Introduction to Lattice Gauge Theory and Some Applications · insight into parts of theory,...

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Introduction to Lattice Gauge Theory and Some Applications Roman H¨ ollwieser Derar Altarawneh, Falk Bruckmann, Michael Engelhardt, Manfried Faber, Martin Gal, Jeff Greensite, Urs M. Heller, Andrei Ivanov, Thomas Layer, Martin L¨ uscher, ˇ Stefan Olejnik, Mario Pitschmann, Hugo Reinhardt, Thomas Schweigler, Lorenz von Smekal, Wolfgang S¨ oldner, Hideo Suganuma, Mithat Unsal, Markus Wellenzohn, Bo Zhang

Transcript of Introduction to Lattice Gauge Theory and Some Applications · insight into parts of theory,...

Page 1: Introduction to Lattice Gauge Theory and Some Applications · insight into parts of theory, inaccessible by other means 1/N expansion starts from the premise that the number of colors

Introduction to Lattice GaugeTheory and Some Applications

Roman Hollwieser

Derar Altarawneh, Falk Bruckmann, Michael Engelhardt, Manfried Faber,

Martin Gal, Jeff Greensite, Urs M. Heller, Andrei Ivanov, Thomas Layer,

Martin Luscher, Stefan Olejnik, Mario Pitschmann, Hugo Reinhardt,

Thomas Schweigler, Lorenz von Smekal, Wolfgang Soldner, Hideo

Suganuma, Mithat Unsal, Markus Wellenzohn, Bo Zhang

Page 2: Introduction to Lattice Gauge Theory and Some Applications · insight into parts of theory, inaccessible by other means 1/N expansion starts from the premise that the number of colors

OutlookQuantum Chromo Dynamics

Motivation & IntroductionFormalism (→ formulas ;-)Properties of QCD VacuumMethods to explore QCDExperiments & Successes

Lattice QCD

Path Integral FormalismEuclidean FormulationLattice DiscretizationQCD on the Lattice

Center Vortices

Vortex Picture of Quark ConfinementCenter Vortices and Chiral Symmetry BreakingApproaching full QCD from smeared Center VorticesRandom Center Vortices in 3D/4D Space-Time Continuum

Electric Polarizabilities of the Neutron in Lattice QCD

Page 3: Introduction to Lattice Gauge Theory and Some Applications · insight into parts of theory, inaccessible by other means 1/N expansion starts from the premise that the number of colors

Motivation & Introduction

Dr. Heinrich Faust in Johann Wolfgang von Goethes Faust I:Dass ich erkenne, was die Welt, im Innersten zusammenhalt.

(So that I may perceive whatever holds,the world together in its inmost folds.)

Theory of strong interactions between quarks and gluons.

Page 4: Introduction to Lattice Gauge Theory and Some Applications · insight into parts of theory, inaccessible by other means 1/N expansion starts from the premise that the number of colors
Page 5: Introduction to Lattice Gauge Theory and Some Applications · insight into parts of theory, inaccessible by other means 1/N expansion starts from the premise that the number of colors
Page 6: Introduction to Lattice Gauge Theory and Some Applications · insight into parts of theory, inaccessible by other means 1/N expansion starts from the premise that the number of colors
Page 7: Introduction to Lattice Gauge Theory and Some Applications · insight into parts of theory, inaccessible by other means 1/N expansion starts from the premise that the number of colors

The Eightfold Way

Lowest Iπ =1

2

+

-baryon-octet and lowest Iπ = 0−-meson-octet

Y = S + C + B ′ + T + B = 2(Q − I3) . . .⇒ SU(3)-multipletts

Page 8: Introduction to Lattice Gauge Theory and Some Applications · insight into parts of theory, inaccessible by other means 1/N expansion starts from the premise that the number of colors

Quarks and Antiquarks

|u〉 ↔

100

, |d〉 ↔

010

, |s〉 ↔

001

quark-triplet anti-triplet

Baryons → |qqq >, e.g. p = |uud >, n = |udd >

Mesons → |qq >, e.g. π+ = |ud >

Page 9: Introduction to Lattice Gauge Theory and Some Applications · insight into parts of theory, inaccessible by other means 1/N expansion starts from the premise that the number of colors

Problem: ∆++ = |uuu > with parallel spins and vanishing orbitalangular momentum → baryon wave function symmetric → Pauliexclusion principle → color charge

colored quarks + gluons → colorless hadrons ⇒ Confinement

Page 10: Introduction to Lattice Gauge Theory and Some Applications · insight into parts of theory, inaccessible by other means 1/N expansion starts from the premise that the number of colors

