner 1993

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 cta stronautica Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 271-282, 1993 0094-5765/93 6.00 + 0.00 Printed in Great Britain. All rights reserved Copyrigh t ~) 1993 Pergamon Press Ltd DEVELOPMENT ST TUS OF THE VULC IN THRUST CH MBERt E. IOgNFat, D. THELEMANN and D. WOLF Deutsche Aerospace, MBB GmbH, Space Communications and Propulsion Systems Division, Postfach 801169, D8000 Munich 80, Germany Received 6 March 1991; received or publication 14 October 1992) Abstract--The Vulcain engine planned to power the cryogenic main stage of the future Ariane 5 launcher is presently under development. MBB is responsible for the thrust chamber of this engine. After 4 years predevelopment and 2 years development, numerous successful tests have been performed on thrust chamber level and the engine development tests have just started with the first ignition tests. The thrust chamber is scheduled to be qualification tested in 1993 and the first technological flight is planned for 1995. The main development results for the thrust cham ber are given in this paper as well as an outlook of the further development activities. 1. INTRODU TION 2 THRUST CHAMBER MAIN CHARACTERISTICS The Ariane 5 represents the next member of the successful Ariane launch vehicles family. The flight performances will be * with an upper stage (Fig. 1) in GTO max 6800 kg payload in LEO 18,000 kg payload • with the Hermes space plane 23,000 kg. In both cases the lower stage is powered by two solid boosters (P230) and one single cryogenic stage (H155). Its Vulcain engine provides most of the energy to place payloads into the orbit. More than 20 European companies contrib- uted to the development of the Vulcain engine (Fig. 2). The European Space Agency (ESA) has assigned the programme management to the Centre National d Etudes Spatiales (CNES). As the main contractor for the development of the Vulcain engine the French company SEP has been selected. MBB, a member of the Deutsche Aerospace, has taken over the responsibility for the development of the thrust chamber (TC). Within this task MBB has entrusted the Swedish company Volvo Flygrnotor (VFA), Trollh/ittan, with the Nozzle Extension, and the German company MAN, Munich, with the Cardan. Furthermore, the facility for development and qualification tests of the TC had been realized also under the responsibility of MBB in Lampoldshausen, Germany. The main data of the Vulcain TC are summarized below: Total TC thrust (vacuum) 1007.7 (kN) Chamber pressure 100 (bar) Mixture ratio 5.6 (--) Specific impulse (vacuum) >439 (s) Mass < 620 (kg) Life 20 cycles and 6000 s cumulated lifetime Reliability > 0.99957 Overall dimensions --T otal length 3002 (mm) --Nozzle outer diameter 1855 (mm) Figure 3 shows a sketch of the Vulcain TC and its main components. The following features characterize the thrust chamber concept --LOX/LH2 combustion ----coaxial prop ellant injection --regenerative cooling of the combustion chamber --du mp cooling of the nozzle extension --pyrotechnical ignition --gimbal joint to the structure. The TC is composed of the following components ----cardan (CA) --injector (IN) ----combustion chamber (CC) and --nozzle extension (NE). tPaper IAF-90-239 presented at the 41st Congress of the International Astro nautical Federation, Dresden, Germany, 8.-12 October 1990. 2.1. Cardan The cardan design has been selected as a ball type cardan after a thorough study of comparison between 271

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  cta stronauticaVol. 29, No. 4, pp. 271-282, 1993 0094-5765/93 6.00 + 0.00

Printed in Great Britain. All rights reserved Copyright ~) 1993 Pergamon Press Ltd

D E V E L O P M E N T ST T U S O F T H E V U L C I N

T H R U S T C H M B E R t

E. IOgNFat , D. THELEMANN an d D. WOLF

Deutsche Aerospace, MBB GmbH, Space Communications and Propulsion Systems Division,

Pos tfach 801169, D8000 Mun ich 80, German y

Received 6 March 1991; received or publication 14 October 1992)

Abstrac t--The Vulca in engine planned to power the cryogenic main s tage of the future Ariane 5

launcher is presently under development. M BB is responsible for the thrust cha mb er of this engine.

Afte r 4 years predevelopment and 2 years development, numerous successful tests have been perform ed

on thrust chamber level and the engine development tests have just s tarted with the first ignition tests .

The thrust cham ber is scheduled to be qualification tested in 1993 and the first technological flight is

plann ed for 1995. The main development results for the thrust cham ber are given in this paper as well

as an outlook of the further development activities.

1. I N T R O D U T I O N

2 T H R U S T C H A M B E R M A I N C H A R A C T E R I S T IC S

T h e A r i a n e 5 re p r e s e n ts t h e n e x t m e m b e r o f t h e

s u c c e s sf u l A r i a n e l a u n c h v e h i c le s f a m i l y . T h e f l i g h t

p e r f o r m a n c e s w i l l b e

* w i t h a n u p p e r s t a g e ( F i g . 1 )

i n G T O m a x 6 80 0 k g p a y l o a d

i n L E O 1 8, 00 0 k g p a y l o a d

• w i t h t h e H e r m e s s p a c e p l a n e 2 3 , 00 0 k g .

I n b o t h c a s e s t h e l o w e r s t a g e i s p o w e r e d b y t w o

s o l i d b o o s t e r s ( P 2 3 0 ) a n d o n e s i n g l e c r y o g e n i c s t a g e

( H 1 5 5 ) . I t s V u l c a i n e n g i n e p r o v i d e s m o s t o f t h e

e n e r g y t o p l a c e p a y l o a d s i n t o t h e o r b i t .

M o r e t h a n 2 0 E u r o p e a n c o m p a n i e s c o n t r i b -

u t e d t o t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e V u l c a i n en g i n e

(F ig . 2 ) .

T h e E u r o p e a n S p a c e A g e n c y ( E S A ) h a s a ss i g n e d

t h e p r o g r a m m e m a n a g e m e n t t o t h e C e n t re N a t i o n a l

d E t u d e s S p a t i a l e s ( C N E S ) . A s t h e m a i n c o n t r a c t o r

f o r t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e V u l c a i n en g i n e t h e F r e n c h

c o m p a n y S E P h a s b e e n s e l e c t e d .

M B B , a m e m b e r o f t h e D e u t s c h e A e r o s p a c e , h a s

t a k e n o v e r t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i ty f o r t h e d e v e l o p m e n t

o f t h e t h r u st c h a m b e r ( T C ) . W i t h i n t h is t a s k M B B

h a s e n t ru s t e d t h e S w e d i s h c o m p a n y V o l v o F l y g r n o t o r

( V F A ) , T r o l l h / i t t a n , w i t h t h e N o z z l e E x t e n s i o n ,

a n d t h e G e r m a n c o m p a n y M A N , M u n i c h , w it h th e

C a r d a n .

F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e f a c il i ty f o r d e v e l o p m e n t a n d

q u a l i f i c a t i o n t e st s o f t h e T C h a d b e e n r e a l i z e d al s o

u n d e r t h e r e s p o n s i b il i t y o f M B B i n L a m p o l d s h a u s e n ,

G e r m a n y .