Fields

Quarks: ψa(x)

massive spin-1/2 fermions with color chargeDirac-fields in the fundamental representation 3 of SU(3)electric charge −1/3 or 2/3 and weak isospinbaryon number 1/3, hypercharge and flavor

Gluons: Aµa (x)

spin-1 bosons with color chargeadjoint representation 8 of gauge group SU(3)no electric charge, no weak interaction, no flavor

Page 11: Introduction to Lattice Gauge Theory and Some Applications · insight into parts of theory, inaccessible by other means 1/N expansion starts from the premise that the number of colors

Dynamics

Three basic interactions:1) quark emits (absorbs) gluon2) gluon emits (absorbs) gluon3) gluon interacts with gluon

Feynman-diagrams:

Page 12: Introduction to Lattice Gauge Theory and Some Applications · insight into parts of theory, inaccessible by other means 1/N expansion starts from the premise that the number of colors

Lagrangian...summarizes dynamics of the system (L=T-V)

LQCD = LDirac + LGauge

= ψ(iγµDµ −m)ψ − 1

4F aµνFµν

a

= ψ(iγµ(∂µ + igTaAaµ)−m)ψ − 1

4F aµνFµν

a

= ψ(iγµ∂µ −m)ψ − g(ψγµTaψ)Aaµ −

1

4F aµνFµν

a

= ψiγµ∂µψ − ψmψ − gψγµTaψAaµ −

1

4F aµνFµν

a

with the Gluon Field Strength Tensor

F aµν = ∂µAa

ν − ∂νAaµ − gfabcAb

µAcν

γµ . . .Dirac matrices, m . . .fermion mass, g . . .coupling constant,Ta . . . generators of SU(3), fabc . . .structure constant

Page 13: Introduction to Lattice Gauge Theory and Some Applications · insight into parts of theory, inaccessible by other means 1/N expansion starts from the premise that the number of colors

Lagrangian

LQCD = ψ(i~cγµ∂µ −mc2)ψ

− 1

4(∂µAνa − ∂νAµa )(∂µAν, a − ∂νAν, a)

− g cψγµFaψAµa

+g

~fabc(∂µAν, a)Aµb(x)Aνc (x)

− 1

4

g 2

~2fabcAµ, b(x)Aν, c(x)fadeAµd(x)Aνe (x)

Page 14: Introduction to Lattice Gauge Theory and Some Applications · insight into parts of theory, inaccessible by other means 1/N expansion starts from the premise that the number of colors

Properties

Important Properties of QCD are

Asymptotic Freedomin very high energy reactions (small distances),quarks and gluons interact very weakly

Color Charge Gainanti screening of color charged gluons

Quark-Gluon Plasmaphase of (almost) free moving quarks and gluons

Confinementforce between quarks does not diminish as they are separated

Chiral Symmetry Breakingleft- and right-handed quarks transform differently

Page 15: Introduction to Lattice Gauge Theory and Some Applications · insight into parts of theory, inaccessible by other means 1/N expansion starts from the premise that the number of colors

Color Confinement

hadrons are colorless

color charged particles (quarks)cannot be isolated

color flux lines are compressed to aflux tube (string)

linear rising quark-antiquarkpotential

V (r) ≈ σr − π

12r+ c

with string tension σ(√σ ≈ 0.44GeV)

color electric flux-tube

quark-antiquark pair production

Page 16: Introduction to Lattice Gauge Theory and Some Applications · insight into parts of theory, inaccessible by other means 1/N expansion starts from the premise that the number of colors

MethodsPerturbative QCD

asymptotic freedom allows perturbation theoryaccurately in experiments performed at very high energiesmost precise tests of QCD to date

Lattice QCD

discrete set of space-time points (lattice)solve path integrals on discrete space-timeinsight into parts of theory, inaccessible by other means

1/N expansion

starts from the premise that the number of colors is infiniteseries of corrections to account for the fact that it is notmodern variants include the AdS/CFT approach

Effective theories (special theories for specific problems)

chiral perturbation th. (expansion around light quark masses)heavy quark eff. theory (expansion around heavy quark masses)soft-colinear eff. th. (exp. around large ratios of energy scales)Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model, Effective Infrared Vortex Models

Page 17: Introduction to Lattice Gauge Theory and Some Applications · insight into parts of theory, inaccessible by other means 1/N expansion starts from the premise that the number of colors