T h e m a i n d a t a o f th e V u l c a in T C a r e s u m m a r i z e d

b e l o w :

T o t a l T C t h r u s t ( v a c u u m ) 1 00 7. 7 ( k N )

C h a m b e r p r e s s u r e 1 00 ( b a r )

M i x t u r e r a t i o 5 .6 ( - - )

S p e c i fi c i m p u l s e ( v a c u u m ) > 4 3 9 ( s )

M a s s < 6 2 0 ( k g )

L i f e 2 0 c y c l e s a n d

6 0 0 0 s c u m u l a t e d

l i fe t ime

R e l i ab i l i t y > 0 .99957

O v e r a l l d i m e n s i o n s

- - T o t a l l e n g th 3 0 02 ( m m )

- - N o z z l e o u t e r d i a m e t e r 1 85 5 ( m m )

F i g u r e 3 s h o w s a s k e t c h o f t h e V u l c a i n T C a n d i t s

m a i n c o m p o n e n t s .

T h e f o l l o w i n g f e a t u r e s c h a r a c t e r i z e t h e t h r u s t

c h a m b e r c o n c e p t

- - L O X / L H 2 c o m b u s t i o n

- - -- c o a xi a l p r o p e l l a n t i n j e c t i o n

- - r e g e n e r a t i v e c o o li n g o f t h e c o m b u s t i o n c h a m b e r

- - d u m p c o o l i n g o f t h e n o z z le e x t e n si o n

- - p y r o t e c h n i c a l i g n i t i o n

- - g i m b a l j o i n t t o t h e s t r u c tu r e .

T h e T C i s c o m p o s e d o f t h e f o l lo w i n g c o m p o n e n t s

- - - -c a r d a n ( C A )

- - i n j e c t o r ( I N )

- - -- c o m b u st io n c h a m b e r ( C C ) a n d

- - n o z z l e e x t e n s i o n ( N E ) .

tPaper IAF-90-239 presented a t the 41st Congress of

the International Astronautical Federation, Dresden,

Germ any, 8 .-12 October 1990.

2.1. Cardan

T h e c a r d a n d e s i g n h a s b e e n s e l e c t e d a s a b a l l t y p e

c a r d a n a f t e r a t h o r o u g h s t u d y o f c o m p a r i s o n b e t w e e n

271

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272 E. KIRNER

e t a l

Fig. I . Ar iane 5 launcher .

t h e c r o s s t y p e a n d t h e b a l l t y p e v e r s io n . T h e m a i n

a d v a n t a g e o f t h e b a ll ty p e h a d b e e n f o u n d i n t h e

r e l a t i o n s t i f f n e s s t o m a s s a n d i n t h e c o m p a c t d e s i g n .

H o w e v e r , i t r e q u i r e s a h i g h e r g i m b a l f o r c e b e c a u s e o f

a g r e a t e r f r i c t i o n m o m e n t .

I n F i g . 4 t h e b a l l t y p e c a r d a n i s p r e s e n t e d w i t h i t s

m a j o r c o m p o n e n t s . T h e s e a r e t h e

- - b a l l u n i t , a tt a c h e d t o th e in j e c t o r L O X d o m e

- - s h a f t u n i t , c o n n e c t i n g t h e b a l l a n d s o c k e t u n i t

Fig. 3. Vulcain TC.

- - s o c k e t u n i t at t a c h e d t o t h e th r u s t c o n e

- - b o l t s a n d b e l l o w .

M a i n f e a t u r e s a r e

B a l l d i a m e t e r 1 35 m m

M a s s 3 3 k g

F r i ct io n m o m e n t < 5 k N m

A n g u l a r m o v e m e n t + 5 ° e a c h a x is .

T e c h n i c a l F e a t u r e s

. ~ , ~ - .

H y dr og en t ur bo p u m p i - - - - - - - - - - - 7 ~ ~ G i m b a l . . .

C o m b u s t io n c h a m b e r ~ O x y g e n m je c t to n v a lv e

G as g en era to r - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ ~ L ~ O x y g e n tu rb o p um p

duct o f ~ ' " x~ % W ~'e ~'~ -- - S a r e rE xh au st - - ~ , ~ , , l t g ~ . . . . _ _ , ,

h yd ro ge n tu rb o . . k ~ ~ ~ f ~ ' ~ , Z ) f f ' ~ r ~ o t g as v a lv e

pump ' ~ ~ ~ ] i j " Hydrogen i nj ec ti on va l ve

N oz zle y " S ~ r - - - ~ E x h a u s t d uct o f

~ - ~ . , , ~ , ~ k ? ~ oxyge n t ur bo pump

M B B - P a r t i c i p a t i o n

I

t?:i::iiii?: i i::~::i:: ::~BB ::iii::i:: ii i::iiiii i::i::

I::i~ ~.b~~.t.t°~..~.~.~~.

I

VOLVO

Nozzle

I

MAN

Gimbal

S P I

I

F I A T

LOX turbo pump t [ S iP

a s generator [

i i ~i:: :: i i~ ~ ii ::i i~i~a B :: i :: :: i i i i i i i i i iiiiiii t

,V,~ ves or propuls ions~'stem::l

Fig. 2. Vulcain engine.

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Vulcain thrust cham ber 273

i ~ ~ L i ~ i ~ i ~ i ~ i l i ~ i i i ~ i ~ i ~ i ~ i ~ ii i~ i l i ~ i ~ ~ i ~ i ~ i ~ i~ i ~ i ~ ? ~ ~ i i ~ i i ~ i ~ i ~ i i ~ ~ i ~ i ~ i ~~ i i~ ~ i ~ i i ~ i i~ ~ i ~ i ~ i ~ i ~~ i ~ i i i i ~ i ~ i i i ~ i i ~ i i i i i i ~ i ~ i i i i i ~i i i i ~ i ~ i i i i ~ i i i ~ i i i i ~ i i i i ~ i

~ ~ iiiiiiiii~i~ iiiii~iiiiiiiii ~ i~ ii~i~ iiiiiiiiiiiiiiii i ~ i~¸¸ ~ii~i~i~i~i~i~i~i~':'... i ~,~~ i~ ~

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : i i l ~ ~ 1

C ardan fo r Vu lcan Eng ine (HM 60)

Fig. 4. Ball type cardan.

2 2 In jec tor

T h e m o s t e f f ic i en c y i n f l u e n c in g c o m p o n e n t o f t h e

t h r u s t c h a m b e r i s t h e i n j e c t o r . U s i n g t h e c o a x i a l

i n j e c t i o n p r i n c i p l e f o r t h e t w o p r o p e l l a n t s , t h e c e n t r e

b o r e s e r v e s a s t h e f e e d e r f o r t h e l i q u i d o x y g e n a n d

t h e s u r r o u n d i n g a n g u l a r g a p i n j e c ts th e w a r m e d - u p

h y d r o g e n . T h e i n j e c t o r c o n s i st s o f t h e f o l l o w i n g

m a j o r c o m p o n e n t s

L O X d o m e

B a s e b o d y w i t h L O X p o s t s

F a c e p l a t e

H2 s l eeves and H2 s c rews

S c r e w s a n d s e a l s .

T h e L O X d o m e i s a ca s t, H I P - t r e a t e d a n d

m a c h i n e d p i e c e m a d e f r o m I n c o n e l 7 18 . T h e b a s e

b o d y i s m a c h i n e d f r o m a f o r g e d I n c o n e l 7 1 8 p l a te .

I n 5 1 6 d r i l l e d h o l e s t h e L O X p o s t s a r e d i f f u s io n

b o n d e d . I n t h e c e n t r e h o l e t h e i g n i t e r tu b e i s

a r r a n g e d . T h e g a s e o u s h y d r o g e n i s i n t r o d u c e d i n t o

t h e c o m b u s t i o n c h a m b e r b y m e a n s o f t h e H 2 - sl ee v es

s c re w e d o n t h e L O X p o s t s. T h e f a ce p l a te m a d e o u t

o f p u r e c o p p e r i s f ix e d b y C u C r s cr e w s o n t h e L O X

p o s t s . F i g u r e 5 s h o w s t h e b a s e b o d y w i t h 5 1 6 L O X

p o s t s r e a d y f o r a s s e m b l y .

2 3 C omb us t ion chamber

T h e l if e d e t e r m i n a t i v e c o m p o n e n t o f t h e t h r u s t

c h a m b e r i s th e r e g e n e ra t i ve l y c o o l e d c o m b u s t i o n

c h a m b e r w i t h i t s l i n e r. T h e l a t t e r i s d e s i g n e d t o

w o r k w i t h i n t h e p l a s t i c r a n g e u p t o 3 s t r a i n . T h e

l i n er is f a b r i c a te d o u t o f a v a c u u m c a s t b l a n k f r o m

Fig. 5. Injector base body.

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274 E. KIRNERet al

a CuAgZr alloy. It contains 360 cooling channels

closed out by an electrodeposited nickel shell. The

manifolds for the inlet and outlet of the coolant are

made from Inconel 718, both attached to the chamber

body by EB welding. Figure 6 shows the CC liner

with the slots filled with wax and prepared for the

electrodeposition process.

2 4 Nozzle extension

The dump cooled NE subcontracted from MBB

to VFA Sweden), is one of the most filigree com-

ponents of the HM60-thrust chamber. It consists

mainly of the

• structure

• inlet manifold

e outlet manifo ld with the brackets for the

TP exhaust pipes and with 228 nozzlets for

exhausting the dump and

• various stiffener rings.

The structure is composed of 456 square tubes of

0.4 mm wall thickness, 4 mm outer dimensio n and

constant cross section. The tubes are made out of

Inconel 600, as well as all other NE components.

The tubes are bent in a special arrangement, thus

covering the increasing surface area of the nozzle

extension. Fixed on a cone with wire the tubes are

TIG welded together by means of a robot welding

machine developed within the frame of the contract.

All the manifolds and the stiffeners are attached by

welding. The total weld seam length is aroun d 2000 m

per each NE.

The NE surface is 7.6 m:. The mass of the engin-

eering model is around 220 kg. Its flight version is

expected to have 170 kg, yielding a surface mass o f

2.2 g/cm:. Figure 7 shows the finished NE with

instrumentatio n ready for TC integration.

3 THRUST CHAMBER DEVELOPMENT

The development of the TC is performed in two

parts:

a preparatory phase and

a development phase.

3 I Preparatory phase

After several studies in the period 1980-1984 the

preparatory phase for the TC and TC-components

had been performed from Oct ober 1984 to 1987.

The main objectives can be summarized as follows

--to develop the adequate software for model-

ization and calculation

to create the required technologies respectively

to adapt existing technologies from previous

programmes

--to realize the necessary facilities for manu-

facturing and testing

--to design and manufacture subscale hardware

for the demonstration and optimization of

critical development items in hot tests.

3 1 1 Software for modelization and calculation

Numerous finite element models for the total TC

and its components have been established to

determine stresses, masses, centres of gravity and

moments of inertia, to ensure an optimized com-

ponent design. Computer programmes for calcu-

lations of the following main design works have been

established, adopted to the present task and perma-

nently improved on the basis of hot test results gained

from previous in-house and external development

programmes and from the below described HM60

subscale programme.

These are, in detail, programmes for the

calculation of

the thermodynamic and transport properties of

the relevant fluids

Fig. 6. Combustion chamber liner.

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Vulcain thrust chamb er 275

- - t h e g e o m e t r i c a l d e f i n it i o n o f th e c o n t o u r o f

c o m b u s t i o n c h a m b e r a n d n o z z le e x t e n si o n

- - t h e p l a s t ic st r es s a n d s t r a i n o f t h e C C h o t g a s

w a l l r e s u l t i n g i n l i f e p r e d i c t i o n

- - t h e c o o l i n g p e r f o r m a n c e s a n d p r e s s u r e d r o p s

f o r C C a n d N E

- - t h e t r a n s i e n t a n d s t e a d y s t at e b e h a v i o u r o f

c r y o g e n i c r o c k e t e n g i n e s .

F u r t h e r m o r e p r o g r a m m e s f o r p re d i c ti o n o f

i g n i t i o n a n d s t a r t u p b e h a v i o u r o f s t a b i l it y a t l o w

a n d h i g h f r e q u e n c i e s a n d f o r t h e c a l c u l a t i o n o f

s u p e r s o n i c f l o w e x p a n s i o n i n n o z z l e s h a v e b e e n

d e v e l o p e d a n d p e r m a n e n t l y c h e c k e d a n d a d a p t e d

o n t h e b a s i s o f a v a i l a b l e t e s t r e s u lt s .

3 1 2 Technologies

W i t h i n t h e p r e p a r a t o r y p h a s e

c r i ti c a l m a n u f a c t u r i n g s t ep s o f a l l T C c o m p o n e n t s

h a d b e e n i n v e s t i g a t e d a s w e ll a s a l l to o l s a n d d e v i c e s

f o r f a b r i c a t i o n a n d c o l d t e s t i n g w e r e r e a l i z e d i n t h e i r

b a s i c v e r s i o n .

A f t e r a n i n t e n s i v e c o m p a r i s o n s t u d y o f d i f f e r e n t

c a r d a n c o n c e p t s t h e c a r d a n d e s i g n w a s s e l e c t e d a s a

ba l l t ype w i th re s pec t to the ex ce l l en t ma s s to s t i f fne s s

r a t io . T h e i m p o r t a n t i t em f o r t h i s c o m p o n e n t w a s t o

s e le c t s u i t a b l e g l id i n g f o i l s e n s u r i n g t h e r e q u i r e d l o w

f r i ct i o n m o m e n t a c c e p t a b l e w e a r o u t b e h a v i o u r a n d

h i g h r e s i s t a n c e a g a i n s t p e e l i n g of f. A P T F E b a s e d f o i l

w a s c h o s e n w h i c h f u l f i ll e d t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s i n t h e

b e s t w a y .