Experimentsfirst evidence for quarks in deep inelastic scattering at SLAC(Standford Linear Accelerator)

first evidence of gluons in three jet events at PETRA(Positron-Electron Tandem Ring Accelerator)

good quantitative tests of perturbative QCD

running of coupling as deduced from many observationsscaling violation in un-/polarized deep inelastic scatteringvector boson production at collidersjet cross section in collidersevent shape observables at the LEPheavy-quark production in colliders

best quantitative test of non-perturbative regime is therunning of the coupling as probed through lattice calculations

Page 18: Introduction to Lattice Gauge Theory and Some Applications · insight into parts of theory, inaccessible by other means 1/N expansion starts from the premise that the number of colors

Lattice QCD

Page 19: Introduction to Lattice Gauge Theory and Some Applications · insight into parts of theory, inaccessible by other means 1/N expansion starts from the premise that the number of colors

Path Integral in quantum mechanicsclassical mechanics: exact path of particle

quantum mechanics: quantum amplitude 〈q′t′|qt〉between initial |qt〉 and final |q′t′〉 state

time development of states described by Hamiltonian H

|q′t′〉 = e iH(t−t′)|qt〉

⇒ 〈q′t′|qt〉 = 〈q′t′|e−iH(t′−t)|qt〉

take n time-steps ∆t ⇒ insert n − 1 eigen-states

〈qtn |qt〉 =

∫. . .

∫dqt1 . . . dqtn−1

〈qtn |e−iH∆t |qtn−1〉 . . . 〈qt1 |e−iH∆t |qt0〉

integration over all possible paths

limn→∞

∫. . .

∫dqt1 . . . dqtn . . .→

∫Dx

Page 20: Introduction to Lattice Gauge Theory and Some Applications · insight into parts of theory, inaccessible by other means 1/N expansion starts from the premise that the number of colors

Path Integral in quantum mechanics

〈qtn |qt0〉 =

∫Dxe iS

Page 21: Introduction to Lattice Gauge Theory and Some Applications · insight into parts of theory, inaccessible by other means 1/N expansion starts from the premise that the number of colors

Eucliden Continuation

imaginary exponent e iS ⇒ non-converging integrals

extend real time t to imaginary

t → −iτ (τ > 0)

〈q′|e−iHt |q〉 → 〈q′|e−Hτ |q〉 =

∫Dxe−SE

every path contributes to quantum amplitude with e−SE

paths with high action are suppressed ⇒ classical mechanics

Minkovski-metric

ds2 = −dt2 + dx21 + dx2

2 + dx23

changes to Euclidean-metric

ds2 = dτ2 + dx21 + dx2

2 + dx23

Page 22: Introduction to Lattice Gauge Theory and Some Applications · insight into parts of theory, inaccessible by other means 1/N expansion starts from the premise that the number of colors

Discretization on the lattice

path integral: time discretization and lim∆t→0

field theory: space-time discretization ⇒ lattice

xµ = anµ, a . . . lattice constant, nµ ∈ Z, µ = 0, 1, 2, 3

discrete derivatives and integrals (sums)

∂µφ(x) → ∆µφ(x) =1

a[φ(x + aµ)− φ(x)]∫

d4x → a4∑x

continuum limit: lattice spacing a→ 0 and volume →∞

Page 23: Introduction to Lattice Gauge Theory and Some Applications · insight into parts of theory, inaccessible by other means 1/N expansion starts from the premise that the number of colors

QCD on the Lattice

matter field ψ(x) defined only on lattice sites xµ

gauge field Aµ(x) (gluons) defined on “links” (edges)

Uµ(x) = e iagAµ(x)

with lattice spacing a and renormalized coupling g

→ parallel transporter

Page 24: Introduction to Lattice Gauge Theory and Some Applications · insight into parts of theory, inaccessible by other means 1/N expansion starts from the premise that the number of colors
Page 25: Introduction to Lattice Gauge Theory and Some Applications · insight into parts of theory, inaccessible by other means 1/N expansion starts from the premise that the number of colors

Lattice Gauge Action

gauge invariant terms → closed loops of linkssimplest form is the “plaquette”

Uµν(x) = U†ν(x)U†µ(x + aν)Uν(x + aµ)Uµ(x)

Page 26: Introduction to Lattice Gauge Theory and Some Applications · insight into parts of theory, inaccessible by other means 1/N expansion starts from the premise that the number of colors