F o r t h e i n je c t o r t w o m a j o r p r o b l e m a r e a s h a d

o c c u r r e d d u r i n g t h e d e v e l o p m e n t . T h e f i r s t o n e c o n -

c e r n e d t h e c a s t in g p r o c e s s o f t he c o m p l i c a t e d L O X -

d o m e w h i c h y i e l d e d s o m e s c r a p s in t h e b e g i n n i n g .

H o w e v e r a f t e r so m e m o d i f i c a t i o n s o f t h e c a st i n g

t o o l s a n d o p t i m i z a t i o n o f t h e d e s i g n w i t h r e s p e c t t o

t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s f r o m t h e c a s t i n g p r o c e s s t h e p r o -

d u c t i o n o f t h i s I n c o n e l 7 1 8 p a r t i s n o w r u n n i n g

w i t h o u t p r o b l e m s . T h e s e c o n d p r o b l e m a t i c i t e m h a d

b e e n f o u n d i n t h e L O X p o s t s t o in j e c t o r b a s e b o d y

c o n n e c t i o n . E x c e s s iv e t e c h n o l o g i c a l w o r k h a d b e e n

Fig. 7. Nozzle extension ready for integration.

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276 E. KIRNER

et al

p e r f o r m e d i n o r d e r t o s e l ec t t h e m o s t r e l i a b l e a n d

c o s t e f fe c t iv e c o n n e c t i o n t e c h n i q u e b e t w e e n t h e t h r e e

m o s t p r o m i s i n g m e t h o d s , i .e .

- - t o s p a r k e r o d e t h e 5 16 p o s t s o u t o f a f o rg e d

I n c o n e l 7 1 8 p l a t e

- - t o c o n n e c t s e p a r a te l y f a b r i c a t e d L O X p o s t s w it h

b a s e b o d y b y f r i c t io n w e l d i n g o r

- - t o c o n n e c t p o s t s a n d b a s e b o d y b y m e a n s o f

d i f f u s i o n b o n d i n g .

3 1 4 S u b s c a le p r o g r a m m e

A s u b s c a l e t h r u s t

c h a m b e r p r o g r a m m e h a d b e e n i n i t i a t e d , i n o r d e r t o

inves t iga te s ome c r i t i c a l de s ign fea tu re s . The ex i s t -

i n g H M 7 - T C - t e s t f a c i li t y i n O T N w a s a d a p t e d t o

t h e V u l c a i n s u b s c a l e c o n d i t i o n s . W a t e r c o o l e d a n d

r e g e n e r a t i v e l y c o o l e d T C s s u b s c a l e d b y 1 2 7 (t h r u s t )

w i t h a 1 9 e l e m e n t i n j e c t o r h a d b e e n d e s i g n e d ,

m a n u f a c t u r e d a n d t e s t e d ( F i g . 9 ) . T h e f o l l o w i n g

o b j e c t i v e s h a d b e e n i n v e s t i g a t e d a n d s u c c e ss f u ll y

d e m o n s t r a t e d :

R e g a r d i n g a l l a s p e c t s, l i k e s a f e t y , r e l i a b i l i ty a n d c o s t ,

t h e l a s t m e t h o d h a d f i n a l ly b e e n s e l e c t ed .

T h e m a i n t e c h n o l o g i c a l e f fo r t s f o r th e p r e d e v e l o p -

m e n t o f th e c o m b u s t i o n c h a m b e r h a d b e e n co n c e n -

t r a t e d o n t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f t h e p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e

i m p r o v e d l i n er m a t e r i a l C u A g 3 Z r 0 . 5 i n t he t o t a l

a p p l i c a t i o n r a n g e , i . e. b e t w e e n 2 0 a n d 7 00 K . A l s o

t h e b o n d s t r e n g t h t o e l e c t r o p l a t e d n ic k e l h a d b e e n

t h o r o u g h l y i n v e s t i g a t e d .

F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e H 2 e m b r i t t l e m e n t r i sk f o r t h e

r e l e v an t c o m p o n e n t m a t e r i a l s h a d b e e n s t u d i e d i n

d e t a i l ( i. e . C u , N i a n d t h e i r a l l o y s ) . E s p e c i a l ly t h e

o p t i m i z a t i o n o f t h e c a s t i n g a n d f o r g i n g p r o c e s s f o r

t h e l i n e r b l a n k c o n s u m e d a l o t o f ti m e a n d e f f o r t u n ti l

t h e r e q u i r e d q u a l i t y c o u l d b e r e a c h e d .

T h e f a b r i c a t i o n t e c h n o l o g y f o r t h e N E h a d a l r e a d y

b e e n d e v e l o p e d b y M B B w i t h i n t he A r i a n e 1 p r o -

g r a m m e . T h i s t e c h n o l o g y h a d b e e n t r a n s f e r r e d t o

V F A a n d a d a p t e d t o t h e s i g ni f ic a n t e n l a r g e m e n t

o f t h e n o z z l e e x t e n s i o n f o r t h e V u l c a i n e n g i n e i n

t h e A r i a n e 5 p r o g r a m m e . A l l d ev i ce s f o r b e n d i n g ,

b u n d l i n g , w e l d i n g a n d h a n d l i n g h a d b e e n r e a l i z e d .

T h e m a i n e f f o r t s h e r e h a d b e e n p u t o n t h e d e v e l o p -

m e n t o f a r o b o t w e l d i n g sy s t e m , b e c a u s e h a n d w e l d -

i n g w a s n o l o n g e r r e a s o n a b l e w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e

w e l d s e a m l e n g t h o f a b o u t 2 0 0 0 m f o r e a c h n o z z l e

e x t e n s i o n .

3 1 3 F a c i l i t i e s

T w o m a j o r f a c i li t ie s f o r t h e T C

d e v e l o p m e n t h a d t o b e r e a li z e d a n d a d a p t e d . T h e

G a l v a n i c p l a n t u s ed f o r A r i a n e 1 w a s t o o s m a l l

f o r t h e l ar g er p r e p a r a t i o n - - a n d e l e c t r o d e p o s i ti o n - -

b a t h e s r e q u i r e d f o r A r i a n e 5 . T h e e x i s t i n g b u i l d i n g

h a d b e e n e x t en d e d a n d l a r g e r b a t h e s h a d b e e n p r o -

c u r e d , i n s t a l l e d a n d a c t i v a t e d .

A s a t e s t a r e a f o r T C h o t t e s t s , t h e e x i s t i n g

f a c i li t ie s i n L a m p o l d s h a u s e n o n t h e p r e m i s e s o f

D L R ( D e u t s c h e L u f t - u n d R a u m f a h r t a g e n t u r ) h a d

t o b e m o d i f i e d a n d a n e w h o t t e s t f a ci l i ty , c a l l e d

P 3 . 2 , h a d b e e n d e s i g n e d a n d c o n s t r u c t e d d u r i n g t h e

p r e d e v e l o p m e n t p h a s e u n d e r a s e p a r a t e c o n t r a c t

f r o m C N E S ( s e e F i g . 8 ) . T h i s h i g h p r e s s u r e f e d

f a c i l it y a l l o w s c h a m b e r p r e s s u r e s u p t o a b o u t 1 50 b a r

c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o a t h r u s t o f a b o u t 1 50 0 k N . F o r

r e fe r e nc e p o i n t c o n d i t i o n s a r u n d u r a t i o n o f a b o u t

17 s i s pos s ib le , t he l im i t a t ion i s r e s u l t ing f rom the

t a n k c a p a c it i e s f o r t h e L H 2 - - r e s p . L O X - - r u n t a n k s.

T h e t e s t fa c i l it y h a d b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d w i t h a s u i t-

a b l e c o n t r o l a n d m e a s u r e m e n t c e n t r e d u r i n g t h e

p r e d e v e l o p m e n t p h a s e .

- - c o m b u s t i o n ef fi ci en c y o f m o r e t h a n 99 w i t h

o p t i m i z e d i n j e c t i o n e l e m e n t g e o m e t r y h a v i n g

a p r o p e l l a n t v e l o c i ty r a t i o o f 2 1 a n d a r e c e ss

o f t h e L O X p o s t s o f 3 m m . S w i r le r s i n th e

L O X p o s t s d i d n o t i m p r o v e s i g n i f i c a n tl y t h e

eff ic iency

- - n o h i n t s o n c o m b u s t i o n i n s t a b i l i t i e s

- - t h e t h e r m a l a n d m e c h a n i c a l i n t e g ri t y o f t h e

s t a b i l i t y i m p r o v i n g d e v i c e s l i k e th e 6 0 m m l o n g

ba f f l e s and the acous t i c c av i t i e s

- - t h e r m o - m e c h a n i c a l i n t e g r i t y o f t h e n e w l i n e r

m a t e r i a l

- - j e t s e p a r a t i o n i n a w a t e r c o o l e d s u b s c a l e d

C u - n o z z l e t o d e m o n s t r a t e t h e t r a n s i e n t a l

b e h a v i o u r o f t h e n o z z l e f l o w a n d d e f i n e t h e

c o r r e c t c o n t o u r w i t h r e s p e c t t o s i d e l o a d s a n d

nozz le e f f ic i ency

- - c o o l i n g p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e t u b u l a r s u b s ca l e d

d u m p c o o l e d n o z z l e h a v i n g t h e i n l e t a t a n o z z l e

a r e a r a t i o o f 5 .

Fig . 8. TC test facility P3 .2 in Lam poldshausen.

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Vulcain thrust cham ber 277

3 2 Development phase

T h e T C d e v e l o p m e n t w a s i n i t ia t e d i n 1 9 88 a n d i s

s c h e d u l e d t o b e c o n c l u d e d i n 1 9 94 . W i t h i n t h i s p e r i o d

t h e T C w i l l b e

• d e s i g n e d ( i n c l u d i n g 3 r e d e s i g n c y c l e s )

• f a b r i c a t e d ( 30 o p e r a t i o n a l T C s )

• t e s t e d a t T C l e v el ( ~ 2 2 0 t e s t s )

• t e s t e d a t m o t o r l e v e l ( ~ 4 0 0 t e s ts )

• qua l i f i ed (a t TC l eve l ) .

T h e g e n e r a l d e v e l o p m e n t l o g i c i s t o i m p r o v e t h e

T C s t e p w i s e f r o m a f i rs t e n g i n e e r i n g ( E ) - t y p e v e r s io n

u p t o t h e f i n al f l i g h t v e r s i o n t a k i n g i n t o a c c o u n t b o t h

t h e o r e t ic a l a n d e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l ts g a i n e d d u r i n g t h e

d e v e l o p m e n t p h a s e ( F i g . 1 0 ) .

F o u r d i f f e r e n t h a r d w a r e d e s i g n s t a t u s w i l l b e

r e a l i z e d w h i c h a l l o w s f o r t h r e e r e d e s i g n - c y c l e s :

• E - t y p e h a r d w a r e i s a b a t t l e s h i p - l i k e d e s i g n v e r s io n

• P I ( P r o t o t y p e l ) i s b a s e d o n F E M - c a l c u l a t i o n s

a n d p a r t i a l l y o n t e s t r e s u l t s g a i n e d w i t h t h e

E - t y p e T C

• P I I ( P r o t o t y p e 2 ) t a k e s i n t o a c c o u n t t e s t r e s u l t s

f r o m E - a n d P I - T C a n d f i r s t e n g i n e t e s t r e s u l t s

, P I I I ( P r o t o t y p e 3 ) i s t h e f in a l v e r s io n t o b e

q u a l i f i c a t i o n t e s t e d , w h i c h c o n s i d e r s a l l a v a i l a b l e

i n f o r m a t i o n i n c l u d i n g m o t o r t e st r e s u lt s .

3 2 1 Design status

T h e d e s ig n o f t h e E - a n d

P I - t y p e T C s i s c o n c l u d e d . T h e P I I - t y p e T C d e s i gn i s

p r e s e n t l y i n p r o g r e s s . S e v e r a l m o d i f i c a t i o n s r e l a t i v e

t o t h e p r e v i o u s T C t y p e s w i l l b e i m p l e m e n t e d i n t o t h i s

d e s i g n , w h i c h r e s u l t s f r o m T C h o t t e s t s a n d f r o m

f a b r i c a t i o n e x p e r ie n c e . M a j o r m o d i f i c a t i o n s a re :

• T h e c a r d a n i s p r e s e n t l y i n o p t i m i z a t i o n r e l a t i v e t o

m a s s , s t i ff n e s s a n d f r i c t i o n m o m e n t

~ - . ~ . ~ ~ i ~ ~ ~ i . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . "

~

ii i :'(- ,

Fig. 9. Subscale experimental TC.

I n j e c t o r p r e ss u r e d r o p

T h e o x y g e n - p r e s s u r e d r o p i n t h e i n j e c t o r i s

i n c r e a s e d t o p r o v i d e h i g h e r m a r g i n a g a i n s t l o w

f r e q u e n c y c h a m b e r p r e s su r e o s c i l l a t io n s

• L O X - d o m e c a s t i n g

S e v e r a l d e s ig n m o d i f i c a t i o n s h a v e b e e n a p p l i e d t o

r e d u c e f a b r i c a t i o n c o s t a n d s c r a p r a t e

1 9 9 1 1 9 9 9 1 9 9 o j

D E S J G N F A B R I C A T I O N

D E S I G N F A B R I C A T I O N

III

4 I

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, p i . T y p e

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Fig. 10. Vulcain TC development plan.