Lattice Gauge Action

plaquette loop with the link elements

Uµν(x) =

exp {iag [(Aν(x + aµ)− Aν(x))− (Aµ(x + aν)− (Aµ(x))]}

discretization of the field strength

Fµν(x) = ∂µAν(x)− ∂νAµ(x) ⇐⇒

Fµν(x) =1

a[(Aν(x + aµ)− Aν(x))− (Aµ(x + aν)− (Aµ(x))]

in the continuum limit one identifies

Uµν(x) = e ia2gFµν(x)

Page 27: Introduction to Lattice Gauge Theory and Some Applications · insight into parts of theory, inaccessible by other means 1/N expansion starts from the premise that the number of colors

Lattice Gauge Action

possible and very common choice:

Wilson’s pure gauge action

SW = β∑x ,µ<ν

a4

[1− 1

2

(Uµν(x) + U†µν(x)

)]=

1

4

∑x ,µ,ν

a4F 2µν

with lattice spacing a and (inverse) coupling β = 1/g 2

tends in continuum limit to 14

∫dx4F 2

µν

action can be improved by including bigger (Wilson) loopswith perturbatively determined couplings (Luscher-Weiszaction)

mean field approximations to make action more“continuum-like” (tadpole improvement)

Page 28: Introduction to Lattice Gauge Theory and Some Applications · insight into parts of theory, inaccessible by other means 1/N expansion starts from the premise that the number of colors

Lattice Fermion Action

naive discretization of the Dirac operator

Kogut-Susskind term

ψDKSψ =1

2aψ(x)

∑µ

γµ[Uµ(x)ψ(x + µ)−U†µ(x− µ)ψ(x− µ)]

higher terms may be included (asqtad improvement)

fermionic action:

ψDKSψ + . . .+ mq

∑x

ψ(x)ψ(x)

Page 29: Introduction to Lattice Gauge Theory and Some Applications · insight into parts of theory, inaccessible by other means 1/N expansion starts from the premise that the number of colors

Simulation

Monte-Carlo method determines sequence of configurations Ci

“Markov-chain” Ci , i = 1,N → “Markov process”

start with random (hot) or ordered (cold) configuration

different update algorithms to reach balance, p.ex.:

Metropolis algorithm:e−[S(Cnew )−S(Cold )] < ρ, random number ρ ∈ [0, 1]Heat bath algorithm:

acceptance probability P(Cnew ) = e−∆S

e−∆S+e+∆S

representative set of states → expectation value of observable

〈O〉 ≈ 1

N

N∑i=1

O(Ci )

Page 30: Introduction to Lattice Gauge Theory and Some Applications · insight into parts of theory, inaccessible by other means 1/N expansion starts from the premise that the number of colors

Wilson loop

closed loops around rectangular (R × T ), planar contour C

W (R,T ) = 〈∏x∈C

Uµ(x)〉 → e−σRT

quark-antiquark “test-pair”

heavy quark potential in limit T →∞

V (R) = limT→∞1

Tln〈W (R,T )〉 → −σR

perimeter/area law → Confinement

Creutz ratio → σ . . .string tension

χ =W (R + 1,T + 1)W (R,T )

W (R + 1,T )W (R,T + 1)→ e−σ ⇒ σ = −ln(χ)

Page 31: Introduction to Lattice Gauge Theory and Some Applications · insight into parts of theory, inaccessible by other means 1/N expansion starts from the premise that the number of colors

Confinement due to Magnetic Monopoles

type II superconductor dual superconductor

magnetic fluxoid quantization electric fluxoid quantization

Page 32: Introduction to Lattice Gauge Theory and Some Applications · insight into parts of theory, inaccessible by other means 1/N expansion starts from the premise that the number of colors

Center Vortices

Page 33: Introduction to Lattice Gauge Theory and Some Applications · insight into parts of theory, inaccessible by other means 1/N expansion starts from the premise that the number of colors

Center Vortices

35 years of vortices

Ü ’t Hooft 1979, Nielsen, Ambjorn, Olesen, Cornwall, 1979

Mack, 1980; Feynman, 1981

QCD vacuum is a condensate of closed magnetic flux-lines,they have topology of tubes (3D) or surfaces (4D),

magnetic flux corresponds to the center of the group,

Vortex model may explain ...