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278 E. KIRNERet al

• C o m b u s t i o n c h a m b e r c o o l i n g j a c k e t

I n o r d e r t o i n c r e a s e th e C C l i fe b e y o n d t h e

s p e c if i e d v a l u e t h e h e i g h t o f t h e c o o l i n g c h a n n e l s

w i l l b e r e d u c e d

B y t h i s m e a s u r e t h e l o w c y c l e f a t i g u e l i f e o f t h e

c h a m b e r w i l l b e i n c r e a s e d b y a f a c t o r o f 2.

• N o z z l e e x t e n s i o n s t if f e n in g

T h e n o z z l e is st i ff e n e d b y a d d i t i o n a l h a t b a n d s i n

o r d e r t o a v o i d b u c k l i n g u n d e r e x t r e m e c o n d i t i o n s

d u r i n g s t a r t - a n d s h u t - d o w n t r a n s i e n t s .

M i n o r m o d i f i c a ti o n s m i g h t b e i n t r o d u c e d r e s u lt i ng

f r o m e x p e r i e n ce g a in e d o n f u r t h e r T C a n d e n g i n e

tes ts .

3 2 2 F a b r i c a t i o n s t a t u s A t o t a l o f 3 0 o p e r -

a t i o n a l T C s a n d 2 f u l ls c a le m o c k - u p s a r e p l a n n e d

t o b e f a b r i c a t e d . T h e r e p a r t i t i o n o f t h e s e T C s i s

a s f o ll o w s : 8 fo r T C - d e v e l o p m e n t , 1 5 f o r m o t o r

d e v e l o p m e n t , 5 s p a r e s a n d 2 f o r t h e t e c h n o l o g i c a l

f l i g h t s . P r e s e n t l y 6 T C s a r e a v a i l a b l e f o r t e s t i n g ,

3 o f th e m a r e d e l iv e r e d to S E P f o r m o t o r i n te -

g r a t i o n . I n a d d i t i o n 1 0 T C s a r e i n f a b r i c a t i o n a t

v a r i o u s f i n a l i z a t i o n s t a tu s .

R e c e n t l y a p r o b l e m i n t h e e l e c t r o d e p o s i ti o n p r o -

c e s s o c c u r r e d ; d u e t o a n i m p u r i t y i n t h e g a l v a n i c

b a t h t h e r e q u e s t e d N i - l a y e r st r e n g t h c o u l d n o t b e

a c h ie v e d . T h e N i - o u t e r s h el l o f f o u r c h a m b e r s h a d t o

b e p a r t i a l l y r e m o v e d a n d r e w o r k e d a f t e r r e g e n e ra t i o n

o f t h e b a t h e s .

3 2 3 S t a t u s o f t e s t i n g a t t h e T C l e ve l T e s t i n g

c o m p r i s e s c o l d t e s ti n g o n s u b c o m p o n e n t l e v e l e . g.

i n j e c t o r , c o m b u s t i o n c h a m b e r ) , o n i n t e g r a t e d T C

l e v el a n d h o t t e s t i n g o f t h e T C o n t h e p r e s s u r e f e d t e s t

f a c il i ty P 3. 2 i n L a m p o l d s h a u s e n , G e r m a n y .

A l l su b c o m p o n e n t s w e r e e x p o s e d to n u m e r o u s

n o n d e s t r u c t i v e c o l d t e s t s e . g. p r e s su r e - , l e a k -

a n d t h e r m o c h e c k t e s t s ) b e f o r e r e l e a s e f o r T C

i n t e g r a t i o n .

A t o t a l o f 22 0 t e s ts w i t h th e i n t e g r a t e d T C a r e

p l a n n e d , o f w h i c h a b o u t 2 0 0 a r e h o t t e s t r u n s . T h e

m a i n o b j e c t i v e s o f h o t t e s t i n g a r e

• p r o o f o f h a r d w a r e t h e r m a l a n d m e c h a n i c a l

i n t e g r i t y

e d e m o n s t r a t i o n o f t h e t h e o r e ti c a l ly p r e d i c t e d

d e s ig n d a t a a n d a d a p t i o n o f m o d e l i z a t io n s

p e r f o r m a n c e , c o o l i n g , e t c ) .

• p r o o f o f c y c l e l i f e

• p r o o f o f c o m b u s t i o n s t a b i li t y

• d e m o n s t r a t i o n o f m a r g i n s

e i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f T C b e h a v i o u r u n d e r s p e c if i c

fa i lu re s

• p r o o f o f R A M S a s p e c ts R e l i a b il i ty , A v a i l a b i l it y ,

M a i n t a i n a b i l i t y , S a f e ty )

• a n a l y s i s o f i g n i t i o n , st a r t a n d s h u t - d o w n

• a c h i e v e m e n t o f t h e q u a l i f i c a t i o n o n T C l e ve l .

A t o t a l o f 7 0 s u c c e s s f u l T C t e s t s w e r e p e r f o r m e d

u n t i l A u g u s t 1 9 9 0 . T h e T C h a s b e e n t e s t e d i n t h e

e n t i r e o p e r a t i o n a l a n d e x t r e m e e n v e l o p e F i g . 1 1) ,

w h e r e i n , d e p e n d i n g o n t h e t y p e o f t e st , th e e x p l o -

r a t i o n o f u p t o f i v e e n v e l o p e p o i n t s w a s a c h i e v e d

w i t h i n o n e p a r t i c u l a r r u n . T h e m o s t e s s e n t i a l r e s u l ts

a r e p r e s e n t e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g .

3 2 4 I gn i t i on and s t a r t up

R e l i a b l e i g n i t i o n i n

n o r m a l T C h o t t e s t s i .e . h i g h p r e s s u r e s t a r t u p ) i s

a c h i e v e d b y u s i n g a p y r o t e c h n i c a l i g n i t e r h a v i n g a

m a s s f l o w o f 3 0 0 g / s a n d a f l a m e t e m p e r a t u r e o f

a b o u t 2 2 0 0 K .

I n s p e ci f ic te s t s i g n i t i o n o f t h e T C w a s i n v e s t i -

g a t e d e v e n u n d e r e x t r e m e p r o p e l l a n t i n l e t c o n d i t i o n s

i . e . t e m p e r a t u r e , p r e s s u r e , i g n i t e r m a s s f l o w , p u r g -

ing ) . The re s u l t s ga ined in th i s pa r t i cu la r t e s t s e r i e s

a r e t h e b a s i s f o r t a i l o r i n g t h e e n g i n e i g n i t io n a n d s t a r t

s e q u e n c e u n d e r l o w p r e s s u r e t a n k h e a d c o n d i t i o n s .

F i g u r e 1 2 s h o w s a t y p i c a l i g n i t i o n a n d s t a r t s e q u e n c e .

110

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Fig. 11. Achieved test points.

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i i i i i 1 ~ 1 i i i i i i i i

2 . 5 5 . 0 5 . 5 4 . 0

F i g . 1 2 . I g n i t i o n a n d s t a r t u p s e q u e n c e ( t a n k h e a d s t a r t) .

279

3 2 5 Co m b u s t io n s ta b i l i ty

I n e a c h T C t e s t sp e c i fi c

c a r e i s t a k e n o n t h e o c c u r r e n c e o f p o s s i b l e l o w

f r e q u e n c y L F ) a n d h i g h f r e q u e n c y H F ) in s t ab i l it i e s;

u p t o n o w , e v e n u n d e r a d v e r s e t e s t c o n d i t i o n s , n o

i n s t a b i l i t i e s c o u l d b e o b s e r v e d .

A t y p i c a l r e c o r d o f t h e f e e d l i n e fr e q u e n c i e s i n

t h e L O X - d o m e i s s h o w n i n F i g . 13 f o r th e t r a n s i e n t

p h a s e s a n d f o r a m a i n s t a g e c o n d i t i o n a s i n d i -

c a t e d . T h e d i a g r a m s s h o w f r e q u e n c i e s b e l o w 5 0 0 H z

c h u g g i n g ) , m a i n l y d e t e r m i n e d b y t h e h y d r a u l i c

d a t a o f th e f e ed l in e s a n d t h e L O X - d o m e a n d v a r y i n g

w i t h t h e c o n d i t i o n s o f th e L O X d u r i n g t h e t r a n s i e n t

p h a s e s i n s t a r t a n d s h u t d o w n . T h e s e c o n d r e m a r k -

a b l e f r e q u e n c y i s t h a t a b o u t 1 50 0 H z , i n d e p e n d e n t

O s < t < 6 s d t = 2 O O m s

6

o 5 0 0 1 o o o lS O O 2 0 0 0

F r e q u e n c y r H z l

F i g . 1 3 . S t a r t p h a s e a n d m a i n s t a g e ( P c = 1 0 9 b a r , O / F = 6 . 6 ) f r e q u e n c y a n a l y s i s .

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Fig. 14 . Predic ted heat t ransfer ra te and c oola nt temp era ture as a funct ion o f cham ber axia l pos i t ion .

f r o m t h e t r a n s i e n t c o n d i t i o n s a n d a p p a r e n t l y a

m e c h a n i c a l r e s o n a n t f r e q u e n c y o f t h e L O X d o m e .

T h e l o w f r e q u e n c i e s h a v e b e e n r e d u c e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y

b y t h e al r e a d y m e n t i o n e d m o d i f i c a t io n o f t h e L O X

r e s t r i c t o r o r i f i c e s .

I n t h e H F - r a n g e a b o v e 2 0 00 H z n o s i g ni f ic a n t

f r e q u e n c i e s a r e d e t e c t a b l e .

3.2 .6 Cool ing per form ance .

I n F i g s 1 4 a n d 1 5

t h e c o o l i n g p e r f o r m a n c e o f b o t h a c t iv e l y c o o l e d

c o m p o n e n t s , i .e . C C a n d N E a r e p r e s en t e d . F o r

b o t h c o m p o n e n t s g o o d a g r e e m e n t o f t h e o r e ti c a l a n d

e x p e r i m e n t a l v a l u e s i s f o u n d .

3.2.7. Combustion efficiency.

T h e e x p e r i m e n t a l

c o m b u s t i o n p e r f o r m a n c e v a l u e s a r e p re s e n t e d a s a

f u n c t i o n o f th e p r o p e l l a n t m i x t u r e r a t i o i n F i g . 1 6.

S o m e u n c e r t a i n t i e s m a y h a v e l e d t o t h e s c a t t e r -

i n g o f t h e m e a s u r e m e n t v a l u e s , e .g , L O X f l o w -

m e t e r s w e r e n o t c a l i b r a t e d i n t h e o r i g i n a l m e d i u m

a n d s o m e p r o b l e m s w i t h f r e e zi n g o f th e c h a m b e r

p r e s s u r e t r a n s d u c e r c a p i l l a r i e s o c c u r r e d . H o w e v e r ,

t h e c * e f fi c ie n c y r e q u i r e m e n t o f 9 9 c a n b e

a c h i e v e d .

3.2.8. Sideloads .

D u r i n g s t a r t u p a n d s h u t

d o w n t r a n s i e n t s t h e T C i s e x p o s e d t o s e v e r e l a t e r a l

v i b r a t io n s c a u s e d b y n o n a t t a c h m e n t a n d s e p a r a t i o n

o f t h e h o t g a s e s a t t h e n o z z l e w a l l . I n s e v e r a l h o t t e s t s

t h e d e s i g n l o a d a s s u m p t i o n s f o r t h e s e s i d e l o a d s o f

5 0 k N a c t i n g a t t h e n o z z l e e n d h a v e b e e n v e r i f ie d b y

m e a s u r e m e n t o f t he r e a c t i o n f o r ce s i n a c tu a t o r s t r ud s

s u p p o r t i n g t h e h o r i z o n t a l l y a r r a n g e d T C i n t h e t e s t

be nc h ( F i g . 17 ) .

F i g u r e 1 8 s h o w s t h e r e a c t i o n f o r c e s m e a s u r e d

d u r i n g a t y p i c a l t e s t r u n , i n d i c a t i n g h i g h p e a k l o a d s

i n t h e s t a r t u p , t h e r e l a t i v e ly l o w r e a c t i o n o n t h e

I o o 0 -

0 0 0 -

c o 0

7 0 0 1

~ e o o .

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h am be r L e n g t h

[ e m l

- g u

8 0

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. S O

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Fig. 15 . Predic ted and expe r imenta l coolan t tempera ture as a funct ion of the NE axia l pos i t ion .

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1,00

0 , 9 9 ,

1 0 2

1.01

0 , 97 ,

4 , 5

Vulcain thrust chamber

5 , 0 5 , 5 6 , 0 6 . 5 7 , 0

o m b u s t i o n

ix ture Ratio

Fig. 16. Comb ustion efficiency at nom inal cha mb er pressure.

7 5

281

c o m b u s t i o n n o i se d u r i n g m a i n s t ag e a n d a g a i n h i g h e r

l o a d s d u r i n g s t o p t r a n s i e n t s .

3 2 9 S ta tus o f t e s t ing on eng ine l e ve l The f i r s t

e n g i n e w a s i n t e g r a t e d i n t o S E P s t e s t f a c i li t y P F 5 0

i n V e r n o n , F r a n c e i n A p r i l 1 99 0. A f t e r c o o l d o w n

i n v e s t i g a t i o n s t h e f i r st i g n i t i o n t e s t t o o k p l a c e i n J u l y

1990 . Un t i l t he end o f 1990 the eng ine i s s chedu led to

b e h o t f i r e d a t n o m i n a l c o n d i t i o n s u p t o 5 0 s r u n

d u r a t i o n .