Confinement → piercing of Wilson loop ≡ crossing of staticelectric flux tube and moving closed magnetic fluxTopological charge: vortices carry topological charge atintersection points and writhing points + color structureSpontaneous chiral symmetry breaking: alsocenter-projected configurations show χSB

Page 34: Introduction to Lattice Gauge Theory and Some Applications · insight into parts of theory, inaccessible by other means 1/N expansion starts from the premise that the number of colors

Center Projection and Vortex Removal

A plaquette is pierced by a P-vortex, if the product of its centerprojected links gives -1.

Page 35: Introduction to Lattice Gauge Theory and Some Applications · insight into parts of theory, inaccessible by other means 1/N expansion starts from the premise that the number of colors

Structure of P-Vortices

In 4D they form closed 2D-surfaces in Dual Space,Random Structure

3-dimensional cut through the dual of a 124-lattice.

Page 36: Introduction to Lattice Gauge Theory and Some Applications · insight into parts of theory, inaccessible by other means 1/N expansion starts from the premise that the number of colors

Area law for center projected loops

denote f the probability that a plaquette has the value -1

〈W (A)〉 = [f · (−1) + (1− f ) · 1]A = exp[ln(1− 2f )︸ ︷︷ ︸−σ

A],=

= exp[−σR × T ], σ ≡ − ln(1− 2f ) ≈ 2f

Page 37: Introduction to Lattice Gauge Theory and Some Applications · insight into parts of theory, inaccessible by other means 1/N expansion starts from the premise that the number of colors

Center Dominance

Creutz ratios: χ(I , J) = W (I ,J) W (I−1,J−1)W (I−1,J) W (I ,J−1) → σ

Page 38: Introduction to Lattice Gauge Theory and Some Applications · insight into parts of theory, inaccessible by other means 1/N expansion starts from the premise that the number of colors

Continuous 3D Center Vortex Line Model

Page 39: Introduction to Lattice Gauge Theory and Some Applications · insight into parts of theory, inaccessible by other means 1/N expansion starts from the premise that the number of colors

String Tension

Page 40: Introduction to Lattice Gauge Theory and Some Applications · insight into parts of theory, inaccessible by other means 1/N expansion starts from the premise that the number of colors

OutlookExtend the Continuous Vortex Model to 4D...

Page 41: Introduction to Lattice Gauge Theory and Some Applications · insight into parts of theory, inaccessible by other means 1/N expansion starts from the premise that the number of colors

Approaching full QCD by Vortex Smearing

Page 42: Introduction to Lattice Gauge Theory and Some Applications · insight into parts of theory, inaccessible by other means 1/N expansion starts from the premise that the number of colors

Topological Susceptibility

Page 43: Introduction to Lattice Gauge Theory and Some Applications · insight into parts of theory, inaccessible by other means 1/N expansion starts from the premise that the number of colors

Neutron Electric Polarizabilities

Page 44: Introduction to Lattice Gauge Theory and Some Applications · insight into parts of theory, inaccessible by other means 1/N expansion starts from the premise that the number of colors

Interaction with weak electromagnetic field:

LQM = ψ(x , t)[∂

∂t+ (−i ~∇− q~A)2 − µ~σ · ~B +

1

2αE~E 2 − 1

2β~B2

− i

2γE1~σ · ~E × ~E −

i

2γM1~σ · ~B × ~B + . . .]ψ(x , t)

~E = −∂~A

∂t− ~∇A4, ~B = ~∇× ~A, ~E =

∂~E

∂t, ~B =

∂~B

∂t

Lattice → Energy/Mass shift:

∆m = m(~E )−m(0) = −1

2αE~E 2 − 1

2γE1~σ ·(~E× ~E ) − 1

2αEν

~E 2 +. . .

Page 45: Introduction to Lattice Gauge Theory and Some Applications · insight into parts of theory, inaccessible by other means 1/N expansion starts from the premise that the number of colors

Thank you for your attention!

Questions?

Page 46: Introduction to Lattice Gauge Theory and Some Applications · insight into parts of theory, inaccessible by other means 1/N expansion starts from the premise that the number of colors

Thank You &

Derar Altarawneh, Falk Bruckmann, Michael Engelhardt, Manfried Faber,

Martin Gal, Jeff Greensite, Urs M. Heller, Andrei Ivanov, Thomas Layer,

Martin Luscher, Stefan Olejnik, Mario Pitschmann, Hugo Reinhardt,

Thomas Schweigler, Lorenz von Smekal, Wolfgang Soldner, Hideo

Suganuma, Mithat Unsal, Markus Wellenzohn, Bo Zhang