In pa ra l l e l t o th i s t e s t f a c i l i t y , a s econd one in

L a m p o l d s h a u s e n , G e r m a n y w i l l b e o p e r a t i o n a l in

O c t o b e r 1 9 9 0 f o r e n g i n e t e s t s .

3 3 TC deve lopm en t ou t look

A s s t a t e d b e f o r e , e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s f o r T C

d e v e l o p m e n t w i l l b e a v a i l a b l e i n t h e n e a r f u t u r e

b o t h f r o m m o t o r a n d T C t e st in g . T h e r e s u lt s g a i n e d

m i g h t i n f l u e n c e t h e d e s i g n o f t h e f i n a l T C v e r s i o n

P I I I .

O n m o t o r l ev e l c o n f i r m a t i o n o f T C b e h a v i o u r

u n d e r e x t r e m e l o a d s , e . g . g i m b a l l o a d s , t u r b o p u m p

a n d o t h e r c o m p o n e n t s a c t i n g o n t h e T C , a n d t h e fi n al

p r o o f o f t h e c a l c u l a t e d l o w c y c l e fa t i g u e l i f e w i l l b e

g a i n e d .

O n T C l ev e l t h e f o ll o w i n g m a j o r d e v e l o p m e n t

o b j e c ti v e s a r e p l a n n e d t o b e d e m o n s t r a t e d .

• Cycle l i fe

D e m o n s t r a t i o n o f 2 0 s h o r t d u r a t i o n r u n s ( ~ 1 5 s )

n o m i n a l a n d o f f - n o m i n a l c o n d i t i o n s.

• I g n i t i o n a n d s t a r t

Fig. 17. TC on test bench during hot test.

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282 E. KIRNER

e t a l

1 2 0

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8

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ime

[ s l

2 5

Fig. 18. Reaction force on side loads.

F u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f i g n i t i o n b y v a r y i n g t h e

g o v e r n i n g p a r a m e t e r s a n d d e m o n s t r a t i o n o f r e l i a b le

i g n i t i o n i n t h e e n t i r e o p e r a t i o n a l r a n g e .

• C o m b u s t i o n s t a b i l i t y

P r o o f o f H F - c o m b u s t i o n s t a b il i ty b y d i s t u r b a n c e

o f t h e c o m b u s t i o n p r o c e s s v i a p y r o t e c h n i c a l s h o c k

g e n e r a t o r s a n d b y o p e r a t i o n o f t h e T C u n d e r

i n s t a b il i t y p r o v o k i n g c o n d i t io n s .

• P e r f o r m a n c e d e m o n s t r a t i o n

In num erou s t e s t s the s pec i fi c imp u l s e / so ) und e r

s e a - le v e l c o n d i t i o n s w i l l b e i n v e s t i g a t e d b a s e d o n

t h r u s t a n d m a s s f l ow m e a s u r e m e n t . T h e s t a n d a r d

d e v i a t i o n o f I sp f r o m t e s t t o t e s t a n d f r o m h a r d w a r e

t o h a r d w a r e w i l l b e d e t e r m i n e d .

• L i m i t s

D e m o n s t r a t i o n o f d e s ig n m a r g i n s b y t e s t in g t h e

T C b e y o n d t h e e x t r e m e e n v e l o p e , b o t h r e l a t i v e t o

c h a m b e r p r e s su r e a n d p r o p e l l a n t m i x t u r e r a t io .

• F a i l u r e t e s t i n g

A n a l y s i s o f T C b e h a v i o u r u n d e r s p e c if i c f a i l u re s ,

e . g. s e a l i n g f a i l u r e s b e t w e e n i n j e c t o r a n d c o m b u s t i o n

c h a m b e r w h i c h r e s u l t s i n i n t e r n a l l e a k s a n d m i g h t

i n f lu e n c e t h e p r o p e r f u n c t i o n a n d p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e

T C .

• D e s i g n m o d i f i c a t i o n s

S e v e r a l d e s ig n m o d i f i c a t i o n s , b a s i c a l l y t o a l l o w

f o r f a b r i c a t i o n c o s t r e d u c t i o n t o m e e t r e q u i r e m e n t s

g a i n e d b y t e s t r e s u l t s , w i l l b e i n v e s t i g a t e d a n d

i m p l e m e n t e d i n t h e h a r d w a r e d e s i g n i f a p p l i c a b l e .

F o l l o w i n g t h e d e v e l o p m e n t p h a s e t h e T C w i ll be

s u b m i t t e d t o a q u a l i f i c a ti o n . A l l s p ec i f ie d p a r a m e t e r s

w i l l b e d e m o n s t r a t e d a n d p r o v e n b y s t u d i e s , c o l d t e s t s

o r h o t r u n s . S p e c i fi c e f f o r t w i l l b e g i v e n t o R A M S

a s p e c t s in o r d e r t o f u lf i ll t h e s t r o n g r e q u i r e m e n t s o f

t h e V u l c a i n m o t o r w h i c h h a s t o b e o p e r a t i o n a l f o r

ma nn ed f l igh t s in 1998 .

4 . C O N C L U S I O N S

T h e t h r u s t c h a m b e r d e v e l o p m e n t s t a t u s i s i n

c o n f o r m a n c e w i t h t h e p l a n n i n g s c h e d u le . A l l b a s i c

r e q u i r e m e n t s , w h i c h w e r e s u b j e c t t o t h e p a s s e d d e v e l -

o p m e n t t e s t s , w e r e m e t . E x c e p t t h e i m p r o v e m e n t o f

n o z z l e e x t e n s i o n s t i f f e n i n g n o m a j o r p r o b l e m s w e r e

e n c o u n t e r e d .

F u t u r e t h r u s t c h a m b e r t e st i n g w i ll b e p e r f o r m e d o n

t w o d i f f e r e n t l e v el s: o n c o m p o n e n t l e v e l a t M B B a n d

i n t e g r a te d in t h e m o t o r a t S E P a n d D L R .

M a i n t e s t i n g ef f o r ts o n c o m p o n e n t l e v el a r e :

p r o o f o f c y c le li fe , p r o o f o f c o m b u s t i o n s t a b il i ty ,

t h r u s t c h a m b e r l i m i t s t e s t in g , t e s ti n g o f m o d i f i c a t i o n s

f o r f a b r i c a t i o n c o s t r e d u c t i o n a n d f i n a l l y q u a l i f i c a t i o n

te s t ing .

O n m o t o r l e v e l , b a s i c r e s u l t s o n c r e e p l i f e , s t a r t -

a n d s h u t - o f f b e h a v i o u r u n d e r a c t u a l e n g in e l o a d s a r e

expec ted .

T h e t e s ts o n t h r u s t c h a m b e r l e v el a r e s c h e d u l e d t o

b e c o n c l u d e d i n m i d 1 99 3; t h e m o t o r t e s ts w i ll t a k e

p l a c e i n t h e p e r i o d m i d 1 99 0 u n t i l th e e n d o f 1 99 5.